A report onIndustrial TrainingatMADHUMITA CONSTRUCTIONSsubmitted toDepartment of civil engineeringIn partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree ofMaster of TechnologyInStructural EngineeringByM.JEELANI (148W1D8711)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGVELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGEAutonomous Affiliated by JNTU KakinadaVELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGEAutonomous Affiliated by JNTU KakinadaDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the report on Industrial training (during summer) is the bonafide workdone by Mr. M.JEELANI (148W1D8711) submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, VELAGAPUDI RAMA KRISHNA SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous) in the partial fulfillment of the completion of I/II M.Tech for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Structural Engineering during the academic year 2014 2016.

SRI.V.RAMESH SRI.Dr.CH.SRINIVAS In charge Industrial Training Head of the department Civil Engg. Dept Civil Engg. Dept

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense sincerity, I would like to thank all the people who helped us in the successful completion of the project.

I am deeply indebted forever to our respectful Guide SRI.V.RAMESH, Associate Professor, for his scholarly guidance, affectionate encouragement and constant help in completing my internship programme.

I also express my sincere thanks to SRI.Dr.CH.SRINIVAS , Head of the Department of Civil Engineering, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, for the encouragement and guidance regarding the internship programme.

I am very thankful to Mr. T. SRINIVASA RAO, Managing Partner of MADHUMITA CONSTRUCTIONS Vijayawada. For his support, guidance and his valuable suggestions which helped me to carry out my internship. His guidance internally helped me a lot in finishing the internship programme successfully.

Finally, we extend our gratitude to the Management, Faculty members and Technicians of Civil Engineering Department, for their kind co-operation throughout the course of study.

TABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONWORKS CONDUCTED IN SITEa) SITE CLEARANCEb) EXCAVATIONc) LAYING FOUNDATIONd) REINFORCEMENTe) SHUTTERING OR FORMWORKf) MATERIALS USEDg) CURINGh) BRICKWORKi) OTHER WORKSPHOTOS AT THE SITE

ABSTRACT

Building construction is a traditional science which deals with the methods of sound incorporating appropriate use of materials, sufficient strength performance, maximum utility, good proportion and grace. The Civil Engineer has the main responsibility in building construction. However the structural design of the building is the responsibility of a Civil Engineer. In this report we discussed the various components of the building, planning, detailing of reinforcement, Execution works, tile works etc... We practically observed many things at the site which we havent done till now.

INTRODUCTIONMadhumitha constructions, creators of premium residential and commercial projects. They strive for excellence, and aim not only to meet customers expectations but to surpass them.Madhumitha constructions are one of the pioneers of the real estate business in Vijayawada and Hyderabad. Their commitment to quality since 15years has earned the trust of future customers, and most importantly the satisfaction of past customers.They are a full-service organization with in-house architects, engineers and construction crew. They combine innovation with experience and hard work, to conceptualize and realize projects that anticipate the needs of the people who will live or work in the spaces that they build.They have always dared to be different which is reflected by the many 'firsts' that stand to our credit.The organization revolves around four core beliefs and ensures that these values reflect in their work: Trust Customer First Quality InnovationThe story of Madhumitha constructions is a saga of unabated growth and path breaking steps. For more than 15 years, Madhumitha construction has built and delivered over residential and commercial space in Vijayawada, and Hyderabad. More importantly, they have moved more than 3000 families to their facilities and have established themselves as a company that provides quality of construction, safety of investment and integrity of commitment.As they continue to grow, they always had just one objective in their mind - to see a smile on customers face. Today, this philosophy is driving them way beyond the horizon into the future as they look at new avenues in Real Estate Development across the State of Andhra Pradesh. Madhumitha constructions adhere to their prime motto of customer service followed by Integrity, Quality and Reliability. Their motto have thus translated into good workmanship and helped us fulfill dreams of their satisfied customers.

CONSTRUCTION WORKSSite Clearance: The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and vegetation with any other objections which might be there in the site location.Excavation: Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. Normally 1-2 earth excavators were used for excavating the soil. Adequate precautions are taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining structures. Exacavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing of excavation bottom.The soil present beneath the surface was too clayey so it was dumped and was not used for back filling. The filling is done in layer not exceeding 20 cm layer and than its compacted. Depth of excavation 13feet from Ground Level.LAYING OF FOUNDATION : PILE FOUNDATION : Pile foundation is required when the soil bearing capacity is not sufficient for the structure to withstand. This is due to the soil condition or the order of bottom layers, type ofloadson foundations, conditions at site and operational conditions.Many factors prevent the selection of surface foundation as a suitable foundation such as the nature of soil and intensity of loads, we use the piles when the soil have low bearing capacity or in building in water likebridges and damsA pile foundation consists of two components: Pile cap and single or group of piles. Piles transfers the loads from structures to the hard strata, rocks or soil with high bearing capacity. These are long and slender members whose length can be more than 15m.Piles can be made fromconcrete , wood or steel depending on the requirements. These piles are then driven, drilled or jacked into the ground and connected to pile caps. Pile foundation are classified based on material of pile construction, type of soil, and load transmitting characteristic of piles.Function of Pile Foundation:As other types of foundations, the purpose of pile foundations is: To transmit the buildings loads to the foundations and the ground soil layers whether these loads vertical or inclined To install loose cohesion less soil through displacement and vibration. To control the settlements; which can be accompanied by surface foundations. To increase the factor of safety for heavy loads buildingsThe piles used in the construction site of three different sizes varying in Dia .they are of 12 16 & 18

The piles used in the site are augured pile the length and breadth of the pile are as shown in fig.In laying of pile foundation, special care is taken in the reinforcement and construction of plinth beams and columns. It is the main portion on which ultimately whole of the structure load is to come. So a slightest error can cause huge problems and therefore all this is checked and passed The by the engineer in charge of the site.Pile cap pics and drawingsREINFORCEMENTSteel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross section in concrete structure.They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcements, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads.In our site, high strength deformed bars conforming to IS:1786, grade Fe500 indicative yield stress 500N/mm2 are used. Some companies have brought Thermo Mechanically Treated (TMT) with added features. The steel used in our site is TMT 500D. (D represents Ductility).Bars ranging from 8 to 32mm are used in our site. Transverse reinforcement are very important.They not only take care of structural requirements but also help main reinforcement to remain in desired position.They should be closely spaced as per the drawings and propoerly tied to the main/ longitudional reinforcement.Bar-Bending-ScheduleBar bending schedule is the schedule of reinforcemet bars prepared in advance before cutting and bending of rebars. This schedule contains all details of size, shape and dimension of rebars to be cut.Lap LengthLap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length.Lap length about 50 times the dia of the bar is considered safe.Laps of neighbouring bar lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one cross section, a maximum of 50%bars should be lapped.Anchorage LengthThis is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other at the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column junction, column bars in footings etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length mentioned as per the design instructions.Cover BlockCover blocks are placed to prevent the steeel rods from touching the shuttering plates and there by providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per the design drawings.Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets mispalces during the concreting activity.To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using thin steel wires called binding wires.Structural ElementCover to Reinforcement (mm)

Slabs20

Columns40

Beams20

Pile50

Pile Cap50

SHUTTERING OR FORM WORK Shuttering andformwork are both terms used to describe the process of creating a mould in which concrete can be poured and contained as it hardens. Shuttering usually refers to the process of using plywood to form the mould, while formwork is something of a broader term that is used to denote the forming process using a wide variety of materials. Shuttering and formwork both accomplish the same essential task, but the materials used to accomplish this task can vary. Sometimes there is no differentiation made between the two terms, and in some cases, shuttering may be considered one specific type of formwork.

Projects of all different sizes will need to employ shuttering and formwork techniques. Large scale building projects are likely to use a variety of different types of formwork, though shuttering is perhaps the most popular because it is easy to use and it can be built in such a way that a significant amount of concrete can be poured at once. Using plywood for shuttering is also relatively inexpensive, especially when the plywood can be reused. A special grade of plywood is necessary for shuttering and formwork; the plywood must be water-resistant, as many concrete projects are performed outdoors.Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a structure. Into this mould fresh concreteis placed only to harden subsequently. The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure upto 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. Design of these temporary structures are made to economic expenditure. The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-usable are called stationary forms.Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage with timber formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Application of water impermeable cost to the surface of wood mitigates these defects.A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and liveloads.It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage ofcement grout.Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences without damage to theconcrete.The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for reuse.The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane surface.It should be as light as possible.The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the elements.It should rest on firm base.Steel forms compared with timber formwork:Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than timber formwork and their reuses are more in number.Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed.The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is good and such surfaces need no further treatment.Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete.Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.Steel formwork photos

Scaffolding Scaffolding, also calledstaging ,is the basis of most construction projects it is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance andrepair ofbuildings, bridges and all other man-made structures.Scaffoldingconsists of boards, tubes, couplers made from materials like metal, wood, or bamboo. Its design can be either simple or complex, but its construction is done with great care because it supports groups of people moving about. When construction teams need to mold wet concrete or hold it in place until it hardens to the desired shape, they use formwork.Scaffolding needs to beeasy to construct, simple to dismantle, and convenient to transport. The platforms constructed in scaffolding should have big areas to allow people to walk freely and handle materials easily. The complete structure must be strong enough so that it is unaffected by climatic conditions and doesn't shake, deform, or tilt over time.

Materials used :Cement: A cementis abinder, a substance that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the termopus caementicium to describemasonry resembling modernconcretethat was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. Thevolcanic ash and pulverizedbrick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain ahydraulic binder, were later referred to ascementum,cimentum,cment, andcement.Portland cementis the most common type ofcement in general use around the world, used as a basic ingredient ofconcrete,mortar, stucco, and most non-specialitygrout. It developed from other types ofhydraulic limein England in the mid 19th century and usually originates fromlimestone. It is a finepowderproduced by heating materials in a kiln to form what is calledclinker grinding the clinker, and adding small amounts of other materials. Several types of Portland cement are available with the most common being called ordinary Portland cement (OPC) which is grey in color, but a white Portland cement is also available.Coarse Aggregate: Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone. It should be hard, strong, dense, durable, clean and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical or rounded shaped and should have granular or crystalline or smooth( but not glossy) non- powdery. The grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS- 383.Fine Aggregate: Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in mixture. Usually, the natural river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine aggregates should be free from lumps.

CONCRETEThis is the commonly used and leasened term in the contruction industry. The literal meaning of concrete may be defined as aconstructionmaterialmadeofamixtureofcement,sand,stone,andwaterthat hardenstoastonelikemass.HOW CONCRETE IS PREPAREDConcrete production is the process of mixing together the various ingredientswater, aggregate, cement, and any additivesto produce concrete. Concrete production is time-sensitive. Once the ingredients are mixed, workers must put the concrete in place before it hardensConcrete can b prepared itself in the site or in the batching plant.Generally for small amount of concrete concrete is prepared itself in the site for huge concrete it is difficult for mixing so batching plants are used. In general usage, concrete plants come in two main types, ready mix plants and central mix plants. A ready mix plant mixes all the ingredients except water, while a central mix plant mixes all the ingredients including water. A central mix plant offers more accurate control of the concrete quality through better measurements of the amount of water added, but must be placed closer to the work site where the concrete will be used, since hydration begins at the plant.

CURINGCuring is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within a reasonable temperature range. The result of this process is increased strength and decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in mitigating cracks in the concrete, which severely impacts durability. Cracks allow open access for harmful materials to bypass the low permeability concrete near the surface. Good curing can help mitigate the appearance of unplanned cracking.

When smart, suitable, and practical curing is used, the amount of cement required to achieve a given strength and durability can be reduced by either omission or replacement with supplementary cementitious materials. Since the cement is the most expensive and energy intensive portion of a concrete mixture, this leads to a reduction in the cost as well as the absolute carbon footprint of the concrete mixture. Additionally, practical curing methods can enhance sustainability by reducing the need for resource intensive conditioning treatments, should the curing method be incompatible with the intended service environment.Curing is the main done for controlling heat of hydration (correct it jeelani).Types of curing are1.Shading concrete work2.Covering concrete surfaces with hessian or gunny bags3.Sprinkling of water4.Ponding method5.Membrane curing

In our site ponding method is used for slab curing and for columns gunny bags are used.

BRICK WORKBrickwork is masonry done with bricks and mortar and is generally used to build partition walls. In our site, all the external walls and internal walls were made of bricks. English bond wasused and a ratio of 1:4(1 cement: 4 coarse sand) and 1:6 were used depending upon whether the wall is 4.5 inches or 9 inches.Modular BricksIndian Standard institution has established a standard brick size of bricks such a brick is known as a modular brick. The normal size of brick is taken as 20x10x10cm whereas its actual dimension are 19x9x9cm masonry with modular bricks workout to be cheaper there is saving in the consumption of bricks, mortar and labour as compared with masonry with traditional bricks. Electrical workInstallation of power generation, transformer, power distribution, and interior electrical facilitiesPower generation facilities, electrical wiring, lead-in line, transformer facilities, interior electrical facilities (including electrical facilities for emergency use), illumination facilities, railway line, traffic light facilities, and neon lamp facilities work

Piping workWork for installation of coolers, air conditioners, water supplies, hygiene facilities, and facilities for transport of water, oil, gas, and steam using metal pipes.Cooling and heating facilities, freezer/refrigerator facilities, water/hot water supply facilities, kitchen facilities, hygiene facilities, water purification facilities, water toilet facilities, gas pipe, duct, and pipe rehabilitation work

Tile/brick/block workConstructions with bricks or concrete blocks or work to apply or attach bricks, concrete blocks, or tiles to structures.Concrete block masonry (pitching), brick masonry (pitching), tile pitching, furnace building, and asbestos plate laying

PHOTOS AT THE SITE