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Mainstreaming coral reef resilience and restoration as an ecosystem-based adaptation strategy to climate change in the caribbean region (MACREAS)

Caribbean Region | Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre

7 July 2015

Project/Programme Title:

MAINSTREAMING CORAL REEF RESILIENCE AND RESTORATION AS AN ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION STRATEGY TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CARIBBEAN REGION (MACREAS)

Country/Region: Caribbean Region

Accredited Entity: Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre

National Designated Authority:

PROJECT / PROGRAMME CONCEPT NOTE GREEN CLIMATE FUND | PAGE 1 OF 21

Please submit the completed form to [email protected]

I. Project / Programme Information

1.1. Project / Programme Name

Mainstreaming Coral Reef Resilience and Restoration as an Ecosystem-based Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change in the Caribbean Region (MaCREAS)

1.2. Project or Programme Programme 1.3. Country (ies) / Region Caribbean Region (CARIFORUM STATES) 1.4. National Designated Authority(ies)

1.5. Accredited Entity Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre 1.6. Executing entity / Beneficiary

Executing Entity: Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre Beneficiary: Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre

1.7. Access modality Direct ☒ International ☐

1.8. Project size category (total investment, million USD)

Micro (≤10) ☐

Small (10<x≤50) X

Medium (50<x≤250) ☐

Large (>250) ☐

1.9. Mitigation / Adaptation focus

Mitigation ☐ Adaptation X Cross-cutting ☐

1.10. Results areas (mark all that apply)

Which of the following targeted results areas does the proposed project/programme address?

Reduced emissions from: □ Energy access and power generation

(E.g. on-grid, micro-grid or off-grid solar, wind, geothermal, etc.) □ Low emission transport

(E.g. high-speed rail, rapid bus system, etc.) □ Buildings, cities, industries and appliances

(E.g. new and retrofitted energy-efficient buildings, energy-efficient equipment for companies and supply chain management, etc.)

□ Forestry and land use (E.g. forest conservation and management, agroforestry, agricultural irrigation, water treatment and management, etc.)

Increased resilience of: X Most vulnerable people and communities

(E.g. mitigation of operational risk associated with climate change – diversification of supply sources and supply chain management, relocation of manufacturing facilities and warehouses, etc.)

X Health and well-being, and food and water security (E.g. climate-resilient crops, efficient irrigation systems, etc.)

□ Infrastructure and built environment (E.g. sea walls, resilient road networks, etc.)

X Ecosystems and ecosystem services (E.g. ecosystem conservation and management, ecotourism, etc.)

1.11. Project / programme life span 6 years

1.12. Estimated implementation start and end Date

Start: May 2016 End: May 2022

1 Please use the following naming convention for the file name: “[CN]-[Agency short name]-[Date]-[Serial number]” (e.g. CN-ABC-20150101-1).

mailto:[email protected]


II. Project/Programme Details The Fund requires the following preliminary information in order to promptly assess the eligibility of project/programme investment. These requirements may vary depending on the nature of the project/programme.

2.1. Project/programme description (including objectives)

Numerous studies, including the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report [1], have indicated that coral reefs may be among the first ecosystem-wide casualties of climate change. In the Caribbean, which hosts the second largest barrier reef, the economic and social impacts of the rapid deterioration and eventual collapse of coral reefs will be enormous. It will affect already fragile economies dependent on the services these ecosystems provide for tourism, fisheries and coastal protection. The World Bank has placed the magnitude of the economic losses at about 8 to 11 billion dollars per year by mid-century if 90% of the reefs disappear. The mass coral bleaching events of 1998, 2005 ands 2010 were unprecedented in human memory and were associated with high mortality rates, often in excess of 25%, across the Caribbean [2]. The impacts of climate change will accelerate the rapid deterioration of Caribbean coral reefs observed in the past four decades, and exacerbate the effects of local stressors such as over-fishing and coastal pollution [3,4]. A future in the Caribbean without the reefs, while likely in the absence of forceful immediate action, is unimaginable. To prevent this impending ecosystem collapse, a major and immediate climate adaptation program is proposed.

The MaCREAS programme is grounded on an emerging policy consensus based on sound scientific evidence that has recently become available from advances in reef management and active coral restoration. Progress in the fields of coral reef ecology, coastal zone management and community-based governance, as well as advances in financing mechanisms and monitoring technologies for marine protected areas (MPAs), are changing the outlook for coral reefs worldwide. Improvements in the methods and cost-effectiveness of coral restoration are also providing new opportunities for long-term and large-scale reef rehabilitation. Despite the global dominance of “bad news” in the media, there are increasing examples of success stories at a local level where effective management is allowing coral ecosystems to recover, and where new partnerships are emerging between governments, scientists, communities and private sector that provide new mechanisms for financial sustainability and economic incentives.

The MaCREAS programme will build on existing successes in reef restoration and reef resilience and scale them up in a phased approach to national and regional levels. Active interventions will initially take place in four countries (Belize, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, and St Vincent and the Grenadines) and then expanded to all members of the CARIFORUM groups of nations. The programme will also provide regional coordination for technical support, public awareness and policy.

The overall objective of the MaCREAS programme is to strengthen the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs to ensure that their associated ecosystem services are sustained, augmented and strengthened to counter pending, progressing and potentially irreversible changes in the level, chemistry and temperature of the Caribbean Sea. A key objective of the programme will also be to increase the resilience of livelihoods in coastal communities by ensuring that both men and women benefit from more diverse, sustainable and climate-resilient livelihood options in fisheries, tourism, aquaculture, craft and ecosystem restoration.

The program will comprise six main components: 1) Coral Restoration and Reef Resilience 2) Government and Policy 3) Financing and Public-Private Partnerships 4) Knowledge management 5) Supporting Activities 6) Monitoring and Evaluation

These are described in more detail below;


1) Coral Restoration and Reef Resilience

This component will include the deployment, at scale, of a repopulation programme for robust, resilient coral genotypes at strategically located sites throughout the insular Caribbean and Mesoamerican barrier reef. The programme will focus on restoring populations of Staghorn (Acropora cervicornis) and Elkhorn (Acropora palmata), two branching corals that are particularly important in providing habitat for fish and shoreline protection (see section 4.3). These two Caribbean corals have been particularly badly depleted by diseases, overfishing and climate change, with only 5% of their original populations remaining [5,24]. In recent years, restoration initiatives in Belize, Florida, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Bonaire, Colombia, St Vincent and the Grenadines have successfully propagated and out-planted several hundreds of thousands of these corals, with high survival (>90%) and rapid growth (>20cm per year) - see summary of results in Appendix X.

The MaCREAS programme will use the lessons learnt from these and other restoration projects to significantly scale up these activities. Advances in coral genetics will enable more effective mapping and tracking of genotypes that display greater tolerance to warmer conditions and greater resistance to diseases and other stressors [27,28]. The aim of the reef restoration programme will be to create genetically diverse restored sites, which incorporate resilient genotypes that can reproduce sexually and thus replenish surrounding areas. By strategically placing these restoration sites at locations where currents disperse their fertile eggs to suitable reef areas, coral restoration will have the potential to significantly contribute to the natural recruitment of resilient corals regionally. Natural spawning of restored corals has been observed already in several locations in the Caribbean, for example in Belize, Jamaica and Florida.

This component will also include a major programme of capacity-building for the management of no-take Marine Protected Areas. MPAs are a proven strategy for increasing reef biodiversity, the biomass of fish and the sustainability of coastal fisheries. The fisheries benefits associated with no-take MPAs such as the spill-over effect (dispersal of adult fish) and the reserve effect (dispersal of eggs) have led some countries, such as Belize [29] and Jamaica [14], to expand their MPA network and rename them Fish Replenishment Reserves or Fish Sanctuaries. Protecting and restoring populations of herbivorous fish has also been found to be particularly important in improving the ecological resilience of coral reefs and their ability to recover after major disturbances, such as bleaching events, storms or sedimentation [6,7,8,19,20,23]. Not surprisingly there is increasing evidence that undertaking coral restoration inside MPAs not only produces better survival and growth rates among the restored corals, but also produces other ecological, social and economic benefits. Restoration activities have also been found to interest and engage local stakeholders, in particular fisherfolk, much more actively in the management of their MPAs (e.g. Belize, Jamaica, DR).

The programme will focus on obtaining solid community support for their local MPAs, by providing educational activities that include peer-to-peer exchanges and learning opportunities, as well as through an extensive livelihood diversification programme. Research has proven that effective MPAs tend to be those established with policies that encourage local communities to benefit from the resulting improvements in fishery and tourism revenues [9,10,11]. Highly successful MPAs have been established in Belize, Jamaica, Bonaire, Bahamas with spectacular recoveries in fish biomass (1,300% increase in 3 years in Oracabessa in Jamaica) and in some cases rapid increases in coral cover. In all cases, community involvement was central to their success, and economic diversification a key driver of local support. Not surprisingly, a recent review by FAO [12] found that policies that provide incentives for communities to support and engage with the management of MPAs and fisheries generally produce much better results. In SIDS worldwide, there appears to be a growing policy consensus towards Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) that secure greater local ownership, encourage compliance and support livelihood diversification [12]. New technologies for spatial planning, enforcement, monitoring and communications will be provided that not only reduce MPA management costs but also engage a wider circle of stakeholders with a vested interest in the future of reefs.

New financing mechanisms and private sector partnerships will be established that support MPAs with a focus on tangible results and benefits [13]. In Jamaica and the


Eastern Caribbean, CCCCC and CARIBSAVE have established functional partnerships

between governments, local communities and the private sector as part of the C-FISH Initiative. The C-FISH private sector partners (e.g. Sandals Resorts International, Virgin Holidays, Royal Caribbean Cruises) have vested interests in the success of MPAs, and participate actively in supporting sustainable financing mechanisms for reef restoration and economic diversification [14].

Potential sites for this component are given in Appendix 4.

2) Government and Policy The programme will work closely with governments and regional agencies to ensure that policy frameworks support and mainstream reef resilience and coral restoration in their national plans and national adaptation strategies. This component will be coordinated by the Caribbean Community Regional Fisheries Mechanisms (CRFM) that has a mandate approved by CARICOM to implement the recently completed “Improving the outlook for Caribbean coral reefs: A Regional Plan of Action 2014-2019” published by CCCCC, CRFM and AUSAID [15]. This Plan of Action builds on the latest scientific recommendations and outlines a regional strategy with four key objectives that are consistent with the aims of MaCREAS programme. These are;

• Improve the health and resilience of Caribbean coral reefs • Strengthen adaptive capacity of communities • Build foundations for national and regional action • Advocate globally for stronger action on climate change

The programme will also build on recent commitments made by the governments of eight Caribbean countries at the Caribbean Challenge Initiative Summit (see Section 4.5).

3) Financing and Public-Private Partnerships An essential component of MaCREAS will be to strengthen, expand and replicate Public- Private Partnerships (PPPs) that support MPAs and reef restoration and livelihood diversification in local communities. This component will build on existing partnerships brokered by CARIBSAVE with private sector companies that promote livelihood diversification in fishing communities in tourism, craft, aquaculture and offshore fishing by providing access to markets (see Section 4.6) . These companies have also helped develop a sustainable financing mechanism for MPAs called the C-FISH Fund based on contributions provided by tourists when they purchase local goods and services. More recently the Mustique Company in SVG, Sandy Lane in Barbados and other companies have developed plans for supporting coral restoration activities. The private sector will play a key role in the MaCREAS programme, by partnering with local communities, governments and scientists to provide support for reef restoration, access to markets, and the development of innovative financing mechanisms.

4) Knowledge management MaCREAS will serve as a regional platform to raise awareness among policy-makers and the general public about the feasibility for reef restoration and the importance of resilient corals for sustainable development. Through local partners, the programme will implement a regional public awareness and educational campaign. It will use high quality films, multi-media tools, interactive websites and a web-based regional GIS database, to provide information about the objectives, activities, partners to multiple target audiences.

MaCREAS will design and implement a new “Sustainable Coasts And Marine Environments” course that will be integrated with the various facets of the programme, to be offered as a high school subject through the Caribbean Examinations Council, the regional education body for CARICOM. This will result in the development of learning materials and multimedia that will be shared widely through the various outreach activities to broaden participation in the regional project.

5) Supporting Activities


The programme will implement a range of supporting activities focused on applied

marine science, economic valuations and the governance of natural resources. The research questions will be developed by a Technical Working Group comprised of regional and international experts and will include the following topics; • Genetics of resilience - role of symbiot genetics vs role of host genetics in conferring

resistance to warmer conditions. • How to maintain genetic diversity in restored corals. • Develop stress tests for coral selection • Establish gene-bank nursery at each site • Collect recruits from spawning aggregations using down-current slates • Monitor coral spawning events using remote-technologies around nurseries • Identify new genotypes • Computer spawn simulation to maximise out-planting sites • Propagation techniques (rope culture vs floating nurseries vs tables) • Asexual propagation vs sexual propagation (logistical issues, costs, suitability for

Caribbean - provide justification for not including sexual propagation methods) • Out-planting scaling-up technologies (use of pegged-ropes, cement, direct tying, nails,

epoxy) • Hydrological models / Wave interception / Wave energy dispersal

The ecological research will benefit from the recent formation of an Acropora Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service of the USA, and the recent publication of a Recovery Plan for Elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and Staghorn (A. cervicornis) Corals [5]

6) Monitoring and Evaluation A monitoring and evaluation programme will be developed and implemented to collect baseline data and then track the ecological, socio-economic and policy indicators that will reflect the success of the programme. The following is a list of proposed indicators for the M&E component:

Ecological indicators • Number of corals propagated and out-planted • Percent coral coverage at out-planting sites • Survival and growth rates • Sexual reproduction at the out-planting sites with appropriate host genetic

diversity • Biomass of fish and key species inside MPAs and at out-planting sites

Socio-economic indicators • Number of new livelihoods (e.g. coral gardeners, tour operators, etc) • Number of fisher-folk with tangible and/or perceived increases in economic

benefits derived from improved natural resource management and conservation

• Numbers of divers certified with specialist coral restoration course (PADI) • Tourism visitor and diver numbers to nursery/out-planting sites / MPA (visitor

surveys, tours sold by tour operator) • Youth-group involvement • Contributions from and numbers of private sector partners

Policy and engagement mainstreaming indicators • Incorporation of coral restoration in MPA management plans and fisheries

policy • National Marine Spatial Planning to include strategic sites for coral restoration

and reef resilience • Level of co-financing provide by private sector partners


2.2. Background information on project/programme sponsor

Describe project sponsor’s operating experience in the host country or other developing countries.

Describe financial status and how the project/programme sponsor will support the project/programme in terms of equity, management, operations, production and marketing.

The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) coordinates the Caribbean region’s response to Climate Change, working on effective solutions and projects to combat the environmental impacts of Climate variability, Climate Change and extreme weather events. Guided by its Regional Strategic Framework – Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change (2009 – 2015), and its accompanying Implementation Plan (2011-2021) to actualize the Framework, the Centre provides Climate Change-related policy advice and guidelines to the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Member States through the CARICOM Secretariat and to the United Kingdom (UK) Caribbean Overseas Territories. This project builds upon the Centre’s more than ten (10) years of impactful experience, having been a regional leader carrying out catalytic pilot/demonstration type projects in the Caribbean region, and scaling these up with national governments to bring about transformational change. Examples of such efforts include the establishment and re-vegetation of corals in Belize, working with the CARIBSAVE Partnership on a £2.1 million project for the rehabilitation and protection of marine protected areas (MPAs) in four (4) CARICOM Member States (Jamaica, St. Lucia, Grenada and St. Vincent and the Grenadines) and the current implementation of a €12.9 million coastal protection project in the same four (4) Member States using an ecosystem-based adaptation approach.

For better project coordination, and taking a programmatic approach, the Centre has established the Programme Development and Management Unit (PDMU). The PDMU is comprised of Project Developers, Project Managers, Project Analysts, and a Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist. In managing this project, the PDMU will appoint a special Project Manager, with a dedicated Accountant and Procurement Officer, and will draw upon the other collective expertise within the Centre to carry out the Project Implementation function. All activities will be scrutinised alongside the Centre’s approved Environmental and Social Safeguard Policy to ensure they are in consonance with the objectives of that Policy. Furthermore, gender and no-discriminatory considerations and strict adherence to financial best practices will be pursued.

The Centre is also the archive and clearing house for regional Climate Change data and documentation in the Caribbean and has an in-house Communications Specialist, thus making it uniquely positioned to share in issues of lessons learned from adaptation and mitigation interventions which can be scaled-up to other Caribbean territories. In its role as a Climate Centre, the entity is recognised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and other international agencies as the focal point for Climate Change issues in the Caribbean. It has also been recognised by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) as a Centre of Excellence, one of an elite few. Through its role as a Centre of Excellence, the Centre will support the people of the Caribbean as they address the impact of climate variability and change on all aspects of economic development through the provision of timely forecasts and analyses of potentially hazardous impacts of both natural and man-induced climatic changes on the environment, and the development of special programmes which create opportunities for sustainable development, as this one is expected to do.

The CCCCC has an established and proven track-record as the leader in climate change adaptation planning and management studies throughout the Caribbean. They have many operational program linkages and networks. This unique capacity will ensure effective and efficient project delivery and guarantee the sustainability of program outcomes and impacts. More importantly, the CCCCC is the repository of current state of the art climate change models in the Caribbean region.

Furthermore, the Centre remains a major implementer of substantial projects, inclusive of the European Union Intra-ACP Global Climate Change Alliance (EU-GCCA) Project


in the Caribbean, a Coastal Protection Project being financed by the German

Development Bank, and the United Kingdom Support for the Implementation Plan Project. Additionally, the Centre was/is one of the implementing agencies of the United Nations-Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean’s (UN-ECLAC’s) Regional Economics of Climate Change Studies (RECCS) for the Caribbean, the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) co-financed Caribbean Carbon Neutral Tourism Project (RG-T1640); and the Database Management System for a Regional Observing Network for Environmental Change in the Wider Caribbean (RG-T1813), and the Pilot Program on Climate Resilience (PPCR) Regional Component. All of these projects are being implemented in the Centre’s Member States, with whom it has and continue to work closely.

2.3. Market Overview

Describe the market for the product(s) or services including the historical data and forecasts.

Provide the key competitors with market shares and customer base (if applicable).

Provide pricing structures, price controls, subsidies available and government involvement (if any). Not applicable

2.4. Regulation, taxation and insurance

It is not envisaged that regulation, taxation or insurance will play an important part in the proposed programme. The project will establish National Project Coordination Groups and work closely with national governments to obtain the necessary permits and licences for coral restoration activities, including the harvesting of wild propagules, the construction of coral nurseries and the out-planting of restored colonies. These permitting systems already exist in Belize, Jamaica, Dominican Republic and St Vincent and the Grenadines. The legislation for MPAs is already established in all the target countries and requires few significant changes. Large-scale reef restoration operations may require new legislation and the development of policies and laws for more extensive coastal monitoring and marine spatial planning. This will be addressed by the CRFM under Component 2 of the programme.

2.5. Implementation Arrangements

Describe construction and supervision methodology with key contractual agreements. Describe operational arrangements with key contractual agreements following the completion of construction.

Provide a timetable showing major scheduled achievements and completion for each of the major components of the project/programme.

The programme will be implemented by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) in collaboration with a team of executing agencies that will be responsible for certain components or sub-components of the programme. The activities framework and role of the partners are shown in Appendix 3. National Project Coordination Groups will be established to ensure all key stakeholders are included in the national decision-making and coordination process.

III. Financing / Cost Information


A grant of US$50 million is requested from the GCF for the implementation of this critically important adaptation intervention. A draft budget is shown in Table 1. Implementation will be phased, with activities in Year 1 and 2 focusing on four countries (Belize, Jamaica, Dominican Republic and St Vincent and the Grenadines), and then expanded to the remaining CARIFORUM countries (excluding for Guyana and Suriname that do not have coral reefs). This will help reduce risk by staggering the scaling-up of the reef restoration and resilience activities.

The programme will build on existing initiatives and will benefit from some co-financing from other donors and private sector partners. The main contribution from the private sector partners will come downstream, with sustainable financing mechanisms based on user- fees and contributions from visitors (see Section 4.6 for more details). It is difficult to quantify the value of the private sector co-financing at this stage, but financial commitments will be easier to secure once the GCF has given the green light to proceed beyond the concept stage. The level of private sector engagement and the value of co-financing will be incorporated as an indicator in the M&E programme.

Existing initiatives that focus on coral restoration include projects funded by UNEP and IADB. The amount of funding provided for these projects, while only sufficient to provide small-scale demonstrations, can be considered as co-financing. Financial support for the management of Caribbean MPAs is also being provided by a several donors (DFID, KfW, USAID, ICI) for current and planned interventions. A Regional Biodiversity Fund has been established as part of the Caribbean Challenge Initiative to provide additional support for member countries for the management of protected areas – see http://www.caribbeanchallengeinitiative.org/. A detailed description of these potential co- financing arrangements from third party donors is being developed.

3.1. Description of financial Table 1. Draft Budget (in thousands of USD) elements of the project / programme

Components Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 1. Coral Restoration and Reef Resilience

5,200 5,200 5,700 5,700 5,700 5,700

1.1 Coral restoration 2,100 2,100 2,300 2,300 2,300 2,300

1.2 Capacity-building for MPAs 1,400 1,400 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500

1.3 Livelihood diversification 1,700 1,700 1,900 1,900 1,900 1,900

2. Government and Policy 160 160 160 160 160 160

3. Financing and Public-Private Partnerships

160 160 160 160 160 160

4. Knowledge management 640 640 640 640 640 640

5. Supporting Activities 800 800 800 800 800 800

6. Monitoring and Evaluation 400 400 400 400 400 400

7. Project Management (8%) 640 640 640 640 640 640

Total 8,000 8,000 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500

http://www.caribbeanchallengeinitiative.org/


Financial Instrument Amount Currency Tenor Indicative Pricing

Total Project Financing

(a) = (b) + (c)

…………………

(i) Senior Loans

(ii) Subordinated Loans

…………………

…………………

Options

Options

( ) years

( ) years

( ) %

( ) % (iii) Equity ………………… Options ( ) % IRR (iv) Guarantees ………………… Options

(b) (v) Reimbursable ………………… Options

Requested GCF Amount

grants *

(vi) Grants *

50,000,000 US$

3.2.

* Please provide detailed economic and financial justification in the case of grants.

Project

Financing

Information Total Requested (i+ii+iii+iv+v+vi)

50,000,000

USD

(c) Co- financing

Financial Instrument

Amount

Currency Name of

Institution

Seniority

Options

…………………

Options

…………………

Options

Options ………………… Options ………………… Options Options ………………… Options ………………… Options Options ………………… Options ………………… Options

Lead financing institution: ……………………… (d)

Covenants

(e) Conditions

precedent to disbursement

IV. Expected Performance against Investment Criteria

Please explain the potential of the Project/Programme to achieve the Fund’s six investment criteria as listed below.

4.1 Climate Impact Potential [Potential to achieve the GCF's objectives and results]

The long-term impact of the programme will be to increase the resilience of coral reefs in CARIFORUM countries so that they are more able to survive and adapt to a changing climate and to changes in ocean chemistry and temperature. The main beneficiaries of the proposed programme will be the people whose lives depend on ecosystem services provided by coral reefs, which include those people directly or indirectly


employed in tourism and fisheries, as well as those who live in coastal areas vulnerable

to storms surges, flooding and coastal erosion. Estimates of the numbers of people this represents in CARIFORUM countries are given in Appendix 5. Not surprisingly for a region of small islands that is the most tourism- dependent region of the world, these numbers represent a high percentage of the total population. For example in Jamaica in 2013, 321,000 people were estimated to be employed directly and indirectly in the tourism sector, equivalent to 11.8% of the total population and 28.9% of the labor force, while 270,000 people were employed in the fisheries sector equivalent to 7.5% of the total population and 15.3% of the labor force. For the CARIFORUM region the total number of people employed directly and indirectly in tourism is approximately 2.5 million, and 0.5 million are employed in the fisheries sector, representing approximately 8% of the total population (13% if Cuba and Haiti are not included).

The direct beneficiaries will be individuals from coastal communities who will benefit first hand from the programme’s suite of activities, in particular the livelihood diversification programme that will provide resources, training and access to new markets for a range of new employment opportunities. These will include coral gardening, offshore fishing, tourism, craft, aquaculture, and MPA management. The total number of direct beneficiaries will be approximately 2,500 individuals, including both males and females.

4.2 Paradigm Shift Potential

[Potential to catalyze impact beyond a one-off project or programme investment]

Provide the estimates and details of the below and specify other relevant factors.

• Potential for scaling-up and replication (e.g. multiples of initial impact size) • Potential for knowledge and learning • Contribution to the creation of an enabling environment • Contribution to the regulatory framework and policies

The MaCREAS Programme is designed to scale-up and replicate existing initiatives that have already provided “proof-of-concept”, and to take these successful models of natural resource management to the next level. These models provide a “roadmap” of the processes and factors, such as knowledge, resources, policies, governance systems, partnerships and technical support, that must be brought together in a coordinated manner in order to establish the necessary enabling environment.

MaCREAS will provide the means and structure to re-create and support these enabling environments in new locations and to ensure that local actors are provided with adequate resources and political support to replicate these models of success. The resulting economic, social and environmental benefits that will be generated will provide significant incentives for local partners to sustain the management activities and governance systems. The programme presents a win-win-win scenario, with substantial ecological, social and economic benefits, with no risk of losses or mal- adaptation.

It is anticipated that MaCREAS programme will bring about a fundamental change in the knowledge, awareness and attitudes of Caribbean people with regards to coral reefs, and a growing realization of the benefits and potential of effective community- based management. Like many societal changes in awareness and attitudes, once a critical number of people are affected and engaged, then the changes in awareness and attitudes spread rapidly to become a new standard across society.

The regional focus of the MaCREAS programme is required for effective knowledge management, or in other words to coordinate, monitor, document and disseminate activities happening across the region so that lessons can be learnt and shared. The Phase 1 countries are spread across the region and have different bio-physical and socio-economic environments, as well as different coral genotypes. A regional research programme will run in parallel to the “hard” adaptation interventions on the ground, which are urgently required. This juxtaposition of the two streams – research


and action – is essential to ensure that management and decision-making are based

on scientific evidence. A regional focus is also required to engage senior regional policy-makers and business leaders, and help implement the Regional Plan of Action for Improving the Outlook for Caribbean Coral reefs (http://climateandreefs.org/regional-plan-of-action )

4.3 Sustainable Development Potential [Potential to provide wider development co-benefits]

The value of the ecosystems services provided by coral reefs to the Caribbean is immense. The World Resources Institute has estimated the annual value of the ecosystem services provided by Caribbean coral reefs to be around US$2.7 billion for tourism, $400 million for fisheries and between US$1 billion to US$2.8 billion for shoreline protection - as assessed in their current, degraded state [3]. This does not include many other ecological, cultural and spiritual values that are of great importance to people and the planet.

MaCREAS will contribute significantly to sustaining the ecosystem services of Caribbean reefs and ensuring that they are strengthened and restored where possible. The direct and indirect livelihood benefits have been outlined above, and these will provide wider benefits to coastal communities, and to both males and females, young and old alike.

Food security is a growing concern in the Caribbean, where most countries import the majority of food consumed. MaCREAS will contribute to food security by ensuring that the productivity and health of coral reefs are sustained to support coastal fisheries. The successful no-take MPAs of Belize, now called Fish Replenishment Reserves, have increased the catches of fish and shellfish significantly and will be used as a model for the region. The establishment of Fish Sanctuaries in Jamaica (no-take MPAs) in the past five years was largely driven by concerns among local fishing communities about the need to address issues of food security. A recent short video describes the successes of these Jamaican fish sanctuaries (See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGlFEXJTFQY ).

MaCREAS will also provide significant long-term benefits for reducing coastal erosion and hazard mitigation associated with storms surges and sea level rise (SLR). A recent review [16] provided the first quantitative meta-analysis of the role of coral reefs in reducing wave energy across reefs in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Combined results across studies showed that coral reefs dissipate 97% of the wave energy that would otherwise impact shorelines. Most (86%) of the wave energy is dissipated by the shallow reef crest - making this relatively high and narrow geomorphological area of the reef the most critical in providing wave attenuation benefits. After depth, another critical factor in wave attenuation is bottom friction, which is a function of bottom roughness. The branching structure of Acroporids makes them particularly effective at dissipating wave energy through lattice turbulence. The loss of Acroporids across the Caribbean has decreased both the height and roughness of reefs, particularly the reef crests, and hence their ability to dissipate wave energy and reduce coastal erosion. Healthy coral reefs also produce sand to replenish protective beaches and dunes, and able to grow vertically at the same rate as SLR [16]. Coral restoration projects designed for coastal protection and hazard mitigation, and not just for tourism and fisheries, are now recommended as an adaptation strategy [16]. MaCREAS will aim to be the first long-term programme to undertake a detailed cost- benefit analysis of using coral restoration for coastal protection.

The proposed programme will also deliver substantial benefits to conserving and restoring the Caribbean’s unique marine biodiversity – one of the acknowledged biodiversity hotspots of the world (IUCN, UNEP).

http://climateandreefs.org/regional-plan-of-action

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGlFEXJTFQY


4.4 Needs of Recipient

[Vulnerability to climate change and financing needs of the recipients]

Describe the scale and intensity of vulnerability of the country and beneficiary groups and elaborate how the project/program addresses the issues. Examples of the issues include the following:

• Level of exposure to climate risks for beneficiary country and groups • Does the country have a fiscal or balance of payment gap that prevents from

addressing the needs? • Does the local capital market lack depth or history? • Needs for strengthening institutions and implementation capacity

The Caribbean is considered to be one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to the impacts of climate change with coastal communities and low-lying areas being particularly exposed to the combined threats of sea level rise (SLR) and extreme weather events [1]. The economic cost of adapting to SLR have been estimated to be between US$26 and 61 billion in capital costs and US$4 and 6 billion in annual costs by 2050, increasing rapidly thereafter [17]. The magnitude of these costs will depend largely on the fate of the regions coastal ecosystems, which in many cases are the only coastal defence.

The dramatic decline of Caribbean coral reefs in the past four decades is therefore a major threat to the region’s ability to adapt to climate change. The decline in live coral cover (50% reduction since the 1970s) is not only accelerating coastal erosion, with 80% of beaches currently eroding, but is also having profound impacts on the region’s tourism and fisheries sectors, and potentially undermining the economic sustainability and food security of many small islands. If left unchecked, the rate of decline of Caribbean coral reefs is expected to increase in the coming decades because of climate change and the combined effects of mass coral bleaching and ocean acidification [18,19,20,21,22]. The World Bank has placed the magnitude of the economic losses at about 8 to 11 billion dollars per year by mid-century if 90% of the reefs disappear. The IPCC, CARICOM and regional institutions including CCCCC increasingly recognize interventions that slow down or reverse the loss of coral reefs as priorities for adaptation to climate change.

The region does not have the financial resources to implement the proposed programme and to establish the necessary regional framework, platforms and capacity.

4.5 Country Ownership [Beneficiary country ownership of project or programme and capacity to implement the proposed activities]

Provide details of the below and specify other relevant factors.

• Coherence and alignment with the country’s national climate strategy and priorities in mitigation or adaptation

• Brief description of executing entities (e.g. local developers, partners and service providers) along with the roles they will play

• Stakeholder engagement process and feedback received from civil society organizations and other relevant stakeholders

Community ownership is critical

The CCCCC recognizes the importance of working with national governments, regional and national institutions, NGOs, and local communities to ensure local ownership and engagement. Working with local partners is essential to support the development of policies, livelihoods and approaches that are specific to the ecological, social, cultural and political context of each country and designed to sustain the engagement and support of local stakeholders. The MaCREAS programme is aligned with national climate strategies and priorities in all the target countries

At the political level, the programme will build on recent commitments made by the governments of eight Caribbean countries at the Caribbean Challenge Initiative Summit. The Leaders Declaration stated that each participating country and territory would effectively conserve and manage at least 20% of the marine and coastal environment by 2020. To help achieve this goal, governments agreed to have in place, by 2020, fully functioning sustainable finance mechanisms. In addition, a set of seven specific actions were agreed, covering a broad scope of issues related to the marine


environment (e.g. marine protected areas, fisheries, tourism, climate change

adaptation, and marine pollution). https://www.cbd.int/cooperation/cci/doc/leaders-declaration-en.pdf https://www.cbd.int/cooperation/cci/

The engagement and buy-in of local communities is central to the design of the MaCREAS programme. This will be achieved by using participatory governance approaches and targeted public education. Buy-in will also be ensured by providing tangible short-term incentives to local stakeholders, as well as long-term socio- economic benefits and risk reduction. Poverty in coastal communities is often the main challenge for effective community engagement in environmental management. To counter this, MaCREAS will provide practical assistance for local livelihoods including equipment, training and access to markets for fishers, as well as new opportunities for livelihood diversification into tourism, aquaculture, craft-making and coral gardening. These new opportunities are currently being developed in several locations in the Caribbean under C-FISH and other initiatives. The MaCREAS programme will therefore help to reduce poverty in the short term, as well as provide long-term benefits from more sustainable fisheries, tourism, livelihood diversification and a reduction in coastal vulnerability.

CCCCC will work with a team of executing agencies that are established and registered in the target countries. Some of these agencies are listed below:

Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) - http://www.crfm.net/ Regional entity established by CARICOM and responsible for promoting and developing regional policies in the fisheries sector. CRFM has a mandate to implement the recently completed “Improving the outlook for Caribbean coral reefs: A Regional Plan of Action 2014-2019” published by CCCCC, CRFM and AUSAID.

CARIBSAVE - http://www.intasave.org/ A leading regional not-for profit registered in Barbados, Jamaica and Grenada with active programmes focusing on climate change adaptation and vulnerability across the Caribbean. CARIBSAVE has a strong focus on coastal communities, livelihoods, Ecosystem-based Adaptation and private sector partnerships. CARIBSAVE and CCCCC are successfully using a community-centered approach in the Caribbean Fish Sanctuary Partnership Initiative (C-FISH – see http://c-fish.org/) a four-year project that is aimed at improving the management of fifteen MPAs in four Caribbean countries. C- FISH has been successful because it has focused on building the capacity and engagement of local communities. A key aspect of creating successful MPAs is developing livelihood diversification programmes for displaced fishers and encouraging offshore fishing for pelagic or deep-water species. Brokering new partnerships between fishing communities and the tourism sector has been essential in creating these new livelihood opportunities and improving management capacity. MPAs can be effective at restoring ecosystem function and resilience, but this requires a good understanding of the socio-economic fabric of the local community, developing multi-stakeholder partnerships for the management and governance of MPAs and implementing appropriate policies and investments to support livelihoods in the local community.

CaMPAM – UNEP http://campam.gcfi.org/campam.php CaMPAM was created in 1997 under the framework of the Caribbean Environment Program of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP-CEP) and the Specially Protected Area and Wildlife (SPAW) Protocol of the Cartagena Convention activities. Since then, it has received the support of governments, private foundations, and individual experts. CaMPAM brings together MPA researchers, administrators, managers, and educators from governmental entities and non-governmental organizations as well as the private sector in an inclusive network to exchange ideas and lessons learned through a variety of mechanisms.

The coral restoration component will build on the success of existing projects being implemented by the following organizations;

Fragments of Hope - https://fragmentsofhopebelize.wordpress.com/

http://www.cbd.int/cooperation/cci/doc/leaders-declaration-en.pdf

http://www.cbd.int/cooperation/cci/

http://www.crfm.net/

http://www.intasave.org/

http://c-fish.org/)

http://campam.gcfi.org/campam.php


https://www.facebook.com/pages/Fragments-of-Hope-coral-nurseries-in-

Belize/162047150491955 A not-for-profit registered in Belize whose mission is to re-seed devastated reefs with genetically robust, diverse and resilient corals that will mature to spawning age/size, and at the same time begin to understand the biology and mechanisms of coral bleaching (i.e. the role of the coral host versus its symbiotic algae, the zooxanthellae when it comes to resiting or recovering from bleaching events).

Corals for Conservation - http://coralsforconservation.org/ The Corals for Conservation program was first initiated in 1999 in Fiji, as ”The Coral Gardens Initiative”. The program focuses at restoring degraded coral reef ecosystems by working in partnership with marine resource owners to develop community-based marine management plans and to implement strategies to rectify problems such as over-fishing and coral reef decline. Corals for Conservation has had several projects in the Caribbean, most notably in the Dominican Republic and in Honduras.

Seascape Caribbean - http://www.seascapecarib.com/ Seascape Caribbean is a private ecosystems restoration and development company based in Jamiaca specializing in coastal marine, estuarine and river systems. Their focus is on the propagative restoration of living coral and coral reefs using patent- pending, as well as shared and published, innovations and processes.

Coral Restoration Foundation - http://www.coralrestoration.org/ A non-profit conservation organization based in Florida dedicated to creating offshore nurseries and restoration programs for threatened coral species. These programs have allowed CRF to take the lead in new nursery and restoration techniques that are now implemented worldwide.

Several universities will be involved with the MaCREAS programme, most notably the University of the West Indies.

University of the West Indies - http://www.uwi.edu/index.asp The University of the West Indies (UWI) is a public university system serving 18 English-speaking countries and territories in the Caribbean. The university consists of three physical campuses at Mona in Jamaica, St. Augustine in Trinidad and Tobago, Cave Hill in Barbados and the Open Campus. UWI staff at Mona and Cave Hill campuses will play an important role in the Technical Working Group and in the implementation of the research component.

4.6 Effectiveness and

Efficiency [Economic and financial soundness and effectiveness of the proposed activities]

Provide details of the below and specify other relevant factors (i.e. debt service coverage ratio), if available.

• Estimated cost per t CO2 eq (total investment cost/expected lifetime emission reductions)

• Co-financing ratio (total amount of the Fund’s investment as percentage of project) • Economic and financial rate of return

- With the Fund’s support - Without the Fund’s support

The economic and financial effectiveness of the programme will be a central focus of this initiative. While the precise value of the social, economic and environmental benefits generated by this programme are difficult to quantify at this stage, they will greatly exceed the cost of the investment required.

The cost-effectiveness of reef restoration as an adaptation strategy has been analysed by the re-insurance industry across eight Caribbean nations [26]. The study examined the costs and benefits of some 20 different approaches for coastal risk reduction and adaptation, from reef restoration to new building codes, and found that reef restoration was always substantially more cost effective than breakwaters across all eight nations considering only coastal defence benefits. As living structures, reefs also have the

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Fragments-of-Hope-coral-nurseries-in-

http://coralsforconservation.org/

http://www.seascapecarib.com/

http://www.coralrestoration.org/

http://www.uwi.edu/index.asp


V. Brief Rationale for GCF Involvement and Exit Strategy

potential for self-repair and thus lower maintenance costs as compared with artificial

structures, but reef restoration is still a comparatively new field. The addition of ecosystem benefits and considerations of maintenance costs in a full benefit:cost analysis would likely add to the relative cost effectiveness of reefs for coastal defence.

The tourism sector will provide sustainable financing for MPAs and coral restoration through obligatory user-fees and voluntary contributions from tourists and scuba divers (e.g. Adopt a Coral Programmes http://www.coralrestoration.org/adopt-a-coral/ and http://kihavah-maldives.anantara.com/Coral-Adoption/). There are currently several private sector partnerships for coral restoration in several countries, and these will be scaled-up and replicated. Examples of these include:

• In the Dominican Republic, the PUNTACANA Resort and Club together with

the PUNTACANA Ecological Foundation and the local community have established several coral nurseries and successful out-planting programme.

• In Jamaica, a coral nursery has been established as a partnership between Royal Caribbean Cruises, Sandals Resorts International, CARIBSAVE, Coral Restoration Foundation International, and the Bluefield’s Bay Fishermen Friendly Society. Tourists and visitors will pay a fee to contribute to the operational costs of the coral restoration programme. An additional nursery is now planned for another Sandals resort in Jamaica.

• In Mustique (St Vincent and the Grenadines) a coral nursery has been established as a partnership between the Mustique Company, the Coral Restoration Foundation International and CARIBSAVE. The Mustique Dive shop is now providing day-to-day management of the coral restoration programme.

A number of large resort operators, tour operators and yacht charter companies (e.g. Virgin Holidays, Sandy Lane Barbados, Ocean Hotels, Tradewinds Charters) have also expressed interest in supporting coral restoration efforts in several of the target countries. It is difficult to quantify the value of this contribution at this stage, but the scale of the financial commitment from third parties will be easier to secure once the GCF has given the green light to proceed beyond the concept stage.

A new certificate level profession - that of “Coral Gardener”, will be developed and introduced for the tourism industry, adding a mainstreamed climate change component to the tourism product. Certified professional Coral Gardeners will care for reefs, cultivate nurseries of bleaching resistant - thermally tolerant corals, and engage guests in educational activities, financed by the tourism industry. Several resorts have expressed their willingness to take on the program and cover costs once it is fully developed due to the considerable value of the program. A PADI Coral Gardening specialty SCUBA diving course in support of coral nurseries and restoration has already been successfully implemented in DR and Florida, attracting visitors and nationals who become involved in the coral restoration work, and this program should be expanded regionally. A tour guides training manual and program for visits to coral nurseries and restoration site has also been completed for DR and will be further developed and expanded regionally.

Please specify why the GCF contribution is critical for the project/programme. The GCF’s involvement is justified because the proposed intervention is recognised by national and regional governing agencies (e.g. CARICOM) as an adaptation priority for the region. The programme addresses a fundamental and growing vulnerability of the Caribbean region that is recognised by the IPCC, and which will affect hundreds of thousands of people if not dealt with urgently. The region does not have the resources to implement the programme at the scale that is required.

The investment sought will provide much needed resources to build the regional capacity that is required to scale-up and replicate existing successful models of reef restoration and resilience. It will serve as a platform to raise awareness of

http://www.coralrestoration.org/adopt-a-coral/

http://kihavah-maldives.anantara.com/Coral-Adoption/)


the feasibility of reversing the current trend of coral reef degradation while simultaneously creating new opportunities for livelihoods diversification based on partnerships and financing mechanisms for ecosystem services.

Please explain the exit strategy (i.e. how the project/programme will be sustained after GCF intervention).

Many of the programme’s activities will be sustained after the GCF intervention with the use of financing mechanisms developed with private sector partners as outlined above (Section 4.6). These include obligatory user-fees as well as voluntary contributions from tourists visiting MPAs and reef restoration sites. Willingness to pay studies indicate that these fees will not detract tourists, but rather the opposite, as a growing number of visitors are willing to contribute generously to support successful conservation projects that benefit local communities and biodiversity. Property owners and resort developers are also increasingly interested in supporting reef restoration activities once they are aware of successful demonstrations and of the added-value they can provide to their coastal assets. Other financing mechanisms such as crowd-sourcing and impact-investments will be examined during the course of the programme. The programme will also collaborate with existing regional funds such as the Caribbean Biodiversity Fund (established by the Nature Conservancy) and the C-FISH Fund (established by CARIBSAVE and privates sector partners – see section 2.1) that were established specifically to provide sustainable financing to Caribbean MPAs.

The impact of the programme will also be sustained and expanded through natural reproduction of restored corals and the dispersal of their eggs in ocean currents. The main aim of the coral restoration component is the creation of sexually active thickets of corals that have higher thermal tolerance and greater resilience to stressors associated with climate change.

VI. Risk Analysis Please describe the financial and operational risks and discuss mitigating measures.

Please briefly specify the substantial environmental and social risks that the project/programme may face and the proposed risk mitigation measures.

Risk Probability Impact Monitoring and mitigation measures Political support for the project is

not maintained Low High Host governments will be engaged as

project partners in the National Project Coordination Groups at the start of the project so that local officials may afford an advisory role and have a direct stake in the project

Regulatory stipulations (or lack thereof) within project sites hinder project activities, such as the coral restoration work

Low Medium Government officials and MPA management agencies will be engaged as project partners in the National Project Coordination Groups and within this role will be able to supervise regulatory prerequisites (and petition for necessary supporting legislation which may not yet be in place) related to project activities, including coral restoration work.

Environmental risks not associated with the project affect target communities negatively

Medium Medium Part of the public awareness and education activities will be targeted towards general education about environmental and climate risks so that a holistic message about climate change adaptation and environmental protection, restoration and stewardship is delivered in order to increase general understanding and build capacity.


Partners and community

members are unwilling to participate in the project

Low High CCCCC and CARIBSAVE have strong existing relationships throughout the Eastern Caribbean which will be utilised to mobilise early support for the project. Additionally, the communities in Phase 1 countries are already participating in similar activities and have expressed their desire for support.

Extreme weather events/ natural disasters interfere with the work plan

Medium Medium The project team will meet with GCF and the project partners in the event that weather events/natural disasters affect project implementation to agree on work plan revisions.

The implementation of new technologies and financing schemes, may be beyond the skill set of the local partners.

Medium Medium External experts, such as technology and finance specialists, will be engaged for new project activities that have not been trialled Adaptive capacity assessments and sustainability plans will be developed, to facilitate uptake and use of new technologies beyond the project lifecycle.

Corruption and fraud, both internal and external, negatively affect the project through misuse of funds or dishonest reporting.

Low Medium Proper due diligence will be factored into all levels of project implementation. Procurement policies and operating procedures will be outlined at the start of the project and approved by the Project Steering Committee to include, for example and among others: internal personnel and external consultants selected and engaged based on specified terms of reference and contracting standards; milestones and spending limits and approvals established for regular technical and financial monitoring; and, technical and financial progress reports approved by multiple reviewers. An independent review mechanism will also be coordinated with M&E to ensure any problems are detected early and resolved through the appropriate governance structures and processes.

Partnering provides a great opportunity to share information and to work towards a common goal, however partnerships, especially new partnerships, can introduce different, and potentially unfamiliar, risks inherent in the partner’s business

Low Low A risk management approach for partnership will be used when working with partners, and this approach will include the following elements: risk identification and assessment; a joint risk register; and, allocation of risk ownership.

Travel and health risks in project sites associated with environment or natural hazards

Low Low Project teams will adhere to the project health, safety and risk assessments (training to be given), including awareness of the physical/natural environment of the project locations and prevailing weather conditions, and adherence to local health and safety policies.

Disagreement or conflict during stakeholder engagement

Medium Low Local development and practice partners will identify internal conflict risk amongst stakeholder groups before onset. Project team also to have sufficient experience and skill in group facilitation and mediation as well as work closely with local practice


VII. Multi-Stakeholder Engagement

IX. Remarks

partners to ensure effective techniques and

methodologies are used in local and cultural contexts.

VIII. Status of Project/Programme

1) A pre-feasibility study is expected to be completed at this stage. Please provide the report in Annex II.

There is no specific feasibility study but existing initiatives have established “proof of concept” for coral restoration and MPAs as effective strategies for reef resilience. A review of recent coral restoration programmes is given in Appendix 6 (A Review Of Reef Restoration And Coral Propagation Using The Threatened Genus Acropora In The Caribbean And Western Atlantic. Young CN, Schopmeyer SA, and Lirman D. Bulletin Of Marine Science. 88(4):1075–1098. 2012).

The importance of MPAs in coral reef management and resilience is also well established from a large number of examples in several Caribbean countries, including Jamaica, Belize, Bonaire, Bahamas. These are outlined in the “Regional Plan of Action: Improving the Outlook for Caribbean Coral Reefs” (http://climateandreefs.org/regional-plan-of- action) as well as in several large multi-author studies (Jackson et al., 2014; Mumby et al; 2014 – see references and bibliography in Appendix 7).

2) Please indicate whether a feasibility study and/or environmental and social impact assessment has been conducted for the proposed project/programme: Yes ☐ No X (If ‘Yes’, please provide them in Annex II.)

3) Will the proposed project/programme be developed as an extension of a previous project (e.g. subsequent phase),

or based on a previous project/programme (e.g. scale up or replication)? Yes X No ☐

(If yes, please provide an evaluation report of the previous project in Annex II, if available.)

The MaCREAS Programme is designed to scale-up and replicate a number of existing reef restoration and resilience initiatives that have established “Proof of Concept. More recent information on successful activities in the Caribbean can be obtained from the following websites:

http://c-fish.org/ http://c-fish.org/growing-a-future-coral-restoration-in-bluefields-bay-jamaica/ http://www.coralrestoration.org/ https://fragmentsofhopebelize.wordpress.com/ https://www.facebook.com/pages/Fragments-of-Hope-coral-nurseries-in-Belize/162047150491955 http://www.seascapecarib.com/

Please specify the plan for multi-stakeholder engagement, and what has been done so far in this regard. Project Team to complete

Literature cited: (a bibliography is given in Appendix7)

http://climateandreefs.org/regional-plan-of-

http://c-fish.org/

http://c-fish.org/growing-a-future-coral-restoration-in-bluefields-bay-jamaica/

http://www.coralrestoration.org/

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Fragments-of-Hope-coral-nurseries-in-Belize/162047150491955

http://www.seascapecarib.com/


1. Nurse, L et al., 2014 Small islands. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1613-1654.

2. Eakin CM, Morgan JA, Heron SF, Smith TB, Liu G, et al. 2010 Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005. PLoS ONE 5(11): e13969. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.001396 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013969

3. Burke L. and Maidens, 2004. Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. World Resources Institute, 81 pp. http://www.wri.org/publication/reefs-risk-caribbean

4. Hoegh-Guldberg, Mumby et al, 2007. Coral Reefs under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification in Science. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/318/5857/1737

5. National Marine Fisheries Service. 2015. Recovery Plan for Elkhorn (Acropora palmata) and Staghorn (A. cervicornis) Corals. Prepared by the Acropora Recovery Team for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland.

6. Graham, N.A et al. 2013. Managing resilience to reverse phase shifts in coral reefs. Front Ecol Environ 2013; doi:10.1890/120305

7. Mumby P.J. and A.R. Harborne. 2010. Marine Reserves Enhance the Recovery of Corals on Caribbean Reefs. PLoS ONE 5(1): (e8657. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008657)

8. Olds, A., Kylie A. Pitt, Paul S. Maxwell, Russell C. Babcock, David Rissik And Rod M. Connolly (2014) Marine Reserves Help Coastal Ecosystems Cope With Extreme Weather. Global Change Biology (2014), Doi: 10.1111/Gcb.12606 9. Keller et al, 2008: Climate Change, Coral Reef Ecosystems, and Management Options for Marine Protected Areas. Environmental Management, 44(6): 1069–1088. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791481/

10. McLeod et al, 2009: Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment: Vol. 7, No. 7, pp. 362-370. http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070211

11. Mumby et al. 2007. Thresholds of Resilience. Nature Vol 450, pp98-103.

12. Weigel J-Y, et al. 2014. Marine protected areas and fisheries: bridging the divide. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 24(Suppl. 2): 199–215 (2014).

13. The C-FISH Fund http://c-fish.org/c-fish-fund/

14. The Caribbean Fish Sanctuary Partnership initiative http://c-fish.org/

15. Australia Caribbean Coral Reef Collaboration 2014, Improving the outlook for Caribbean coral reefs: A Regional Plan of Action 2014-2019, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville.(http://climateandreefs.org/regional- plan-of-action)

16. Ferrario, F. et al., 2014. The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. Nat. Commun. 5:3794.

17. Simpson, M.C., et al., 2010. Quantification and Magnitude of Losses and Damages Resulting from the Impacts of Climate Change: Modelling the Transformational Impacts and Costs of Sea Level Rise in the Caribbean, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Barbados, West Indies.

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013969

http://www.wri.org/publication/reefs-risk-caribbean

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/318/5857/1737

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791481/

http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070211

http://c-fish.org/c-fish-fund/

http://c-fish.org/

http://climateandreefs.org/regional-


18. Buddemeier RW, Kleypas JA, Aronson RB. 2004. Coral reefs and global climate change: Potential contributions of climate change to stresses on coral reef ecosystems. Environment Report, Pew Center on Global Climate Change. 56pp.

19. Jackson JBC, Donovan MK, Cramer KL, Lam VV (editors). 2014. Status and Trends of Caribbean Coral Reefs: 1970-2012. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

20. Mumby P.J. et al., 2014. Towards Reef Resilience and Sustainable Livelihoods for Caribbean Reef Managers. University of Exeter, Exeter. 172 pages

21. Gardner, T. A., I. M. Cote, J. A. Gill, A. Grant, and A. R. Watkinson. 2003. Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science 301:958-960. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/301/5635/958

22. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine and Freshwater Research 50:839-866.

23. Paddack M.J et al. 2009. Recent Region-wide Declines in Caribbean Reef Fish Abundance. Current Biology 19: 590–595.

24. Bruckner AW. 2002. Proceedings of the Caribbean Acropora workshop: potential application of the US Endangered Species Act as a conservation strategy. NOAA Tech Memo NMFS- OPR-24, Silver Spring, MD. 199 p.

25. Ronson, R., Bruckner, A., Moore, J., Precht, B. & E. Weil (2008) Acropora palmata. In: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.

26. CCRIF. Enhancing the Climate Risk and Adaptation Fact Base for the Caribbean: Preliminary Results of the Economics of Climate Adaptation Study, Vol. 28 (Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility, 2010). �� 25. Young C.N., SA Schopmeyer, and D Lirman. 2012. A Review Of Reef Restoration And Coral Propagation Using The Threatened Genus Acropora In The Caribbean And Western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science. 88(4):1075– 1098.

26. Bowden-Kerby A. 2001. Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural frag- mentation processes. Bull Mar Sci. 69:915–931.

27. Bowden-Kirby A. and Carne L. 2013. Thermal Tolerance as a factor in Caribbean Acropora Restoration. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012 20A Restoration of coral reefs

28. Rinkevich B. 2014. Rebuilding coral reefs: does active reef restoration lead to sustainable reefs? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2014, 7:28–36 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.018

29. Patricia Kramer, Melanie McField, Lorenzo Alvarez Filip, Ian Drysdale, Marisol Rueda Flores, Ana Giro , and Roberto Pott. (2015). 2015 Report Card for the Mesoamerican Reef. Healthy Reefs Initiative (www.healthyreefs.org).

Annex I. Please insert a map indicating the location of the project/programme.

Annex II. Please provide the pre-feasibility study report for the project/programme.

Please also provide the feasibility study report, environmental and social impact assessment, and/or evaluation report, if available.

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/301/5635/958

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.018

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