maintenance (chapter 19)

8/13/2019 Maintenance (Chapter 19)

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Chapter 19 - Maintenance

How to Plan for Oil Pipe Line Spills

•

Regulatory requirements• Contingency plan objectives

• Related studies

• Planning concepts

• Contingency response

• Immediate response

• Immediate response actions

• Flexible response actions

• Training

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How to Plan for Oil Pipe Line Spills

Here are ideas to consider in development of a comprehensive contingency plan

J. D. Sartor, Vice President, and R. . Castle, !enior Project "ngineer, ood#ard$ClydeConsultants, "nvironmental !ystems %ivision, !an Francisco, Cali&ornia

Federal regulations and permit stipulations require t'e preparation o& #ritten plans and procedures

&or dealing #it' accidental spills o& materials carried by liquids pipe lines. T'ese requirements can

be met t'roug' t'e preparation o& compre'ensive spill contingency plans.

Proper contingency planning involves analysis o& t'e material(s) carried and t'e environmentscrossed by t'e pipe line. *ased on company personnel and operating procedures, a response

organi+ation and necessary equipment are developed. T'e planning concept assumes t'at pre$

planned emergency actions are appropriate &or protection o& 'uman li&e, property, and t'e

environment.

In addition 'o#ever, t'e planning must provide t'e &lexibility to respond to unanticipated situations.

T'e &inal planning element is t'e design o& a compre'ensive training program to ensure t'e sa&ety

and e&&iciency o& t'e response teams.

Regulatory Requirements

istorically, &ederal requirements pertaining to liquids pipe line construction and operation 'avecontained no speci&ic requirements or guidelines &or t'e preparation o& spill contingency plans.

In spite o& t'is, suc' plans 'ave been required in conjunction #it' various permits and rig't$o&$#ay

grants. Cases #'ere contingency plans 'ave been stipulated include t'e Trans -lasa, !/I/ est

Cost to 0idcontinent, 1ort'ern Tier, and t'e 1ort'#est -lasa 2as pipe lines.

T'e 1ational "nvironment Policy -ct (1"P-) o& 3anuary 4, 4567, and ensuing amendments 'aveled to &ederal and state requirements &or analysis o& t'e potential &or spills, t'eir probable impact,

and t'e degree to #'ic' spill impacts may be mitigated t'roug' t'e "nvironmental Impact

!tatement $ "nvironmental Impact Report process. !pill contingency is o&ten t'e major met'od o&spill impact mitigation, and its association #it' t'e environmental revie# process is becoming

increasingly common.

"&&ective 3uly 48, 4597, t'e %epartment o& Transportation (%/T) amended regulations &or t'e

transportation o& liquids by pipe line. Title :5 o& t'e code o& Federal Regulations, Part 458 (revised/ctober 4, 4565) describes t'ese regulations and amendments. !ubpart $ /peration and

0aintenance $ requires t'e preparation o& #ritten emergency plans and procedures &or dealing #it'

accidental release o& commodity, operational &ailures, and natural disasters a&&ecting &acilities. T'esame regulations also require assignment o& personnel to emergency &unctions and t'e design and



implementation o& emergency procedures programs. T'ese requirements summari+e t'e essential

elements o& a spill contingency plan.

Contingency Plan Objectives

- rapid response capability is essential to adequately control and remove spilled material.

To provide t'is capability, adequate advance planning is mandatory. !uc' pre$spill planning s'ouldrecogni+e t'e various types o& spill situations #'ic' could occur and incorporate a response strategy

&or eac'.

T'ese strategies s'ould outline met'ods to be used, and describe t'e required types and amounts o&

equipment, materials, and manpo#er.

In addition to pre$spill planning &or anticipated spill types and situations, a compre'ensive planmust allo# t'e &lexibility to respond e&&ectively to unanticipated spill situations.

Related Studies

T'e development o& a spill contingency plan is based on consideration and analysis o& a #ide

variety o& &actors. Included are geograp'ical elements (location o& t'e spill, drainage c'aracteristics,

sur&ace conditions, soil type, accessibility, tra&&icability), environmental elements (#eat'erconditions, 'ydrology, etc.), and ecological elements (sensitive and vulnerable areas, rare and

endangered species, etc.);

For special environments additional studies may be required. For example, a series o& specialstudies on reclamation o& spill a&&ected areas #as required &or tundra during t'e implementation o&t'e -lyesa pipe line. T'ese studies included evaluation o& plant types t'at could be used &or

re'abilitation, e&&ects o& spilled oil on native plants, e&&ects o& various types o& cleanup measures,

and residual e&&ects o& oil over di&&erent #eat'ering periods.

"ngineering elements necessary &or contingency planning include pipe line pumping and drainagec'aracteristics, valve placements, monitoring equipment, operating procedures, and

communications and control systems. Typically muc' o& t'is in&ormation is available t'roug'

project$related design engineering and environmental studies at an early p'ase in projectimplementation.

In some cases, 'o#ever, all o& t'e required in&ormation may not be available and may require

generation prior to t'e completion o& t'e &inal spill plan. "arly versions o& spill contingency plans

are considered <dra&t< plans and are submitted to satis&y t'e requirements o& regulatory agencies.T'e <dra&t< plans are submitted #it' t'e stipulation t'at &inal spill plans are prepared and

implemented prior to t'e pipe line becoming operational.

Planning Concepts



Pipe lines c'aracteristically extend considerable distances and encounter a variety o& environmental

conditions. T'e resulting spill planning must respond to t'ese &actors and is commonly eit'er overlysimpli&ied or so complex t'at it is unusable in practice. To counter eit'er tendency and yet provide

su&&icient in&ormation in a usable &ormat, it is advantageous to design t'e contingency plan as a

series o& volumes, eac' speci&ic to a particular need. =sing t'is approac', t'e master volume or

2eneral Provisions, contains organi+ational and operational in&ormation common to t'e entire pipe

line system. It also &orms a basis &or personnel training.

T'e second volume or volumes delineate speci&ic response actions and personnel &or speci&ic

sections o& t'e pipe line. Commonly t'e areas covered by t'eses volumes are de&ined by majordrainage patterns. I& necessary as a result o& drainage basin si+e or ot'er unusual &actors, eac' o&

t'ese sections may be divided into &urt'er subdivision until #orable si+e &ield response plans are

ac'ieved.

Typical contents o& successive volumes o& a pipe line contingency plan are s'o#n in Figure 4.In&ormation pertinent to t'e entire system is contained only in t'e general provisions.



Figure 1. Contingency plan content.



-n e&&ective contingency plan indicates t'e actions to be taen, t'eir sequence, and timing in

relation to ot'er events. %uring or immediately &ollo#ing a spill, t'e &ollo#ing representativeactions s'ould be taen>

a. Veri&y and locate t'e spill and noti&y t'e spill response team to initiate emergency

procedures.

b. Control or limit t'e amount o& material spilled. "xclude or prevent t'e spread o& material tosensitive areas. "valuate t'reats to t'e general public and act accordingly.

c. %etermine t'e extent o& t'e spill and predict its subsequent dispersion as a &unction o& time.

d. Plan and direct overall operations? provide administrative support, liaison #it'government@local o&&icials, and public in&ormation.

e. Remove and clean material &rom contaminated land areas, subsoils, s'orelines, and #ater

sur&aces.

&. %etermine procedures and site locations &or t'e disposal o& contaminated materials.g. %ocument all p'ases o& spill incident and subsequent cleanup activities.

!election o& t'e action to tae at di&&erent times during a spill depends on> (a) t'e location and

nature o& t'e spill? (b) t'e quantity and type o& material? (c) 'ydrology, topograp'y, and soil type?(d) ice, #eat'er, and currents. !upervision #ill start immediately and documentation must beconducted simultaneously #it' all ot'er operations.

!pills require prompt action #'et'er t'ey are on land or on #ater. %etailed response plans must be

prepared &or immediate action to be taen #'erever and #'enever spills occur.

In general, t'e contingency plan describes t'e logical and sequential order o& #'at$to$do actions.!ome actions are taen in all situations. /t'er actions are contingent on and initiated only by special

circumstances. T'e basic plan is supported by appendices #'ic' provide 'o#$to$do$it instructions

&or basic actions. T'ese appendices also provide in&ormation on regulations, sources o& equipment,

logistics, and general bacground.

Contingency Response

T'e nature o& eac' individual organi+ation is dependent on t'e nature o& t'e pipe line system andt'e area t'roug' #'ic' it crosses. In some remote areas suc' as -lasa, any e&&ective response

organi+ation must rely 'eavily on internal resources. In more populated areas, a spill response

organi+ation can be designed more around t'e use o& local resources.

-ny response organi+ation must, 'o#ever, incorporate certain &unctions. Typically t'ese &unctions

may be grouped as management, advisory, support, and local &ield response. T'e management,advisory, and support roles generally per&orm sta&& &unctions and are usually sta&&ed by company

personnel. T'e local &ield response &unctions are normally sta&&ed by local operating personnelstationed along t'e pipe line route. -s necessary, t'ese personnel may be supplemented by local

contractors.

T'e assemblage o& t'e above roles is no#n as t'e !pill Tas Force (Figure A).



Figure . !pill Tas Force organi+ation

it'in t'e !pill Tas Force, eac' district uses a t#o$level organi+ation to provide &ast and e&&ective

initial and &ollo#$up response. - typical district organi+ation is s'o#n in Figure 4. T'e &irst level o&

response, t'e Immediate Response Team (IRT), reacts immediately to any spill #it'in its area o&concern. T'is team tae pre$planned response actions, limiting t'e spills impacts until &urt'er

actions can be activated.



Figure 1. %istrict Response Team organi+ation

T'e IRT is trained and equipped to 'andle minor spills #it'out additional assistance. !'ould t'is

team be unable to completely control a spill, it #ill tae pre$planned control actions and noti&y t'e

spill control coordinator. T'e spill coordinator #ill t'en activate company and contractor resourcesas necessary. T'e second level, t'e remainder o& t'e %istrict Response Team, is t'en activated as

necessary to complete t'e control and recovery o& t'e spill. For su&&iciently large spills, t'e overall

!pill Tas Force may require activation.

!pills #ill normally be detected by or reported directly to t'e pipe line dispatc'er, #'o #ill ensure proper communications #it'in t'e !pill Tas Force and #'o #ill s'ut do#n pumping operations i&

necessary. T'e dispatc'er #ill ensure t'at t'e district superintendent responsible &or t'e area in

question is noti&ied and t'at t'e appropriate Immediate Response Team 'as been activated. T'e

dispatc'er #ill t'en noti&y t'e spill coordinator #'o #ill activate additional resources as necessarya&ter consulting #it' t'e local area superintendent. Figure A illustrates 'o# t'e contingency

response organi+ation &unctions.



Figure . Immediate response action &lo# c'art.

Immediate Response

T'e composition o& any individual Immediate Response Team #ill vary #it' t'e si+e and nature o&

t'e pipe line system. In many cases several company personnel #ill be available along a speci&ic

pipe line segment. it' proper training and equipment 'o#ever, even t#o or t'ree man teams can be constructive in implementing immediate actions.

T'e duties o& t'e Immediate Response Team may need to be taen simultaneously. T'ese duties

include>

• Veri&ication and location o& t'e lea

• Bea control

• Conducting prescribed initial actions to ensure t'e sa&ety o& t'e general public, contain t'e

spill, and protect sensitive areas

• -ssess t'e situation and provide initial inputs to t'e district supervisor and t'e spill

coordinator•

-ssume assigned positions in t'e spill tas &orce #'en activated

Immediate Response Team positions can be manned A: 'ours per day or on a A:$'our standby basis

depending on t'e nature o& t'e &acility and available along$route personnel. Typically, t'e

dispatc'er position #ill be manned on a A:$'our basis. Individuals &illing response positions arelisted in t'e contingency plan by name and met'od o& noti&ication.

Immediate Response ctions



'en a spill is detected by monitoring equipment or reported t'roug' some ot'er mec'anism, t'e

dispatc'er immediately noti&ies t'e IRT. - typical alert and noti&ication procedure is s'o#n inFigure . T'e primary &unctions o& t'e IRT are to provide &or public sa&ety, contain t'e spill, and

exclude t'e spill &rom sensitive or vulnerable areas. For small spills, t'e IRT may be capable o&

complete control and cleanup. For larger spills, t'ey provide stop$gap measures until greater

resources can be mobili+ed.

Figure !. -lert and noti&ication procedure.

T'e type o& response is dependent on t'e speci&ic spill area and t'e nature o& t'e material. T'eintention o& all actions is to locate t'e lea and begin emergency actions immediately. To &acilitate

suc' actions, t'e contingency plan must provide predesignated control sites and actions, equipment

recommendations, and su&&icient in&ormation on t'e p'ysical and ecologic c'aracteristics o& t'et'reatened area to allo# &lexible and de&endable response actions. Figure : depicts a presentation o&

pre$planned response actions and support in&ormation &or a typical pipe line segment.



Figure ". Typical pipe line segment in&ormation and response actions

%irections o& probable spill movement, access points, and potential control sites are indicated on t'e

pipe line segment map. !upporting in&ormation is tabulari+ed and includes predicted maximum spillsi+es at selected points, location o& equipment storage, recommendations &or primary control actions

under varying conditions (letter codes re&er to a contingency plan appendix #'ic' details respective

tec'nique implementation), special &eatures o& concern during spill control, and general 'ydrologicc'aracteritics. "cologic c'aracteristics o& t'e area are provided in an additional supporting

appendix.

!le"ible Response ctions



'ile it is a basic premise in spill planning t'at preplanned response actions are appropriate, it is

also accepted t'at no t#o spills are ever identical.

-s a result, spill contingency planing must provide t'e &lexibility to respond to unpredictedsituations. T'is can be accomplis'ed t'roug' t'e design o& decision guides #'ic' equate t'e types

and ranges o& environmental parameters to appropriate control and recovery tec'niques. -

representative decision guide &or t'e protection o& inland #aters is s'o#n in Figure 8. - preplanneddecision maing process can be particularly use&ul in designing cleanup and disposal programs.

Figure #. %ecision guide &or t'e protection o& inland #aters.

#raining



Training o& all spill response personnel, including simulated spill and equipment drills is critical.

-ccordingly, a compre'ensive training program is an integral part o& t'e contingency plan. T'eobjectives o& t'e training program are to>

• 0aintain t'e plan as a &ully operable and #oring document

• In&orm Tas Force members o& t'eir respective duties and standard communication

procedures• -llo# Tas Force members to become &amiliar #it' t'e use o& all equipment and to update

t'e plan to re&lect t'e current state$o&$t'e$art, including ne# equipment and procedures

• 0odi&y t'e plan in t'e lig't o& in&ormation gained &rom t'e &ield exercise

• Incorporate experience gained &rom response to spills into t'e plan

T'e training program is structured according to t'e level o& responsibility o& t'e participants andmay include>

• Classroom instruction o& &ield demonstrations

• /il spill response drills to test noti&ication, alert, and mobili+ation procedures

•

%rills to practice speci&ic containment measures and general containment and cleanupequipment and tec'niques

Conclusion

-ccidental pipe line spills 'ave and #ill continue to occur. Recogni+ing t'is &act, regulatory

agencies 'ave required emergency spill planning to minimi+e resulting impacts.

Compre'ensive spill contingency planning satis&ies t'ese requirements and provides quic and

e&&ective response to environmental emergencies. Included in t'e preparation o& suc' plans are t'edevelopment o& a response organi+ation and response actions &or eac' individual system. -lso

important in t'e development o& a plan is t'e inclusion o& a training and pro&iciency program.

(*ased on a paper, Contingency Planning &or Biquid Pipe Bine !pills, presented by t'e aut'ors as a

contribution o& t'e -merican !ociety o& 0ec'anical "ngineers at t'e "nergy$Resources Con&erenceand "x'ibition, 3anuary 49$AA, 4594, ouston, Texas.)

Source

Pipe Line Industry, 0arc' 459A.

maintenance (chapter 19)

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