maj nkhjypd; nry ;newpfsk ; mtw;wf ;fhd fhuzq ;fsk · 133 maj nkhjypd; nry ;newpfsk ; mtw;wf ;fhd...

133

MAj Nkhjypd; nry;newpfSk;

mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fSk;

lhd; rpkpj;

1 . mwpKfk; 1 3 4

2 . 1990fspy; MAj NkhJif 1 3 5

3 . NkhJiff; fhuzq;fs; gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; 1 3 9

4 . gpd;Gy fhuzq;fSk;> Kd;epiy mk;rq;fSk; 1 4 2

5 . KiwapaYk; tifapaYk; 1 4 3

6 . mePjpAk;> mzpjpul;lYk; 1 4 5

7 . ,df;FOk epiyAk;> NkhJifAk; 1 4 6

8 . KbTiu 1 5 1

9 . crhj;Jiz>Nky; thrpg;Gf;fhdit 1 5 2

134

1. mwpKfk;

1990 Kjy; 1999,d; KbTtiu cynfq;Fk; 80 muRfSk; ,U Jiz

muRg;gpuhe;jpaq;fSk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l> 118 MAj NkhJiffs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf

Vwf;Fiwa mWgJ ,yl;rk; kf;fs; ,we;jdh;. NkhJif MAj Aj;jkhf tsh;tijj; jLg;gjw;F

ehk; Kidtjhapd;> my;yJ mjpy; Njhy;tpailfpd;w NghJ Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,ad;wtiu

tpiuthfr; rz;ilia ehk; epWj;jf;$Lkhapd;> mj;Jld; Njhw;wj;jpy; jPh;nthd;W fhzg;gl;lgpd;dh;

kPz;Lk; Aj;jk; Vw;gLtijj; jtph;g;gjw;fhd tha;g;ig ehk; cr;r mstpdjhf;fNtz;Lkhapd;>

MAj NkhJiffisAk; mtw;wpd; fhuzq;fisAk; Kjypy; ehk; Kiwahfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tij

cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

,t;tj;jpahak; MAj NkhJifapd; fhuzq;fs;gw;wp mwpag;gl;ldTk;> tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sg;gl;ldTk; gw;wpa xU RUf;f> NkNyhl;l Nehf;if toq;f KaYfpwJ. ,e;j mwpTf;fhd

nfhs;ifepiy tpsf;fk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lnjdpDk;; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Vnddpy; mjpy; MAjk;

jhq;fpa NkhJif vDk; epfo;T gw;wpa ve;j xU tpsf;fKk; ,y;iy. mjd; fz;Zs;s

rpf ;fw ;ghLfisAk; khWgLk; jd;ikfisAk; Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,J Mr;rhpaj;ij

Vw;gLj;jf;$banjhd;wy;y. NkhJif mjpfhpf;fpd;w tha;g;gpd; mwpFwpfSf;fhfj; jdpg;gl;l

NkhJiffisg; gFg;gha;Tnra;fpd;wNghJk;> td;Kiw mjpfhpg;igj; jLg;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisj;

NjLfpd;wNghJk;> ,jpy; ftdQ;nrYj;jNtz;Lnkd;gjw;fhd gaDs;s topfhl;liy mJ

toq;Ftjdhy; mJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. elg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;bay; mwptpd; tiuaiwfisAk;;>

fhhpa rhj;jpakhd mwptpd; mgptpUj;jpapYk;> gug;gypYk; cjTtnjd;w ,e;j Ehypd;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; nfhz;L ghh;f;ifapy;> ,f;fl;LiuapYs;s nfhs;ifepiyapyhd Ma;Tiu

rhh;gstpy; RUf;fkhdJ vdpDk;> ,q;F nfhs;if typAWj;jg;glhky; MAj NkhJiffis

Muha;tjw;Fk;> gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fkhd xU gpuNahf KiwapaNy typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;tj;jpahak; 1990fspNy fhzg;gl;l MAj NkhJiffs; epfo;e;j KiwiaAk;>

,ay;igAk; Ma;Tnra;tJld; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ. mjidj;njhlh;e;J mJgw;wpa KiwapaYf;Fr;

nry;tjw;FKd;dh;> xU Nky;Nehf;fhf kl;Lkd;wp> vjph;fhy crhj;Jizf;fhd xU %ykhf

,e;Ehy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;FlNdNa> jw;Nghija nfhs;ifepiyg;gl;l mwpT

epiyia kPsha;T nra;a Kidfpd;wJ. MAjk; jhq;fpa NkhJifnad;gJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy;

Njhd;WtJ vd;gjpYk; ghh;f;f; ntt;NtWtifg;gl;l fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;Ltnjd;gJ mJ

gw;wpa mr;rhzpahd Xh; vOtpdhthFk;. ,e;epiyik mjw;fhd NtWgl;l gykl;l nfhs;if

epiyg;gl;l gFg;gha;Tfis Ntz;b epw;fpwJ. mjd; fhuzkhf Kiwapay; gpur;rpidfspYk;

ghh;f;f tifepiy gpur;rpidfNs Kf;fpakhFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf Kiwapay; tpdhf;fs;

cz;ikapy; tifepiygw;wpadNt. ,e;j tifepiy tpdhf;fs; nfhs;ifAk; juTk;; vt;thW

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ gw;wpadthfNt mikAk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,tw;wpd; Muha;r;rp

Kiwapay; tifepiyg;ghL gw;wpa Ma;tpidAk; cs;slf;fp epw;Fk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf

Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fhuzpfspd; tifghLfisAk; fhuzq;fisAk; ,izg;gjw;F ePjp xUq;F

lhd; rpkpj;

lhd; rpkpj;

MAj Nkhjypd; nry;newpfSk;mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fSk;

135

Nrh;g;G Mfpadit ,ize;j xU vz;zf;fUit Nkw;nfhs;tNj nghUj;jkhFk;. mj;Jld;

FWq;fhy Njitia ePz;lfhyj; NjitAld; ,izg;gjw;Fk; r%f nghUshjhu fhuzpfis

murpaYld; ,izg;gjw;Fk; ,e;Nehf;F nghpJk; gad;gLk;. ,df;FOk NkhJif vdg;;gLk;

tifghl;bid kpf EZf;fkhfg; ghh;g;gjpNy Nkw;$wpa epiyg;ghL rpj;jphpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ

vdyhk; vd;w epiyg;gl> Vl;bYs;sthW mNj tiutpyf;fzj;ijAk;> juT tpjpfisAk;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cg;ryh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rkhjhd kw;Wk; NkhJifj; Jiwapdhy;

jahhpf;fg;gl;L> rkhjhd Muha;r;rp rQ;rpifapy; tUlhe;jk; ntspaplg;gLk; (ghh;f;f> tnyd;];hPd;

kw;Wk; nrhyd; Ngh;f; 1996> 1997> 1998> 1999 kw;Wk; 2000) juTfSld; xg;gpLifapy; ,j;juTfs;

gue;j cUtiuapy; xj;Js;s NghjpYk;> tptuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT NtWgl;litahFk;.

,j; juTj; njhFjpfSk; Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 25 Aj;j kuzq;fis cl;gLj;jYf;fhd njhlf;f

epiyahfg; gzd;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vdpDk; ehd; $ba Jy;ypakhd xU nkhj;jj;njhif>

fpilg;gjhAs;s juTfis msTf;F kPwpj; Njitg;gLj;Jtjhf mjid epuhfhpj;J> tUlhe;j

nkhj;jj;ijg; gyE}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Aj;j kuzq;fspd; #oiktpy; fzpf;fpd;Nwd;.

tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; xU gFjpahf> Fiwe;jJ xU gf;fj;jpyhtJ mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l munrhd;wpd;

<Lghl;il cs;slf;Ftjpy; cg;ryh FOit ehd; gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. ,J Nfhl;ghl;bdJk;

gFg;gha;tpdJk; nt;NtW tiffisAk;> kl;lq;fisAk; NfhUfpd;wJ. ,f;fhuzj;jpd; epkpj;jk;

Kiwapay; rhh;e;j tplaq;fs; khjphpg;gbt tud;Kiwahdit> mit Nfhl;ghLk;> juTfSk;

xOq;fikf;fg;gLjy; njhlh;ghdit. ,f;fl;Liu gpd;dh; fhuzq;fspd; ntt;NtW tiffisAk;>

kl;lq;fisAk; ,izg;gjw;Fk;> FWfpa fhyj;Jld; ePz;l fhyj;ijj; njhlh;GgLj;Jtjw;Fk;>

murpay; Kd;Njhw;wj;Jld; r%f nghUshjhuk; gpd;dzpiaj; njhlh;GWj;Jtjw;Fk; kpfr;

rpwe;j topahf ePjpAk;> mzpjpul;LjYnkd;w ,ize;j vz;zf;fUf;fis ,dq;fhz;fpd;wJ.

mJ ,df;FOk NkhJif vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tifg;gpupit kpf neUf;fkhf Muha;tjd;%yk;

,jid tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

2. 1990 fspy; MAj NkhJif

murhq;fk;> Ms;Gyk; kPjhd mjpfhuk; gw;wpa Nkhjy; njhlh;r;rpAs;s ed;F

ikaxOq;fikg;G nfhz;l ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gFjpapdhpilNa fhzg;gLk>;

jpwe;j epiyg;gl;l Nkhjy; epiyNa MAj Nkhjy; epiy vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1990 Kjy; 1999tiu ,lk;ngw;w 118 MAj NkhJiffspy; gj;J NkhJiffis

muRfSf;fpilapyhd NkhJiffnsd ,Wf;fkhf tiuaWf;fyhk ; . ngUk;ghYk;

,kNkhJiffs;jhd; jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfspy; Kidg;ghditahf mike;J> rkfhy Aj;jq;fs;

vt;thW Ghpag;gLfpd;wdntd;w nghJkf;fspd; fUj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;w NghjpYk;; rhh;gstpy;

xl;Lnkhj;j Aj;jj;jpd; xU rpW tpfpjhrhuj;ijNa ,d;W mit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Ie;J

NkhJiffs; Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd Aj;jq;fshff; ,Wf;fkhf tiuaWf;fg;glf;$baNghjpYk;> NkYk;

mNef Aj;jq;fspy; fpsh;r;rpahsh;fSk; jkJ NkhJiffis ,t;thNw tpsf;Fth;. E}W Aj;jq;fs;

ngUk;ghYk; mbg;gilapy; my;yJ Kw;WKOjhd cs;sf NkhJiffshapUe;jd. mj;jifa

nefpo;r;rpahd nrhw;gpuNahfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jNtz;Lnkd;w cz;ik> ve;j msTf;F mNef

Aj;jq;fs; nrk;ikahd tifg;gLj;jiy kPWfpd;wdntd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

me;j nkhj;j 100 Aj;jq;fspy; 1999,Yk; 2000,Yk; cs;slf;fg;glhj ,U Aj;jq;fs; njhlh;gpy;

rz;ilapd; ngUk;gFjp eilngw;w ,lk; may;ehlhd Nrhkhypah vd;gijj; jtpu> mt;tpuz;Lk;

vy;yh mk;rq;fspYk; KOikahf vj;jpNahg;gpa cs;sf tptfhukhFk;. nfhq;Nfh rdehaff;

Fbaurpy; (Kd;dh; n]aph;) 1998 Kjy; 2000 tiu njhlh;e;j Aj;jk; jd;dstpy; xU fhyNjrk;

MAj Nkhjypd; nry;newpfSk; mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fSk;

NkhJifiag; gFg;gha;T nra;jYk; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;jYk;

136

ml;ltiz 1 Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wthW> cyfshtpa tUlhe;j MAj NkhJiffspd;

vz;zpf;if> 1990,y; 56 Mf ,Ue;j NkhJiffs; (mj;Jld; 1989 ,y; 47 ,y; ,Ue;J) 1992 ,y;

68Mf mjpfhpj;jd. 1990 fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; gdpg;Nghh; KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if iftplg;gl;L

GjpanjhU ed;ek;gpf;ifapd;ik NkNyhq;fpaJ. gdpg;Nghh; fhyj;jpd; gpd;dh; Vw;gl;l Gjpa

Nguiyf;F vjph;tpidahf miyapd; jhf;fj;jpd; tpisthd xU Gjpa mtek;gpf;if Jhpjkhf

NkNyhq;fpaJ. vdpDk; cz;ikahfg; ghh;f;Fkplj;J> mjd;gpd;dh; xt;Nthuhz;Lk; MAj

NkhJiffspd; vz;zpf;if ];jpug;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; gpd;dh; tPo;r;rpaile;JKs;sJ. ( 1990-1999

tiu ,lk;ngw;w 118 Nghh;fspy; 100 mbepiyapy; cs;Sh;g;; Nghh;fshfTk;> 2 cs;Sh;g;

Nghh;j;jd;ikfisf; nfhz;ldthfTk;> 5 Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd Nghh;fshfTk;> 10 muRfSf;fpilapyhd

Nghh;fshfTk;> 1 gy; Njrq;fspDhNl ele;j Nghh;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ld).

1990 fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Aj;jq;fspd; tUlhe;j epfo;jftpy; Vw;gl;l mjpfhpg;gpy;

%d;wpypuz;L gq;F (u\;ah> JUf;fp> fhfr]; mlq;fyhf) INuhg;ghtpy; ,lk;ngw;w Gjpa

td;Kiw NkhJiffs; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;litahFk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; mg;gpuhe;jpak; Jhpjkhf

cyfpy; Mff;$ba td;Kiwg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; xd;whfpaJ. 1997f;Fk; 1998 f;Fk; ,ilapy;

$h;ikahd tPo;r;rp Vw;g;gl;lJ> 1992,d; gpd;dh; MAj Nkhjy;fspd; tUlhe;j vz;zpf;ifapy;

Vw;g;l;l tPo;r;rpahdJ ngUksTf;F INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf te;jjhFk;.

INuhg;ghtpy; td;Kiw NkhJifapd; $h;ikahd vOr;rp> A+Nfhrpyhtpah If;fpa Nrhrypr

Nrhtpaj; FbauR Mfpadtw;wpy; Vw;gl;l rpijTfs; fhuzkhf Njhd;wpaitahFk;. ,it

ghy;fd;rpYk;> fhfrrpYk; nghpJk; fhzg;gl;ld. ,k; Kidg;ghd vOr;rp ,g;NghJ jzpe;Jtpl;lnjd;w

cz;ikahdJ> 1990fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; Nghh;fspd;; tsh;r;rpg; ngUf;fk;> ; mf;fhyj;jpy;

lhd; rpkpj;

fle;j Aj;jnkd;W nghpJk; fUjg;glf;$bajhd jdpnahU tifiar; Nrh;e;jjhFk;. mJ

ngUkstpy; rdhjpgjp Nyhwd;w; fgpyh njhlh;e;Jk; mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkh vd;gijj;

jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhfr; rz;ilapl;l xU rptpy; Aj;jkhfTk;> gFjpastpy; gpuhe;jpa mjpfhuj;Jf;Fk;>

nry;thf;fpw;Fkhd xU rh;tNjr Aj;jkhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. mq;Nfhyh> rhl;> ekPgpah> #lhd;>

rpk;ghg;Nt vd;git rdhjpgjp fgpyhtpd; gilfSld; $l;Lr; Nrh;e;jpUe;j mNjNtisapy;

&thz;lhTk;> cfz;lhTk; mtw;Wf;nfjpuhfg; NghuhbaJld; 2000 Mk; Mz;by; xd;iwnahd;W

vjph;j;Jk; Nghuhbd.

Mrpah - gRgpf;

k j ; j p a > n j d ;

mnkhpf;fh

tl Mgphpf;fh>

kj;jpa fpof;F

r h̀uh rhh;e;j Mgphpf;fh

INuhg;gh

nkhj;jk;

21

7

7

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4

56

21

6

8

22

10

67

25

5

8

18

12

68

24

3

9

18

8

62

23

4

9

23

6

65

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60

22

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18

2

54

14

2

8

19

3

57

19

3

6

18

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49

20

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4

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47

1990gpuhe ;jpak; 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

ml;ltiz 1 : MAj NkhJiffs; 1990-1999

137

mNdf fUj;Jiuahsh;fs; mQ;rpathwy;yhJ> mit mf;fz;lj;jpy; xU Gjpa td;Kiw

NkhJiff; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fl;baq; $Wtdthf mikatpy;iynad;gJ njspthapw;W. khwhf>

mk;NkhJiffs; A+NfhrpyhtpahtpYk;> Nrhtpaj; u\pahtpYk; Vw;gl;l mjpfhu Kiwikfspd;

jfh;itj; njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;l r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; kWrPuhf;fj;jpd; td;Kiw

mwpFwpfshfTk;> mty mwpFwpfshfTk; fhzg;gl;ld. ,it Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs; Njrpa

rh;tNjr kl;lq;fspy; ed;F cs;thq;fg;gl;lik fhuzkhf ,tw;wpdhy; Vw;gl;l gyhgyd;fs;

jpBh;j;jd;ik mw;wdthfTk; td;Kiwj;jd;ik Fiwe;jdthfTk; mike;jd.

,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ,k;Kbtpdhy; cUthfpd;w mjPj ek;gpf;ifnaJTk; NkYk; ,U

fhuzq;fspdhy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. KjyhtJ> cyfshtpa kl;lj;jpy; gioa NkhJiffs;

ngUksTf;F ,d;WKs;sd. 1999,y; jPtpukhapUe;j MAj NkhJiffspy; 66 rjtPjkhdit

Ie;jhz;LfSf;Ff; $ba goikahditahfTk;> 30 rjtPjkhdit 20 Mz;LfSf;F Nky;

ePbj;jdthfTk; ,Ue;jd. ,e;j neLq;fhy MAj NkhJiffis KbTf;Ff;nfhz;LtUjy;

kpff;fbdkhdnjd vz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt cyfk; xU Gjpa mjpfhpj;j rkhjhd fhyj;jpDs;

gpuNtrpf;fpd;wnjd;W $Wtjw;fpy;iy. ,uz;lhtjhf> INuhg;ghtpy;> 1980fspd; gpw;gFjpapy;

my;yJ 1990fspd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Muk;gkhd MAj NkhJiffspy; ngUk;ghyhdit> ,g;NghJ

jPtpukpoe;Js;s NghjpYk;> cz;ikapy; mit xU KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy.

rhpahfr;nrhy;tjhapd; mit ,ilepWj;jpitf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

'KbTw;Wg; NghdJ" kw;Wk; ',ilepd;wJ" vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghL ,d;iwa

MAj NkhJifg; gpur;rpidia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;F Kf;fpakhdJ. Aj;jepWj;jq;fs;

ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l gpd;dh; kl;Lkd;wp> rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffs; Kbthf;fg;ngw;wjd;; gpd;dUk;

$l kPz;Le; njhlq;Ffpd;w Aj;jq;fshy; rh;tNjr murpaw; fhl;rpg;gug;G cUf;Fiyfpd;wJ.

fle;j jrhg;jj;jpy; kl;Lk;> Aj;jepWj;jq;fs; my;yJ ntspg;ghh;itf;F rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffs;

Nghd;wike;jit Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljd;gpd;dh;> kPz;Le; njhlq;fpa Aj;jq;fspy; mq;Nfhyh>

GUz;b> fk;Nghbah> nrr;dpah> FNuh\pah> nfhq;Nfh [dehaff; FbauR> vhpj;jpNuah>

<j;jpNahg;gpah> nfhNrhNth> iygPhpah> gpypg;igd;];> Utz;lh> rpauhypNahd;> ,yq;if Mfpatw;wpy;

,lk;ngw;wdtw;iwf; $wyhk;. ,e;j Aj;jq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Kd;diu tplf; $ba Mf;Nuh\j;JlDk;>

mopTlDk;> Vwf;Fiwa vg;NghJk;> Fwpg;ghf rptpypad; Fbrdj;Jf;Fg; ngUk; ,og;Gfis

Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; kPz;Lk; eilngWfpd;wd.

Aj;jk; kPz;Le; njhlq;Ftjw;F mNef NtWgl;l fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;iw

ehd;F jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jyhk;. KjyhtJ> xU jug;gpd; my;yJ ,Ujug;GfspdJk;

xspTkiwtw;w Neh;ikaPdk; rpnauhypNahdpy; Gul;rpfu If;fpa Kd;dzp (RUF) ,jw;nfhU

ey;y cjhuzkhFk;> ve;jnthU cld;gbf;ifiaAk; Ngzg;gLk; vd;W ek;gNt KbahJ.

,uz;lhtJ> xU jug;gpdJ my;yJ ,U jug;GfspdJk; Vkhw;wk;. ntspapypUe;J ghh;f;Fk;NghJ

,JTk; ngUk;ghYk; mNj Neh;ikaw;wjhfj;; Njhd;wyhk;. rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifnahd;W

xU jug;ghy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wik epge;jidf;Fl;gl;ljhd mNef re;jh;g;gq;fs;

cs;sd. vdpDk;> me;epge;jid gfpuq;fkhfj; njhpag;gLj;jg;gLtNjh> cld;gbf;ifapd;

xU gFjpahfNth ,Ug;gJ ,y;iy. rpyrkaq;fspy; Aj;jj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa Njh;jypy; xU

jug;G ntw;wpngwNtz;Lnkd nghpJk; vjph;ghh;g;gjdhy;> mf;fhuzj;Jf;fhfkl;Lk; rkhjhd

cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnahg;gkpl cld;gLfpd;wik gpd;dh; mt;ntjph;ghh;g;G epiwNtwhj

gl;rj;jpy; mit kPz;Lk; Aj;jj;Jf;Fr; nry;fpd;wd. mq;Nfhyhtpd;; 'Adpl;lh" (UNITA) Xh;

cjhuzkhFk;.



138

lhd; rpkpj;

%d;whtJ fhuzk; xU jug;gpy; my;yJ ,U jug;GfspYk; fhzg;gLk; cs;sff;

fUj;JNtWghLfSk;> jug;Gfspd; Jz;lhlg;gl;l jd;ikAkhFk;. ,J$l Neh;ikaPdkhdjhfj;

Njhd;wyhk;. rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffs; ngUk;ghYk; xt;nthU jug;gpDs;Sk; fhzg;gLk;

gjw;wq;fisAk;> NkhJiffisAk; ntspf;nfhzh;fpd;wd. Aj;jj;jpd; nghUl;Lg; Ngzg;gl;Lte;j

xw;Wik rkhjhdk; Vw;gLk;NghJ tpiuthfr; rpije;JtpLfpd;wJ.

NkhJifapd; xU gf;fj;jpYs;s $l;likg;gpd; xU gFjpapdUf;F neUq;fptUfpd;w

rkhjhdk;> ePz;lfhy ,yf;Ffis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd mth;fspd; Mw;wiyf; Fiyf;fpd;w

Xh; mr;RWj;jyhfg; ngUk;ghYk; Njhd;wf;$Lk;. ,r;#oiktpy;> tl mah;yhe;jpy; 'IMh;V"

apypUe;J gphpe;J nrd;w gpsGgl;l FOf;fis> my;yJ ,];NuypYk;> Nkw;Ff; fiuapYk;

,];Nuypa kw;Wk; gy];jPdpa Nghuhspfspdhy; rkhjhdr; nray;Kiw epuhfhpf;fg;gl;likiaAk;

vz;zpg;ghUq;fs;.

Aj;jk; kPz;Lk; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd ehd;fhtJ fhuzk; MAj NkhJifapd; mbg;gilf;

fhuzq;fs; njhlh;e;Jk; fhzg;gLjy;;. NkhJifapd; ePz;lfhyf; fhuzq;fspy; ftdQ;nrYj;jj;

jtWjy; Gduikg;Gf;fhd vy;yh Kaw;rpfSk; Mff;$baJ ntWk; ntspr;Nrhlidahf

KbAnkd;gijj;jhd; fUJfpd;wJ. ngh];dpah - n`h;]pnfhtPdhtpy; Aj;j KbTf;fhd

Nlw;wd; cld;gbf;ifapd; Ie;jhz;Lfspd; gpd;dUk; mtjhdpg;ghsh;fs; rh;tNjr MAj

rkhjhdg;gil kPsg;ngwg;gl;lhy; Aj;jk; kPz;Lk; njhlq;Fnkd;w fLk; Mgj;ijj;jhd;

fhz;fpd;wdh;.

NkNy RUf;fkhff; $wg;gl;lthW> rkfhy Aj;jj;jpd; xU gpujhd mk;rkhd -

ePz;lfhy Aj;jk; nghJthdnjd;w cz;ikf;F xU gpujhd tpsf;fk; rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffspd;

mbg;gilahd cWjpaw;w epiyahFk;. Nlgh; (1970> g.45) rkfhy Aj;jk; mNef Mz;Lfs;

ePbg;gjw;fhd ,uz;lhtJ fhuznkhd;iwf; fpsh;r;rpg; gilfspd; rhh;gstpyhd tYf;FiwThPjpahf

tpsf;Ffpd;whh;. nfhpy;yhf;fs; vq;F> vt;thW jhf;Ftnjd;W jPh;khdpg;gjd;%yk; rz;ilapd;

cf;fpuj;ijAk;> Ntfj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jKbAk;> murhq;fg; gilfs; gpujk ,yf;Ffspd;

miktplj;ijf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw Kd;$l;bNa jhf;ff;$badthfTk;> tpUk;GtdthfTk;

,Ue;jhyd;wp tpisT xU ePz;l kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Aj;jkhf FKwpf;nfhz;bUe;J ,ilapilNa

ntbf;fpd;w xU NkhJifahf ,Uf;Fk;.

,jdhy ;jhd ; rz ;il tyaq ;fs ; ngUk ;ghYk ; ehl ;bd ; xUgFj pf ;F

tiuaWf;fg;gl;ldthAs;sd. ,jdhy; epUgh;fs;> murpay;thjpfs;> Muha;r;rpahsh;fs;> tzpfh;fs;

,uh[je;jphpfs;> cyftq;fp epGzh;fs; kw;Wk; NtW ntspahl;fs; Aj;jj;jhy; cUf;Fiye;j

xU ehl;bd; jiyefUf;F tUif jUjYk;> vdpDk; Aj;jnkhd;W ele;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;wnjd;W

mwpahjpUj;jYk; Kw;wpYk; rhj;jpakhdNj. mNef MAj NkhJiffs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,l

vy;iyf;Fl;gl;ldthfTk;> gy Mz;Lfshf Kbtpd;wpr; rhh;gstpy; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy;

njhlh;tdthfTk; ,Ug;gjdhy; rh;tNjrr; nra;jp Clfq;fSf;F mit Rthurpakhd nra;jpfshf

miktjpy;iy. ,k;NkhJiffs; kpf mhpjhfNt ntw;wpfs;> thif#Ljy;fs;> NguopTfs;

Nghd;w njl;lj;njspthd epfo;r;rpfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. mit mtw;wpy; gq;Fgw;Wgth;fSf;F

xU nkJthd rpj;jputijahf> ntWkNd fhyq;flj;Jfpd;wd. vdpDk;> mit rLjpahfTk;>

cf;fpukhfTk; mjpfhpf;Fk; Mw;wyw;witnad;w khiaia ,J cUthf;ff;$lhJ. mt;thW

mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ rh;tNjr mtjhdpg;ghsh;fSf;F mJ ngUk;ghYk; njspthd ePythdj;jpypUe;J

jpBnud;W ntspg;gl;ljhfj;Njhd;Wk;. mJNt 1994,y; Utz;lhtpy; ,lk;ngw;w gLnfhiyf;fshpf;fhd

fUj;J vjpuiyahapUe;jJ. ,J xUGwkpUf;f> ntFrdg;gLnfhiyfs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g ele;j

139

Rw;Wfspd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy; mg;gLnfhiyfs; ,lk;ngw;wJkl;Lkd;wp> ,dpnaJTk;

nra;tjw;fpy;iynad;w fhyk;tiu> neUq;fptUfpd;w mtyj;Jf;fhd mNef mwpFwpfs;

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ldntd;gJk; ,g;NghJ njhpate;Js;sJ (mnly;kd; kw;wk; R`h;Nf 1996).

mg;NghJ fhyk; kpfTk; gpe;jp tpl;lJ.

3. NkhJiff; fhuzq;fs; gw;wpa nfhs;iffs;

MAjk; Ve;Jtnjd;w KbthdJ> xU gue;j tPr;irf;nfhz;l epiyikfspYk;>

#o;epiyfspYk; mNef nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;; rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;w xU rpf;fyhd KiwtopahFk;.

vdNt Aj;jnkhd;wpd; jpBh; ntbg;Gf;fhd tuyhW nghJthfr; rpf;fyhdjhifahy; tuyhw;whrphpah;

vt;ntf;fhuzpfis typAWj;Jtnjd;Wk;> ve;jr; rhd;iw ek;Gtnjd;Wk; kpff;ftdkhfTk;>

El;gkhfTk; NtWgLj;jpj; njhpTfisr;nra;aNtz;Lk;. xU nghJthd Gyd; epfo;thf MAj

NkhJifapd; fhuzq;fSf;Ff; nfhs;ifhPjpapyhd tpsf;fq;fis tpUj;jpnra;a

Kaw;rpj;jyhdJ> gy;tifg;gl;l> nranyjph;r; nray;tpisTila khwpfspd; gFg;gha;it

cs;slf;Fk;. 1945 fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpaijg;Nghd;w my;yJ nfLgpbAj;;jk; Kbtile;jjd;

gpd;duhd Mz;Lfisg;Nghd;w kl;Lg;gLj;jpa xU fhyg;gFjpiag; ghh;j;jhYk;$l ,JNt

cz;ikahFk;. nty;r; (1993> g.8) Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wthW Aj;jj;Jf;F mtrpakhd epiyikfs;

kpfr; rpythfTk;> NghJkhd epiyikfs; kpf mNdfkhditahfTk;> ,tw;wpy; xU rpy kl;Lk;

jhd; ve;jj; jdpnahU NkhJiff;Fk; Vw;GiladthfTk; ,Ug;gjdhy;> ,g;gzp rpf;fy; kpFe;jjhFk;.

,uz;L my;yJ mjw;Ff; $ba jug;GfSf;fpilapy; gpzf;nfhd;W ,Uf;Fk; tiuapYk;>

rz;ilapLtjw;fhd MAjq;fs; fpilf;fj; njhlq;fpaTlDk; Aj;jk; rhj;jpakhdNj. vdpDk;>

Aj;jj;ij epfof;$bajhf;FtJ vJntd;gJ NkYk; rpf;fy;kpf;f xU tpdhthFk;.

Fh;(1970) n`hNwhtpw;]; (1985)> ug;NghNghh;l; (1989) Nghd;w fy;tpkhd;fspd;Ma;T

vt;thwpUg;gpDk;> MAj NkhJifapd; fhuzq;fs;gw;wp 1990f;F Kd;dh; elj;jg;gl;l Muha;r;rpapy;

ngUk;gFjp rh;tNjr NkhJifapy; ftdj;ijr; nrwpthf;fpaJ. Fiwe;jgl;rk; 1945,y; ,Ue;jhapDk;

rptpy; my;yJ cs;ehl;L NkhJiffs;> rh;tNjr my;yJ muRfSf;fpilapyhd NkhJiffistplf;

$ba mstpy; nghJthditahf ,Ue;Js;sjdhy; ,J Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk; (rpq;fh; 1996 g.

35). vdpDk;> cyfshtpa xU fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; cs;ehl;L my;yJ rptpy; NkhJifffspd;

rhh;gstpyhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gdpg;Nghh; ; KbTf;F te;j gpd;dh; kl;Lk;jhd; nghJthf

xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mt;tsT fpl;ba fhyj;jpYk;$l kpr;rpfd; gy;fiyf;fpofj;jpd; Aj;jj;njhlh;G

epiyikfs; juTj;jsk; gw;wpa xU gpujk gFg;gha;T rhh;e;j kPsha;T KbTfs; Vwf;Fiwa

Kw;WKOjhf muRfSf;fpilapyhd Aj;jq;fspy; xUKff; ftdQ; nrYj;jpd (t];Fnt];

1987). vdpDk;> 1990 ,y; ,Ue;J> epWtg;gl;l ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;FNkw;gl;l

muRfSf;fpilapyy;yhj MAj NkhJiffspd; fhuzq;fs; gw;wpa Gyiktha;e;j Muha;r;rpapdJk;>

tplatpjhdj;jpdJk; Nehf;nfy;iyapy; Mokhd gjpit Vw;gLj;Jk; tsh;r;rp fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cs;ehl;L NkhJiffs; gw;wpa eilKiw Muha;r;rp Fwpg;ghf ,df;FOkr; #oy;> murpay;

kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfspy; ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

rhh;gstpyhd ,og;Gf; Nfhl;ghL (Fh; 1970)> FOf;fspd; vjph;ghh;j;j RgPl;rj;Jf;Fk;>

mjpfhuj;Jf;Fk; cz;ikapy; vl;ba RgPl;rj;Jf;Fk;> mjpfhuj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il

mbg;gilahf;nfhz;l xU tpsf;fj;ij mspf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tZFKiw> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;

murpaw;fhuzpfSld; ,ize;J nry;fpd;w ,dj;Jtf;fhuzpfSf;Ff; $ba ntspg;gilahd

Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fpd;w FO chpj;Jilikf; Nfhl;ghl;Lld; (n`hNwhtpw;]; 1985) neUq;fpa



140

lhd; rpkpj;

njhlh;GilaJ (NkYk; ghh;f;f Fh; 1995). vdpDk; ,df;FOk Ntw;Wik jd;dstpy; Aj;jj;Jf;F

xU fhuzkhfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. ,y;yhjpUg;gpd; Mff;$ba ,d Ntw;Wikfisf;nfhz;l

muRfs;jhd; Mff;$ba Aj;jr; rha;TiladthapUf;Fk;. Mdhy; cz;ikapy; mt;thwpy;iy

(rpkpj; 1997> g.30). cz;ikapy; ,d kw;Wk; rka cl;gphpTfshf NtWgLj;jyhdJ xUNtis

Ntw;Wikapd; kj;jpapYk; xd;W$b tho;tjw;fhd jpwd;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F

Ntw;Wikg;gl;l FOf;fSf;F Cf;fkspg;gjdhy; mj;jifa NtWgLj;jy; td;nray; NkhJif

Mgj;ijf; Fiwf;fTk;$Lk; (nfhypah; 1999). vdpDk; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;w ,k;Kiwtop

Njhy;tpailfpd;wNghJ ,dNtw;Wik NkhJifia NkYk; jPtpukhf;FtjhfTk;> mJ fLikahf

caUfpd;w rhj;jpaj;ij mjpfhpg;gjhfTk; khwf;$Lk;. Vndd;why; jpl;ltl;lkhf mJ

murpay; mzpjpul;lYf;fhd tskhd xU tpisepyj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jw;F xU rpwe;j

cjhuzk; 1990fspd;NghJ A+Nfhrpyhtpah $Wfshfr; gphpe;J NghdikahFk;. mJ fPNo

Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

#oypd; juf;FiwTf;Fk;> NkhJiff;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;Gfs;gw;wpa Muha;r;rp>

td;Kiwia ehlhky; khwptUfpd;w #oYf;Nfw;g ,irthfr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd muRfspdJk;>

r%fq;fspdJk; NtWgLfpd;w (rpy rkaq;fspy; ngUk; mopit Vw;gLj;JksTf;Ff; Fiwthd)

Mw;wiy Muha;fpd;wJ (N`hkh;- bf;]d; 1994). vdpDk;> #oyypd; rPuopT Kjy; td;Kiw

NkhJiff;F toptFf;fpd;w Fwpg;gplj;jf;f> vspikahd> Neubahd njhlh;Gfis ,dq;fz;Ls;s

mt;thuha;r;rp mZFKiwfSf;nfjpuhd fLikahd Ml;Nrgidfs; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

(fpnsbw;];r; 1998> ypg;\w;]; 1997). mt;thjj;jpd; kpf mz;ikf;fhy tpsf;fk; mjd;

nfhs;ifepiyg;gl;l Nfhhpf;iffspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fzprkhd mstpy; Fiwj;Jf;$Wfpd;wJ.

(N`hkh; bf;]d; 1999). n`a;l;b kw;Wk; gpypg;igd;rpy; fhzg;gLtjidg; Nghd;w rpy MAj

NkhJiffspd; fhuzq;fis> #oy; rPuopTld;; njhlh;GgLj;jhky; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sKbahnjd;gNj

,g;NghJs;s thjkhFk;.

[dehaf muRfs; ngUk;ghYk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W xUNghJk; Aj;jj;Jf;Fr;

nry;tjpy;iynad;gJ murpay; KiwikfSf;Fk;> rkhjhdj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd njhlh;Ggw;wpa

Muha;r;rp mtjhdpg;Gfs; %yk; njhpatUfpwJ. (u];]w; 1993). nytp (1989 g.270) ,J gw;wp

nytp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ 'rh;tNjr cwTfs; gw;wpa mDgt eilKiw tpjpfSf;F kpf

mz;kpj;jjhf ,J miktjhff; $Wfpwhh;. mth; ,t;thW $wpaik gyj;j thj tpthjq;fis

Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. mDgt eilKiw tY epiyapYk; nfhs;if epiyg;gl;l tY epiyapYk;

,e;j mtjhdpg;G nghUj;jkhdjh vd;gJ gw;wpa tpthjpg;G cz;L. ,j;jifa xU KbT

jtWjyhf topelj;jg;ngw;w Muha;r;rp Kidg;nghd;wpdJ ngWNgNw vd kf;kpyd; $Wfpwhh;.

Nkw;$wpaJ rk;ge;jkhf vz;zf;fU epiyg;gl;l> nfhs;if epiyg;gl;l njspTgLj;jy;fs;

NkYk; mtrpankd;W fUjg;gl;lhYk;$l ,e;j mtjhdpg;ghdJ Xh; mDgt eilKiw cz;ikahf

gyuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

MAjk; jhq;fpa NkhJifapd; fhuzk; gw;wpa Muha;rpfs; njhlh;ghf kpFe;j #lhd

tpthjj;Jf;Fs;shfpapUg;gJ> [dehaf muRfs; jk;Ks;Ns rkhjhd epiyg;gl;ldthf ,Ug;gJ

Nghd;W xd;Nwhnlhd;W rkhjhd epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;w Kf;fpakhd tpdhthFk;.

mit jk;kfj;Nj rkhjhdkhf ,Ug;gjpYk; ghh;f;f xd;Nwhnlhd;W rkhjhdkhf ,Ug;gNj

mjpfk; vd uk;ky; $Wfpd;whh;. Mdhy; wp];Nr- fg;gd; ,k;Kbit Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

ntt;NtW tifg;gl;l [dehaf ehLfispilNa NkhJif ,Ug;gJ gw;wp NgRk; NghJ N`fu;>

Nfw;]; kw;Wk; fpnsbw;];r; (1999) MfpNahh; xU Kf;fpakhd fUj;J nesptpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.

141

,th;fSila mgpg;gpuhag;gb mjpf [dehaf Ml;rp epythj my;yJ mjpf Vfhjpgj;jpa

Ml;rpfs; epythj ehLfs;jhd; ,e;epiyf;F cs;shFfpd;wd vd;gJ N`fu;> Nfw;]; kw;Wk;

fpnsbw;];r; MfpNahhpd; fUj;jhFk;. [dehafj;ij Nehf;fpa khWjyhdJ Mgj;Jf;fs;

epiwe;jjhFk;. ([f;fh;]; kw;Wk; Fh; 1995> g.477-8). ,e;j thjkhdJ Vw;fdNt rk];b KiwapDs;

,Ue;J mikg;gpay; epiyg;gl;l khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;bUe;jdthd Kd;dh; A+Nfhrpyhrpaht>

Nrhtpaj; u\;ah Mfpadtw;Ws; te;j ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l td;Kiwfs; gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F

cjTfpd;wJ. mNjNghd;W Rfhh;j;Njhtpd; Ml;rp Kbtpy; ,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; Vw;gl;l td;Kiw

fpsh;r;rp gw;wp tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,J cjTfpd;wJ.

Xl;Lnkhj;jj;jkhf ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ nghUshjhu fhuzpfNs ,t;tplaj;ij

jPh ;khdpf;Fk; rf;jpahf mikfpd;wd. ,q;Fs;s mr;rhzpahd fhuzp nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jp;ahdJ Fiwe;j (fPo;)kl;lj;jpypUg;gNj. (N`h[; kw;wk; vy;ypq;rd; 1998); tpfpjhrhu

msTf;F kPwpa Kiwikapy; tptrha cw;gj;jpapy; <LgLk; ehl;bd; nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapd;

ruhrhp Fiwe;jpUg;gjd; %yKk; cyf re;ijapy; Vw;gLk; tpw;gid gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk;

Kjy; efh;Tfspdhy; ghjpg;gilaf;$ba nghUshjhuq;fs; cs;s ,lq;fspYk; ,J njd;gLk;.

(mntup kw;Wk; ug;fpd; 1986). N`h[; kw;Wk; vy;ypq;rd; (1998)> Xtpdd; (1997) Nkhrkhd

nghUshjhu epiyikfSld; [dehaf tha;g;Gtopfs; ,y;yhikia xU Kf;fpa ,uz;lhk;

epiyf; fhuzpahf ,dq;fhz;fpd;whh;. vdpDk; twpa r%fq;fspy;$l fpilg;gjhAs;s

nghUshjhu cghp vt;tsT rpwpajhapDk; mjidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; jiyth;fs;

toikahf xUtNuhnlhUth; Nghl;bapLfpd;wdnud;W nfhypah; (1999> NkYk; ghh;f;f nfhypah;

kw;Wk; N`h/gpsh; 1999) Kd;itj;j thjq;fspdhYk;> rhd;WfspdhYk; ,k; KbTfs;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. twpa r%fq;fspy; cs;sthW my;yJ ngUq;Nflhd ke;jepiy

epytpatw;wpy; cs;sthW fpilg;gjw;Fs;s cghp ; rpwpajhfTs;sNghJ mjw;fhd

Nghl;bjPtpukhdjhf ,Uf;ff;$Lnkd;gjdhy; xU td;Kiw vOr;rp xU mjpfgl;r

rhj;jpag;ghlhapUf;Fk;. iygPhpahtpy; 1989 Kjy; 1997 tiu epytpa gaq;fukhd td;Kiw>

rpauhypNahdpy; 1991 Kjyhd Aj;jk;> mq;Nfhyhtpy; gy jrhg;jfhy Aj;jepiy> GUz;bapYk;>

&thz;lhtpYk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;W tUk; xU Rw;whf ele;j gLnfhiyiaAk;> <dr;

nray;fs; Mfpad ,t;tZFKiwahy; jPtpukhfr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLk; mNdf cjhuzq;fSs;Ns

tUk;.

,it vy;yhtw;wpYkpUe;J gpd;tUk; xU nghJthd KbTf;F tuyhk;:

• ,d;W muRfSf;fpilapy; NkhJiff;fhd kpf Kf;fpa ePz;lfhyf; fhuzq;fs; Nkhrkhd

nghUshjhu epiyikfshFk;.

• Fwpg;ghf khWepiy fhyq;fspy; mlf;FKiwahd murpay; KiwikfSk; Aj;j

rhj;jpaKilaitahfNt fhzg;gLk;.

• GJg;gpf;fg;glf;$ba tsq;fspd; juf;FiwTk; (Fwpg;ghf kz;zhpg;G> fhlopg;G kw;Wk; ePh;g;

gw;whf;Fiw) td;Kiwahd NkhJif epfoj;jf;f epiyf;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kiwapy;

gq;fspf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> mit ,g;gpur;rpidf;F mt;tsT ikakhditay;y.

• ,dNtw;Wik kl;Lk; jdpahf MAj NkhJiff;F xU fhuzky;y. vdpDk;> xU

NkhJiff;;fhd jug;gpdh;fs; ngUk;ghYk; mth;fspd; ,df;FOk milahsq;fspdhy;

tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.



142

lhd; rpkpj;

4. gpd;Gy fhuzq;fSk;> Kd;epiy mk;rq;fSk;

MAj NkhJiffspd; fhuzq;fs;gw;wpa r%f tpQ;Qhdf; Nfhl;ghLfs; nghJthd

tpsf;fj; jj;Jtj;ij tpUj;jpnra;Ak;nghUl;Lg; gpd;dzp epiyikfspYk;> ePz;l tPr;Rf;

fhuzq;fspYk; Kf;fpa ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;wd. vdpDk;> NtW VNjDk; epahakhd

nghJf;fUj;Jf;F ehk; nfhLf;ff; $ba kjpg;igtpl ngUksT $ba kjpg;Gld; ,f; nfhs;iffis

ehk; fUj;jpnyLf;ff; $lhJ. mit ngUk;ghYk; vg;NghJk; tpjptpyf;Ffisf; nfhz;ljhd

Gs;sptpgutpay;rhh;e;j nghJf; fUj;Jfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;litahFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

tWikg;gl;l mj;Jld; [dehafg; gz;gw;w ehLfs;> Fwpg;ghf MAj NkhJif rhh;Gepiy

nfhz;litahFk;. Mdhy; cyfpy; kpf twpadthfTk;> Mff;$ba mlf;FKiwahditahfTk;

,y;yhj ehLfspy; mNef MAj NkhJiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thNw> kpff; fLikahd

tWikAk;> mlf;FKiwAk; nfhz;l ehLfs; cs;sdntdpDk; mq;F Aj;jk; ,y;iy.

fw;wwp Gyikrhh; tplatpjhdj;jpYs;s xU gpur;rpid> NkhJiff;fhd Mff;$ba>

Kf;fpakhd fhuzk; vJntd;w tpdhtpNyNa mJ toikahff; ftdQ;nrYj;JtjhFk;. vdpDk;>

ngUk;ghyhd tplaq;fspy; ,J gpur;rpid Nehf;f Kiwikia jtwhf topg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU

KiwahFk ; . ,q ;Fs ;s t pdh vf ;f h uzk ; nfhz ;Lk ; Vidatw ;iwt pl mJ

mjpKf;fpakhdnjd;gjy;y. khwhf> ntt;NtW fhuzq;fs; vt;thW ClhLfpd;wd? Fwpg;ghf

MAj NkhJifapd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; tpsf;fq;fSf;fpilapy; njhpnthd;iwj;

jpzpg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rp jtwhf topfhl;lg;gLtjhFk;. nghUshjhuf; FiwghLfisAk;> #oy;

juf;FiwtpidAk; Kidg;G gLj;jpf;fhl;Lfpd;w tpsf;fq;fs; tho;f;iff;F mbg;gilahdtw;iw

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpur;rpidfs; vt;thW kf;fis NkhJiff;F ,l;Lr;nry;y KbAnkd;W

$Wfpd;wd. ngUe;njhifahd kf;fs; MAjNke;Jjy; rl;lepiyj;jfTilaJkl;Lkd;wp> xUNtis

tho;f;ifapd; Njitfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mJNt xNunahU topnad;W ek;Gthh;fshapd;

td;Kiw NkhJif ,yFthfj; Njhd;w KbAk;. NtW tifapy; $Wtjhapd;> mth;fs; jhk;

xU ePjpaw;w epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhf czh;fpwhh ;fs; . vdNt me;j epiyikapid

rPh;nra;aNtz;Lnkd;Wk; vz;Zfpd;wdh;. vdpDk;> ngUe;njhifahd kf;fs; jhkhfNt mj;jifa

jPh;khdq;fis vLg;gjpy;iy. jiyth;fs; mth;fspd; ,jaq;fisAk;> cs;sq;fisAk;>

mt;thNw mth;fspd; tpRthrj;ijAk;> mh;g;gzpg;Gf; flg;ghl;ilAk; ntw;W Aj;jj;Jf;F mth;fis

,zq;fitj;J tw;GWj;Jtjdhy; mth;fs; murpay;hPjpahf mzpjpus;fpd;wdh;. vdNt td;Kiw

NkhJifAk;> mjd; mjpfhpg;Gk; FiwTk; gw;wpa gaDs;s gFg;gha;ntJTk; murpay; ghpkhzj;ijg;

Gwf;fzpf;fKbahJ.

,J njhlh;gpyhd gFg;gha;Tg; gpur;rpidfspy; xd;W murpay; nfhs;iff;Fk;>

murpay; eilKiwf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xt;thikfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ. nfhs;if ePz;lfhy

epiyikfspYk;> nghJthd tpsf;fq;fspYk; ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jk; Nghf;Fila

mfz;ljd;ikia ,yf;fhff;nfhs;tjd;%yk; Jy;ypaj;ij ,oe;JtpLfpd;wJ (nytp1989 g.

297). ngUq; fhl;rpapy; murpay; elj;ijapd; tpguq;fs; njhiye;JNghff;$Lk; xg;gPl;lbg;gilapy;

murpay; jiyth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Muthukhd cghaq;fs;;> njhiyNehf;Ffis typAWj;Jk;

kdg;Nghf;Filath;fshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ,Wjpapy; mth;fspd; ca;Tf;F tptuq;fisf;

ifahs;tjw;fhd mth;fspd; Mw;wypNa jq;fpAs;sdh;. r%f tpQ;Qhdf; nfhs;iffs; ePz;l

njhiyNehf;fpid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. Mdhy;> murpaypy; FWq;fhy Nehf;Nf NkNyhq;fp epw;fpd;wJ.

vdNt MAjk; jhq;fpa NkhJifia mfz;l G+Nfhs epiyg;gl;l xU epfo;thf ghh;g;gnjd;gJ

143

gUepiyg;gl;l r%f-nghUshjhu miktpid ghh;f;f Ntz;LtJ mtrpakhFk;. Mdhy;>

mNjNtisapy; jdpnahU NkhJifia Nehf;Ftnjd;gJ nrhug;ghf murpay; gw;wpak; mjpy;

,lk;ngWk; epWtdq;fisAk;> jdpahh;fisAk; gw;wpa xU Njlyhf mikAk;.

xUGwj;jpy; gue;jfd;w nfhs;ifhPjpapyhd nghJikg;gLj;jy;fSk;> kWGwj;jpy;

tpgukhd gFg;gha;TfSk; vd;W ,Untt;NtW kl;lq;fs; KOikahfj; jdpj;jdpNa

ghh;f;fg;gLtjw;F ,lkspf;fhky; mtw;iw ,izg;gjw;fhd topfisj; NjLjy; $ba

gadspg;gjhapUf;Fk;. mt;thW nra;jhy; kl;LNk gue;jfd;w nghJikg;gLj;jy;fs;

gFg;gha;thsUf;F ve;j tplaq;fSf;F Kd;Dhpik mspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpYk;> Mff;$ba

Mgj;Jf;fis vq;F fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk; topfhl;liy toq;Fk;.

mj;jifa Xh; mZFKiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLkhapd;> rkahrka tpsf;fq;fs; r%f>

gz;ghl;L> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; #oy; gpd;dzpfis gpujpgypf;fNtz;bapUf;Fnkd;gJ kl;Lkd;wp>

murpay; Kd;dpiyg;ghl;ilAAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;ly;Ntz;Lk;. NtWtifapy; $Wtjhapd;> ePz;lfhyf;

fl;likg;Gr; rhh;e;j tpsf;fq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> ehk; murpaiyAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;;sNtz;Lk;.

'Nghh; vd;gJ ekJ giftd; ehk; tpUk;Gtij nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd eph;g;ge;jpg;gJTk;" "mNj

nfhs;newpia NtW topKiwfshy; elj;jp nry;tJTk;" MFk; vd Gfo;G+j;j gpu];]pa

gilapay; jj;JtQhdp FNsh];tpw;]; (1832 / 1976) $wpAs;shh;. Aj;jk; gw;wpa mj;jifa xU

tiutpyf;fzk; kf;fs; Vd;> vt;thW Aj;jj;Jf;Fr; nry;fpd;whh;fnsd;gJ Fwpj;j gz;ghl;L

epiyg;gl;l tplaq;;fisg; Gwf;fzpg;gjdhy; mJ jtwhf topfhl;Lfpd;wnjdf; fPfd; (1994> g.

3-12) thjpLfpd;whh;. NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wp Muha;tjw;F fpNsh];tpw;]pw;F Nkyhz;ik

,lkspj;jy; vd;gJ jpl;ltl;lkhd xU jtwhFk;> vdpDk; gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfs; murpaypd;

Clhf kl;Lk;jhd; MAj NkhJifapd; jpirapy; epfo;Tfisj; jpUg;gptpLfpd;wd. Nghh;fs;;

gpuf;iQ G+h;tkhdit> gpuf;iQ G+h;tkhf jPh;khdpf;fg;gLgit. mtw;wpd; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

gw;wpa tpsf;fkhdJ mit gw;wpa gpd;Gyj;ijAk; Kd;dpiy njhopw;ghLfisAk;

cs;slf;FtjhFTk;. mj;Jld; mjd; miktpay; mk;rq;fisAk;> murpay; epiy

Mw;Wifahsh;fs; ; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; KiwikiaAk; tpsf;Ftjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mikfpd;w fhuzpfs; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; jOtpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. RUq;fr;nrhy;tjhapd;

MAj NkhJiffspd; fhuzq;fs; gw;wpa ahtw;iwAk; cs;slf;Ftjhd tpsf;fkhdJ

Nkw;nrhd;d ,uz;L mk;rq;fisAk; ,izj;J cs;slf;Ftjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

5. KiwapaYk; tifapaYk;

nl];yh; (1994) mj;jifanjhU gy;kl;lg; gFg;gha;Tf;F xU ey;y nrayhw;Wtuk;gpid

toq;Ffpd;whh;. MAj NkhJiff;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gs;s fhuzq;fspd; gd;klq;Fj;jd;ikapy;

mth; ntWkNd ntt;NtW fhuzq;fiskl;Lkd;wp> fhuzq;fspd; ntt;NtW tiffisAk;

fhz;gJld; mtw;iw xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd ehd;F ghfq;fisf;nfhz;l tpsf;f Kiwapid

Kd;itf;fpd;whh;. nrhw;gpuNahfj;jpYk; cs;slf;fj;jpYk; rpW khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L

me;j ehd;F mk;rq;fisAk; gpd;tUkhW $wyhk;:

• gpd;Gyf; fhuzq;fs; (nl];yhpd; Ma;tpy; nry;topfs>; 1994) 'jdpg;gl;l kl;lj;ij tpl>

FOtpd; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu my;yJ Njrpa epiyg;gl;;l

khWghl;L epiyfs;" vd;gitNa mbg;gilf; $WfshFk;. ,it mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J rpy

FOf;fs; tpyf;fg;gLtjd;%yk;> kw;wth;fSf;Fj; jpl;lkpl;lKiwapy; MjuT fhl;Ltjd;



144

lhd; rpkpj;

%yk; my;yJ gpuhe;jpag; nghUshjhu NtWghLfs;%yk; cUthf;fg;glyhk;. RUf;fkhf>

,q;F $wg;;gLtd r%f kw;Wk; murpaw; fl;likg;gpd; mbg;gil Mf;ff;$WfNsahFk;.

mtw;iw Muha;tnjd;gJ NkhJifapd; gpd;dzpf; fhuzq;fisAk;> cs;shh;e;j

epiyikfisAk; Muha;tjhFk;.

• mzp jpul;ly; cghaq;fs; (nl];yhpd; Ma;tpy; ,yf;Ffs; 1994) vd;git> Kf;fpa

murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mth;fs;

nraw;gLfpd;w Kiw (,J nl];yhpd; njhdpg;nghUs;kPjhd vdJ Ez;khWghL) Mfpa

,uz;ilAk; cs;slf;Fk;. NtWtifapy; $Wtjhapd;> mzp jpul;ly; cghaj;ij ehk;

gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;wNghJ ehk; murpay; elj;ijapd; KO tPr;irAk;-tplaq;fs; vt;thW

vz;zf;fUepiyg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> mit vt;thW Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;w ,uz;ilAk;

ghprPyid nra;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt kf;fs; vf;fhuzq;fSf;fhfg; NguhLfpd;whh;fnsd;gij

ehk; ghh;g;gJld;> me;jf; fhuzq;fis mth;fs; vt;thW tpsq;fpf;nfhs;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gijAk;

vz;zpg;ghh;f;fpd;Nwhk;.

• ce;J tpirfs; vdg;gLgit MAjk; jhq;fpa NkhJif njhlq;fg;ngWk; rhpahd

Neuj;ij $WtdthFk;. mit NkhJiff;fhd fhuzj;ij juhJ mJ Vd; Fwpg;gpl;l xU

Ntisapy; njhlq;fpanjd;gij fhl;Lk;. ,it Kf;fpakhd Mw;Wifahsh;fshy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;eltbfliffs;> nra;iffs; MFk;. ,r;nra;iffs; ,jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fspd;

njhpTfis kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhf mikAk;. td;Kiw nraw;ghLfis mjpf fth;r;rp

ciladthfTk; rkhjhd mZFKiwfis kpff;Fiwe;j <h;g;G ciladthfTk; fhl;Lk;.

• Jhz;bfs; NkhJifapd; nrwptpidAk; fhyePl;rpiaAk; ghjpg;gitahFk;. mit vjph;j;J

epw;fpd;w jug;GfSf;fpilapyhd ,uhZtr; rkepiy Nghd;w mff;fhuzpfshf my;yJ>

I.eh. jiyaPLNghd;w Gwf;fhuzpfshf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,it cj;jpfisAk;; (vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

fpsh;r;rpahsh;fs; rptpypad; gpuNjrq;fisj; jhf;FtjpypUe;J jtph;g;gjhfNtDk;) md;Nwy;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l epyk; > gUtfhyq;fs; kw;Wk; rPNjh];z epiyNghd;w ,aw;if epfo;Tfis

cs;slf;fyhk;. mit gilf;fhd MAjq;fs; fpilg;gJ Nghd;w gUg;nghUs; tplaq;fshf

,Uf;fyhk;. md;Nwy; mjpYk; ghh;f;f jpl;gj;jd;ik Fiwthd mk;rq;fshf Mdhy;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwahjitahf> cjhuzkhf gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; gw;wpad Nghd;witahf

,Uf;fyhk;.

,J gpd;Gy fhuzpfspy; ,Ue;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; gw;wpa ftdj;ij

<h;g;gjhfNth ,d;Nwy; my;yJ kPz;Lk; gpd;Gy fhuzpfSf;Nf nry;tij Fwpf;fyhk;. ,J

cz;ikapy; Njhw;Wiff;fhd xU nfhs;ifapid juhJ. Mdhy; me;jf; nfhs;ifapid

xOq;FgLj;Jtjhd xU KiwNaahFk;. mj;Jld; ,it ehk; Muha Ntz;ba Ma;T

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Nfhzq;fis vLj;Jf;$WtdthfTk;> jdpg;gl;l NkhJiffs; Aj;jq;fshf

khWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis mwpe;J mtw;iw jLg;gjw;fhd topKiwfis vLj;J $WtdthfTk;

mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikapy; Nghh; epiyf;F cf;fpug;gLj;Jgtd xt;nthd;iwAk; jdpj;

jdpNa Muha;e;J mtw;Wf;fhd fhuz fhhpaq;fis njspTgLj;Jtjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,e ;j t plaj ;j py ; Kjy p uz ;L mk ; rq ;fSNk - mjhtJ g pd ; Gy fhuzq ;fs ; >

mzpjpul;Ltjw;fhdcghaq;fs; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; gw;wpNa vLj;Jf; $Wtjhf mikjy;

Ntz;Lk;. td;Kiwia vt;thW KbTf;Ff;nfhz;L tUtnjd;gjw;F mLj;j tifj; Jhz;b

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

145

6. mePjpAk;> mzpjpul;lYk;

ePz;lfhyf; fhuzq;fSk; FWfpafhyf; fhuzq;fSk; ClWf;fpd;w fl;lj;ijAk;>

murpaw; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; fl;likg;Gr;rhh;e;j> gpd;dzp tplaq;fspy; ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;w

fl;lj;ijAk; xd;WNruf; fhl;Lfpd;w ,U vz;zf;fUf;fs; cs;sd. mt;ntz;zf;fUf;fs;

ePjpAk;> mzpjpul;lYkhFk;.

Nkhrkhd nghUshjhu epiyikfspdJk;> murpay; ey;tha;g;Gfs; ,y;yhikapdJk;

Nrh;f;if Xh; ,ul;il mePjpahfr; nraw;gLfpd;wJ. murpay; mzpjpul;ly; mePjpnad;w

tplag;;nghUisr;Rw;wp ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. kf;fs; Xu; ,yl;rpak; ePjpahdnjd ek;Gtjdhy; my;yJ

mJ jkJ nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy; fhz;fpd;w mePjpf;F epthuzk; mspf;Fnkd;W mth;fs;

fUJtjhy; mf;fhuzj;Jf;fhfj; jk;ik mh;g;gzpj;J tpLfpd;wdh;. vdNt xU r%fj;jpy;

my;yJ ntt;NtW ehLfSf;fpilapy; mjpfhuj;jpYk;> RgPl;rj;jpYk; mbg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;

Ntw ;Wikfspy pUe ;J vOfpd ;wJk ; > Raeyj ;Jf ;fhfg ; gad ;gLj ;jf ; $baJkhd

mePjpapiof;fg;gl;lnjd;w Xh; czh;Tjhd; murpay; mzpjpul;lYf;F mbg;gil %ykhAs;sJ.

,t;tha;Tiuapd; ,f;fl;lj;jpy; rpy ftdkhd NtWgLj;jy;fisr; nra;aNtz;bAs;sJ.

,q;F Kd;itf;fg;gLk; thjk;> cjhuzj;Jf;F> nrh;gpah;fspd; neUf;fb epiy gw;wpnaOe;j

jPtpukhd mePjp czh;tpdhy; A+Nfhrpyhtpaj; jiytuhd RNyhnghld; kpnyhnrhtpf; nraw;gl;Ls;shh;

vd;gjy;y. khwhf> mth; gpujhdkhfj; jkJ nrhe;j mjpfhuj;ijAk;> mthpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijr;Rw;wp

xl;bf;nfhz;bUe;j xU neUf;fkhd FOtpdhpd; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ePbj;jpUf;fr; nra;tjpy; mf;fiw

nfhz;bUe;jhh; vd;gJjhd; cz;ikahFk;. (ypl;by; kw;Wk; ry;gh; 1995 [_lh 1997 1999) Mdhy;

kpnyhnrhtpf;fpd; ntw;W Muthug;Ngr;R nrh;gpah;fs; mDgtpf;fpd;w mePjp gw;wpa Kiwg;ghLfspdhy;

nghq;fp topfpd;wJ. 1987 Kjw; nfhz;L mth; nrh;gpah;fspd; kdf;Fiwfs; gw;wpf; fpukkhfj;

jpUk;gj; jpUk;g Ngrpdhh;. mth;jhNk mePjpia czh;e;jhNuh ,y;iyNah ,t;ntz;zf;fUit

vt;thW jkf;Fr; rhjkhfg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;W mwpe;jpUe;jhh;. mtuJ murpay; tho;f;ifj;

njhopypd; ,e;j mk;rj;jpy; mth; xU Kd;khjphp ahthh;. Raeyj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$bajhapUe;j

mePjp czh;it mth; ,yhtfkhff; ifahz;lhh;.

MAj NkhJifapy; nray; J}z;Lk; xU fhuzpahf ePjpnad;w ,f;fUj;Jf;F

'kdf;Fiwapd; cuj;j nrhy;yhlyy;y> Mdhy; Nguhirapd; nksdkhd rf;jp" vd;W

typAWj;Jtjd;%yk; miw$ty; tpLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ(nfhypah; 1999). gFjpastpy; ,t;thjk; nkhopf;Fk;>

nrhy;yhlYf;Fk; ve;jsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gijr; Rw;wpAs;sJ. ,jpy; Kf;fpa

Kiwapay; rhh;e;j tplak;> Muha;r;rp Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf 'ePjpf;fhd Nfhhpf;if kdf;Fiwiaj;

Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;w #o;epiyfshf kPs tFj;jikf;fg;glyhk; vd;w thjkhFk;" (nfhypah; kw;Wk; N`/

gpyh; 1999 g. 5) vdpDk; mfepiyf;Fhpa Nfhhpf;ifia GwNehf;Fila #o;epiyfshf kPs

tFj;jikj;jy; jtwhd vz;zj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy; jpl;gEl;g Nfhhpf;ifapNy

mzpjpul;lYk;> GyDzh;Tk; jq;fpAs;sd. vdpDk; XusTf;F> Nguhir vjpuhf kdf;Fiw vd;w

thjj;ij ahUila Nguhir ahUila kdf;Fiw vd;W Nfl;gjd; %yk; RUf;fpf; $wyhnkd;gJld;>

Kiwahd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ghh;f;fTk;glyhk;. mjhtJ cjhuzj;Jf;F kpnyhnrtpf; mjpfhug;

Nguhir nfhz;lth; vd;gJ jd;dstpy; rhjhuz nrh;gpah;fSf;F vt;tpj kdf;FiwAk; ,y;iy vd;w

fUj;jhfhJ. NtWtifapy; $Wtjhapd; tpsf;fkspf;fpd;w khwpfshf Nguhirf;Fk;> kdf;Fiwf;Fk;

,ilapy; njhpitr; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;w mtrpakpy;iy. khwhf ,it murpay; mzp jpul;lypy;

xd;iwnahd;W KO epiwthf;Ffpd;wdTk;> gu];guk; tYT+l;Lfpd;wdTkhd Mf;ff;$Wfshf ,Uf;fyhk;.



146

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7. ,df;FOk epiyAk;> NkhJifAk;

Nkw;gb tplag;;nghUs;fis tpsf;fpf;fhl;Ltjw;Fk;> gFg;gha;Tf;fhd mtw;wpd;

jhw;ghpaq;fis Muha;tjw;Fk; Gyikrhd;w tplatpjhdj;jpYk; $ba gpugykhd tpsf;fTiufspYk;

,d Kuz;ghLfs; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tFjpia kpf EZf;fkhfg; ghh;j;jy; gaDilajhapUf;Fk;.

,J nghJthf> rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdh;fs; ,dhPjpahf NtWgl;lth;fs; kl;Lkd;wp> mj;jifa

,d NtWghLjhd; NkhJiff;F ikakhf cs;snjd;Wk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J

Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU jug;gpdiu Rl;bf; fhl;LtJ khj;jpuky;yhky; ,df;FOk NtWghl;il

NkhJiff;fhd xU fhuzkhfTk;(mJNt Kw;WKOjhd fhuzkhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;) vLj;Jf;

$Wk;.

,df;FOk NtWghl;Lf;fhd tiutpyf;fzk; kpff; fbdkhd xd;whFk;: ,Jjhd;

mJntd Fwpg;gpl;L $WtJ ngUk; rpf;fy;fs; epiwe;j gy rpukq;fis Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;.

,df;FOk NtWghL xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l gy;NtW mk;rq;fis nfhz;L Rl;lg;ngWtjhy;

mJ gw;wpa nghJg;gilahd $w;W rpukk; jUtJ khj;jpuky;y jtwhd topfspy; ,l;Lr;nry;yTk;

KbAk;. gy;NtWgl;l epiyfspy; rKjhaq;fs; jq;fis nkhop>Njhypd; epwk;> kjk;> thoplk;

kw;Wk; tuyhW Nghd;w milahs FwpaPLfspd; ,izitf; nfhz;L ,df;FOknkd xw;Wikg;gl;l

xd;whf fUjpf;nfhs;fpd;wd. xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,df;FOk milahsj;ij eph;zapg;gjpy; jPh;;khdpf;Fk;

rf;jpahf nfhs;sg;gLtJ> gphpepiyg;gl;l tuyhw;W mDgtNkh> IjPfq;fNsh md;Nwy; rka

ek;gpf;iffNsh md;W. xU FOkj;jpid ,d;ndhd;wpypUe;J gphpj;Jf;fhl;b mJ ,f;FOkj;jpw;F

chpanjd xl;Lnkhj;jkhf gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLk; Gyg;gjpNt jPh;khdpg;G gyk; cilajhf

fhzg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf gfph;e;J nfhs;sg;gLk; Gyg;gjpT ,U fhuzpfspdhy; tsh;T+f;fk;

ngwyhk;. mitahtd xd;W kw;iwa FOkq;fNshL xg;G Nehf;Fk; NghJ ghugl;rj;jpw;F

Msf;fg;ngw;w mDgtq;fs;> ,uz;L FOkj;Jf;F Ntz;banjd fUjg;gLk; eyd;fSf;fhf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; murpay; mzpjpul;Lif vd;gdthFk;.

1990 fspy; ele;j ghy;fd; NkhJiffspd;NghJ ntspaf ty;yuRfspd;

,uh[je;jphpfSk;> murpay;thjpfSk;> fz;bg;ghd ,uh[je;jpuj;jpd; %yk; ,yFthf topf;Ff;

nfhz;Ltuf;$ba xU gpur;rpidahf> xUrpyh; xd;whf Nrh;e;J gzpahw;wf;$ba xU rhjhuz

tplakhf mjidf; fUjj;njhlq;fpdh;(ypl;by; kw;Wk; rpy;gh; 1995 g.159). ntWkNd nghWg;gpy;yh

jd;ikia tpl Ntnwe;j Mokhd mbg;gilf; fhuzk; vJTk; ,y;iynad;gJNghyj; Njhd;wpaJ.

,J xU jtwhd fUj;J vd;gJ nka;gpf;fg;gl;l NghJ Mokhd fhuzq;fisj; NjbaNghjpYk;

mit $ba jpUj;jkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. If;fpa mnkhpf;f ,uh[hq;fr; nrayhsh;

thud; fpwp]; Njhgh;> ngh];dpah-n`h;rp nfhtpdhtpy; Aj;jk; 'Guhjd ,df;FNuhjq;fspdhy;"

Vw;gl;lnjdj; njhptpj;jhh; (fy;`Td; 1997> g.61). ghy;fd;]; gopia ghy;fd; kf;fspd;

nfhjpj;njOfpd;w ,ay;gpd; kPJ Rkj;Jfpd;w nghJthd fUj;ij Nghy;fd;]; ru;tNjr Mizf;FO

Fwpg;gpl;lJld; mjidf; fz;bf;fTk; nra;jJ. mj;jifa thjq;fs; (vdpDk; ,d NkhJif

vd;w gjg; gpuNahfj;jpy; vg;NghJk; ,y;yhky;) mj;jifa NkhJiffisj; jPh;g;gjw;F my;yJ

mj;jifa kf;fSf;F cjTtjw;Fg; nghpjhf vijAk; nra;a Kbahjnjd;gij kiwKfkhf

czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

,t;tifahd thjk; ,d NkhJiffs; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilg;

ghpe;Jiug;gth;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mNj epajpfisg; gad;gLj;JtJld;> rpyrkaq;fspy;

mNj KbTfSf;Fk; tUfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Nfhg;kd; (1996)> Fbrdq;fis tYf;fl;lhakhfg;

gphpj;J itg;gjd; %yk; kl;Lk;jhd; ,dr; rptpy; Aj;jq;fis KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuyhnkd

147

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,dr;Rj;jpfhpg;ghsh;fs; jhNk vz;zpf;nfhs;fpd;wthW vtUk; xU fyg;Gj; jpUkzj;Jf;fhd

rhj;jpag;ghL ,y;iynad;W nfhs;tJ Nghy> xt;nthUtUk; xd;wpy; xU FOit(v.fh nrh;g;)

md;Nwy; NtnwhU FOit (v.fh ngh];dpa) Nrh;e;jtnud;W Cfpg;gjhfTk; Njhd;WfpwJ.

NkhJiffspd; fhuzq;fis ,t;thWy; fhl;Ltjdhy; Vw;gLk; jhh;kPfg; gpur;rpidfs;

xU GwkpUf;f> mjd; Ma;twpTf; FiwghLfs;> NkNy Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;ba gy;NtW tifepiyg;gl;l

fUj;J epiyfisg; gFg;gha;thsh;fs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wNghJ kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;

njhpatUfpd;wd. ghy;fd;]; Aj;jq;fs; gw;wpa Guhjdf; FNuhjq;fSk;> nfhjpj;njOfpd;w

,ay;Gk; njhlh;ghd tpsf;fq;fs; epfo;fhyk; gw;wpa %d;W jtWfis (mj;Jld; fle;j fhyk;

njhlh;gpy; NkYk; mNdfkhdtw;iw) Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mth;fs; ,df;FOkj;ij Kw;WKOjhd

xU gpd;dzpf; fhuzpahf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mit mJ xd;Nwjhd; gpd;dzpf; fhuzpnad

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJld; NtW vt;tifahd fhuzj;jpdJk; ghj;jpuj;jpidf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;tjw;Fk;

jtwptpLfpd;wd. tpNrlkhff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ> mit mzp jpul;ly; cj;jpia KOikahfg;

Gwf;fzpf;fpd;wdntd;w cz;ikahFk;.

,d NtWghlhdJ mbg;gilahAs;s r%fg; gphptpidfspy; xd;whfTk;> mjdhy;

xU gpd;dzpf; fhuzkhfTk; fUjg;gLtjpy; ,j;jtW jq;fpapUf;ftpy;iy. khwhf>

mbg;gilahAs;s mg;gphptpid vt;thW Aj;jj;Jf;fhd epiyikfis cUthf;fKbAnkd;w

Nfs;tp Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjpy;jhd; mJ jq;fpAs;sJ. ,dNtWghL NkhJiffspy; ngUk;ghYk;

rpf;Fz;Ls;snjd;Wk;> mjdhy; mbf;fb ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;w jdpg;gl;lth;fs;> mth;fs; vjph;j;Jg;

NghuhLfpd;w mbg;gilg; gpur;rpid cz;ikapy; ,dj;FOk NtWghnld;W ek;Gfpd;wdnud;Wk;

vz;zw;w tpla Ma;Tfs; njspTgLj;jpAs;sd. ,J Kf;fpakhdnjd;wNghjpYk; NghJkhdjy;y.

Vnddpy;> Vw;nfdNt ehk; Fwpg;gpl;lthW> cyfpy; Mff;$ba ,d NtWghLfisf; nfhz;l

ehLfs;; td;Kiwahd NkhJiff;F rhh;G epiyahdit my;y. ,df;FOk czh;tpdhy;

gphpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdh;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l MAj NkhJiffspd; tplaq;fspy;; ,df;FOk czh;tpdhy;

kl;Lk; Nehf;Ftjd; Clhf> epiyikia ehk; gFg;gha;Tnra;a Kbahnjd;gij ,J kiw

Kfkhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. NkNy vLj;Jf;fhl;ba msTrhh;e;j Muha;r;rpapd; ngWNgWfs;

ngUshjhu epiyikfspdJk;> murpay; KiwikapdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

vdNt ,dj;Jtj ;Jf ;F mg ;ghYs;s Vida gpd ;dzpf ; fhuzpfis Muha ;jy ;

mh;j;jKs;sjhapUf;Fk;.

ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,uz;lhtJ khw;wk; murpay; mzp jpul;liy

Nehf;FjyhFk;. ,dj;Jtk; FO milahsj;jpd; xU ika Mf;ff; $whf kpfg;ngUk;ghyhd

re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,Ug;gjdhy;> nghJthd vjph;r;rha;Tf;fhd gykpf;f Xh; Mf;ff;$whfTk; mJ

cs;sJ. mt;tifapy;> Fwpg;ghf xU r%fk; ngUk; r%f-nghUshjhu khw;wj;Jf;F

cl;gLfpd;wNghJ> Fbrdj;ij mzpjpul;l Kidfpd;w murpay; jiyth;fshy; mJ ,yFthf

#o;r;rpj;jpwDld; ifahsg;glyhk;. mj;jifa Neuq;fspy;jhd; Njrpathj murpay; Kd;dpiyg;gq;F

tfpf;fpd;wJ.

Njrpathjk;> Njrpa ,dq;fSk;> muRfSk; Ml;GyhPjpahf KOikahf xj;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;W NfhUfpd;w Xh; murpay; rpj;jhe;jk; MFk;. (n[y;dh; 1983> g.1) Mdhy; mJ

mjid tplf;$baJ. mjid> r%f-nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; cWjp epiyf;Fiytpd;

fhuzkhd xU rpf;fyhd r%f> gz;ghl;L> mwpthh;e;j kw;Wk; czh;r;rpfukhd vjph;j;jhf;fnkdf;

fUjyhk;(gpskdw;];> 1976). mj;jifa cWjpepiyf;FiyT> etPdj;Jtj;jpd; jhf;fk; (rpkpj;



148

lhd; rpkpj;

1983)> fhydpj;Jt Ml;rp tpjpg;G (md;lh;rd>; 1991 nrud;-tw;rd; 1997) my;yJ mur Nrh\yp]j;jpd;

tPo;r;rp (rpkpj; kw;Wk; x];uWl; 1995) vd;w VNjDk; xU tbtpy; tuyhk;. cyfkakhf;fy; vd;w

nray;Kiwapd; gpd;dhYs;s ce;Jrf;jpahd jdpNahh; cyfr; re;ijapd; cUthf;fk; cWjp

epiyiaf; Fiyf;fpd;w xj;jnjhU jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;snjd thjpl KbAk;. Nghpdj;Jt

thjj ; j pd ; k PJk ; > Njr pathjj ; j pd ; k PJk ; cyfkakhf ; fy pd ; t pisT ,UKf

czh;r;rpg;Nghf;FilajhFk;. xU Gwj;jpy; mJ gz;ghLfisAk;> tho;f;ifg; ghq;FfisAk;

Xhpdj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhfr; nra;J> $ba cyfg; nghJg; gjw;wepiy njhlh;ghd tpopg;Gzh;it

Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. kWGwj;jpy; KjyPl;L %yjdk; Jhpjkhf Ntwplk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLjYk;>

cynfq;FKs;s re;ijfspd; xUq;fpizg;Gk; Gjpa ntw;wpahsh;fisAk;> Njhy;tpahsh;fisAk;

cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J rpy ,df;FOkq;fSk;> Njrpaf; FOkq;fSk; $WgLtjw;Fk;>

Xuq;fl;lg;gLtjw;Fk;> gz;ghl;L Xhpdj;jd;ikf; nfjpuhd vjph;tpisTf;Fk; toptFf;ff;$Lk;.

,g;ngUk; FUl;Lj;jd;ikahd tuyhw;Wr; nray; Kiwfs;> fl;ltpo;j;Jtplf;$ba

r%f cWjpepiyf;FiyT Mfpad xU ehl;bd; r%f kw;Wk; murpay; cah;Fbapdhpd;

ntt;NtW gphpTfSf;fpilapy; jPtpukhd mjpfhug;Nghl;bfSf;fhd epiyikfis kl;Lk;

cUthf;Ftjpy;iy. mJ ngUe;njhifahd rhjhuz kf;fisf; fLikahd ghJfhg;gpd;ik

kw;Wk; Iag;ghl;L epiyikf;Fk; js;sptplf;$Lk;. jdpg;gl;lth;fspd; tho;ifapy; mj;jifa

tuyhw;W khw;wq;fspd; jhf;fk; tpjpf;fl;lw;wJk;> ngUk;ghYk; ghohf;FtJkhf ,Ug;gJ

Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf; f\;lkhdjhFk;. mj;jifa xU Neuj;jpy; FOk milahsj;ij tw;GWj;JtJ

mNdf rhjhuz kf;fSf;Ff; fth;r;rpaspg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. elg;gjpypUe;J VNjDk; xUtifahd

mh;j;jj;ijf; fhz;gjw;F me;j xd;W kl;Lk;jhd; mth;fSf;F cjtf;$LkhapUf;Fk;. vdNt

mj;jifa nghpa mstpyhd khw;wj;jpypUe;Jk; cWjpepiyf;FiytpypUe;Jk; vOfpd;w xU

NkhJifapy; vt;tplaq;fs; Nghuhl;lepiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk;> murpay; jiyth;fs; jkJ

epiyg;ghl;ilj; Njrpa milahsj;Jf;Fk;> ngUkpjj;Jf;Fk;> ePjpf;Fkhd xU Nghuhl;lkhf

Kd;itf;f KbAkhapd; mth;fspd; njhFjp kf;fisg; ngUk;ghYk; ntw;wpfukhf

mzpjpul;lf;$bath;fshapUg;gh;.

,t;thjq;fis ehk; gpd;tUkhW RUf;fpf;$wyhk;> MAj NkhJifapd; xU fhuzk;

,d Ntw;Wikay;y> khwhf ,df;FOk murpay;jhd;. ,df;FOk NtWghLfis murpay;

tpRthrq;fspDs; cl;GFj;JjYk;> ,df;FOk milahsq;fis murpay; kakhf;fYk; jhd;

kpfTk; Mgj;jhdJ.

Kd;ida A+Nfhrpyhtpah gpsTgl;lij tpsf;Ffpd;wNghJ> A+Nfhrpyhtpah xU

gy;ypd murhf ,Ue;jijkl;Lkd;wp 100 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf mt;tuR ,df;FOk Njrpathj

tuyhw;iw kPl;bf; nfhz;bUe;jnjd;gijAk; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;baJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

,df;FOkk; ePz;lfhykhf murpay; kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJld;> 1945 Kjy; 1980 tiuapyhd

bl;Nlhtpd; Ml;rpf;fhyKk; mjw;F tpjptpyf;fy;y. A+Nfhrpyhtpa Nrhrypr rk\;bf; Fbaurpd;

If;fpaj;Jf;F mr;RWj;jyhapUf;ff; $ba tifapyhd Njrpathj murpaiy bl;Nlh

ntbf;fhjthW mlf;fpa mNjNtisapy;> mth; murpayikg;G kw;Wk; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij

Xh; ,df;FOk Njrpa mbg;gilapy; gfph;e;jspj;jhh;. ,JNt murpdJk;> fl;rpapdJk; cWg;Gfshd

MW FbauRfSf;Fk;> ,U khfhzq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Mz;LNjhWk; Row;rp Kiwapy;

Vw;gLk; [dhjpgjp Ml;rpapdhy; gjpyPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. vdNt 1987,y; A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpy;

Njrpathjk; kpfTk; cWjpahd murpay; eilKiwahf tsuj; njhlq;fpaNghJ. mJ

rLjpahf vq;fpUe;Njh te;jjy;y. nfhjpg;ghd ,uj;jj;jpd; xU tpisTky;y. mJ murpay;

Kiwikapd; Neub tpisthapUe;jJ.

149

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kpNyhnrtpf; 1987,y; Njrpathjr;rPl;il Mlj;njhlq;fpaJld;jhd; Njrpathjk; GwKidg;Gld;

GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. <uhz;LfspDs; nrh;gpahtpy; Njrpathj murpay;> Kjypy; RNyhtpdpahtpypUe;Jk;

gpd;dh; FNuh\pahtpypUe;Jk; gjpw;nray;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jtpl;lJ. ntt;NtW FbauRfspd;

jiyikj;Jtq;fspdhy; Njrpathjg; Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ikfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;glj;njhlq;fpaTld;

cUthfpa gphpTf;fhd ce;Jtpirf;F Row;rpKiwapyhd [dhjpgjp Kiwik toptFj;jJ.

vdpDk>; kpNyhnrtpf;fpd; Nehf;fk; $l;lhl;rpia mopg;gjhapUf;ftpy;iy. mthpd;

Muk;g ,yf;F nrh;gpaf; fl;rpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;il <l;Lk;nghUl;Lg; nghJ kf;fspd; Mjuitj;

jpul;LtjhapUe;jJ (ypl;by; kw;Wk; rpy;gh; 1996). mth; gaDWjpAs;s Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F

vz;zpapUe;j jpl;lg;gbahd kdf;Fiw czh;Tgw;wpa KjyhtJ re;jh;g;gk;> 1986,y; nrh;gpaf;fiy

tpQ;Qhdf; fofj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l 50 gf;f epUgnkhd;wpy; mtUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. ,g;NghJ

gpugykhAs;s ,t; Mtzj;jpy;> gjpdhW fy;tpkhd;fs; 1974,d; A+Nfhrpyhtpa murpayikg;gpd;fPo;

nrh;g; kf;fs; Xufkhf elj;jg;gLtJ gw;wpAk;> Fwpg;ghf nfhNrhNthtpy; nrh;gpah;fSf;nfjpuhd

,dg; gLnfhiyfs; gw;wpAk; tphpthf Kiwapl;bUe;jdh;(ntw;nyrd; 2000).

murpay; mzpjpul;lypy; jkJ Raeyj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa kdf;frg;Gzh;itAk;>

mePjpiaAk; kpNyhnrtpf; cz;ikahf ek;gTk;> czuTk; nra;jhNuh ,y;iyNah vd;gJ

,q;Fs;s thjj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ. Kd;ida A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpy;> Njrpathjr;rPl;il Kjypy;

Mba kpNyhnrtpf;Nfh> mjid ,uz;lhtjhf Mba RNyhtpdpahtpd; jiyth; kpyhd; FfNdh

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midtUk; nfhs;ifg;gb Njrpathjpfshff; fUjg;glyhk;. ,j;jdpg;gl;lth;fs; vy;NyhiuAk;

nghWj;jtiuapy;> mth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfs; vt;thwpUg;gpDk;> mth;fs; midtUk;

,d;wpaikahjthW> mNj Kiwapy;jhd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;jdh;. ,J Njrpa mePjp vd;w njhdpg;nghUisr;

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mt;thNw Kd;ida A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpd; Fbrd Mf;ff; $Wfspy; VNjDk; xd;wpy;

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nra;tjw;fhd murpay; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;W ,Ue;jnjd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thuh vd;gJk;

Kf;fpakhdjy;y. ,q;F ,d;wpaikahjJ kf;fs; mjid czh;fpd;whh;fsh vd;gJk; xU

jiyth; mjidj; jkJ Raeyj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;j KbAkh vd;gJk;> mt;thW gad;gLj;Jthuh

vd;gJk; kl;LNkahFk;.

vdNt ,d NkhJiffs; vd;W nghJthff; $wg;gLgit Kbtpy;> ,d Kf%bnahd;iwg;

gpd;dh; mzpe;Jnfhs;fpd;w> mjpfhuj;jpd; kPjhd my;yJ (,q;F tpthjpf;fg;glhj re;jh;g;gq;fspy;

cs;sthwhd Rw;whly; tsq;fs; mlq;fyhf) nghUshjhu tsq;fSf;fhd tha;g;gf;fhd

NkhJiffshFk;. ,dNtWghL MAj NkhJiff;fhd jdpj;j xNu fhuzkhftd;wp murpay;

jiyth;fSf;F mzp jpul;Ltjw;fhd ,d NtWghL tpsf;fj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpd;w

NghjpYk; mjpy; Nkyhz;ik nrYj;jf;$lhJ.



150

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murpay; mzp jpul ;lYf;fhd ,f;Fwpg ;g pl ;l cj;j papd ;k PJ ftdj;ij

xUKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,d Kf%bnad;w ,t;TUtfj;ijg; gad;gLj;JjyhdJ> td;Kiwahd

NkhJifapNyh mjw;Fg; Gwk;ghfNth> milahsk; gw;wpa czh;tpd; ajhh;j;jj;ij my;yJ

mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; $Wtjw;fhd xU Kaw;rpahfg; nghUs;nfhs;sg;glyhfhJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 1990fspd; u\;a nrr;nrddpa Aj;jq;fs;> nrr;nrd;dpa jug;gpy; Mokhd>

njspthd> frg;ghd ,d milahsk; gw;wpa czh;itAk; mNjNghd;W nrr;nrd;dpah;fSf;nfjpuhd

kpfg; gue;j mstpyhs u\;a ,dthjj;ijAk; Kf;fpa gz;ghff; nfhz;bUe;jnjd;gjpy;

Iaj;Jf;fplkpy;iy. 200 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhfr; nrr;nrd;dpa ,af;fq;fs; u\;af;fl;Lg;ghl;il

vjph;j;Jte;Js;sd. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> u\;ahTf;Fk; nrr;rpdpahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NkhJif

vspikahf ,df;FOkk; gw;wpanjdg; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLkhapd; mjid Kiwahf

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sKbahJ.

,k;NkhJiff;Fk; A+Nfhrpyhtpah gphpe;J Nghdjw;Fk; ,ilapy; ftdpf;fj;jf;f

,irTg; nghUj;jq;fs; cs;sd. 1994 ,y; nrr;dpahTf;Fk;> u\;ahTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Aj;jk;

gbg;gbahf ntbj;jikf;fhd tpsf;fj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gFjpahfg; Gjpa kw;Wk; gioa

murpay; cah;Fbapdh;fSf;fpilapy; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; tpsq;fpaJ. 1991 Mf];bYk;>

nrg;lk;ghpYk; n[duy; bN]hf;fh; Llhnat; kw;Wk; mthpd; rfhf;fs; nrr;rpdpahtpy; mjpfhuj;ijf;

ifg;gw;Wtjpy; mJnthU Kf;fpa fhuzpahapUe;jJ. (hp\;nfht; 1997> g.200-206). gFjpastpy;

,Ujug;GfspYk; fhzg;gl;l murhq;ff; FiwghLfspdhYk; (yPtd; 1998> g. 80-84> 94-96)

gFjpastpy; nrr;rpdpahtpYk; (hp\;nfht; 1997> g.216-218) nkh];NfhtpYk; (\g;gpNwh 1995)

mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd Nghl;bahsh;fspd; #o;r;rpj; jpwj;jpdhYk; nrr;rpdpaj;

jiyth;fSk;> u\;aj; jiyth;fSk; 1994 ,d; ,uz;lhk; miuahz;bd; NghJ mth;fspd;

gpzf;Ffs; KO mstpyhd Aj;jkhf Vw;wk; ngWtijj; jtph;f;f Kbahjth;fshj; Njhd;wpdh;.

,jpYs;s mtyk; ,d Kf%biag; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;lgpd;dh; mjidf; fow;WtJ

kpff; f\;lkhdnjd;gJjhd;. Fwpg;ghf neUf;fbAk; Aj;jKk; #o;e;j Neuj;jpy;> Gj;Japuspf;fg;gl;l

,d milahs czh;T> kdf; frg;Gzh;TlDk;> kdf;FiwAlDk; xd;wpizfpd;wNghJ mJ

ePbj;jJk;> Roy; KiwahdJkhd ,yFthf ,zq;Ftpf;f Kbahj gifikia cUthf;f

KbAk;.

,jw;fhd gpujhd rkfhy cjhuzj;ij GUz;bapdJk;> Uthz;lhtpdJk; `{l;L/

^l;]p Nghl;bfspy; fhz KbAk;. ,it epidTf;nfl;lhj goq;fhye;njhl;L tUtdty;y.

fhydpj;Jt epUthfpfs;jhd; ,U FOf;fisAk; NtWgl;ldntd tiuaWj;J> xU FOtpd;

ghjpg;gpy; kw;iwajw;F Mjutspj;J te;jdh;. ,J kdf;frg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. Rje;jpuk;ngw;w

fhyj;jpypUe;J murpay; jiyth;fs; mjpfhuj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhf(my;yJ mjw;F miw$ty;

tpLg;gjw;fhf) ,f;FOk hPjpahd kdf;Fiwiaj; jpl;lkpl;lKiwapy; jkJ Raeyj;Jf;Fg;

gad;gLj;jpajd; %yk; ehw;gjhz;L fhy Aj;jq;fisAk;> gLnfhiyfisAk; tpistpj;jdh;.

(nfhg;rd; 1994) ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs/ jkpo; NkhJifAk; xj;jtifapy; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fg;gpe;jpa

Mz;Lfspy; xg;gplj;jf;f kdf;FiwghLfs; gw;wpa czh;Tfs; toptFj;j ePbf;Fk; rptpy;

Aj;jkhf ntspg;gLfpwJ.(cad;nfhl 1996).

,k;NkhJiffSf;F toptFj;j mzpjpul;ly; Kiwtopapy; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g

mtjhdpf;ff;$ba mk;rq;fspy; xd;Wjhd;> xU jug;gpy; my;yJ ,U jug;gpYk; Fwpg;gpl;l

fhuzj;Jf;fhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l czh;r;rpfukhd nghJkf;fspd; MjuthFk;. mf;fuzj;jpd;

kPjhd ,e;ek;gpf;if mjd; Neh;ikahd jd;ikapy;> mjd; ePjpahdjd;ikapy; itf;fg;gl;l xU

151

ek;gpf;ifahFk;. 1998,Yk; 1999,Yk; Aj;jj;Jf;F Kd;dh; nfhNrhNthtpYs;s my;Ngdpah;fSk;>

nrh;gpah;fSk;> mth;fs; vjph;Nehf;fpajhf mth;fs; fUjpa mePjpfisapl;Lf; fLikahfr;

r Pw ;wkile;jdh;. GUz;bapYk; Uthz;lhtpYKs;s `_l;LfSk; ^l;]pfSk; xUth;

kw;wtUf;fpioj;j mePjpfisg;gw;wp czh;r;rpfukhfg; Ngrf;$bath;fshAs;sdh;. ,yq;ifapy;

rpq;fsth;fSk;> jkpoh;fSk; xUth; kw;wtuhy; mDgtpj;j mePjpfis vz;zpg;ghh;f;ff;

$bath;fshAs;sdh;. mNef MAj NkhJiffspy; ,d;W xU jug;G my;yJ ,U jug;GfSk;

ifahSfpd;w cghaq;fSk;> cj;jpfSk;> ngh];dpah-n`h;rpnfhtpdhtpYk; Utz;lhtpYk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,dr;Rj;jpfhpg;Gk;> gLnfhiyf;fshpAk; jpl;lkpl;l ghypay; td;Gzh;r;rpAk;>

kw;Wk; nrr;rpdpahtpy; rptpypad; gpuNjrq;fs; kPJ Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjy; Mfpad rptpypad;fs;

kPjhd Neubj; jhf;Fjiy cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.

,j;jifa jpfpy; rk;gtq;fspd; epidT mLj;j jlitnahd;W tUfpd;wNghJ

jpul;Ltjw;F tskhd xU jsj;ij toq;Ffpd;w tifapy; xU frg;ghd FOk milahs

czh;it kwf;fhjpUf;fr; nra;fpd;wJ.

8. KbTiu

MAj NkhJiffspd; fhuzq;fs;gw;wp ,g;NghJ xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gaDs;s>

tsh;e;J tUfpd;w tplatpjhdj; njhFjpnahd;Ws;sJ. ,JtiuAs;s ,t;tplatpjhdj;jpy;

Nfhl;ghl;bayhd KbTfs; jtph;f;f KbahjthW kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ldthAs;sNghjpYk;> mit

Nkhrkhd nghUshjhu epiyikfs;> murpay; tha;g;Gfs; ,y;yhik> Rw;whly; jPq;F Mfpa

Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfspd; kPJ vkJ ftdj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mNjNtisapy;> Ntw;wikiaj;

jd;dstpy; MAj NkhJiff;F xU fhuzkhff; fUjf;$lhnjd;W vk;ik vr;rhpf;fpd;wjdhy;

mit Kf;fpakhditAk; MFk;.

,Jtiu ,t;thuha;r ;rp gpujhdkhf ,d;W MAj NkhJifapd; gpd;dhy;

nghJthAs;s ePz;lfhyr; r%f - nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; epiyikfs; gw;wpajhapUe;jJ.

MAj NkhJifapd; Fwpj;j tplaq;fspd; gFg;gha;Tf;F xU gq;fspg;ghf mjidg;

gad;gLj;Jtjhapd;> tpla Ma;T vJTk; Kidg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; FWfpafhyf; fhuzq;fSld;

,e;ePz;lfhy mbg;gil epiyikfisj; njhlh;GgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU topiaAk; ehk;

fhzNtz;Lk;.

,f;fl;Liuapy; mj;jifa Xh; ,izg;igr; rhjpg;gjw;fhd njhlh;Gila ,U

topKiwfis ehk; Muha;e;Js;Nshk;. KjyhtJ> Nfhl;ghl;bayhd kw;Wk; mDgthPjpahd

%yq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJk;> mjd;%yk; gFg;gha;it topelj;jf;

$baJkhd xU Kiwapay;. ,uz;lhtJ> ePz;lfhy kw;Wk; FWfpafhy tplaq;fis - ePjp

kw;Wk; mzp jpul;ly; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUf;fis ,izf;fpd;wjhd vz;zf;fUrhh;e;j xUq;fpizj;jy;

cyFk; mjDs; mike;Js;s ehLfSk; MFk;. r%fhPjpahfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk;

Neh ;ikf;Nflhf elhj;jg;gLk;> rptpypad;fs;k Pjhd Neubj; jhf;Fjy; Kiwikfs;

fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;s tiuapy;> mt; mePjpia czh;fpd;w kf;fSk;> mjidj; jkJ

Raeyj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w jiyth;fSk;

vg;NghJk; ,Ug;gh;. vdNt NkhJifg; gFg;gha;Tf;Fk;> rkhjhdj;Jf;Fk; caph;ehbahdJ

ePjpNaahFk;.



152

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9. crhj;Jiz kw;Wk; NkYk; thrpg;gjw;fhdit

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