major air quality concerns in europe
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Major Air Quality Concerns in Europe. AMGI/EURASAP Workshop. Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007. Peter Builtjes TNO, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands and Free Univ. Berlin, Germany. I)General Aspects II)Possible air quality concerns in Croatia III)Some remarks about Waste-to-Energy Installations - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Major Air Quality Concerns
in Europe
Peter BuiltjesTNO, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands and Free Univ. Berlin, Germany
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
AMGI/EURASAP Workshop
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20072
I)General Aspects
II)Possible air quality concerns in Croatia
III)Some remarks about Waste-to-Energy
Installations
IV)Conclusions
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20073
General Aspects
The Clean Air For Europe-CAFE- program:
Objectives for Air Pollution:
• Achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant
negative impacts on and risks to human health and the
environment
• No exceedence of the critical loads and levels for acidification or
eutrophication
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20074
• Health:
Components of concern: PM10 and 2.5, NO2, O3
• Eco-system:
Components of concern: N- and S-, and groundlevel O3
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20075
Current limit-values, health
PM10:
• Annual average: 40 gr/m3
• Daily average: 50 gr/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 days
• In force 1-1-2005
NO2: Annual average: 40 gr/m3
• Houry mean: 200 ugr/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times
per year
• In force 1-1-2010
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20076
Target value, health
O3: 8-hour running mean: 120 gr/m3, not to be exceeded more
than 25 days (average over 3 years)
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20077
Still not formally decided
PM 2.5: Annual mean: 25 gr/m3
+ Reduction of 20 % of urban background between 2010 and 2020
when PM 2.5 above 7 gr/m3
(US: 15 gr/m3,WHO: 10 gr/m3 annual mean, 25 gr/m3 daily
average)
All these limit values hold “everywhere were people can come”
example: the sea between Greek Islands
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20078
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 20079
Eco-system
N-deposition, S-deposition
Groundlevel O3: AOT40 vegetation May-July, 5 ppm.hours
averaged over 5 years
AOT= Accumulated O3 over Threshold 40 ppb
(for health also SOMO: O3 8-hour running mean over 35 ppb)
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200710
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200711
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200712
Possible air quality concerns in Croatia
• PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 for health might be the biggest problem
• PM2.5 has a large component by long range transport
• PM10 has a substantial component by long range transport
• NO2 has a rather small component by long range transport
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200713
Determination of the regional background ofPM10/2.5 by modelling and observations
By observation:
Problem is spatial representativeness and “double counting”
By modelling:
Problem is underestimation of PM10, and to some extent also
PM2.5
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200714
Solution: data assimilation:combining modelling and observations
Example: TNO’s 3-D Eulerian Grid Model LOTOS-EUROS with
Ensemble
Kalman Filter as Data-assimilation
Essential: Reliable Emission Data
See also www.air4eu.nl
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200715
Anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions over Europein 2000 including shipping
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200716
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200717
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200718
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200719
Some remarks about Waste-to-Energy Installations
Municipal Waste: 1) Avoiding
2) Burning
3) Dumping
Most municipal waste burning installations about upto 10 % of the
capacity of powerstations (amount of waste about 300.000 ton/year)
So, normal emissions like SOx, NOx in the order of 10 % of
powerstations
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200720
In the EU: Municipal Waste Burning Directive, Directive 2000/76/EU
Largest problem with waste burning: HeavyMetals: Cd, Hg, Pb
Dioxines
Key-aspect: Monitoring of the installations by responsible
authorities
Ambient dioxine monitoring for example by content in grass
Major Air Quality Concerns in EuropeAMGI/EURASAP Workshop, Zagreb, May 24-26, 200721
Conclusions and Recommendations
“A private opinion”
PM10 and PM2.5 might well be the largest air quality problem for
Croatia
Dioxines might well be the largest problem concerning municipal
waste burning
It is in general recommended to integrate climate and air quality
policy