Major Belief Systems by 1000 C.E.

PolytheismOrigin: Earliest religions - all cultural regions Doctrine: none as such – but Epic of Gilgamesh, Egyptian Book of the Dead,,Iliad and OdysseyTenets: Many gods; spirits; gods as personification of nature, animismSignificance: first organized system of religion; examples – Sumerian, GreekAztec, Roman, African, Vedic Hinduism; modern – African, S. American

JudaismOrigin: Middle East, Hebrews; monotheismTenets: One God; covenant w/ chosen people; Torah, Ten Commandments; Mosaic Law, and Talmud; earliest written materials circa 900 BCESignificance: monotheism; influence on Christianity and Islam; no widespread hierarchical structure; modern-day Israel as a Jewish state

HinduismOrigin: India, Mix of Indus R. and Aryan religions c 1700 BCE, earliest religious writings (Vedas); changes polytheism to monotheism from 600 BCE – 300 CE – Upanishads, and epic poems - Baghavad Gita and Ramayana; Tenets: Brahman is ultimate reality; rebirth determined by dharma and karma; release of soul (atman) from cycle of reincarnation to become one with Brahman Significance: no founder, tolerant of other religions, few formal beliefs, adaptable, meditation and ritual; creation of caste system – social system determined by birth (priest, warrior, merchant, laborer) – do dharma well, accumulate good karma, move up in caste system

IslamOrigin: Middle East (Arabia); Muhammad is prophet of God (died 622 CE)Tenets: Monotheism (Allah); Jesus and Jewish prophets accepted; Five Pillars – faith, prayer, alms, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca; Qur’an is holy bookSignificance: spilt into Sunni and Shia over political differences; Sharia – legal code; ;no hierarchical structure; Dar-al-Islam – lands of Islam (Arabic, Middle Eastern customs, etc.), not monastic, Sufi mystics as missionaries; Jews and Christians as “Peoples of the Book”

ChristianityOrigin: Middle East, derived from Judaism, New Testament (gospels, letters of apostles), teachings of Jesus (died 30 CE), writings of PaulTenets: Jesus as God – Jewish Messiah, salvation through God’s grace, sins forgiven, Gospels earliest writingsSignificance: at first persecuted, later as state religion of Roman Empire, monastic, missionaries, organized – Roman Catholic and Orthodox Catholic, power of RC papacy rivals that of European kings

ConfucianismOrigin: China, circa 6th century BCE, founder – Confucius, major disciple Mencius (350 BCE) Doctrine: The AnalectsTenets: humanness, social roles (Husband –wife; Parent-child, Brother-brother, friend-friend, Ruler-subject), honoring elders – ancestor worship, family as extension of state, only educated should governSignificance: ethical system of conduct, dominant influence in Chinese gov’t and education for 2000 years, civil service system, public right to overthrow gov’t based on loss of Mandate of Heaven

DaoismOrigin: China, circa 6th century BCE, Lao Tze Doctrine: Tao te ChingTenets: Tao (Dao) = The Way, natural approach, live in accord with one’s nature, passive – don’t try to control things, interaction of yin and yangSignificance: popular with peasants – polytheism, interest in nature – influence on art, seek immortality leads to development of compass and gunpowder.

BuddhismOrigin: India, Founder – Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), comes from Hinduism circa 6th century BCETenets: Four Noble Truths – all of life is suffering, suffering caused by desires, to stop suffering – stop desires, to stop desires follow Eightfold Path; no gods, karma and reincarnation to achieve nirvana – releaseSignificance: monastic tradition, missionaries, spread from India to S.E. Asia (Theravada – strict following of Buddha’s teaching – monastic) and E. Asia; (Mahayana – more open to everyone, less strict); dies out in India

Selected Social Orders: 600 – 1450 CE)Feudal Japan (circa 1000 – 1880)

Social Order:Emperor (figurehead)

Shogun (only later – 1500s and Tokugawa Shogunate 1600 – 1880)

Daimyos: Nobility

Samurai: Warriors and bureaucrats

Peasants: after the Confucian model

Artisans

Merchants: thriving class; large cities like Kyoto, Osaka and later, Edo (modern Tokyo)

Others – monks, priests, actors, geisha, etc.

Notes:

1) Bushido – The Way of the Warrior – code of ethics – loyalty to feudal lord and family (no emphasis on religion); honor; ritual suicide to avoid dishonor; literally a way of life – you must

2) Filial piety

3) Although merchants despised – they held the purse strings of society; money lenders

4) Almost constant civil war until Tokugawa Shogunate united the islands

5) Exclusion edicts of 1600s – no foreigners in Japan, no Christianity, no Japanese can leave Japan; exception for Dutch merchants as middlemen for trade with China

6) No social mobility after 1500

Feudal Western Europe (circa 600 – 1500)

Social Order:

Monarch Pope (Roman Catholic Church)Nobility (Major and Minor) Bishops (also nobles) / AbbotsKnights (warriors – considered minor nobility) PriestsCommoners• Free peasants• Serfs (tied to land)• Slaves (up to 1000 – then not until African slavery in late 1400s)

Notes:

1) Chivalry – code of ethics for warriors – Church first, then feudal lord, then weak and helpless, more a way of you should instead you must – suicide is against RCC – so system of ransoming those who could pay for freedom

2) Little social mobility – best access through RCC or bravery on battlefield3) Think – those who pray – those who fight – those who farm (work)4) No “emperors” except Charlemagne (9th century) and “Holy Roman Emperor” 5) Lay Investiture challenge – bishops are both spiritual and political leaders (hold land)

so kings want to appoint and popes want to appoint – continual struggle6) Notice no “merchant class”. After fall of Roman Empire – cities mostly disappear –

merchants and major artisan guilds do not reappear until after 1100 (Crusades open up trade). Then cities grow – become chartered cities - until increased power of monarchs after 1500; wealthy merchants still considered commoners – but remember the power of the Hanseatic League

Feudalism: a political and economic system based on the granting of land in return for agricultural taxes and military service – in response to aggression (Europe – internal conflict and external threat like Vikings / Japan – internal conflict)

Europe – Manorialism – knight (noble) controlled lands worked by peasants – mostly self sufficient except for iron and salt

Mesoamerica: Maya (600 – 900)Aztec (1450 - 1530)

Social Order:

Kings (Aztec Emperor)Priests and NobilityCommonersSlaves

Notes:

1) No code of ethics for warriors2) No real merchant class – branch

of nobility performed3) Aztec – calpuli – extended family

system – ranging from nobility down to “serfs”

4) Slaves were taken from debtors (who could work their way out) and prisoners of war – who were used as human sacrifices

5) Mayan city-states ruled by kings6) Aztec – tribute based,

decentralized empire

Eastern EuropeanTrade Goods: furs, wood, amber, grain, slaves, wine, perfume, glass, silk (from Byzantine Empire)Trade Routes: River routes from Europe (Danube) and Kievan RussiaSignificance: safe route away from Mediterranean (pirates, Muslims), spread of Orthodox Christianity to Russia, Byzantine influence on Russian art, religion, architecture

Major Trade Routes, Circa 1000 C.E.

Trans-Saharan AfricaTrade Goods: gold, ivory, slaves, and spices from Sub-Sahara; salt, cloth, metal ware from N. Africa and SaharaTrade Routes: caravan routes N-S across SaharaSignificance: rise of W. African empires, spread of Islam

Dar-al-IslamTrade Goods: carpets, linens, ceramics from Abbasid; silk and porcelain from China; rubies, silver, ebony, dyestuffs from India; trinkets and slaves from Byzantine Empire; ivory and slaves from Africa, spices from S.E. AsiaTrade Routes: connected to Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, Trans-SaharanSignificance: Spread of Islam, assimilating and adapting artistic styles, scientific and intellectual achievements, spread of technology from China, Swahili (in connection with E. Africa)

Indian OceanTrade Goods: slaves, ivory, gold, iron from Africa; porcelain, silks from China; pottery from Burma; cloth and pepper from India; spices from S.E. Asia (Spice Islands)Trade Routes: waterborne; followed seasonal – half yearly wind patterns called monsoons; regional – Arabia and India to and from E. Africa; S.E. Asia to IndiaSignificance: source of most major spices; Swahili – mix of Arabic and Bantu languages; Swahili city-states (Mogadishu, Sofala, Kilwa, etc.); spread of Islam to S.E. Asia (Indonesia); spread of foods – sugarcane from China, banana from Indonesia to Africa

Silk RoadsTrade Goods: Silk, porcelain from China, horses from steppe nomadsTrade Routes: overland from China to Mediterranean (Persia / Byzantine Empire)Significance: Spread of Buddhism (from India), Christianity, and Islam to Central Asia and China; technology transfers from China to the westMediterranean Sea

Trade Goods: furs, wood, amber, grain, slaves, wine, perfume, glass, silk (from Byzantine Empire)Trade Routes: along edges and across seaways; Roman Empire roadsSignificance: Greek colony city-states, cleared of pirates for several hundred y ears (Roman Empire), spread of Christianity and cultural elements of Egypt Greece, and Rome, later Islam

Comparing Developments 600 – 1000 CE

Mesoamerica

Who: MayaWhat: Height and decline of their civilizationSignificance: at 600 CE the Maya had dozens of city-states; fighting for farmland and for sacrificial victims for polytheistic religion; in 800s Chichen-Itza attempted to build an empire but failed; civilization decline due to climate changes, fighting over resources, etc.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Who: West Africa – Ghana Empire / East Africa – Swahili City-StatesWhat: development of political units controlling trade Significance: While much of the region remained stateless, empires developed to control the gold-salt trade of west Africa and city-states developed to take advantage of the Indian Ocean trade; exports included slaves, ivory, gold; imports included salt (W. Africa), cotton textiles, East Africa – spices, silks, porcelain; for both regions – the spread of Islam greatly influenced politics and culture.

Middle East

Who: Abbasid dynastyWhat: development and spread of IslamSignificance: The prophet Muhammad will develop Islam as a monotheistic religion; Arabs (Bedouins - Arab nomads) conquer Persia and then the eastern Byzantine empire territories and spread across N. Africa to Spain; Abbasid dynasty will control territory from Egypt, the eastern Med, Persia and across Central Asia to the Silk Roads; flowering of Islamic culture; translation and expansion of Greek science and philosophy; Jews and Christians as people of the Book; control of trade routes and improved commerce tools leads to prosperity; new foods introduced to Mediterranean

Eastern Europe

Who: Byzantine EmpireWhat: only empire to survive the classical eraSignificance: with its capital at Constantinople, the empire controls the Black Sea trade; strong government structure; Justinian’s Law Code; Eastern Orthodox religion; on and off war with Persian empire will weaken it; will lose territory along eastern and northern Mediterranean to Islamic armies;

East Asia

Who: Tang and Song DynastyWhat: new dynasties in China – political and cultural expansionSignificance: The Tang Dynasty (619 – 907) and the Song Dynasty (970 – 1279) will reunify China; cultural developments include gunpowder, printing press, compass, paper money; Grand Canal links south and north; two crop rice from Vietnam and improved agriculture – population explosion; vast urbanization; new types of pottery (porcelain); Tang Dynasty stops spread of Buddhism although it remain s popular; Neo-Confucianism; improvements in civil service exams and strengthening of Confucian bureaucracy.

Western Europe

Who: remains of Roman EmpireWhat: western empire collapsed because of Germanic invasions leaving the Roman Catholic Church as the only institution with political / cultural controlSignificance: Roman Catholic Church works to convert German tribes to Catholicism and away from paganism and Arianism.; alliance with Franks leads to development of Carolingian empire and strengthening of Church; monasteries; Viking raids and settlement;; development of feudalism and manorialism

Afro-Eurasian Empires 600 - 1450Tang China (618 – 907)• Overthrew the Sui Dynasty• Capitol – Chang’an• Land distribution – equal field system• Expanded borders to Silk Roads in west, south to

Vietnam, east to Korea• 50 million to 80 million in population• Quick-ripening (two crop) rice from Vietnam• Notable achievements:

• Woodblock printing• Porcelain• Gunpowder• Cosmopolitan capitol (spread of Chinese

culture to Korea, Japan, Vietnam – esp. meritocracy, Chinese characters, and imperial court

• Spread of Buddhism until end of 9th century – then suppression by gov’t in favor of Confucianism

Song China (Northern Song 960 - 1127)• Succeeded the Tang Dynasty after a brief period of

decentralized rule• Capital - Bianjing

• Emphasized use of Confucian bureaucracy to include supervision over military

• Development of Neo-Confucianism• Notable achievements:

• Movable type printing• Compass• Expansion of commerce• Use of gunpowder in battles

• Southern Song (1127 – 1279)• Pushed out of Northern China (Yellow R.)

by Jurchen (pastoral steppe peoples) in 1127.

• Capital – Hangzhou• Population expansion to over 100 million

• More reliance on lower level scholar gentry

Yuan China (Mongols) (1279 – 1368)• Mongols invade and overthrow the Song Dynasty

• Kublai Khan (Genghis Khan’s grandson)• Used Chinese advisors – but top gov’t positions

went to Mongols who tended to use outsiders, not Confucian scholars

• Social system:• Mongols• Other Central Asians• North Chinese• Southern Chinese (Han)

• No intermarriage with Han Chinese• Focus on Silk Roads trade• Overthrown in 1368 by Ming Dynasty

Byzantine Empire (476 – 1453)• Capitol – Constantinople (on peninsula, heavily

protected by wall and control of Bosporus straits)• Greek becomes de facto language• At crossroads of Black Sea – Mediterranean Sea

trade and end of Silk Roads trade• Diplomacy and successful war against German

tribes and Huns• Ruled Eastern Europe and “breadbasket” of

Anatolian peninsula and farmlands in the Levant and Egypt

• Orthodox Christianity • Emperor head of church• No “pope” – patriarchs (bishops) of

major cities• More emphasis on spirituality than

works• Priests – married, but not bishops• Use of icons• Monasteries • Russians will adopt Orthodox

Christianity• Tripod of bureaucracy (hereditary), patriarchs,

and military leaders – lead to stable gov’t• Elected new emperor when succession in doubt• Persecuted non-Orthodox Christians (Nestorians,

Syriac, Coptic), and Jews• Used “Greek Fire” in combat, notably on naval

vessels• Justinian’s Code – recodification of Roman Law• Begins to lose ground with rise of Islam – lose

Mediterranean and North Africa to Umayyad forces

• Crusades by Western European forces - 4th Crusade in 1206 sacked and captured Constantinople – not retaken until 1260)

• Ottoman Turks eventually take over Anatolia and then Eastern European holdings of empire – finally, using canons, defeat Constantinople and remnants of the empire in 1453.

Ghana ( circa 8th century to 1230)• Controlled gold –salt trade of Trans-Saharan Trade Route• Introduction of camel increased trade• Originally polytheistic – apparent conversion to Islam by 12 th

century – although a mix of Islamic and indigenous African customs prevailed

• Incorporated into the expanding Mali Empire in 13th century

Mali ( 1230 – c.1600) • First ruler – Sundiata; epic poem Sundiata about his taking power• Not only control of gold-salt trade but of gold mines as well, much

larger empire than Ghana• Succession not generally father to son – adoption of general’s

sons and nephews• Rulers and upperclass mostly Muslim• Mansa Musa I – went on Hajj in 1324 (spent so much gold it

devalued the price of gold in Egypt)• Timbuktu (regional capitol) becomes important center of Islamic

scholarship• Slave trade becomes important• Defeated by Moroccan armies in late 1500s and internal feuds by

1600)

Abbasid Dynasty (750 – 1258)• Founded by uncle of Muhammad• Murdered ruling Umayyad family• Moved capital from Damascus to Baghdad• Greater use of malawi (non-Arab Muslims) than Umayyad who discriminated against them• Lost Spain to Umayyad prince; most of Northern Africa to Berber tribes; Egypt to Mamluks in 10 th century• Flowering of Muslim science, philosophy, medicine, math, etc. (“House of Wisdom” in Baghdad)

• Ibn Sina – medical treatise; Al-Khwaizmi – algebra; optics, distillation of alcohol; paper and gunpowder (from China)• The Book of a Thousand and One Nights (epic tales – like Aladdin, Sinbad)

• In 11th century, Abbasid caliphs remained influential spiritual leaders, but real rule was taken over by the Seljuk Turks• Dynasty ends when Baghdad sacked by Mongols in 1258 who establish rule as the IL khanate

Major Cities of the World to 1500

Tenochtitlan (Aztec)

Founded: (c) 1450Economic: huge market place, chinampas (floating gardens)

Political: capital of Aztec Empire (decentralized, tribute based)

Significance: built after Aztec migrated to Lake Texcoco; over 300,000 people, temples to gods (ritual human sacrifices); conquered by Spanish in 1520

Cuzco (Inca)

Founded: (c) 12th centuryEconomic: not a large marketplace – little commerce in empire; storehouse for collected tribute goods (cloth, foodstuffs, etc. – often redistributed to villages in need)

Political: capital of Inca Empire (centralized, ruled through governors, tribute based)

Significance: Temple of the Sun; center of state religion; thousands of workers from villages (mita tax); connected to empire through vast road/bridge network

Timbuktu (Mali; Songhai)

Founded: (c) 11th centuryEconomic: Trans-Saharan trade route – exchanging gold, ivory, and slaves for salt and other goods from north;

Political: Administrative city for Mali, Songhai empires

Significance: major cultural/commercial center of Mali and Songhai; center of Islamic learning; University of Sankore; libraries

Venice (Italy)

Founded: (c) 9th century CE as Republic of St. MarkEconomic: trade with Byzantium, then with Islamic empires, controlled Silk Roads / Spice trade into Europe

Political: independent city-state; oligarchy of merchant families; Roman Catholic; women as assistants and helpmates; often had treaties with Islamic empires for trade and to avoid sacking

Significance: built on marshy lands; canals; benefitted greatly from Crusades (financed effort to take over Constantinople in 4th Crusade); produces fine glassware

Samarkand / Samarqand

Founded: (c) 3000 BCEEconomic: major city on Silk Roads; silk and other goods from China, grapes, cotton, and other food goods from other trading partners

Political: part of various Islamic empires; Abbasid regional capital in 800s; major Mongol city; Tamerlane’s capital in 14th and 15th centuries; declined with loss of trade and political power

Significance: important trade stop along Silk Roads; trading of technology and religions

Guangzhou (later Canton)

Founded: (c) 3rd century CEEconomic: Trade w/ western empires through Arab and Persian intermediaries; silk, spices, tea; trade with Islamic and Hindu merchants by 1000 CE, 1500s – first Chinese seaport to trade directly with Europeans; restricted by Qing as only port for Europeans until Opium Wars in 1848

Political: part of most of Chinese dynasties

Significance: huge population (up to 1 million), single port of entry for Europeans until 1848

Kilwa

Founded: (c) 100 BCE?Economic: important Swahili City-State; Indian Ocean trade system; ivory, animal skins, tortoise shell, slaves, goldPolitical: the largest of dozens of Swahili City-States on the East African coast,Significance: furthest south merchants from Arabia could travel in monsoon season; connection to gold further south in Sofala which was connected to interior (Zimbabwe); sacked by Portuguese in early 1500s.

Comparing the Decolonization Process

Belgian Congo / Democratic Republic of CongoFormer Colony of Belgium

Process to independence:• removed as personal fiefdom of King Leopold II of Belgium in 1908 because of brutality• Belgium colony – reforms instituted including education• Rebellions in late 1950s• Belgians bow to world opinion & violence• Independence in 1960

KenyaFormer Colony of Great Britain

Process to independence:• Mau Mau, secret organization, bloody campaign against British rule• British military response is brutal repression• British bow to pressure• Independence in 1960

Gold Coast / GhanaFormer Colony of Britain

Process to independence:• Strikes, protests by nationalists in 50s• Gradual independence – constitution but British control foreign policy, defense, economy, law• demands for complete freedom • Independence in 1957

French Indochina / VietnamFormer Colony of France

Process to independence:• Occupied by Japanese in WW II• Declaration of independence in 1945• Reoccupation by French• French-IndoChinese War• Partitioned by Geneva Conference into Communist North and non-Communist South•Overthrow of president in 1963, Vietcong (communists) insurgency throughout 60s, Vietnam War with U.S. support of South 1959 – 1975• Communist Vietnam declared in 1976

MoroccoFormer protectorate of France and Spain

Process to independence:• Divided and under protectorate status in 1912• Rebel fighting throughout 1920s and 30s• Heavy fighting in WW II• Open warfare on French from 1947 onward• French withdraw in 1955• Independence in 1956•Spanish area returned in 1969

Burma / MyanmarFormer Colony of Britain

Process to independence:• province of British India• rebellions in 1930s• crown colony in 1938• sided with British in WW II• Independence in 1948

IndiaFormer Colony of Britain

Process to independence:• Sepoy Mutiny – 1857, made crown colony• Indian National Congress / Muslim League provide input to governing – 1880s• Aided British in WW I – promised independence – didn’t happen• 1935 India Act allowed for local rule by Indians• Gandhi's non-violent resistance (boycotting British goods, taxes, etc.)• Aid British in WW II• Independence in 1949• Partition into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India

• Cross border migrations and millions of deaths

Comparing Migrations (19th & early 20th centuries)

IrishFrom: IrelandTo: North America (United States mostly)Push: lack of farmland to own (farmland was owned by British – farmed w/ cheap labor by Irish), Famine (potato diseasePull: Economic opportunities, political freedom, farmlandSignificance: much of labor for early canals (Erie Canal, etc.) and railroads in East came from Ireland. Over 1,000,000 immigrants between 1854 and 1864, many in North fought in Civil War, political power in major cities (New York, Boston) ; Roman Catholic

ItaliansFrom: Italy and SicilyTo: South America (Brazil, Argentina)Push: lack of economic opportunities, droughtPull: Economic opportunities – at first mostly on plantations, then urbanSignificance: after abolition of slavery, plantations needed cheap labor, used “salesmen” to convince Italian men to migrate to Brazil and Argentina to work on plantations, many stayed; golondrinas (swallows) migrated between S. America and Europe to take advantage of opposite growing seasons; up to 4 million migrated in 1880s and 1890s; contributed to cosmopolitanism of cities like Buenos Aries

To: Canada, Hawaii America, Peru, Brazil

AsiansFrom: China and JapanTo: North America and South AmericaPush: poor economic conditions, gov’t agreementsPull: Economic opportunities – laborers on railroads, plantations, gold rush (California), miningSignificance: A million or more Chinese and several hundred thousand Japanese migrated in the mid to late 19th century; provided indentured labor on plantations, and in mining; railroad labor in U.S. and Canada; in U.S. and Canada – Chinatowns with their own urban economic opportunities; sparked a backlash in both countries – in 1880s limited Asian immigration; more than half population of Hawaii is Asian or Asian descent by early 1900s.Rural Japanese arranged to go to Brazil as indentured laborers – many stayed - important sub-culture in Brazil.

EuropeansFrom: Ireland, Scotland, Germany, Scandinavia / later from Southern Europe, Russia, Poles, Slavs, JewsTo: North AmericaPush: increasing rents and indebtednessPull: FarmlandSignificance: almost 3 million immigrants, mostly to the United States – Midwest; most sought farmland; others stayed in Eastern cities to become part of new industrial workforce; labor was a major part of U.S. industrialization efforts.

Other significant migrations in this timeframe:

• English and Scottish forced migration to Australia – criminals, debtors, etc.; created “Australia” as we know it; farmland, sheep, etc.• Indian and Sri Lankan (Ceylonese) indentured servants to the Caribbean and to Madagascar to work on sugar plantations; created separate enclaves of their traditional societies• Urbanization – rural to urban as countries industrialized

Comparing Revolutions (17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries)

American Revolution (1775 – 1781)What: N. American colonial revolt against mother country – Great Britain (England)Causes: • “taxation w/out representation” to pay for British efforts in 7 Years War• abuses of personal liberties – quartering troops in homes, denying self government, etc.• war – colonies united to overthrow British rule were aided by the French (navy, arms, ammunition, training, troops)• eventual British defeat at Yorktown, VA in 1781Results:• United States of America• enlightenment ideals evident in Declaration of Independence (1776) and eventual Constitution (1792) - personal liberties, separation of church and state, three branches of gov’t, etc.• still acknowledged slavery (3/5ths Compromise)• Federal gov’t has sovereignty over states• No immediate gains for women

Haitian Revolution (1791 – 1804)• French slave colony in Caribbean• Social system:

• Whites (blancs)• Free blacks (gens de colouer libres) –

many of whom served as soldiers for French in American Revolution

• African slaves – thousands are “maroons” or escaped slaves

• Slave rebellion in 1791 • French Revolution – National Convention grants

equality to free blacks – whites on Haiti do not recognize this – so free blacks and slaves revolt

• Toussaint le Overture is leader but is captured by French and dies in prison

• Rebellion put down by Napoleon – but flairs back up - whites are massacred if they don’t flee (mostly to U.S.)

• Establish a republic – abolish slavery – demolish sugarcane plantations

• French banks provide loans for rebuilding – but Haiti never wealthy enough to pay back – continual cycle of debt and poverty

• Only successful slave rebellion in history

French Revolution (1792 – 1820)• Review Three Estates – feudalistic social inequality• Each Estate has one vote in Estates General but 1st and 2nd always

vote together so 3rd Estate has no political voice• French gov’t bankrupt by helping American Revolution• Louis XVI calls Estates General to raise taxes (from nobles who pay

no taxes) – refuses to change voting system• 3rd Estate calls for National Convention to create a new constitution –

Constitutional Monarchy• Sans-culottes intercept king’s troops coming to break up -

storm the Bastille prison to get guns• New Constitution – constitutional monarchy; abolishes feudalism,

places Roman Catholic Church (RCC) under state governance• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen – social contract

with both rights and responsibilities of citizen• Declaration of Rights of Man and Woman – Olympe de Gouges –

adds women as equals of men• Louis XVI tries to flee France with family – captured and brought back

to Paris• Radicals (Jacobins) take control of gov’t – new constitution – strict

Republic - no king; Louis and his wife are executed• War with Austria and Prussia to restore monarchy• Year of The Terror – Committee for Public Safety - ensure revolution

is upheld – executes over 40,000 (mostly 3rd Estate) – finally leader, Robespierre is arrested and executed

• New government – Republic led by Conservative 5 man Directory – very corrupt – and two house legislature

• Napoleon – French general successfully defends the revolution• Eventually takes over gov’t in a coup de’tat – by 1804 is “elected”

Emperor.• Conquers or subjugates most of Europe – not England - places family

members on thrones of various nations.• Nationalistic rebellions against his rule.• Major mistake – invades Russia – Russian winter kills over 90% of

his force – forced to withdraw – defeated by Alliance in 1812 – exiled but comes back for “Hundred Days” and is defeated again at Waterloo by English and Prussian forces

• Although Congress of Vienna puts Louis’ grandson on throne of France – there is a rebellion and they reestablish a Republic

• Women gain almost nothing from this although they are active in all phases.

• Napoleonic Code of Laws becomes basis for most European law codes

• Napoleon strapped for cash sells Louisiana Purchase to U.S.

Latin American Revolutions (1820 – 1830)• Spanish colonies ruled by Spanish appointed

administrators• Social system has Peninsulares (Spanish

born) on top with creoles (American born Spanish) underneath then, in order, Mestizos, Mulattos, Natives, African Slaves

• Creoles not happy about not being to self-rule and with Spanish mercantilism they believe holds them back economically

• Revolutions in Venezuela led by Simon Bolivar, in Argentina by San Martin – this is war against the Spanish

• Eventually rebels win – • Only change socially is that creoles are now

on top – everyone else discriminated against• Economically not much changes – still

agriculturally based societies – plantation agriculture – slavery until the 1860s – 1880s)

• Although Bolivar sought to establish a Gran Columbia – it never really happens and it breaks up into 4 states

• Most are ruled by caudillos – military strongmen by 1860s

Enlightenment Ideals used to justify each Revolution:• Social contract – people contract with gov’t to protect life, liberty, property - can replace gov’t that fails to do so • Liberties vary by region – America and Latin Americans keep slavery til later In the century• United States most fully embraces Enlightenment ideals – three branches, bill of rights, federalism• Women gain little out of the revolutions with regards to political and economic opportunity

Cold War (1945 – 1991)

General: The defeat of the fascist governments (Germany, Italy, and Japan) during World War Two left two opposing ideologies facing off against each other in the form of the two major nations to emerge victorious from the war:

United States: Liberal democracy, free market capitalism Soviet Union: Totalitarian , communist

Stalin (Soviet Union) created a buffer zone of eastern European nations (to include the eastern half of Germany) and forced communist governments on them. Through force the Soviet Union crushed any attempt to either build democracies (Poland, Hungary, Czech) or to work with the U.S. and its allies. There were no personal rights or liberties. Communist economic policies failed . The Soviet Union itself was a multi-ethnic empire that stretched from eastern Europe to the Pacific and down into Central Asia. The Soviet Union quickly developed atomic and then nuclear weapons leading to a nuclear arms race with the United States (leading to Mutually Assured Destruction - MAD; space race). Both the US and the USSR used third world nations as proxies to avoid direct conflict (the Koreas, Vietnam, African nations like Egypt, Saddam Hussein in Iraq, Shah in Iran). Both use the United Nations as a platform to achieve their ends. Although both sides signed treaties after the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 that began to ease tensions, the Cold War was still alive and well into the Reagan / Gorbachev era of the early 1980s. It was Gorbachev’s denial of economic or military aid to the communist governments of the Warsaw Pact that led to eastern European countries holding either holding elections to bring in democratic reforms (Poland), or through “Velvet Revolutions” oust the communist regimes, or in one case (Romania) through violent revolution.

Significant Events:

• 1945: Yalta and Potsdam Conferences – US and Soviet decision to divide up administration of Germany• 1946: Truman Doctrine – aid to Greece and Turkey against Communists• 1948: Marshall Plan – financial aid to Europe - Soviets would not let Eastern Europe participate• 1949: Communist’s win in China• 1949: NATO formed• 1949: Berlin Blockade and subsequent airlift• Korean War (1950 – 1954) • 1955: Bandung Conference in Indonesia – third world nations meet to discuss non-aligning with either US or USSR• 1955: Warsaw Pact formed• 1961 – Berlin Wall• 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis• 1968 – Prague Spring – Czechoslovakia’s democratic movement put down by USSR• 1959 – 1974: Vietnam War (Domino Theory)• 1971: Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT I) signed• 1972: Nixon visits People’s Republic of China• 1980: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan • 1986 – 1990: Gorbachev – Perestroika (free market initiatives) and Glasnost (openness); also ends Soviet economic aid to satellites• 1989: Poland , Hungary becomes independent• 1989: Berlin Wall taken down• 1990: Other nations break away from Warsaw Pact• 1990: Germany reunited• 1991: Breakup of the Soviet Union – End of Cold War

First World Nations: United States and its alliesSecond World Nations: Soviet Union and its allies (satellite states)Third World Nations: Nations not officially aligned with either the US or the USSR

Non-Aligned Nations:

• Movement started in 1951 at Bandung Conference• Initial and major players included: Indonesia, India, Egypt, Ghana, and Yugoslavia• In 1970s up to 121 nations• Idea was to not align with either U.S. or USSR; combat economic imperialism• Never really became a strong movement - mostly from lack of cohesive leadership• India – accepted economic aid from USSR and later the US• Egypt - accepted economic and military aid from USSR, then became a US ally in 1970s• People’s Republic of China – ostensibly aligned with Communist Soviet Union, but increasingly went down different paths – in 1972, Nixon visits the PRC and normalizes relations• South Africa – white minority fears over spread of communism led them to interfere in neighboring country elections (Zimbabwe) led to hard line Apartheid policies which will lead to economic sanctions against them in the 1980s. Apartheid will end in the 1990s.

Warsaw Pact Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)