MAJOR FOREST COMMUNITY TYPES

OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT:

AFIELD GUIDE

BY

STEVEN M. JONES, DAVID H. VAN LEAR,

AND S. KNIGHT COX~/

JULY 1981

l1Research Forester, Professor, and ForestryAide I, Department of Forestry, ClemsonUniversity, Clemson, S. C. 29631

This research was conducted under U. S. Depart­ment of Energy Contract No. DE-AS09-77SROI026

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Table of Contents

INTRODUCTI ON. ..~1ETHODS .CLASSIFICATION CONCEPTSSUCCESSIONAL PATTERNSUSE OF THE GUIDE ..KEY TO THE MAJOR FOREST

CDr1MUNITIES OF THESAVANNAH RIVER PLANT .

COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONSLoblolly pine-sweet gum-broom sedgeLoblolly pine-black cherry-

Japanese honeysuckle . .Loblolly pine-sweet gum-red bayLoblolly pine-swamp gum-naked

withe-rod . .Slash pine-black gum . .. .Slash pine-sassafras-dollarleaf .Slash pine-black cherry-water oakLongleaf pine-turkey oak-wire grassLongleaf pine-turkey oak-

bracken fern .Longleaf pine-moneywort .Longleaf pine-sassafras .Longleaf pine-black gum-sand hickoryTurkey oak-dwarf huckleberryBlackjack oak-deerberry-broom sedgeWhite oak-dogwood-pipsissewaSweet gum-red maple-red bay .. .Yellow-poplar-swamp gum-dog hobbleLaurel oak-water oakBald cypress-water gum-mixed

hardwood .. ..Bald cypress-water gum ..

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Table of Contents (continued)

APPENDICESI. Synthesis tables of character

and constant species ....

II. Common and scientific names ofspecies listed in the synthesistables and communitydescriptions. . . . . . . . . 74

III. Drawings of herbaceous, shrub,and small tree species usedin the key to communi ti es 79

INTRODUCTION

The Savannah River Plant (SRP) is a

roughly circular section of federal land

covering 192,323 acres (176,000 acres

forested) in Aiken, Barnwell, and Allendale

Counties, South Carolina. Located north-

east of the Savannah River in the Upper

Coastal Plain, the SRP is divided into

two physiographic subregions: (1) the

Pleistocene Coastal Terrace, and (2) the

Aiken Plateau (Cooke 1936).1I Vegetative

site types range from swamps and marshes

to deep sandy ridges.

Five major stream drainages (Upper

Three Runs, Four Mile Creek, Pen Branch,

Steel Creek, and Lower Three Runs) flow

southward across the SRP toward the Savannah

lICooke, C. W. 1936. Geology of the CoastalPlain of South Carolina. Geologic SurveyBull. No. 867, U. S. Dept. of Interior.196 pp.

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River. The Savannah River floodplain includes

7.459 acres in the southwestern portion of

the plant. Frequency and duration of flooding.

water table depth. and physical condition of

bottomland soils are major determinants of

composition and productivity of Jowland

community types. Species inhabiting upland

community types are greatly influenced by

depth to a fine textured subsoil. which may

be 80 inches or more below the surface on

upland ridges. and its effects on available

soil moisture and fertility.

Present vegetation on most of the SRP

reflects past disturbance or manipulation

by man. When the area was purchased in 1950

by the U. S. Government. approximately

40 percent of the land was in old fields.

and the remainder was forested. The 1950

Atomic Energy Commission's announcement of

acquisition of the SRP stimulated accel­

erated cutting of the more readily accessible

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forests, although frequent flooding and poorly

drained soils prevented the Savannah River

Swamp from being cut as extensively as the

uplands. In 1952, the SRP was closed to the

public and the U.S.D.A. Forest Service

initiated a timber management plan directed

toward watershed stabilization. Over 1 million

pine seedlings were planted in the first few

years on 75 thousand acres of land that had

been mainly old fields.

The purpose of this guide is to describe

associations of plant species, both overstory

and understory, recognized as major forest

communities of the SRP. These forest

communities dominate the SRP acreage and

occur on the major site types. The study

objective did not include description of

variations of the major forest communities,

nor were minor forest conmunities of restricted

acreage or unique sites, such as Carolina

bays, sampled.

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METHODS

A total of 115 forest stands were sampled

during the growing seasons of 1978 and 1979.

Forest stands were selected to represent the

major site and vegetative conditions found

on the SRP site. Communities sampled were

selected subjectively but without precon­

ceived bias.

Within each sample stand, nested circular

plots were established. Within the plot

boundary, the forest stand was required to

be of homogeneous age, species composition,

and stocking; while the site was required to

be of uniform topographic position, slope,

exposure, and aspect.

Diameter and species of all trees larger

than 4.5 inches diameter at breast height

{4.5 ftl were recorded on each 0.1 acre

circular plot. Species and diameter of

saplings and shrubs less than 4.5 inches

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diameter at breast height and greater than

4.5 feet tall were recorded on a 0.025 acre

nested circular plot. Seedlings and shrubs

less than 4.5 feet tall were sampled by

species and size class on the inner 0.01

acre circular plot. Herbaceous species

were identified within each of 12 system­

atically located meter-square quadrats

within the 0.1 acre plot. For each sample

stand, soil-site conditions were qualita­

tively described, a photograph taken, and

the plot location identified on a SRP

topographic map. Scientific and common

names of plant species follow Radford,

Ahles, and Bell.1f

Data were summarized by species for

each sample stand. Relative density,

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1fRadford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell.1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the ..Carolinas. Univ. of N. C. Press. ChapelHill, N. C. 1183 pp. ...

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relative basal area, and importance value

(relative density + relative basal area/2

x 100) were calculated for all trees,

saplings, and tall shrubs. Importance values

for seedling and low shrub species were

based on relative density and for herbaceous

species on relative frequency.

Sample stands were classified into 20

community types by ordination and cluster

analysis techniques. Construction of

synthesis tables aided in identifying

character species diagnostic of a community

type.

CLASSIFICATION CONCEPTS

Certain species of plants are common

associates due to similar ecological require­

ments and mutual compatibility. These groups

of plants form communities. Plant species

within the community interact among themselves

and with associated animals and microorganisms

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to form an ecosystem in conjunction with their

common habitat.

Although plants within a community share

a common habitat, individual species can and

do live outside the community. In fact, each

species exhibits a unique distribution along

an environmental gradient. Thus, a classifi­

cation scheme cannot be devised whereby all

species within a community fit into a pattern

with rigidly described boundaries and charac­

teristics. The exact composition and structure

of a generalized plant community cannot be

defined. However, plants with similar eco­

logical requirements may create favorable

environmental conditions for each other and

as a result are associates. Therefore, a

community can be conceptualized as a loosely

grouped assemblage of plant species growing

together because of similar environmental

requirements and compatibility.

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SUCCESSIONAL PATTERNS

The 20 forest communities are represented

by 8 hardwood types and 12 types with a pine­

dominated overstory. Each hardwood type is

related to specific site conditions, while the

pine types represent successional phases of the

hardwood types.

The hardwood forest community types occur

along an environmental gradient ranging from

xeric deep sand sites supporting turkey oak

and dwarf huckleberry to wet swamps of bald

cypress and water gum (Fig. 1). As a result

of past management practices, certain hard­

wood types may be preceded by more than one

pine type. For example, longleaf pine-turkey

oak-wire grass and longleaf pine-turkey oak­

bracken fern types are successional to the

turkey oak-dwarf huckleberry community type

of xeric, deep sands (Fig. 2).

Because the upland, sUb-xeric, sandy

soils have been intensively converted to

longleaf pine, it was not possible to

YELLOW-POPLAR­SWAMP GUM-DOG HOBBLE

HYDRIC

SWEET GUM­RED MAPLE­RED BAY

WHITE OAK­DOGWOOD­PIPSISSEWA

MESIC

BLACKJACK OAK­DEERBERRY­BROOM SEDGE

TURKEY OAK­BLUEJACK OAK- DWARF HUCKLEBERRYSAND HICKORYTENTATIVE(REFER 19 PAGES8 AND 1)

XERIC,

<D,

12)

((

WHITE OAK­POST OAK

TENTATIVE(REFER TO PAGERIVER PLANT.,I

LAUREL OAK­WATER OAK

SITE CONDITIONS AT THE SAVANNAH

IJ

BALD CYPRESS­WATER GUM-MIXED HARDWOOD

HARDWOOD TYPES IN RELATION TO

BALD CYPRESS­WATER GUM

,FIGURE 1.

t

I 1 I 1 . I I

+ TURKEY OAK-DWARF HUCKLEBERRY

SUCCESSIONAL PATTERNS ON UPLAND SITES

LOBLOLLY PINE-BLACK CHERRY-JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE + BLACKJACK OAK-DEERBERRY-BROOM SEDGEALL SLASH PINE TYPES

LONGLEAF PINE-TURKEY OAK-WIRE GRASSLONGLEAF PINE-TURKEY OAK-BRACKEN FERN

+ BLUEJACK OAK-SAND HICKORY-TENTATIVE

LOBLOLLY PINE-SWEET GUM-BROOM SEDGE + WHITE OAK-POST OAK-TENTATIVESUCCESSIONAL PATTERNS ON BOTTOMLAND SITES

LOBLOLLY PINE-SWEET GUM-RED BAY + SWEET GUM-RED MAPLE-RED BAY

LONGLEAF PINE-MONEYWORTLONGLEAF PINE-SASSAFRASLONGLEAF PINE-BLACK GUM-SAND HICKORY

MIXED SHORTLEAF OR LOBLOLLY PINE-HARDWOOD + WHITE OAK-DOGWOOD-PIPSISSEWA I"-'oI

LOBLOLLY PINE-SWAMP GUM-NAKED WITHE-ROD

MIXED LOBLOLLY PINE-HARDWOOD

BALD CYPRESS-WATER GUM-MIXED HARDWOOD

+ YELLOW-POPLAR-SWAMP GUM-DOG HOBBLE

+ LAUREL OAK-WATER OAK

+ BALD CYPRESS-WATER GUM

Figure 2. Community succession at the Savannah River Plant.

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determine the hardwood type associated with

this site condition. However, observations

in older longleaf pine stands indicate that

such a hardwood community type would contain

bluejack oak and sand hickory in the over­

story. On upland, high ridge flats and slight

slopes, the loblolly pine-black cherry­

Japanese honeysuckle community type and all

slash pine community types are plantations

which are eventually replaced by the bluejack

oak-deerberry-broom sedge community type.

On moderate to steep slopes, the topography

precluded conversion to agriculture or pine

and these areas are dominated by the white

oak-dogwood-pipsissewa type. However, as a

result of logging activities, some stands

contain varying mixtures of shortleaf or

loblolly pine (Fig. 2).

In the low-lying areas of the Savannah

River Plant, the frequency and duration of

flooding has been a major determinant of

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land use and vegetation patterns. On low

flats not subject to flooding, agricultural

activity was extensive. Most of these sites

were planted to loblolly pine when the SRP

was established. As a result, it was not

possible to determine with absolute certainty

the hardwood type associated with these site

conditions. However, field observations of

small remnant stands indicate a probable

white oak-post oak overstory in the hardwood

community that succeeds loblolly pine planta­

tions on this site type.

On well-drained stream terraces subject

to occasional flooding, the loblolly pine­

sweet gum-red bay community type is succes­

sional to the sweet gum-red maple-red bay

type. Where drainage is poorer, such as on

wet, mucky floodplains and upper stream

drainages, the loblolly pine-swamp gum­

naked withe-rod community is successional

to the yellow poplar-swamp gum-dog hobble

community.

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The water oak-laurel oak type on flood­

plains and wet flats subject to prolonged

flooding contain a mixture of species due to

widespread disturbance. No successional pine

type was identified on this site. However,

heavily disturbed stands may contain some

loblolly pine, as well as a higher proportion

of successional hardwoods like red maple and

green ash.

Floodplains which are flooded most of

the year are occuppied by the bald cypress­

water gum community. On slightly drier sites,

or areas where disturbance has occurred,

laurel oak, red maple, sweet gum, or American

elm may be present (Fig. 2).

USE OF THE GUIDE

The identification of a stand starts

with the key to communiti es. The key is

dichotomous; that is, it has two choices at

each step until it dead ends at a community

type name. Common names are used throughout

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with the scientific name given the first

time a species is encountered. The key is

workable with a taxonomic knowledge of 27

trees, 7 shrubs, and 16 herbaceous species.

The herbaceous, shrub, and small tree species

used in the key are illustrated in Appendix

III. Drawings were prepared by Gerald

Wallace, former student, Clemson University .

A stand can be classified correctly,

even though one of the species constituting

the community type name may be absent.

This is done by considering the entire

floristic composition, stand conditions,

and soil and site conditions given in the

community descriptions. Community types

are described on the basis of characteristic

and associated species in overs tory, under­

story, and herbaceous strata. If available,

past history of typical communities is

included, as well as general stocking levels

of the overstory. Common names are used

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throughout the descri pti ons wi th the sci enti fi c

names given in Appendix II. A photograph of

each type is included with the description

to aid in identification. Photographs of

the types were taken by Davi d Lewi s of the

Clemson University Communications Center.

Synthesis tables constructed to determine

constant and character species are included

in Appendix I. The tables were edited to

include selected constant species and

character speci es for each community type.

Constancy and importance value are given for

each species. For a given community type,

species constancy is defined as:

(Number of sample stand occurrences) X 100.(Total number of sample stands)

Species with a high constancy in a single

community type were recognized as character

species, while species with a high constancy

in several community types were recognized

as constant species.

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Communities are arranged by overs tory

species and site type as follows:

1. Loblolly pine community types

A. Upland sites1. Loblolly pine - sweet gum ­

broom sedge2. Loblolly pine - black cherry ­

Japanese honeysuckle

B. Stream terrace sites

l. Loblolly pine - sweet gum -

red bay

2. Loblolly pine - swamp gum -

naked withe-rod

11. Sl ash pine community types

A. Upland sites1. Slash pine - black gum

2. Slash pine - sassafras ­dollarleaf

3. Slash pine - black cherry ­

water oak

II 1. Longl eaf pi ne community typesA. Upland, deep sand sites

1. Longleaf pine - turkey oak ­wi re grass

2. Longleaf pine - turkey oak ­

bracken fern

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1. Longleaf pine - moneywort2. Longleaf pine - sassafras3. Longleaf pine - black gum

sand hickory

IV. Hardwood community typesA. Upland sites

1. Turkey oak - dwarf huckleberry2. Blackjack oak - deerberry ­

broom sedge3. White oak - dogwood - pipsissewa

B. Stream terrace and floodplain sites1. Sweet gum - red maple - red bay2. Yellow-poplar - swamp gum ­

dog hobble3. Laurel oak - water oak

c. Swamp sites1. Bald cypress - water gum ­

mixed hardwood2. Bald cypress - water gum

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KEY TO THE MAJOR FOREST COMMUNITIESOF THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT

A 50% or more of the standovers tory composed ofpine species.

B 50% or more of the standovers tory composed ofhardwood species.

KEY I

KEY II

Key 1. Key to the Pine Communities

1a Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) 2- the major canopy dominant.

1b Slash pine (Pinus eUiottii) 5or longleaf pine (Pinuspalustris) the major canopydominant.- 2a Stream terrace site. Red 3maple (Acer rubrum), red bay(Persea borbonia) , sweet bay- (Magnolia virginiana) and/orhighbush blueberry (Vaccini,@corymboswn) usually present.

2b Upland site. Broom sedge 4(Andropogon virginicus),dog fennel (&Jpatoriumcompositifolium) and/orpersimmon (Viospyrosvirginiana) usually present.

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3a Partridge berry (Mitchella Loblolly pi ne-repens), naked withe-rod swamp gum- -(Vibu-rnum nudum), naked withe-rodyellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera, tree-size -class), and/or swamp gum(Nyssa sylvatica var.bifloPa) usually present.Soil a poorly drained -wet muck.

3b Sweet gum (Liquidambar Loblolly pine- -styraciflua) may be sweet gum-present in the tree and/ red bayor sapling-size classes.Species listed in 3a absent. -Soil well drained.

4a Blackberry (Rubus argutus) , Loblolly pine-black cherry (Frunus black cherry-serotina, seedling-size Japaneseclass), and/or Japanese honeys ucklehoneysuckle (Lonicera -japonica) usually present.Broom sedge usually scarce. -4b Species listed in 4a Loblolly pine-absent or infrequent, sweet gum-sweet gum (Liquidambar broom sedge -styraciflua) may be present.Broom sedge usually abundant.

5a 51 ash pi ne the major canopy 6 -dominant.

5b Longleaf pine the major 8canopy dominant.

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~. (continued)

6a Black gum (Nyssa sylvatica) , 7sassafras (Sassafras albidum) ,and/or dog fennel (Eupatoriumcompositifolium) usuallypresent. Stand density andbasal area moderate to low(Usually less than 400 stems/acre and 120 ft2/acre).

6b Species listed in 6a Slashabsent. Herbaceous and blackshrub layers poorly waterrepresented. Stand densityand basal area high (usuallygreater than 400 stems/acreand 120 ft2/acre). Usuallyno thinning or burn history.

pine­cherry­oak

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7a Black gum usually present. Slash pine-Advance regeneration of black gumhardwoods may includesapling- or tree-size redmaple (Acer rubrum) , water

- oak (Quercus nigra), orwillow oak (Quercus phellos).No burn history or at least notsevere; density usually moderate(usually 150 to 350 stems/acre).

7b Sassafras, dollarleaf Slash pine-(Vesmodium rotundifolium) , sassafras­goldenrod (Solidago spp.), dollarleafand/or bedstraw (Caliumhispidulum) usually present.Either burned or heavily thinned.Density moderate to low (less than150 stems/acre). Stand often verypoorly stocked due to ice damage.

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8b Upland, shallow sand site. 10Species listed in 8a absent.

Key 1. (continued)

8a Upland, deep sand site.Turkey oak (Quercus laevis),tree sparkleberry (Vacciniumarboreum), and/or dwarfhuckleberry (Gaylussaciadumosa) usually present.

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Longleaf pine­turkey oak­bracken fern

Longleaf pine­turkey oak­wire grass

9a Bracken fern (Pteridiumaquilinum) and/or yellowjessamine (Gelsemiumsempervirens) usuallypresent. Wire grass(Aristida stricta) absentor very scarce.

9b Spider plant (Stipulicidasetacea), St. Andrew'scross (Hypericumhypericoides) and/orwire 9rass usually present.Young plantation. Tree-sizeclass individuals occasionalor absent.

lOa Yellow jessamine Longleaf pine-(Gelsemium sempervirens), black gum-black gum (Nyssa sand hickorysylvatica), sand hickory(Carya pallidal and/or water/willow oak (Quercus nigra/phellos, sapling-size class)may be present. Natural standor mature plantation on uplandflat or slope. Stockingmoderate to low.

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Key 1. (continued)

lOb Species listed in lOa absent.Stocking moderate to high,usually young plantations orseeded stands

lla Sassafras (Sassafras Longleaf pine-- albidum) may be present. sassafras

Density moderate to high(usually 200 to 400 stems/acre). Usually an immatureplantation, frequently burnednatural stand, or matureplantati on.

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lIb Moneywort (Rhynchosia Longleaf pine-reniformis) and/or sedge moneywort(Carex spp.) usuallypresent. Density extremelyhigh (300 to 1300 or morestems/acre). Young seededstands. Herbaceous and shrublayers poorly represented.

Key II. Key to the Hardwood Communities

- la Si te a stream terrace, 4fl oodp1ain, or swamp.

Ib Site an upland slope or 2fl at.

Turkey oak­dwarfhuckl eberry

-2a Turkey oak (Quercus

laevis) the dominantspecies forming arelatively low overstory.Dwarf huckleberry (Gaylussaciadumosa) present.

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Key II. (continued)

2b Species listed in 2a absent. 3 -

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White oak­dogwood­pipsissewa

Blackjack oak­deerberry­broom sedge

3b

3a White oak (Quercus alba)and black oak (Quercusvelutina) usually presentin the tree-size class.Dogwood (Comus [lorida)and pipsissewa (Chimaphilamaculata) usually present.Site an upland slope.

Species listed in 3aabsent or rare. Sapling-and tree-size classes maybe composed of a mixture ofpost oak (Quercus stellata),blackjack oak (Quercusmarilandica) , mockernuthickory (Carya tomentosa)and/or sand hickory (Caryapallidal. Deerberry(Vaccinium etcmi.neum'i andbroom sedge (Andropogonvirginicus) usually present.Site an upland flat.

4a Swamp site (flooded most orall of the year). Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum)and/or water gum (Nyssaaquabica.} forming the majorcomponent of the overs tory.

7

-4b Stream terrace or floodplain 5

site. Species 1is ted in 4aabsent or rare in the overstory. -

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5b Sweet gum not the major 6or only canopy dominant.

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Key II. (continued)

5a Sweet gum (Liquidambarstymciflua) the majoror only canopy dominant.Red maple (Acer rubrum)and red bay (Perseaborbonia) present.

Sweet gum­red maple­red bay

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6a Dominance in the tree-size Yellow poplar­class is shared by yellow swamp gum­poplar (Liriodendron dog hobbletulipifem), swamp gum(Nyssa sylvatica var.biflora) and/or sweet gum.Red bay or southernmagnolia (Magnolia~randiflora) and/or dog hobble(Leucothoe axillaris) present.

6b Laurel oak (Quercuslaurifolia) and/or wateroak (Quercus nigra) themajor canopy dominants.

Laurel oak­water oak

Bald cypress­water gum-mi xed hardwood

Bald cypress­water gum

7b Species listed in 7aabsent.

7a American elm (Ulmusamericana), laurel oak(Quercus laurifolia) and/or red maple (Acer rubrum)may be present in the overs tory.overs tory .

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Loblolly pine-sweet gum-broom sedge community

Site:

Low upland flat. Moderate productivity.Primarily found southeast of Highway125 on the Pleistocene Coastal Terracealthough may be found throughout .

Overs tory:

Loblolly pine plantation. Well managedstands with a history of prescribedburning.

Well stocked with density levels usuallygreater than 200 stems/acre.

Understory:

Seedling strata well developed,characterized by sweet gum and redmaple. May also be composed ofwater oak, persimmon, and loblollypine.

Only occasional individuals of thesespecies in sapling strata.

Herbaceous:

Common associates are broom sedge,poison ivy, catbrier, muscadine,and species of grass and beggar-lice.

Oog fennel, blackberry, and honeysuckle(characteristic of the loblolly pine­black cherry-honeysuckle type) arescarce or absent .

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Loblolly pine-black cherry-honeysuckle community

Site:Upland, high ridge flats and slight

slopes. Moderate to poor productivity.Primarily found northeast of Highway125 on the Aiken Plateau.

Overs tory:Loblolly pine plantation. Well managed

stands with a history of prescribedburning.

Well to poorly stocked with densitylevels usually less than 200 stems!acre.

Unders tory:Sapling strata absent or composed only

of loblolly pine.Seedling strata characterized by black

cherry and sassafras.Other common associates are loblolly

pine, persimmon, and water oak.Occasionally southern red oak and sand

hickory are present.

Herbaceous:The herbaceous strata is normally well

developed with a large number ofinfrequent species.

Characteristic species which may bepresent are blackberry, broom sedge,dog fennel, and Japanese honeysuckle.

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Loblolly pine-sweet gum-red bay community

Site:

Productive stream terraces which arenot normally subject to flooding ormay be subject to only occasionalflooding.

Soils are generally well drained withwet depressions.

Overstory:

A mixture of loblolly pine and sweetgum.

Loblolly pine usually forming thedominant upper canopy and sweet gumthe codominant or intermediate canopyposition.

Normally well stocked .

Understory:

Sapling strata composed of sweet gum,red maple, red bay, and occasionalcolonies of highbush blueberry.

Seedling strata composed of red maple,water oak, red bay, and Americanholly.

Herbaceous:

Often poorly developed due to highstocking of overstory.

Common associates may include catbrier,switch-cane, and yellow jessamine .

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Loblolly pine-swamp gum-naked withe-rod community

Site:

Highly productive floodplains and upperstream drainages.

Soils are poorly drained with a wet.mucky loam surface layer .

Overs tory:

A mixture of loblolly pine. swamp gum.and yellow-poplar.

Normally well stocked unless there hasbeen a recent disturbance.

Understory;

Well developed. composed of red bay.sweet bay. red maple. and swamp gumwithin the sapling strata.

Seedling strata composed of red maple.red bay. sweet bay. highbush blueberry.and naked withe-rod.

Herbaceous:

Characterized by the presence ofpartridge berry. cinnamon fern, andsensitive fern.

Occasionally switch-cane and poison ivyare common associates .

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Slash pine-black gum community

Site:

Upland, high ridge flats and slightslopes .

Productivity moderate to poor.

Overs tory:

Slash pine plantation. Occasionallyindividuals of black gum and blackcherry may be present.

Stands with a hardwood componentpresent in all strata due to theabsence of fire.

Stocking level highly variable butusually ranging from 150 to 350 stems/acre.

Understory:

Sapling strata is characterized byoccasional individuals of blackcherry, red maple, black gum, wateroak, and slash pine.

The only species characteristic in theseedling strata which may be presentis black gum.

Black cherry and water oak are commonassociates.

Herbaceous:

Common associates are poison ivy, dogfennel, blackberry, and broom sedge.Yellow jessamine and partridge pea areoccasional.

-

---

~-•0•~

f,-e-~-••t•-

-

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;-'.: ..'. "/"'-::':'" "~:~~~t:. fo.:_l"-; -. ,-:,,",~~:"""...~l.oo...-.r. ~\. . '";,.' ....... '.....,...."~.. xc -~~~' ~.:; ,.

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-'~ r. • • ..... .'-".:. 411 - . ~.'" . .. •>i •'~""" - , ..,_....'. .. ... ', . "I'"~ .... .." . '_~. "" _.. ~""'\-~ -" -e . 't ,.. . , _ _.'-',,~{, .:-:..-- - '~~";":' :". ..

' '. ':' '- ' ~ ' , -.. " ---._-.'••,' .s-: ,.' -~~_." '"" {. ' ~l'- :.;-.'<.----~;~..~ .'C .:1i

,,- • I _ ,_ • .1' \'t o \f ~ T ...-s ' • ) ~ r ,, ' • ',\ . - .: - ....--.'\. &-"c, " "'~~/. . . '\ t J ~~"~....:;.. t·,"_'..J.~

--

-

-

--

-36-

Slash pine-sassafras-dollarleaf community

Site:

Upland, high ridge flats and slightslopes.

Produc ti vity modera te to poor.

Overs tory:

Slash pine plantation. Stands with ahistory of fire or heavily thinnedor both.

Stocking level often low with densitylevels usually less than 150 stems/acre.

Often poor stocking levels due to icedamage.

Unders tory:

Sapling strata absent or composedonly of slash pine.

Sassafras and slash pine are character­istic of the seedling strata.

Black cherry and water oak are commonassociates.

Herbaceous:

Characteristic species which may bepresent are hairy bedstraw anddollarleaf.

Common associates are dog fennel,blackberry, broom sedge, poison ivy,partridge pea, and yellow jessamine.

-

-

-

--

---

-

-38-

Slash pine-black cherry-water oak community

Site:

Upland, high ridge flats and slightslopes.

Productivity moderate to poor.

Overs tory:

Slash pine plantations. Over stockedstands usually with no fire history.May have been lightly thinned.

Stand density high with 350 to 400 ormore stems/acre.

Basal area level generally greater than100 to 120 ft2/acre.

Unders tory:

The only sapling size stems are suppressedslash pine individuals.

Seedling strata is not well developedprimarily composed of black cherryand water oak.

Herbaceous:

Poorly developed. There are no speciescommonly associated with this communitytype.

Turkey oak - dwarf huckleberry

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

---

-

-

-42-

Longleaf pine-turkey oak-bracken fern community

Site:

Upland, high undulating to nearly levelridges and upper steep slopes adjacentto drainages.

Somewhat droughty, thick sands.

Overs tory:

Longleaf pine natural stands or very oldplantations often with a small amountof loblolly pine present.

Usually low to occasionally moderatestocking levels.

Understory:

Both sapling- and seedling-size classesare well developed and dominated byturkey oak and tree sparkleberry.

Occasionally sand hickory may be present.Dwarf huckleberry and deerberry are

common associated low shrubs.

Herbaceous:

Characteristic species usually presentare bracken fern and yellow jessamine.

A common associate is broom sedge.Wire grass and dog's tongue are usually

absent or scarce.

--

'a•

--

---

-

-44-

Longleaf pine-moneywort community

Site:

Upland, high undulating to nearly1eve1 ri dqes , sandy soil s .

Overs tory :

Longleaf pine young, seeded stands.Heavily stocked with density levels

of 300 or more stems/acre.

May occasionally include youngplantations.

Unders tory:

Sapling-size class is usually heavilystocked with suppressed longleafpi ne stems.

Common associates in the seedling-sizeclass are water oak and persimmonin low abundance.

Herbaceous:

Within the heavily stocked seededstands, the herbaceous developmentis usually poor.

An upland sedge species and moneywortmay be characteristics of thiscommunity type with broom sedge,panic grass, and prickly pear cactusoften present.

In young plantations, the herbaceouscomponent is better developed.

-

--

- ~0

~-••-~-,••••••-,••

-

-

---

-

-46-

Longleaf pine-sassafras community

Site:

Upland, high undulating to nearlylevel ridges, sandy soils.

Overs tory :

Longleaf pine young plantations oroccasionally natural stands andmature plantations which wererecently burned.

Stocking level in the young plantationsis modera te to hi gh wi th densitylevels usually from 200 to 400 stems/acre.

In the natural stands and matureplantations, stocking is moderateor occasionally low.

Unders tory:

Sapling-size class is generally verypoorly represented and may oftenbe absent.

Common associates in the seedling­size class are black cherry,persimmon, and sassafras usually inlow abundance.

Herbaceous:

The herbaceous component is of moderateto poor development.

Broom sedge is the most common associatewith spider plant as an inconspicuouscomponent.

--

-

-

-

-48-

Longleaf pine-black gum-sand hickory community

Site:

Upland, high undulating to nearlylevel ridges, sandy soils.

Overs tory :

Longleaf pine natural stands or veryold plantations occasionally with asmall amount of loblolly pine present.

Usually moderate to occasionally lowstocking levels.

Unders tory:

Sapling-size class may be characterizedfrom other non-turkey oak-longleafpine types by the presence of water orwillow oak and sand hickory, and theseedling-size class by the presenceof sand hickory and black gum.

Longleaf pine is usually common in thesapling-size class.

Common seedling associates are water orwillow oak and sassafras.

Deerberry is a common shrub associate.

Herbaceous:

The herbaceous component is of moderateto poor development. Broom sedgeis the most common associate.

___ J

-

--

- 0

~

-

/

-

-

-

-40-

Longleaf pine-turkey oak-wire grass community

Site:

Upland, high undulating to nearly levelri dges.

Droughty, thi ck sands with poorproducti vity.

Overs tory:

Either absent or occasional individualsof longleaf pine.

Young artificially seeded or naturalstands.

Unders tory:

Artificially seeded sapling-size classindividuals of longleaf pine.

Common associates are tree sparkleberryand turkey oak in both sapling- andseedling-size classes which are welldeveloped.

Dwarf huckleberry and deerberry arecommon associated low shrubs.

Herbaceous:

Characteristic species usually presentare St. Andrew's cross, wire grass,and dog's tongue. Broom sedge is acommon associate.

•-~

- ~••

------

-

-

•

.,~.

-

-50-

Turkey oak-dwarf huckleberry community

Site:

Upland, high undulating to nearlylevel ridges.

Droughty, thick sands with poorproductivity.

Overs tory :

Either absent or occasional tree-sizeclass individuals of turkey oak orlongleaf pine.

Unders tory:

Both sapling- and seedling-size classesare moderately to well developed anddominated by turkey oak. Treesparkleberry, bluejack oak, and scrubbypost oak may be present or locallyabundant. Dwarf huckleberry anddeerberry are common associated lowshrubs.

Herbaceous:

Herbaceous strata is moderately to welldeveloped.

Associated species usually present arewire grass, dog's tongue, goat's rue,grass-leaved golden aster, and broomsedge.

--

-- ~-••>

-e-,••-•n~

n- >•,~

••",0•~

-

-52-

Blackjack oak-deerberry-broom sedge community

Site:

Upland, high ridge flats, and slightslopes.

Moderate to poor productivity.

Overs tory :

A mixture of sand hickory, mockernuthickory, blackjack oak, and post oak.Usually low basal areas and poorlyformed stems.

Unders tory:

Sapling- and seedling-size classes maybe composed of a mixture of sandhickory, mockernut hickory, blackjackoak, post oak, black gum, and treesparkl eberry.

Deerberry is a common low shrub.Occasionally loblolly or longleafpine is present.

Herbaceous:

Herbaceous strata is well developed.Associates are broom sedge, species oflegumes (primarily Desmodiwm.-andLespedeza) , white catbrier, andpoison ivy.

Slash pine _ sassafras ~ dol1arleaf

-

-

--

...

...

-54-

White oak-dogwood-pipsissewa community

Site:

Upland, moderate to steep slopes,usually occurring as narrow hori­zontal strips between drainagewaysand ridge tops. Productivity varieswidely with the lower and north-facingslopes the most productive.

Overs tory:

An oak-hickory mixture, varying widelyfrom site to site. Characteristicspecies usually present are white oakand black oak. Other associates arescarlet oak, southern red oak, andmockernut hickory. Species of minorimportance are pi~nut hickory, sandhickory, water oak, sweet gum, andloblolly pine. Stocking and basalarea varies widely with site dependingon the degree of logging in the past.

Understory:

Sapling and seedling strata arecharacterized by the presence ofdogwood, Georgia hackberry, andblack oak. Other common associatesare understory stems of the treespecies listed above as well asblack cherry and sassafras,

Herbaceous:

Characteristic species usually presentare pipsissewa and wild licorice(bedstraw). Common associates arepartridge berry, poison 'ivy, yellowjessamine, muscadine, white catbrier,flowering spurge, and birthwort .

,.

---

-

-

-56-

Sweet gum-red maple-red bay community

Site:

Producti ve stream terraces not normallysUbject to flooding or may be subjectto only occasional flooding.

Soils are generably well drained withwet depressions.

Overs tory:

A pure or nearly pure stand of sweet gum.

Usually well stocked stands with amoderate to high basal area (generally150 to 200 ft 2jacre).

Understory:

Sapling and seedling strata is primarilycomposed of red maple, water oak,sweet gum, red bay, and sweet bay.

Herbaceous:

Often poorly to modera tely developeddue to high stocking of overstory.

Common associates include catbrier,poison ivy, muscadine, blackberry,Virginia creeper, and false nettle.

loblol ly pf ne - swamp gum - naked w1 the-nld

-

-

---

-

-

-

-58-

Yellow poplar-swamp gum-dog hobble community

Si te:

Highly productive floodplains and upperstream drainages.

Soils are poorly drained with a wet,mucky loam surface 1ayer ,

Overs tory:

Swamp gum, a characteristic species ofthis type, may be found in associationwith yellow poplar, red mapJe, andsweet gum.

Well stocked, mature stands can havebasal areas up to 300 ft2/acre.

Understory:

Well developed, composed of yellow poplar,swamp gum, red maple, sweet gum, redbay, American holly, blue beech, wateroak, and naked withe-rod. Yellowpoplar and swamp gum often absent inthe seedling strata.

Herbaceous:

Well developed, may be composed ofsensitive fern, climbing hydrangea,dog hobble, partridge berry, catbrier,switch-cane, poison ivy, and muscadine.

----

~

&-0---"-,••I- ••~•- ,••0- ~

-

-

-

-60-

Laurel oak-water oak community

Si te:

Floodplains and wet flats subject toprolonged flooding during the wetseason (late winter and early spring).

Overs tory :

A widely varying mixture which is mostcommonly composed of laurel oak, wateroak, and sweet gum. However, redmaple, American elm, and swamp chestnutoak may also be present.

Well stocked, mature stands may havebasal areas approaching 200 ft2/acre.

Unders to ry:

Often poorly developed, may include redmaple, sweet gum, laurel oak, or bluebeech in the sapling strata. Theseedling strata may include laurel oak,red maple, or water oak.

Herbaceous:

Normally poorly developed, may includedwarf palmetto, switch-cane, trumpetcreeper, or perennial milkweed.

Occasionally switch-cane or dwarfpalmetto will form a conspicuousunderstory cover.

--

-

...

...

...

...

-62-

Bald cypress-water gum-mixed hardwood community

Site:

Floodplains which are flooded most of theyear. The depth and duration offlooding varies from site to site.

Overs tory:

Bald cypress and water gum dominate;however, due to past logging or aslightly drier site, a mixture oflaurel oak, red maple, sweet gum,green ash, or American elm may bepresent.

Basal areas up to 300 ft2/acre.

Understory:

Poorly developed. Both the seedlingand sapling strata may contain anyof the above ·overstory species;however, red maple and American elmare the most common species. Shrubspecies which may also be presentinclude Virginia willow and sweetpepperbush.

Herbaceous:

Poorly developed, may include duck­potato, lizard's tail, false nettle,or catbrier .

---

~- s-•-~-",••~~

~

"3

- uaS•- ••~•

-

-

-

-

-

-64-

Bald cypress-water gum community

Si te:

Floodplains which are flooded mostor all of the year except duringdroughty periods. The depth andduration of flooding varies fromsite to site.

Overs tory:

lie11 stocked stands of bald cypressand water gum. Basal areasup to 600 ft2/acre.

Unders tory:

Poorly developed to nearly absent,may include water elm, baldcypress, or water gum.

Herbaceous:

Poorly developed to nearly absent,may include duck potato, lizard'stail, or catbrier.

-65-

APPENDIX I

Synthesis tables of character

and constant species

----

----------

Constancy and average importance value (constancy:average importancevalue) of selected cOnstant and character species2lin each uplandloblolly pine community type. Number of sample stands of each typeis shown in parentheses under the type name.

Species

Communitv

Loblolly pine­sweet gum­broom sedge

(2 )

TypeLoblolly pine-black cherry~

japanese honeysuckle( 7)

-

sweet gum 1,2

persimmon 3

loblolly pine

water oak 3

muscadine

broom sedge

sassafras

dog fennel

blackberry

black cherry 3

Japanese honeysuckle

sand hickory 3

hairy bedstraw

50 62

100 11 57 16

100 100 100 99

100 27 71 18

100 17 57 8

100 21 100 39

50 2 57 4

50 8 71 13

57 12

100 27

71 23

28 2

43 17

-

-

liThe numbers I, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.

--

Constancy and average importance value (constancy:~verage importance ..value) of selected constant and character species2!in each streamterrace loblolly pine community type. Number of sample stands ofeach type is shown in parentheses under the type name.

Community Type -Loblolly pine- Loblolly pine-swamp gum- sweet gum-

Species naked withe-rod red bay(3 ) (3 ) -partridge berry 100 58

yellow poplar 3 100 9

naked withe-rod 3 100 78 -yellow poplar 1 66 19

poison ivy 100 33

swamp gum 1 100 25 -cinnamon fern 100 14 33 8

sensitive fern 100 58 33 17 -sweet bay 1,2.3 100 15 33 4

red maple 1 100 8 33 2

loblolly pine 1 100 SO 100 67 -water oak 3 66 1 100 19

muscadine 66 8 33 50 -swi tch- cane 66 46 66 54

highbush blueberry 100 23 66 85

red bay 2,3 100 18 100 51 -red maple 2 100 44 100 58

sweet gum 1,2 100 47 -~/The numbers 1, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.

---

Constancy and average importance value (constancy:~verage importancevalue) of selected constant and character speciesY in each slash pinecommunity type. Number of sample stands of each type is shown inparentheses under the type name.

33 33

100 100

66 82

33 8

100 97

75 71

100 34

88 25

62 25

75 60

SO 15

75 22

62 47

62 27

88 22

62 25

62 17

50 17

Slash p:tnesassafras­dollanecr£

( 8)

533

100 100

66 12

Slash p:tne­black cherry­water oak

(3 )

Communi t y Type

Slash p:tne-black gum

Species (5 )

red maple 2 40 11

black gum 1 40 10

black gum 2 80 16

black gum 3 60 6

black cherry 1,2 60 3

slash pine 1 100 90

slash pine 2 60 38

black cherry 3 100 34

water oak 3 100 28

blackberry 100 23

broom sedge 80 42

poison ivy 80 19

dog fennel 60 11

yellow jessamine 40 71

partridge pea 40 8

slash pine 3

sassafras 3

dollar leaf

hairy bedstraw

-

liThe numbers 1. 2. and 3 following the names of wood speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.

-

--

Constancy and average importance value (constanCY:iverage importancevalue) of selected constant and character species~ in each upland, ..deep sand longleaf pine community type. Number of sample stands ofeach type is shown in parentheses under the type name.

Community Type -Longleaf pine- Longleaf p1ne-turkey oak- turkey oak-

Species bracken fern wire grass(4 ) (4 ) -sand hickory 3 50 26

sand hickory 2 50 6

yellow jessamine 75 64 -bracken fern 100 90

longleaf pine 1 100 69 75 66

broom sedge 100 20 100 71 -sparkle berry 2 100 88 50 100

deerberry 75 20 100 24 -black gum 3 50 29 50 36

sparkleberry 3 75 100 100 88

turkey oak 2 75 91 100 53 -turkey oak 3 50 12 100 63

dwarf huckleberry 50 21 100 42 -wire grass 25 8 100 20

dog's tongue 25 8 75 9

St. Andrew's cross 100 8 -spider plant 75 33

bluejack oak 2 75 3 ..liThe numbers I, 2, and 3 following the names of woody species

represent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.

-

-

Constancy and average importance value (constancy:average importancevalue) of selected constant and character speciesY in each upland,shallow sand longleaf pine community type. Number of sample standsof each type is shown in parentheses under the type name.

Communi t.y Type

Species

Longleaf p1ne­moneywort

( 4)

Longleaf p1ne~sassafras

( 3)

Longleaf p1ne­black gum­sand hickory

( 4)

-

--

-

loblolly pine 2 75 23

sedge 100 17

longleaf pine 1 100 100 100 100 100 91

broom sedge 100 21 100 22 75 19

grass 100 19 33 17 25 8

water oak 3 SO 24 33 SO SO 61

deerberry 25 8 25 8 75 25

black cherry 1 25 17 66 24 SO 6

persimmon 3 25 33 100 32 25 2

spider plant 25 33 66 8

beggar's lice 25 8 66 8

moneywort 75 11 25 8

black cherry 2 66 100

sassafras 3 66 25 75 62

sand hickory 3 25 33 SO 16

bl ue j ack oak 2 75 33

black gum 3 75 24

yellow jessamine SO 8

1../The numbers 1, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling s I ze class, respectively.

--

Constancy and average importance value (constancy:average importancevalue) of selected constant and character species~in each uplandhardwood community type. Number of sample stands of each type isshown in parentheses under the type name. ..

Communi t y Type

~/The numbers 1, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.

deerberrylongleaf pine 2

broom sedge

turkey oak 1,2,3

bluejack oak 1,2,3

scrubby post oak 1,2,3

dwarf huckleberry

goat's rue

grass-leavedgOlden aster

white oak 1 81 27

white oak 2,3 81 15

dogwood 1,2.3 94 22

black oak 1 75 22

water oak 2,3 81 17

southern red oak 1 44 17

bedstraw 94 27

pipsissewa 88 49

muscadine 100 26

yellow jessamine 56 31

flowering spurge 81 19

white ca tb r i e r 75 27

mockernut hickory 1 69 24

sand hickory 1,2,3 56 20

post oak 1,2,3

blackjack oak 1.2,3

black gum 2,3

tree sparkleberry 2,3

100 23

75 23

100 37

100 22

75 12

100 14

50 32 60 31

100 38 100 18

50 8 40 54

100 50 100 92

100 65

100 38

60 39

100 73

100 22

100 15

-

--

..

-

..

--

-..

Turkey oak­dwarfhuckleberry

( 5)

Blackjack oak­deerberrybroom sedge

(4)

White oak~

dogwood­pipsissewa

(16)Species

..

Sweet gum­red maple­red bay

( 2)(22)

Laurel oak- Yellow pop aT-water oak swamp gum­

dog hobble(10)

Species

constancy and average importance value (constancy:~verage importancevalue) of selected constant and character species~/in each streamterrace and floodplain community type. Number of sample stands ofeach type is shown in parentheses under the type name.

Commun~tv TYie

-

1,2,3

-

laurel oak 1

laurel oak 2,3American elm 1,2,3,

swamp chestnut oak

dwarf palmetto

perennial milkweedwater oak 1

blue beech 1,2,3

switch-cane

Sweet gum 2,3

red maple 1

swamp gum 1

yellow poplar 1

American holly 1,2,3

naked withe-rod 3

sensitive fern

Climbing hydrangea

dog hobblepartridge berry

Sweet gum 1

red maple 2

red maple 3

ca tb r i e r

poison ivy

red bay

muscadine

blackberry

Virginia creeper

false nettle

91

91

82

36

64

36

64

55

64

55

27

64

45

27

43

51

14

24

29

8

22

26

59

31

33

23

41

22

50 5

70 19

80 26

80 21

70 5

70 23

60 29

90 23

50 28

90 55

60 40

80 50

90 68

100 2S 100 100

80 15 100 58

70 18 100 58

100 36 100 54

90 2S 100 91

70 16 100 6

70 16 100 46

100 62

100 7S

100 17

~7The numbers 1, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree, sapling, and seedling size class, respectively.

-

--

Constancy and average importance value (constancy:tverage importancevalue) of selected constant and character species~ in each swamphardwood community type. Number of sample stands of each type isshown in parentheses under the type name. -

Community Type

Bald cypress- Bald cypress M

water gum water tum-Species mixed ardwoods -( 3) (5 )

water elm 2,3 66 76

bald cypress 1 100 61 100 20 -water gum 1 100 37 100 26

water gum 2 66 54 60 17 -ca tbrier 66 62 100 50

lizard's tail 66 8 100 42

duck-po t a to 66 1 40 4 -red maple 1 80 40

red maple 2 80 42

red 100 27 -maple 3

laurel oak 1 80 20

laurel oak 2,3 60 28 -green ash 1 100 16

green ash 2,3 80 26

American elm 1,2.3 80 38 -sweet gum 1 100 9

Virginia willow 40 58 -false nettle 40 13

sweet pepperbush 40 6

~/The numbers I, 2, and 3 following the names of woody speciesrepresent the tree. sapling, and seedling size class, respectively. -

---

-

-

-

-

-74-

APPENDIX II

Common and scientific names of species

listed in the synthesis tables

and site descriptions

Common Name

American elm

American holly

ba1d cypress

beggar-lice

bi rthwort

blackberry

black cherry

black gum

blackjack oak

black oak

bl ue beech

bluejack oak

bracken fern

broom sedge

ca tbri er

ci nnamon fern

climbing hydrangea

deerberry

dog fennel

dog hobble

dog I s tongue

dogwood

doll arl eaf

Scientific Name

Ulmus americana

Ilex opaca

Taxodium distichum

Desmodium spp.

Aris to lochiaserpentaria

Rubus argutus

Prunus serotina

Nyssa sylvatica

Quercus marilandica

Quercus velutina

Carpinus caroliniana

Quercus incana

pteridium aquilinum

Andropogonvirginicus

Smilax spp.

Osmunda cinnamomea

Decumaria barbarea

Vaccinium stamineum

Eupatoriumcompositifolium

Leucothoe axillaris

Eriogonum tomentosum

Coxmue florida

Desmodiumrotundi iol.ium

-...

...

...

...

-•

--...

...

-...

---

--

--

Common Name

duck-potatodwarf huckleberrydwarf palmettofalse nettleflowering spurgeGeorgia hackberry

goat's ruegrass-leaved

golden astergreen ash

hairy bedstrawhighbush blueberry

honeysucklelaurel oaklizard's tailloblolly pinelongleaf pinemockernut hickorymoneywortmuscadinenaked withe-rodpanic grasspa rtri dge berrypartridge peaperennial milkweed

Scientific Name

Sagittaria latifolia

Gaylussacia dumosa

Saba]. minor

Boehmeria cylindrica

Euphorbia corollata

Celtis georgiana

Tephrosia virginiana

He tero thecagraminifoZia

Fraxinus pennsylvanicavar. subintegerrima

Galium hispidulum

Vaccinium corymbosum

Lonicera japonica

Quercus l.aur-ifol.ia

Sauruus cernuus

Pinus taeda

Pinus palustris

Capya -tomentosa

Rhynchosia reniformis

Vitis rotundifoZia

Viburnum nudum

Panicum spp.Mi bche ZZa repens

Cassia fasciculata

Asclepias perennis

COlllTIon Name

persimmonpignut hickorypi psi ssewa

poison ivy

post oakprickly pear cactusred bayred maplesand hi ckorysassafrassearl et oak

scrubby post oaksedge

sens iti ve fernslash pinesouthern red oakspider plantSt. Anderw's crossswamp chestnut oakswamp gum

sweet baysweet gum

sweet pepperbushswitch-cane

Scientific Name

Diospyros virginiana

Carya ql.abra

ChimaphiZa macuZata

Rhus radicans

Quercus e tel.lata

Opuntia compressa

Persea borbonia

Acer »ubrum

Carya pal.l.i.da

Sassafras aZbidum

Quercus coccinea

Quercus margaretta

Carex spp.OnocZea sensibiZis

Pinus eUiottii

Quercus faZcata

StipuZicida setacea

Ascrynum hypericoides

Quercus michauxii

Nyssa syZvaticavar. bif lora

MagnoZia virginiana

LiquidambarstyracifZua

CZethra aZnifoZia

Arundinaria gigantea

-..-....-------..--

Common Name Scientific Name

- tree sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum

turkey oak Quercus laevis

- Virginia creeper Parthenocissusquinquefolia

Virginia willow Itea virginica

water elm Planera aquatica

water oak Quercus nigra

water gum Nyssa aquatica

whi te catbrier Smilax glauca

white oak Quercus alba

wild licorice Galium circaezans

wi 11ow oak Quercus phel.l.oe

wi re grass Aristida stricta

yellow jessamine Gelsemium- sempervirens

yellow poplar Liriodendrontul.ipi.fera

-

---

-79-

APPENDI X I II

Drawings of herbaceous, shrub, and

small tree species used in the

key to communities

---------

--

--

---

-

-

---

Bed.traw

81ackberry

---------------

-

--

-

-

---

Bracken f.rn

Broom••du·

.---------------

-

-

-----

D••rberry

Doglenn.'

--..------------

-

-

----

Doghobble

Dollarl••t

---------------

-

-

---

Dw.rf huckleberry

---------------

pOJUeplOO

-

-

Highbu8h Blueberrv

---

--------- ---- ---------

Japane•• Honeysuckle

---------------

-

-

-

-

---

Moneywort

Naked Withe-rod

---------------

-

-

-

-

-,...

,...

,...

-

-

-

-

-

-----

J\cf

....It••

Sedge

---------------

-

-

-

-

--

--

S1. Andrew's cross

----------

----

-

-

-

-

--

Tree eparkleberry

---------------

-

-

-

---

Wire gr•••

Yellow Jessamine

---------------