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2 Existing Conditions and Trends2.1 POPULATION

Makati began to emerge as a center of business and commercial activities in the 1960sand it was also during this period that its population grew at a very fast rate of 8.75% per

annum (1960-1970). This rate tapered off in the next decades to 4.77% (1970-1975) and

further on to 2.19% (1975-1980), 1.98% (1980-1990), and 1.25% (1990-1995), asMakatis role as the primary central business district of the country began to mature.

Because of this role, however, the significance of Makati extends well beyond its resident

population.

2.1.1 Population Levels and Growth Rates: Metropolitan Context

Based on the 1995 census, Makati City ranks fourth among the cities of Metro

Manila, next to Quezon City, Manila, and Kalookan, in terms of residential

population size. (Table 1) By year 2000, the population of Makati is estimated toincrease from 484,000 (1995) to 525,000; by 2010, the total population of Makati

is expected to reach 616,000. (Figure 1)

Table 1. Population and Density, Metro Manila, 1995.

City Population Density(persons/sqkm) Growth Ratio(1990-1995)

Kalookan 1,023,159 18,336 5.64Las Pinas 413,086 9,954 6.37

Makati 484,176 17,696 1.25

Mandaluyong 286,870 11,033 2.75

Manila 1,654,761 43,205 0.62Marikina 357,231 9,183 2.68

Muntinlupa 399,846 8,562 7.02Pasay 408,610 29,396 1.96

Pasig 471,075 36,237 3.22

Quezon City 1,989,419 11,970 3.34

Malabon 347,484 14,850 4.13

Navotas 229,039 88,092 3.82Paranaque 391,296 10,217 4.57

Pateros 55,286 5,316 1.37

San Juan 124,187 11,941 -0.40

Taguig 381,350 11,316 6.93Valenzuela 437,165 9,301 4.81

Metro Manila 9,454,040 14,865 2.32

Source: NSO


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Although its resident population has been growing steadily, Makatis share of the

total Metro Manila population has been decreasing, from 6.68% in 1970 to 5.12%in 1995; this decline is expected to continue on to 2010 at which point Makatis

share is estimated to go down to 4.37%.


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Makatis declining share of the total Metro Manila population is reflected in itspopulation growth rate, which declined and has stabilized since the 1970s. (Figure


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2) Makatis annual population growth rate is lower than that of Metro Manila as a

whole. And since the 1980-1990 period, it has gone down to a level lower thanthe national average.

Figure 3 shows that San Juan, followed by Manila, Makati, Pasay, and

Mandaluyong, trail the rest of Metro Manila in terms of population growth rate.This is consistent with the overall pattern in the recent decades where growth in

and near the traditional and central part of the metropolis has been slowing down

and where the fastest growth has been taking place in the peripheral areas ofMetro Manila.

2.1.2 Makati Population Levels and Growth Rates

Pembo/Rizal, West Rembo, Cembo, and Bangkal are the largest barangays in

terms of resident population, accounting for about 30% of the total population ofthe city. (Table 2) The two city districts, however, have similar population

shares, with District II (52.35%) having a slight edge over District I (47.65%).

In terms of population growth rate, District II was faster during the 1990-1995

period, growing at a 2.61% annual rate compared to 0.07% for District I. The

fastest growing barangays during this period were Post Proper North and South(15.63% and 24.28%), and Cembo (32.7%). Several barangays showed a decline

in resident population with Valenzuela decreasing the most at a negative 4.50%

rate.

Recent growth trends deviate from those of the previous decades. During the

1970-1980 period, population growth was fastest in the northwestern barangays.

Since 1980, however, growth has been fastest in the eastern barangays,particularly in the barangays east of Edsa. (Figures 4 and 5) The early growth of

the northwestern barangays is expected considering that these were closest to the

traditional built up areas of Manila. The shift of the growth momentum from thenorthwest to the east, on the other hand, was a consequence of the demand for

new urban land as Metro Manila and the Makati CBD continued to grow, and by

new infrastructure (e.g. improvements along Edsa and more recently C-5) thatmade areas east of Edsa more accessible to development.

2.1.3 Daytime Population

Although its resident population is listed at 484,000 in the 1995 census, thedaytime population of Makati City is estimated to double during the weekday.This is caused primarily by the presence of the Makati central business district

(CBD), which is the countrys largest concentration of business and service

activities. (Table 3)


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Table 2. Population, Growth Rate, and Density, by Barangay, Makati City,

1990-1995.Barangay Pop 90 Pop 95 Pop 95 Growth Pop Den

Share (%) Rate 90-95 (pers/ha)

District I

Bangkal 27,129 27,652 5.71 0.38 371Bel-Air 5,575 6,054 1.25 1.66 35

Carmona 4,283 4,344 0.90 0.28 128

Dasmarinas 6,603 6,767 1.40 0.49 36Forbes Park 3,383 3,807 0.79 2.39 15

Kasilawan 5,832 6,274 1.30 1.47 68La Paz 8,736 9,609 1.98 1.92 302

Magallanes 6,051 6,963 1.44 2.85 58

Olympia 22,667 22,414 4.63 -0.22 505

Palanan 19,478 18,635 3.85 -0.88 285Pio del Pilar 26,334 23,283 4.81 -2.43 194

Poblacion 18,690 17,836 3.68 -0.93 172

San Antonio 13,144 12,227 2.53 -1.44 137

San Isidro 11,487 10,631 2.20 -1.54 212San Lorenzo 5,157 5,264 1.09 0.41 25Santa Cruz 9,177 8,802 1.82 -0.83 186

Singkamas 8,111 8,487 1.75 0.91 674

Tejeros 15,989 20,535 4.24 5.13 717Urdaneta 2,518 3,575 0.74 7.26 48

Valenzuela 9,524 7,567 1.56 -4.50 315

Subtotal 229,868 230,726 47.65 0.07 132

District II

Cembo 22,886 26,880 5.55 32.7 1,250

Comembo 13,856 15,555 3.21 2.34 579

East Rembo 25,727 22,939 4.74 -2.27 523Guadalupe Nuevo 26,371 24,803 5.12 -1.22 431

Guadalupe Viejo 12,022 13,250 2.74 1.96 213Pembo & Rizal 51,570 62,097 12.83 3.79 505Pinagkaisahan 8,055 7,778 1.61 -0.70 490

Pitogo 13,429 13,459 2.78 0.04 959

Post Proper North 3,298 6,816 1.41 15.63 151

Post Proper South 5,551 16,458 3.40 24.28 274

South Cembo 12,246 13,343 2.76 1.73 671West Rembo 27,855 30,072 6.21 1.54 550

Subtotal 222,866 253,450 52.35 2.61 461

Total 452,734 484,176 100.00 1.25 177

Source: 1990, 1995 Census, NSO

Table 3. Daytime/Nighttime Population, Makati City, 1995.

Area NighttimePopulation

Day/NightPopulation

Factor

Plus/Minus EstimatedDaytime

Population

Within Edsa 257,000 1.9 490,000 747,000

Outside Edsa 226,000 0.9 -23,000 203,000

Total 483,000 950,000

Source: NCSO, MMUTIS, ALI


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The daily influx of people into the city provides the skilled labor force that allows

Makati to handle the service requirements of domestic as well as internationaltransactions; it also serves as the base of a large consumer market that fuels the

retail and service trades of the city. At the same time, however, the large tidal

population flows exert pressure on Makatis environment, services, and utilities,

most noticeably causing large traffic volumes along the major road corridorsleading to the city as well as within and at the periphery of the CBD.

2.1.4 Population Density

Makati has a 1995 residential population density of 177 persons/hectare, whichranks sixth in Metro Manila. Its density is similar to Kaloocan, lower than those

of Manila, Navotas, Pasay and Pasig, but higher than the rest of Metro Manila.

(Figure 6)

Between the two city districts, District II has a density (460 persons/hectare) more

than three times that of District I (132 persons/hectare). Cembo (125persons/hectare), Pitogo (959 persons/hectare), Tejeros (717 persons/hectare), andKasilawan (680 persons/hectare) have the highest densities. Forbes Park and San

Lorenzo have the lowest at 15 and 25 persons/hectare, respectively.

Makatis density is expected to increase as the resident population increases.

Based on current trends, however, and with metropolitan growth rates expected to

continue to be highest among the peripheral areas of Metro Manila, the increase in

Makatis resident population density is expected to be modest.

2.1.5 Household Population and SizeBased on the 1995 Census, Makati City has a total of 100,922 households with an

average household size of 4.78. The total number of households increased by11,612 or 13% over the 1990 figure of 89,310. District I has 48,989 households

while District II has 51,933.

Barangay Pembo has the largest number of households with 12,396 followed byBangkal with 6,367 and West Rembo with 6,113. The barangays with the least

number of households are Forbes Park (558), Urdaneta (787), and Carmona (929).

2.1.6 Population by Age Structure and SexMakati City has a relatively young population with 145,257 or 30% of itspopulation belonging to the 0-14 age group. About 62.7% or 325,447 persons are

in the actively employed group of 15-64 while those over 65 years old constitute

2.8%. (Table 4)

By sex structure, 52.5% of the citys population are females. The sex ratio is

0.905, which means that there are 90 males per 100 females.


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Table 4. Population by Age Group and Sex, Makati City, 1995.Age Group Both Sexes Male Female Sex Ratio

Under 1 12,773 6,668 6,105 1.09

1-4 43,998 22,695 21,303 1.07

5-9 46,971 24,212 22,759 1.0610-14 41,515 20,895 20,620 1.01

15-19 50,101 21,757 28,344 0.7720-24 56,664 24,415 32,249 0.76

25-29 54,931 25,185 29,746 0.8530-34 44,817 21,308 23,509 0.91

35-39 37,160 18,065 19,098 0.94

40-45 28,303 13,866 14,437 0.96

45-49 20,805 10,229 10,576 0.9750-54 13,468 6,378 7,090 0.90

55-59 10,684 4,905 5,779 0.85

60-64 8,511 3,710 4,801 0.7765-69 5,897 2,750 3,147 0.87

70-74 3,660 1,618 2,042 0.79

75-79 2,000 804 1,196 0.67

80-84 1,169 386 783 0.49

85 and over 746 236 510 0.46

Total 484,176 230,082 254,094 0.91

Source: NSO

2.1.7 MigrationA large majority of the household population five years old and over (80.43%)

resided in the same place of residence that they resided five years ago. The rest

changed their place of residence, residing previously as follows: 2.23% in anothercity or municipality of Metro Manila, 15.04% in other provinces, and 0.88% in

foreign countries.

2.1.8 Summary of Population Characteristics and Trends

Makatis resident population level and population growth rate are stabilizing.This trend is not unusual considering the presence of the countrys primary

CBD in the city. Land values in the CBD are the highest in the country,

encouraging retail, office, and high-end residential land uses in favor of mass

housing.

The majority of Makatis resident population is in its peripheral barangays.The same reasons that curtail residential population growth within the CBD

tend to encourage housing at the CBD periphery. Future residential

population growth in the periphery, however, may also decline if the demandfor commercial land continues and causes the conversion of the peripheral

barangays into non-residential uses.

Because of daily tidal population flows generated primarily by the CBD,Makatis population doubles during weekdays. This regular influx of a large

number of people provides the city with a large retail/commercial market anda diverse labor force that includes a pool of highly skilled service personnel.


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It also creates, however, substantial pressure on existing services, utilities, and

the physical environment as a whole.


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2.2 LAND USE

Different parts of the city host different activities that contribute towards the

overall quality of life in Makati. And while Makati is known as the center ofcommercial activity in the country, land devoted to commercial uses comprises

only about 15% of the citys total land area. Integrating the business district with

the rest of the city enhances the efficiency of all activitiesresidential,commercial, institutional, cultural, recreationalto the benefit of the entire

community.

2.2.1 Land Area

The total land area of Makati City is 2,736 hectares, which accounts for 4.3% ofMetro Manilas land area. The city is composed of 33 barangays, which are

distributed between two districts. (Table 5)

Table 5. Land Area, by Barangay, Makati City.Barangay Land Area (has.) % Share

District I 1,750.90 64.00

Bangkal 74.46 2.72Bel-Air 170.57 6.24Carmona 33.87 1.24Dasmarinas 190.48 6.96

Forbes Park 252.66 9.24Kasilawan 9.22 0.34La Paz 31.81 1.16Magallanes 119.82 4.38

Olympia 44.38 1.62

Palanan 65.38 2.39Pio del Pilar 119.82 4.38

Poblacion 103.52 3.78San Antonio 89.13 3.26San Isidro 50.08 1.83

San Lorenzo 209.36 7.65Santa Cruz 47.34 1.73Singkamas 12.60 0.46Tejeros 28.65 1.05Urdaneta 73.76 2.70

Valenzuela 23.99 0.88

District II 544.36 19.90

Cembo 21.50 0.79Comembo 26.88 0.98East Rembo 43.84 1.60

Guadalupe Nuevo 57.49 2.10Guadalupe Viejo 62.09 2.27Pembo & Rizal 123.08 4.50Pinagkaisahan 15.86 0.58

Pitogo 14.04 0.51Post Proper North 45.00 1.64Post Proper South 60.00 2.19South Cembo 19.87 0.73

West Rembo 54.71 1.10

Military Reservation 440.27 16.10


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Total 2,735.53 100.00

2.2.2 TopographyPhysiography and SlopeThe westernmost part of Makati City (barangays Bangkal, La Paz, Palanan, Pio

del Pilar, San Antonio, San Isidro, Singkamas, and Tejeros) is composed offormer tidal flats. The rest of the city rests on solid, undulating tuffaceous plain.

Makati City generally has a flat topography. About 75% of its land area has aslope of 0-3%; about 20% lies in the 3-12% slope category, while the remainder,

located in the Fort Bonifacio area, has a slope that is higher than 12%. (Figure 7)

Elevation

The elevation of Makati City ranges from 0-36 meters above mean sea level.

Areas with low elevations are at the western, northern, and eastern peripheries ofthe city, close to the river boundaries. The highest elevations are found adjacentto the Fort Bonifacio ridge. The majority of the city, however, lies in the 4-20

meter elevation category. (Figure 8)

Waterways and Drainage Divides

The city has 11 rivers/creeks/canals through which storm water is drained (Table6). Pasig River spans the northern boundary, while a stream traverses through

Guadalupe Viejo, Pitogo, and Pinagkaisahan. Another stream passes through

barangays Bangkal, San Lorenzo, Bel-Air, Urdaneta, and Forbes Park.

The longest water body is the Matungao creek, located in Tejeros, which stretches

for 4,400 meters. The section of Pasig River running beside Makati is the second

longest at 3,900 meters, extending from Del Pan to San Jose, Guadalupe. Theshortest creek is the San Isidro with a total length of 310 meters.

Table 6. Rivers, Creeks, Canals, Makati City, 1997.River/Creek/Canal Location Length

(meters)

Pasig River Del Pan to San Jose Guadalupe 3,900

Tripa de Gallina Arellano to A. Bonifacio 3,180

Santa Clara Zobel to Evangelista 550

Camachile M. South Riversid Rd to Ayala 1,790San Isidro Batangas St to MSDR 310

Calatagan Tripa de Gallina to MSDR 500

Bangkal Gen. Ricarte to MSDR 500

Balisumpan J. Rizal to Edsa 1,130Matungao Tejeros 4,400

Amorsolo Calatagan to Edsa 2,010

PNR Bangkal to Zobel Roxas 3,120

Total 21,390

Source: Makati City Department of Engineering and Public Works


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Figure 9 shows the location and flow direction of the waterways and the drainagedivides.

2.2.3 Existing Land Use

Based on land area and excluding roads, the three major land uses in Makati City,

are residential, institutional, and commercial/mixed use. (Table 7)

Table 7. Land Use, Makati City, 1986 and 1998 (hectares).1986 1998 =1998-1986

Land Use Area % Area % Area %Residential 880.58 32.19 1030.95 37.69 105.37 17.08

Coml/Mixed Use 202.98 7.42 416.41 15.22 213.43 105.15

Institutional 686.63 25.10 389.66 14.24 -296.97 -43.25

Industrial 114.62 4.19 38.61 1.41 -76.01 -66.31

Open Space 48.69 1.78 34.22 1.25 -14.47 -29.72

Recreational 140.06 5.12 157.88 5.77 17.82 12.72Agricultural 81.25 2.97 0.00 0.00 -81.25 -100.00

Not Classified 1.37 0.05 0.00 0.00 -1.37 -100.00

Roads 579.39 21.18 667.83 24.41 88.44 15.26

Total 2,735.56 100.00 2,735.56 100.00

Source: derived from Namria and Makati City Urban Development Department maps.

As of 1998, residential areas comprise the single largest land use in Makati City,

accounting for more than one-third (37.69%) of the total land area. Commercial

and Institutional uses rank next at 15.22% and 14.24%, respectively. The rest ofMakatis land area is shared by Recreational, Industrial, and Open Space uses.

(Figures 10 and 11) (Roads occupy 24.41% of the city land area.)

2.2.4 Land Use Trends

Large increase in commercial areas. Since 1986, the amount of landdesignated for commercial/mixed land uses more than doubled, from 203.10

to 415.87 hectares. Most of the increase resulted from the conversion of a

large part of the Fort Bonifacio area from a military base into an area reservedfor mixed use development, and the conversion of industrial, utility, and some

residential areas (e.g. Rockwell Center, Chino Roces Avenue industrial sites,

etc.) into commercial land. The linear expansion of commercial developments

from the CBD is evident along Gil Puyat Avenue, Chino Roces Avenue, and

Makati Avenue.

Large decrease in institutional areas. Corresponding to the large increase incommercial land area, following the sale of over 200 hectares of Fort

Bonifacio to a private development corporation, is a decrease in the landoccupied by the military base.


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Conversion of agricultural to residential land. Residential areas increased byover 100 hectares. A large part of these new residential areas came from land

in the Pembo area that was previously designated as agricultural but has sincebeen built up.

Decreasing industrial areas. Along with the disappearance of agriculturalland, industrial land has likewise been decreasing. About 80 hectares of landpreviously designated as industrial were converted into other uses. Thisrepresents a 68% reduction in the citys industrial land inventory. As a whole,

the decrease in industrial and agricultural lands reflects the dominance of the

service sector in Makati.

Decreasing open spaces. Some areas that were classified or used as openspaces in 1986 were already built-up by 1998. Many of these built-up open

spaces were small parcels that were scattered among residential areas in theeastern peripheral barangays of the city.

Increasing recreational spaces. While open spaces have decreased,recreational areas have increased. This increase is explained largely by thenet gain in recreational area caused by the opening of a new golf course and

surrounding open areas in Fort Bonifacio after the old golf course was

converted into commercial land.

Increasing mix of land uses. This trend is especially evident in the peripheralbarangays of the city, where pockets of commercial development have

sprouted throughout local residential communities.

Increasing densities. Densities have been increasing throughout Makati City,including in the residential areas in peripheral barangays. It is most noticeablein the CBD, where an estimated 600,000 square meters of office space have

been added since 1993. Commercial areas along or around Guadalupe,

Makati Avenue, JP Rizal, and Pasong Tamo display similar increases indensity.

As a whole, the existing land use trends reflect changes in a city that is

increasingly relying on the service sector as its main economic activity. Land

values and densities are increasing as the demand for space increases and giventhe limited supply of undeveloped land in the city. The CBD remains the primary

influence in the use and value of land in the city.

2.2.5 Land Use Distribution

The distribution of land uses throughout the citys barangays is shown in Tables

8-11. Tables 8 and 9 show the land area occupied by and corresponding shares ofeach major land use category in every barangay. They also reveal that barangays

Post Proper North and South (545.27 hectares), Forbes Park (252.66 hectares),


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and San Lorenzo (209.36 hectares) account for more than one-third of the citys

total land area (36.82%).

Table 10 shows how each land use is distributed among the barangays, indicating

areas of relative concentration by land use. Table 11 shows the distribution of

land uses within each barangay or the extent of land use specialization bybarangay.

The following are the major land use (excluding roads) distribution characteristicsof Makati City:

Residential areas are distributed fairly evenly throughout the city. ForbesPark and Dasmarinas barangays have the largest shares of residential land at13.57% and 10.81%, respectively; Pitogo (0.46%), Kasilawan (0.49%), and

Carmona (0.66%) have the least.

More than 50% of the citys commercial land are in barangays San Lorenzo(24.74%), Bel-Air (14.37%), and Post Proper North and South (13.74%).

These are the barangays where the bulk of central business district and the

recently designated mixed-use commercial center of Fort Bonifacio arelocated.

Post Proper North and South, which is where a large part of the remainingportion of Fort Bonifacio is located, has an overwhelming share (70.10%) of

the citys institutional land.

About 65% of the Makatis industrial land are located in the four barangays ofSan Antonio (29.24%), Guadalupe Viejo (13.64%), San Isidro (12.44%), andPio del Pilar (10.86%).

Post Proper North and South (24.55%) and West Rembo (24.29%) account forabout one-half of the citys open space. San Lorenzo is a distant third with

13.27% of the total open space of Makati.

Forbes Park, which contains the Manila Golf Club and the Manila Polo Club,and Post Proper North and South, which also has a golf course, account for the

majority (44.67% and 42.41%, respectively) of the citys recreational area.

Residential land occupies the largest land area among the different land usesin 26 of the citys 32 barangays. Bel-Air, Pitogo, and San Lorenzo aredominated by commercial land, while Post Proper North and South and Santa

Cruz have institutional land as their largest single land use. More than half ofbarangay Carmona, which contains the Sta. Ana racetrack, is designated as

recreational land.


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Table 8. Land Use, by Barangay, Makati City, 1998.Land Use (hectares)

Barangay Residl Comml Institl Industl Open Recreatl Roads TotalBangkal 34.50 7.73 2.53 1.22 0.06 0.00 28.42 74.46Bel-Air 54.86 59.82 2.02 0.00 0.94 0.00 52.93 170.57Carmona 6.80 0.07 0.21 1.56 0.20 19.92 5.11 33.87Cembo 15.24 0.40 0.14 0.00 1.66 0.00 4.07 21.50Comembo 18.84 0.81 0.77 0.03 0.00 0.00 6.44 26.88Dasmarinas 111.48 23.10 12.64 1.95 0.01 0.00 41.30 190.48E Rembo 21.69 1.71 2.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.56 43.84Forbes Pk 139.89 3.22 0.20 0.00 2.07 7.052 36.76 252.66Gdalupe N 23.62 10.96 2.67 0.00 0.57 0.00 19.66 57.49Gdalupe V 19.45 15.73 6.91 5.27 0.93 0.00 13.80 62.09Kasilawan 5.05 0.18 0.13 0.75 0.01 0.00 3.10 9.22La Paz 16.95 3.24 0.37 0.91 0.00 0.00 10.34 31.81

Magallanes 59.40 13.55 9.54 0.00 0.60 0.00 36.75 119.82Olympia 23.84 2.07 0.26 1.23 0.00 0.14 16.84 44.38Palanan 27.35 9.10 1.98 0.63 1.18 0.00 25.13 65.38Piodel Pilar 49.29 21.75 2.62 4.19 0.00 0.06 41.90 119.82Pembo/Riz 83.35 0.71 1.79 0.16 0.00 0.00 37.06 123.08Pkaisahan 8.20 0.52 0.13 0.04 0.00 0.00 6.98 15.86Pitogo 4.73 7.18 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.01 2.02 14.04Poblacion 33.42 19.98 14.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.94 103.52PProper N/S 82.88 57.20 273.16 0.00 8.40 66.96 56.67 545.27S Antonio 23.28 21.07 6.00 11.29 1.19 0.19 26.11 89.13S Isidro 15.09 7.79 1.59 4.80 1.91 0.00 18.90 50.08S Lorenzo 34.57 103.01 11.98 0.00 4.54 0.00 55.27 209.36S Cembo 9.86 0.03 6.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.70 19.87

Singkamas 7.74 0.30 0.55 0.07 0.00 0.00 3.96 12.62Sta Cruz 8.82 4.06 23.39 2.82 0.00 0.07 8.18 47.34Tejeros 11.35 2.84 2.14 1.63 0.01 0.00 10.68 28.65Urdaneta 37.13 13.04 0.00 0.00 1.64 0.00 21.96 73.76Vlenzuela 12.85 3.50 0.12 0.04 0.00 0.00 7.47 23.99W Rembo 29.45 1.73 2.38 0.00 8.31 0.00 12.83 54.71

Total 1030.95 416.41 389.66 38.61 34.22 157.88 667.83 2735.56


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Table 9. Land Use Shares, by Barangay, Makati City, 1998.Land Use (%)

Barangay Residl Comml Institl Industl Open Recreatl Roads TotalBangkal 1.26 0.28 0.09 0.04 0.00 0.00 104 2.72Bel-Air 2.01 2.19 0.07 0.00 0.03 0.00 1.93 6.24Carmona 0.25 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.73 0.19 1.24Cembo 0.56 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.15 0.79Comembo 0.69 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.98Dasmarinas 4.08 0.84 0.46 0.07 0.00 0.00 1.51 6.96E Rembo 0.79 0.06 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 1.60Forbes Pk 5.11 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.08 2.58 1.34 9.24Gdalupe N 0.86 0.40 0.10 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.72 2.10Gdalupe V 0.71 0.58 0.25 0.19 0.03 0.00 0.50 2.27Kasilawan 0.18 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.34La Paz 0.62 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.38 1.16

Magallanes 2.17 0.50 0.35 0.00 0.02 0.00 1.34 4.38Olympia 0.87 0.08 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.62 1.62Palanan 1.00 0.33 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.92 2.39Piodel Pilar 1.80 0.80 0.10 0.15 0.00 0.00 1.53 4.38Pembo/Riz 3.05 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.35 4.50Pkaisahan 0.30 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.58Pitogo 0.17 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.51Poblacion 1.22 0.73 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31 3.78PProper N/S 3.03 2.09 9.99 0.00 0.31 2.45 2.07 19.93S Antonio 0.85 0.77 0.22 0.41 0.04 0.01 0.95 3.26S Isidro 0.55 0.28 0.06 0.18 0.07 0.00 0.69 1.83S Lorenzo 1.26 3.77 0.44 0.00 0.17 0.00 2.02 7.65S Cembo 0.36 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.73


Total 37.69 15.22 14.24 1.41 1.25 5.77 24.41 100.00


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Table 10. Land Use Concentration, by Barangay, Makati City, 1998.Land Use (%)

Barangay Residl Comml Institl Industl Open Recreatl RoadsBangkal 3.35 1.86 0.65 3.16 0.17 0.00 4.26

Bel-Air 5.32 14.37 0.52 0.00 2.75 0.00 7.93

Carmona 0.66 0.02 0.05 4.04 0.58 12.62 0.77

Cembo 1.48 0.10 0.04 0.00 4.84 0.00 0.61

Comembo 1.83 0.19 0.20 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.96

Dasmarinas 10.81 5.55 3.24 5.05 0.03 0.00 6.18

E Rembo 2.10 0.41 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.63

Forbes Pk 13.57 0.77 0.05 0.00 6.06 44.67 5.50

Gdalupe N 2.29 2.63 0.69 0.00 1.67 0.00 2.94

Gdalupe V 1.89 3.78 1.77 13.64 2.71 0.00 2.07

Kasilawan 0.49 0.04 0.03 1.94 0.03 0.00 0.46

La Paz 1.64 0.78 0.10 2.36 0.00 0.00 1.55Magallanes 5.76 3.25 2.45 0.00 1.74 0.00 5.50

Olympia 2.31 0.50 0.07 3.18 0.00 0.09 2.52

Palanan 2.65 2.19 0.51 1.64 3.45 0.00 3.76

Piodel Pilar 4.78 5.22 0.67 10.86 0.00 0.04 6.27

Pembo/Riz 8.08 0.17 0.46 0.42 0.00 0.00 5.55

Pkaisahan 0.80 0.12 0.03 0.10 0.00 0.00 1.04

Pitogo 0.46 1.72 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.30

Poblacion 3.24 4.80 3.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.38

PProper N/S 8.04 13.74 70.10 0.00 24.55 42.41 8.49

S Antonio 2.26 5.06 1.54 29.24 3.48 0.12 3.91

S Isidro 1.46 1.87 0.41 12.44 5.59 0.00 2.83

S Lorenzo 3.35 24.74 3.07 0.00 13.27 0.00 8.28S Cembo 0.96 0.01 1.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55

Singkamas 0.75 0.07 0.14 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.59

Sta Cruz 0.86 0.98 6.00 7.31 0.00 0.04 1.22

Tejeros 1.10 0.68 0.55 4.23 0.03 0.00 1.60

Urdaneta 3.60 3.13 0.00 0.00 4.78 0.00 3.29

Vlenzuela 1.25 0.84 0.03 0.11 0.00 0.00 1.12

W Rembo 2.86 0.42 0.61 0.00 24.29 0.00 1.92

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00


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Table 11. Land Use Specialization, by Barangay, Makati City, 1998.Land Use (%)

Barangay Residl Comml Institl Industl Open Recreatl Roads TotalBangkal 46.33 10.38 3.40 1.64 0.08 0.00 38.17 10 0.00Bel-Air 32.16 35.07 1.19 0.00 0.55 0.00 31.03 100.00Carmona 20.08 0.21 0.62 4.61 0.58 58.82 15.09 100.00Cembo 70.86 1.85 0.67 0.00 7.70 0.00 18.92 100.00Comembo 70.08 3.01 2.86 0.10 0.00 0.00 23.94 100.00Dasmarinas 58.53 12.13 6.64 1.02 0.00 0.00 21.68 100.00E Rembo 49.46 3.90 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.04 100.00Forbes Pk 55.36 1.27 0.08 0.00 0.82 27.91 14.55 100.00Gdalupe N 41.09 19.07 4.65 0.00 0.99 0.00 34.20 100.00Gdalupe V 31.33 25.34 11.13 8.48 1.50 0.00 22.23 100.00Kasilawan 54.75 1.95 1.38 8.14 0.11 0.00 33.66 100.00La Paz 53.26 10.19 1.17 2.87 0.00 0.00 32.51 100.00

Magallanes 49.57 11.31 7.96 0.00 0.50 0.00 30.67 100.00Olympia 53.71 4.67 0.58 2.77 0.00 0.33 37.95 100.00Palanan 41.84 13.92 .03 0.97 1.80 0.00 38.44 100.00Piodel Pilar 41.14 18.15 2.19 3.50 0.00 0.05 34.97 100.00Pembo/Riz 67.72 0.58 1.45 0.13 0.00 0.00 30.11 100.00Pkaisahan 51.69 3.27 0.82 0.23 0.00 0.00 43.99 100.00Pitogo 33.69 51.15 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.09 14.41 100.00Poblacion 32.28 19.30 13.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 34.72 100.00PProper N/S 15.20 10.49 50.10 0.00 1.54 12.28 10.39 100.00S Antonio 26.12 23.63 6.73 12.67 0.34 0.22 29.30 100.00S Isidro 30.14 15.55 3.17 9.59 3.82 0.00 37.73 100.00S Lorenzo 16.51 49.20 5.72 0.00 2.17 0.00 26.40 100.00S Cembo 49.64 0.15 31.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.64 100.00



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2.2.6 Land Use Potentials/Advantages

Potentials/Advantages

Compact urban structure.The city has a relatively compact structure that allows for efficient service

delivery and use of infrastructure, encourages pedestrian movements, and

creates a well-defined urban image. Its compact structure also enhances thefeasibility of transit facilities, which require substantial ridership along their

service corridors and which will be needed to serve existing demand and toallow future growth.

CBD remains as national benchmark.The presence of the CBD provides the city with a market and a mix ofactivities that are unsurpassed in Metro Manila. Preserving the premier status

of the CBD is among the most important development objectives of the city if

it is to retain its ability to attract cutting edge investments and infrastructure,

its large revenue base and, therefore, its resource capacity to serve the rest ofMakati.

New and Pipeline Infrastructure.Various infrastructure projects have been implemented or are being planned

within the city. These include various transportation, transit, and other utility

facilities (MRT3, Edsa-Ayala-Pasay Road interchange, Makati Loop, Manila-Calabarzon Express, Kalayaan flyover, Rockwell flyover, Pasig River

Expressway, MWSS expansion, etc.). These infrastructure projects,

especially the high capacity transit projects, can address local service gaps andhave the potential to support future growth.

Riverside development.In many admired cities of the world, the riverfront is an active and dominant

element that enhances the urban character. Makati has yet to tap the Pasig

River frontage to maximize its development potentials. This area can be

developed into a mixed use, pedestrian-oriented zone with commercial,residential, and recreational uses. Further, unlike the current situation wherein

the northern perimeter adjacent to the River is relatively unnoticed and treated

as a city backyard, this zone could also serve as an attractive front door forthe Old Town part of the city. Because the River spans across both districts of

the city, a riverfront development could also reinforce the physical and

functional integration of the two districts of Makati.


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High quality residential base.The high quality, low-density residential villages surrounding the CBD areimportant elements that add value to the city. They support and preserve the

compact structure of the CBD, and serve as pockets of low-density

developments that control the sprawl of high-density developments. Thesevillages also provide Makati with a distinct market advantage over many other

cities in the country.

2.2.7 Land Use Issues

Conflicts between existing land uses and 1981 zoning ordinance.Because of the continued growth of the CBD and the relatively dated 1981

Zoning Ordinance, there are already a significant number of conflicts betweenthe existing land uses and the ordinance. Most of these conflicts are in the

form of an increasing number of commercial establishments in residential

areas. These conflicts need to be resolved in order to establish a new basis forformulating and enforcing an updated ordinance. (Figures 12 and 13)

Need to manage CBD growth.The growth of the CBD has to be managed so that future growth isaccommodated without sacrificing the current advantages enjoyed by the city

in terms of its high quality residential and commercial spaces. CBD

expansion areas have to be defined to avoid or minimize haphazard

developments that conflict with adjacent uses or cannot be supported byexisting and future infrastructure and other services.

Lack of density controls.The 1981 ordinance has virtually no provisions for density controls,

particularly for commercial land use. Given the size and continuing growth

expected in the CBD as well as throughout the city, some form of control overdevelopment densities will be needed because these directly affect the demand

for infrastructure, utilities, services and the overall quality of the environment.

Need to increase integration within the city.At present, and in part because Edsa cuts across the middle of the city,linkages between Districts I and II are relatively weak. Increased functionaland visual integration between the two districts are needed to allow more

efficient utilization and sharing of city services and resources as well as to

foster a common local identity. Linkages between the local governmentcenter and the two districts are especially important towards this objective.


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Lack of usable green/open space.Although the minimum requirements of the building code are being met, theamount of usable open or green spaces appears lacking. Such spaces are

needed to improve the urban landscape, to promote a healthy environment, to

enhance pedestrian movements and, as a whole, to maintain competitivenesswith other cities, both local and international.

Need for more infrastructure support.As discussed in the following sections, the infrastructure to support current aswell as future residential, commercial, and other land use activities needs to be

augmented substantially. Transportation/transit, water supply, sewerage,drainage and other utility facilities requires improvement and expansion,

particularly if the city is to continue maintaining and attracting the cream of

the countrys service activities.

Need for a broader land use mix.Even as Makati contains the highest value land uses in the country, there is a

need to broaden the land use mix in the city. These include: (a) medium

density housing that caters to the middle- and lower-middle-income segmentof the market; (b) historical and cultural uses (museums, art galleries,

performing arts centers, etc.) that allow the city to provide a fuller range of

activities to residents and visitors; and (c) recreational uses to complement thedominance of the business sector and to enhance local community activities.

Environmental Degradation.Worsening environmental conditions threaten the health of city residents and

the attraction of Makati as the preferred residential and business location of

the country. Although many of its environmental problems are metropolitanin scope, these should be addressed to improve local health conditions and to

enhance the citys competitive edge over the rest of Metro Manila.

2.2.7 Summary of Land Use Conditions and Trends

Existing land use conditions in the city are products of historical events thatinclude the growth of Makati after the second world war, its physicalenvironment, as well as the momentum and competitiveness of its recent land

uses and economic activities. The distribution of land uses is typical of largecities, with residential areas comprising the majority, followed by commercial,

industrial, and institutional uses.


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The presence of the countrys largest CBD in Makati has influenced somenotable land use trends. These include the decline of industrial,

manufacturing, and agricultural uses as high CBD land values increase thedemand for urban commercial/ mixed use land, leading to conversion in favor

of the latter.

The concentration of high value lands in Makati has enabled the city togenerate revenues and provide housing and services to the more needysegments of the local population. However, it has also led to unprecedented

environmental stress in the form of traffic congestion, water and air pollution,

inadequate waste disposal, and other demands for housing, education andhealth facilities, open/green spaces, recreation, and other services and utilities.

The continued growth of the CBD remains key to the future growth of the citybut this will have to be managed so that existing environmental concerns areaddressed withoutcurtailing the momentum of growth.


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2.3 ECONOMY

Makati City is the countrys premier business district. It has the largest concentration of

commercial activities in the Philippines, and is the countrys primary link to internationalfinance and the global economy. With almost three million square meters of prime office

space, Makatis business district is four times larger than the second largest (Ortigas) in

the country, and accounts for about one-half of Metro Manilas prime office spaceinventory.

Unlike most cities and municipalities in the Philippines, whose primary concerns revolvemostly around local development issues, the major economic challenges facing Makati

City are how: (a) to enhance its role as the premier central business district, not only of

the country but of the entire Southeast Asian region, amidst competition from other

business districts, and (b) to ensure that its residents share in the benefits as well as the

responsibilities of this role. In order to address these challenges, there is a need toanticipate and provide for future growth requirements, and to continuously upgrade local

service capacities and improve the overall physical environment.

2.3.1 Employment

The service sector remains the largest employment base of the city. Industry has been

declining while agriculture is virtually confined to the small-scale or household level.

(Figure 14)

A close look into the employment situation in Makati, however, suggests that the

economic gains of the city have not always translated into employment opportunities forits residents. Unemployment remains a problem. In 1995, the number of unemployed

persons totaled 41,000 yielding an unemployment rate of 20.2%, the highest in Metro

Manila. This declined to 27,000 people (11.7%) in 1996 but increased to 30,000 people(12.8%) in 1997. The 1997 unemployment rate, although lower than the average for

Metro Manila of 14%, was higher than the countrys average unemployment rate of

8.7%. (Table 12)

Table 12. Makati City Labor Force and Employment, 1995-1997Item 1995 1996 1997

Total Population 15 years and over 339,000 350,000 357,000

Labor Force 203,000 231,000 234,000

Labor Force Participation Rate 59.9% 66.0% 65.5%

Number Employed 162,000 204,000 204,000

Employment Rate 79.8% 88.3% 87.2%

Number Unemployed 41,000 27,000 30,000

Unemployment Rate 20.2% 11.7% 12.8%

Source: NSO


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The problem of unemployment may be attributed to the rapid growth in laborforce and mismatch between workers skills and job requirements.

The potentially employable population (15 years and over) increased from

339,000 in 1995 to 357,000 in 1997, exhibiting a growth rate of 1.74%, fasterthan the citys population growth rate of 1.25%. As a result, the citys labor force

grew from 203,000 in 1995 to 234,000 in 1997, an increase of 15.3% or 10,000

annually.

In-migration also accounted for the growth in labor force as the city attracts

people from all over the country. For the period 1990-1995, the city registeredone of the highest in-migration rates in Metro Manila at 18.6%. The migrant

population belonged to two categories: a) poorly educated and unskilled rural

migrants, and b) more educated and skilled workers from other cities.

The mismatch between the educational attainment and skills of the local laborforce with those required by the industries is not surprising considering the

metropolitan and international level of activities taking place in the CBD. Whilethe quality of local education and training is on par or even exceeds national

standards, the quantity of highly-skilled specialty workers needed by many CBD

companies lead many of these firms to hire non-residents including expatriates.

Another trend in employment is the citys dwindling share of employment to

Metro Manila. Table 13 shows that for the period 1990 to 1995, the share ofMakati Citys employment to Metro Manila decreased in all sectors. The decline

in the citys employment share in the industry and services sector implies thatsome firms have moved out of the city or that new establishments do not require

as much manpower. This is evident particularly with respect to traditional

manufacturing companies that have shifted operations to Calabarzon and otherperipheral areas, but it also stresses the need for Makati City to be competitive

vis--vis other emerging CBDs in Metro Manila as far as cutting edge services are

concerned.

Table 13. Number of Employed Persons 15 Years and Over, By Major

Industry Group, Makati City and Metro Manila, 1990 and 1995.Share of Makati Citys

Employment to Metro Manila

Industry 1990 1995

Agriculture 3.6% 2.8%

Industry 5.1% 3.5%

Services 8.0% 6.6%

Not defined 4.1% 5.2%

Total 6.2% 5.7%

Source: NSO


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2.3.2 Trade and Industry

Business Establishments

Makati City has a large number of business establishments. These totalled 27,501

in 1989 and increased by 55.2% to 42,692 in 1997. Service-oriented businessestablishments dominated, accounting for 95.0% in 1989 and 97.1% in 1997 of

total establishments.

The number of manufacturing establishments declined over the 8-year period,

with the share of such establishments decreasing from 5.0% in 1989 to a mere2.9% in 1997. The previously designated industrial area in Pasong Tamo is now

largely characterized by commercial activities; only a few firms, notably

pharmaceutical and food processing companies, are actually engaged in

manufacturing. The decline may be attributed largely to high property values,which increase overhead and thus production costs, thus prompting manufacturing

activities to move out of the city. Most of the remaining manufacturing firms inMakati are located along the banks of Pasig River.

Financial establishments (subsumed here under services) included 419 banking

institutions, composed mainly of head offices of the countrys domesticcommercial banks and representative offices of foreign banks and offshore

banking units. These also include 113 insurance companies, 1,180 lending

investors and holding companies, 161 securities firms, and 5 savings and loans

associations. (Table 14)

Table 14. Number of Business Establishments and Annual Growth Rate,

Makati City, 1989 and 1997. No. ofBus. Establishments

Share to Total No. of

Bus. EstablishmentsSector

1989 1997 1989 1997

Annual

Growth

(1989-97)

Manufacturing 1,373 1,253 5.0% 2.9% -1.1%

Services 26,128 41,439 95.0% 97.1% 5.9%

Total 27,501 42,692 100.0% 100.0% 5.7%

Source of basic data: NSO

Business Establishment Density Ratio

The business density ratio per 1,000 population is another indicator of economic

activity. In 1989, there were 62 establishments per 1,000 population in MakatiCity. This ratio increased by 38.7% to 86 establishments per 1,000 population in

1997. (Table 15 and Figure 15)

The business density ratio of manufacturing firms remained at 3 establishments

per 1,000 population. Meanwhile, it was in the services sector that the businessdensity ratio showed a remarkable increase: from 59 establishments per 1,000

population in 1989 to 83 establishments per 1,000 population in 1997.


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Table 15. Business Establishment Density Ratio, Makati City, 1989 and 1997.

Business Establishments

Per 1,000 PersonsSector

1989 1997

Manufacturing 3 3

Services 59 83

Total 62 86

2.3.3 Tourism

Makati City has several international-class tourist facilities. It hosts severalluxury hotels that boast of well-equipped business centers and convention

facilities. For visitors staying for a longer period of time, there are pensions, inns,

lodges and apartelles that offer affordable rates and pleasant amenities.

Shopping and commercial centers offer international goods and services. Other

facilities include museums, art galleries, cinemas, disco houses, music lounges,and restaurants offering international cuisine.

The Fort Bonifacio area has two prominent historical memorial parks, landmarksand two golf courses. Various religious institutions are located in the old town.

The city is also home to the majority of foreign embassies and consulates, as well

as offices of travel agencies and international airlines. In 1997, 51 embassies outof a total number of 55 were located in the City.

2.3.4 Economic Sector Plan

Overall Economy

Goal

Attain high and sustained economic growth.Objectives

Maintain Makati Citys primacy as the financial, commercial, and servicescenter of the country.

Increase local participation in the citys economic activities.Strategies

While Makati City is facing competition from other parts of the metropolis andthe larger region as a central business district, the emergence and growth of these


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alternative CBDs are not necessarily detrimental to Makati. These are products of

the growth of the metropolitan and national economies, which have reached levelsthat cannot be served by a single CBD. What is important for Makati, however, is

that it remains as the primary CBD, linked to and serving other business districts

of the country, and retaining the highest value added activities and land uses.

Central to this strategic objective is managing the growth of Makati such that it

provides the necessary physical and social environment to host cutting edge

service functions including support uses and amenities. The following arestrategies aimed towards this objective:

Promote and implement infrastructure projects needed to support existingbusiness activities and future growth.

Encourage and provide incentives to industries involved in informationtechnology to locate in Makati.

Orient local educational, skills, and employment training programs towardsthe requirements of business and commercial activities including informationtechnology industries.

Improve and enhance the quality of the physical environment (e.g. air quality,greenery, waste management, etc) in order to make Makati City competitive

locally as well as with other financial capitals of Asia.

Provide the cultural, educational, leisure, and recreational needs of theresident and visitor population.

Trade and Industry

Objectives

Strengthen Makati Citys role as the business, financial, and services center ofthe country.

Promote the development of small and medium scale enterprises.Targets

Reduce unemployment to 10% by 2005 and 7% by 2010. Establish one manpower training center. Develop at least 10,000 skilled workers annually. Reduce the time of processing licenses and permits. Increase the number of small and medium scale enterprises by 10% annually.Strategies

Strengthen linkages with trade and industry associations for job placements. Provide investments suitable for the development of small and medium scale

enterprises.


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Strictly enforce of labor laws and practices.

Projects

Establishment of Business Bureau Establishment of Manpower Training Center Intensified Manpower Training Program Integrated Livelihood Program Intensified Job Placement Program Information, Education, and Communication ProgramTourism

Objectives

Increase the number of visitor arrivals. Upgrade existing tourist attractions and facilities.Target

Increase the number of visitor arrivals by 4% annually.Strategies

Tap the private sector for cost-sharing schemes. Strengthen the City Tourism Council (See Annex A).Projects

Identification and Development of Tourist Sites Establishment of Tourist Assistance Centers Restoration of Historical Landmarks

2.3.4 Summary of Existing Economic Conditions and Trends

Makati City is the countrys premier financial, commercial, and servicecenter. Commerce and services dominate the economic activities in the city.

The major economic challenges facing Makati City are how: (a) to maintainits role as a premier central business district of the country as well as ofSoutheast Asia amidst competition posed by other business districts in the

region, and (b) to ensure that its residents share in the benefits as well as the

responsibilities of this role. In order to address these challenges, there is aneed to anticipate and provide for future growth requirements, to continuously


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upgrade local service capacities and improve the overall physical

environment, in order to attract and retain cutting edge service functions andthe highest value added activities and land uses.

Local skills and manpower are not being fully tapped by the CBD. Orientinglocal educational, skills and other employment programs to match therequirements of business and other commercial activities can improve the

local unemployment situation.

The continued growth of Makati will also depend on improving the physicaland social environment, so that it conforms to international standards, and theavailability of cultural, leisure, and recreational amenities.


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2.4 TRANSPORTATION

Makati attracts a very large amount of traffic from the greater Metro Manilaarea because it serves as the primary CBD of the country. Its relatively large

resident population and its predominantly service economy likewise involve asubstantial demand for transportation. Accessibility, therefore, is one of

Makatis most important requirements. However, continuing population

growth, economic development, and corresponding increases in vehicular tripshave constrained regional accessibility and local circulation. While this is a

metropolitan-wide trend, it is a special concern for Makati City if it is to

remain as the countrys primary business center and to improve localintegration.

2.4.1 Existing Transportation Systems

Road Network

Five major roadsEdsa, C-5, South Expressway, JP Rizal Avenue, and Gil PuyatAvenue Extension--link Makati City with the rest of Metro Manila. (Figure 16)

Edsa and South Expressway are the busiest thoroughfares, linking the city with

the northern and southern parts of the greater Metro Manila region, respectively,including the rising urban and industrial areas of Calabarzon. Edsa carries up to

200,000 pcus (passenger car units) between Guadalupe and Gil Puyat Avenue

while the South Expressway carries about 150,000 pcus along its approach to the

city. It is estimated that traffic volumes along these two routes exceed designcapacity by 25% to 50%.

The Makati CBD is the major traffic generator in the city. It accounts for much of

the vehicular traffic along the southern part of Edsa and the northern part of the

South Expressway. Based on a 1997 survey, about 400,000 vehicle trips aregenerated daily by the Makati CBD. This number is about 11.4 percent of the 3.5

million vehicle trips estimated for Metro-Manila in 1996, and it takes places in an

area that accounts for a less than one third of one percent of Metro-Manilas landarea.

As of 1999, the total length of the road network in Makati City was 435kilometers, distributed among its 1,800 streets.

Several road projects have improved or are expected to improve access to andfrom Makati City. These include the Edsa-Ayala-Pasay Road interchange, the

Kalayaan flyover, and the Metro Manila Southern Skyway. Other key road

projects that have been identified but have not yet been scheduled for

implementation are the Pasig River Expressway and the completion of the C-3link through Makati, between Gil Puyat Avenue and Araneta Avenue.


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Rail Network

The Philippine National Railways (PNR) operates a commuter rail that connects

Makati City to the northern and southern parts of Metro-Manila. (Figure 17) This

is one of only two rail networks that serve the city. However, this service is waybelow the level of existing and, much less, potential demand. Before track repairs

further limited commuter service, PNRs commuter rail operations consisted of

about 10 trains per day, and served only less than 1% of commuter trips along itscorridor. This is a drastic reduction of PNR operations since the 1960s and 1970s

when the trains provided regular commuter and inter-city service.

The completion of MRT3 along Edsa provides Makati City with another high

capacity transit link. MRT3 connects with LRT1 at Taft Avenue, providing an

alternative transit service to the north. Four MRT stations are located in Makati:Guadalupe, Gil Puyat, Ayala, and Magallanes. The Ayala station is one of the

busiest of the entire line, and is eventually expected to handle from 70,000 to100,000 commuters daily.

Two proposed rail projects, if implemented, will significantly benefit Makati City.

The Manila-Calabarzon Express (MCX) project seeks to expand and rehabilitate

existing PNR southern commuter rail operations. MCX will run along theexisting PNR alignment and will have stations near the Edsa, Gil Puyat Avenue,

and Vito Cruz junctions in Makati. MCX is expected to be a strategic transit link

for Makati because it connects the city with fastest growing region in the country(Calabarzon).

Another proposed rail project, although still at a conceptual stage, is the Makati

Loop. As currently envisioned, this project will provide a direct connection

between MRT3 along Edsa and LRT1 at Taft through Ayala Avenue and GilPuyat Avenue. This line will give the CBD core a direct rail link to the rest of

Metro Manila. A subsequent phase leading to JP Rizal Avenue has also been

identified.

Water Ferry

Makati City has been intermittently served by a Pasig River water ferry service.(Figure 18) This service was available during the 1970s, after which it was

discontinued. It was revived in 1992 and operated until 1994. The most recent

attempt to operate water ferry service started in 1997, but lackluster demand, poorinter-modal connections, and insufficient public information prevented it from

being fully utilized.

The potential transportation service of the Pasig River water ferry remains to be

fully tapped. It also has the added potential of being a key element of Makatis


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riverside development, especially since its Guadalupe station has always been a

major ferry port.

Airport Service

Makati City is easily accessible from the domestic and international airport of

Metro Manila. It is 8 kilometers away from the city via South Expressway and 6

kilometers through the Edsa-Tramo route.

Several projects that will provide direct rail links between the Makati CBD and

the airport have been proposed although none of these have prospered beyond theconceptual stage.

Helicopter service from most of the citys hotels is also available.

2.4.2 Land Use and Traffic Forecasts

It is important to assess the capacity of the citys transportation network to absorb

future growth in order to manage future developments and to identify and

implement projects that will help bridge the gap between travel demand andtransport capacity. Because it is the overwhelming mode of transportation in

Metro Manila, the following assessment will deal with the citys road network.

In order to get an indication of the capacity of the citys transportation network toabsorb future growth, a land use and traffic forecasting simulation model was

utilized. Using existing population, employment, land use, and travelcharacteristics as inputs, a Lowry-Garin model, based on the latest MMUTIS

zoning system, was used to compute traffic/land use equilibrium distributions.

(Figures 19 and 20) These were then used to derive volume/capacity ratios(VCRs) for each road link, which were interpreted to define the level of service

for specific road links throughout the city. (A more detailed explanation of the

land use and traffic forecasting model and methodology used in this analysis is

provided in Annex B.) Figure 21 graphically summarizes the VCRs throughoutthe city.

2.4.3 Land use- and Traffic-based Growth Potentials and Constraints

It should be emphasized, however, that the simulation and the resulting forecastsare only indicative of actual conditions. The zones utilized in the model are large

so that traffic volumes are less precise than those from a travel-forecasting model.Further, traffic assignment is limited to inter-zonal trips of base population

assigned to the network on the basis of zonal attractiveness and the balancingprocedure for population and employment to achieve land-use equilibrium.

Activities are spread evenly across zones and, therefore, the model cannot reveal


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where concentrations of services will occur; nor can it determine the degree of

agglomeration within zones.


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Nevertheless, the results of the simulation confirm that the level of congestion onthe major roads of the CBD is near critical. In particular, specific sections of the

following road links are already handling traffic volumes greater than their

capacities: Arnaiz Avenue, Pasong Tamo, Paseo de Roxas, Sedeno, Makati

Avenue, Gil Puyat Avenue, Estrella, and Ayala Avenue Extension/North Avenue.Roughly, and on the average, the existing network appears to be at the 85% VCR

level.

The results confirm the need to impose density limits on future developments not

only along the critical road links mentioned above but also throughout other areasof the city that are currently unrestricted as far density is concerned. Detailed

ingress and egress studies of proposed large-scale developments will also help

minimize additional congestion. Given the limitations for road expansion

projects, remedial measures in the form of geometric improvements and trafficmanagement need to be formulated to cope with future additional transportation

demand.

The results also confirm that recent, ongoing and proposed network improvement

and transit projects--i.e. the MRT3, the Skyway, Kalayaan flyover, the Makati

Loop, the completion of the C-3 link across the Pasig River, the installation ofautomated traffic signals, along with traffic management schemes similar to those

being implemented along Ayala Avenue--will help increase network capacity,

reduce delays, and induce major improvement in the overall traffic flow in thecity.

Significant improvement can be also realized if an efficient transit system

(beyond the coverage of the proposed Makati Loop) and pedestrianizationschemes are formulated to address primarily intra-zonal trips. Elimination of

short-distance vehicular trips would help improve environmental conditions

(especially the air quality) and relieve traffic congestion. Finally, traffic demandmanagement measures will be needed in the future to further alleviate traffic

congestion.

2.4.4 Transportation Sector Plan

Goal

Provide efficient transportation systems for better regional and localaccessibility and circulation.

Objectives

Reduce traffic congestion. Improvement and maintenance of road network. Installation of appropriate public transport facilities.


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More effective implementation of traffic enforcement and demandmanagement measures.

Targets

Operationalize a mass transit system within the city by 2004. Reduce travel time from Poblacion to the CBD from 30 to 15 minutes. Achieve 95% compliance of drivers to traffic rules for the next 6 years. Operationalize all traffic lights by 2004. Reduce air pollution in Makati to a tolerable level within 6 years. Construction of at least 2 bridges as additional entry/exit points of Makati. 100% of the road network concreted by 2000.Policies/Strategies

Establish/improve a mass transit system. Continuously improve transport and traffic management facilities. Reduce pedestrian-vehicle conflict. Construct flyovers, bridges, and maintenance of roads for better access and

mobility of commuters.

Stricter implementation of traffic rules and regulations. Control of on-street parking. Increased use of offsite parking areas to minimize additional traffic caused by

drivers looking for parking spaces.

Encourage private sector participation in traffic improvement andimplementation of transportation projects.

Programs/Projects

Road Infrastructure and Maintenance Program

Concreting of remaining 1.293 kilometers of roads in District II

Continuous maintenance of existing 223.781 kilometers of Makati roads

Completion of Edsa-Rockwell flyover project

Traffic/Transit Infrastructure ProgramConstruction of waiting sheds for public commuter conveniencePedestrianization projects (underpasses, ground- and elevated walkways,

street landscaping improvements)

Feasibility studies for additional mass transit system (e.g. Makati Loop)

Traffic Management Program


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Designation of appropriate loading and unloading zones all over the city

Expansion of the traffic segregation program in the CBD to include otherbarangays in the city

Construction of offsite parking facilities

Signalization of all major intersections and installation of traffic

directional and control stands at non-signalized intersectionsInstallation of appropriate signages to guide and inform motoring public

Education of traffic enforcers and drivers (Tsuper Dunong)

Continuous implementation of pila system

Implement silver seat policy for elderly and disabled

Expansion and improvement of Efficient Road Administration Program

2.4.5 Summary of Existing Transportation Conditions and Trends

As a whole, road capacities are or are near saturation levels. Some road linksare already handling traffic volumes greater than their capacity.

Future demand cannot be met by increasing road capacity. The built upconditions of the city mean that there will be few opportunities to expand road

rights-of-way, particularly those of major roads.

Proposed and recently completed projects, including MRT3, the Edsa-Ayala-Pasay Rd interchange, the Skyway, and other projects will help address some

of the citys transportation requirements. Additional transit projects will be

needed to sustain Makatis growth.

In addition to road and rail transit projects, sustainability requires efficienttraffic enforcement and pedestrianization. Additional traffic demand

measures should already be considered for future implementation.


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Sectoral Plan

Goal/Objective

Ensure adequate and continuous supply of potable water in Makati City.Target

Provide 100% potable water supply coverage in Makati City.Policies/Strategies

Require major developments to conduct and submit impact assessment studieson water supply.

Prohibit the use of water motor pumps to ensure equitable supply of water. Remove illegal water connections and drastically reduce water leaks.Programs/Projects

Installation and maintenance of additional deepwells to augment water supplyuntil full coverage by the water companies is achieved.

2.5.2 Drainage and SewerageThere are seven low-lying barangays in western Makati that are flood-prone:

Singkamas, Tejeros, La Paz, San Antonio, Palanan, San Isidro, and Pio del Pilar.

(Figure 25) Insufficient drainage infrastructure connections and indiscriminatedumping of garbage on waterways cause flooding in these areas.

The city has four types of drainage systems. These include open canal, coveredopen canal made of concrete, concrete hollow block walling, reinforced concrete

covered pipe, and box culvert. Domestic and industrial wastes are discharged into

storm drains and ultimately into the nine rivers and creeks that extend from DelPan Street to San Jose, Guadalupe. (Figure 26)

Among the flood-prevention measures being taken in Makati is the operation of

the Makati pumping station. This station serves the barangays of Poblacion,

Valenzuela, and Bel-Air. It operates by collecting storm water and sewagethrough three main channels: (a) the Makati Headrace I which serves barangay

Olympia from the north, (b) the Makati Headrace II from the south servingbarangay Poblacion in the southeast, and (c) the Zobel-Orbit main which serves

Bel-Air in the southwest. The Zobel-Orbit main also diverts floodwater and

sewage from Santa Clara creek to the retaining pond, from which these arepumped into Pasig River.


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Less than half of the citys sewerage requirements are currently being provided.Sewerage coverage is limited to the CBD and limited parts of several residential

villages. These areas are connected to the sewage treatment plant located in

Magallanes. (Figure 27)

Sewage disposal for the rest of the city is conducted mostly through septic tanks.

Effluents are discharged directly into storm drains that lead ultimately into more

than 30 esteros in three waterways in Metro Manila: Paranaque River, Tenejeros-Tullahan River, and Pasig River. Based on a 1990 study on the Pasig River,

domestic waste accounts for 55% of its biological oxygen demand (BOD). This

percentage is expected to increase to 68% by 2000 if no rehabilitation efforts areundertaken.

Sectoral Plan

Goal/Objectives

Reduce sewage-based pollution of Pasig River. Improve existing drainage system. Increase the coverage of the sewerage system.Targets

Attain 100% completion of drainage improvement projects. Eliminate dumping of garbage into waterways. Expand sewerage system coverage to at least 50% of Makati households. Relocate all squatters along Pasig River.Policies/Strategies

Formulate and implement comprehensive sewerage master plan. Implement Pasig River rehabilitation program. Implement 10-meter easement along Pasig River. Implement laws regarding encroachment, dumping of waste and other

environmental laws.

Programs/Projects

Drainage Improvement Program

Completion of 93.41 kilometers of drainage improvement projects inDistrict I

Completion of 138.15 kilometers of drainage improvement projects inDistrict II


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Squatter Relocation Repair and Improvement of Sewerage system in the CBD Pasig River Rehabilitation Program Waste Segregation Scheme

2.5.3 Power and Telecommunications

Electric power in Makati City is provided by the Luzon Grid of the National

Power Corporation through five Meralco substations. These substations are

Forbes Park, Kamagong, Rockwell, Malibay, and Makati. Residential usesaccount for 87% of total Meralco connections in the city; commercial and

industrial uses account for the 13% balance.

Philippine Long Distance and Telephone Company and Globe Telecom are the

providers of land-based telephone services in the city.

Three major domestic telegraph companies serve Makati City: RadioCommunications of the Philippines, Inc., Philippine Telegraph and Telephone

company, and Telefast and Clavecilla Radio System.

There are four international record carriers and stations in the city including

Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc., Globe Telecom, and PhilippineGlobal Communications and Capitol Wireless, Inc. Postal services are provided

primarily through four postal offices: a central postal office in Gil Puyat Avenue

and three other postal offices located in Districts I and II.

Sectoral Plan

Goal/Objectives

Ensure steady power supply. Ensure the accessibility of telecommunication facilities.Targets

At least one telephone line for every household by the end of 2004. Reduce power pilferage.Policies/Strategies

Greater coordination with the private sector in the provision of power andtelecommunication facilities.

Increased use of Information Technology.Programs/Projects


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Expand PLDT and Globe Telecom telephone services. Install public phones at various convenient locations. Expand internet access.

2.5.4 Summary of Existing Utilities

Two water companies serve almost all areas of the city, with householdsaccounting for the bulk of water consumption. Water service, however, is not

available during the entire 24-hour period. But substantial improvement in

water supply service is expected after the completion of the Angat-Umiraytransbasin project of the MWSS.

Several low-lying barangays in western Makati are still flood-prone.Additional drainage facilities along with the prevention of indiscriminatedumping of uncollected garbage on waterways are needed to address the flood

problem.

Less than half of the citys sewerage requirements are currently beingprovided. Sewerage coverage is limited to the CBD and limited parts of

several residential villages.

Electric power in Makati City is provided by the Luzon Grid of the NationalPower Corporation through five Meralco substations. An increase in power

supply will be required to support future growth.

Several utility companies adequately serve the citys telecommunicationrequirements. Telephone service has improved but needs further expansion to

meet current and future demand.


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2.6 ENVIRONMENT

The environmental concerns of Makati are not accurately reflected by the number

of its residents because of the large amount of its transient (daytime) populationand corresponding traffic generation. To a large extent, the pressure on Makatis

environment is a function of the daily flow of people and vehicles that visit and

pass through the city. This implies that addressing and mitigating such pressurerequires metropolitan- or even national- level measures. Problems regarding air

quality, water pollution, and waste management, for example, need integration

and coordination with efforts at a regional scale. Nevertheless, local efforts toaddress these problems are needed and will go a long way towards reducing

environmental degradation.

2.6.1 Solid Waste ManagementGeneration Rate

In 1994, the estimated total solid waste generation in Makati was 502.78 tons per

day or 2,654.16 cubic meters per day. Residential households generated the most

waste, accounting for almost half of the total waste generated, followed bycommercial, roads/streets, and market activities. (Table 17) The total amount of

waste generated daily translates to 1.03 kilograms per capita per day.

Table 17. Solid Waste Generation, Makati City, 1994.Type of Waste Generated Tons/day Share (%)

Residential 225.95 44.94Market 61.09 12.15

Commercial 67.67 13.46

Construction/Demolition 3.721 0.74

Roads/Streets 62.70 12.47Institutional 41.53 8.26

Others 40.12 7.98

Total 502.78 100.00

Source: 1997 Makati City SEP

Collection Rate

The citys Solid Waste Management Division handles solid waste collection.

Five garbage contractors have been contracted by the city to collect and haul offwastes. The contractors are required to make about 153 trips daily throughout 27barangays of the city. Each collection truck is required to make two daily trips.

Overall collection efficiency has been estimated at 86% efficiency, based on 1994

data.

Solid waste collection in the CBD and in six residential villages surrounding the

business district is handled by the private sector.


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Collection System and Facilities

Solid waste is collected through a cell system. One cell is estimated to contain

from 12 to 15 cubic meters of waste. These are collected along the road/street at

curbside. Residents and owners of establishments are required to discharge

wastes in plastic bags or trash receptacles prior to the arrival of the collectiontrucks.

Three types of collection trucks are used: 10-wheeler, 6-wheeler, and compactors,with 15, 10, and 8 cubic meters minimum capacity, respectively. Handcarts are

utilized where narrow streets do not allow the access of collection trucks, and

collection points are designated for systematic collection.

The city has the following support facilities and equipment for solid waste

collection:

Two dispatching areas located in Districts I and II

One Vanguard 3000 mechanized sweeper Two Johnston 2000 mechanical sweeper Two garbage compactors at 12.8 cubic meter per compactor

2.6.2 PollutionAir Pollution

About 60% of air pollution in Makati is attributable to motor vehicles. Road and

building construction, industrial production processes, and the indiscriminate

burning of trash by some residents cause the remaining 40%. In 1997, thepollution index reading at the DENR air quality monitoring station in Makati

averaged 298 micrograms per cubic meter; this reading is rated poor and

unhealthful, and is nearly at the alert level. The air quality monitoring station is

located along Gumamela Street, Guadalupe Viejo, about 10 meters from JP RizalAvenue and near the Pasig River and two industrial firms.

To mitigate the problem of air pollution in the city, anti-smoke belchingoperations are conducted in strategic areas. The local government utilizes a

Hartridge Smokemeter machine in conducting smoke emission tests on vehicles.

Water Pollution

The main sources of water pollution in Makati are the discharge of domestic

sewage and industrial wastewater and indiscriminate throwing of garbage into theriver system and waterways. Only six residential villages and the CBD are served

by a centralized sewerage treatment plant located in Magallanes Village.


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Based on the Pasig River Water Quality Monitoring conducted in August 1997 in

eight stations of Metro Manila, the dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the Guadalupestation remains below the 5 mg/l standard for Class C waters. On the other hand,

the biological oxygen demand (BOD) is still within the DENR standard of 10

mg/l, which is the maximum allowable at any given time. (Table 18)

Table 18. Average Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand

(BOD) in the Pasig River Guadalupe Station, 1990-1995, 1997.Year BOD (mg/l) DO (mg/l)

1990-1995 (six year average) 10.4 3.3

1997 3.0 3.6DENR standard 10.0 5.0

Source: Pasig River Rehabilitation Secretariat

The problem on water pollution is being addressed by the city in collaboration

with the private sector. The creation of the Makati Riverside Industries andHoteliers (MARIH) has widened the campaign against all types of pollution.

MARIH is composed of representatives of the local government, DENR-NCR,industrial firms located along the Pasig River, and the luxury hotels in the city.

2.6.3 Parks and Green SpacesAs of 1998, approximately 7% of the citys total land area functioned asopen/recreational space, excluding memorial parks (classified as institutional

space), sidewalks, center islands, and roads/streets. (Figure 28) Notably, a large

part of this area is not part of the open space/recreational zones designated in the1981 Zoning Ordinance. (Figure 29)

The major parks or green spaces (whether officially designated or functioning as

part of commercial developments) in the city are: Libingan ng Bayani andAmerican Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio, Greenbelt in the CBD, Guadalupe Nuevo

and Guadalupe Viejo Cloverleaf parks along Edsa, the Magallanes Interchange

Park, the Poblacion Park along JP Rizal Avenue, and Liwasang Makati along thePasig River frontage.

Liwasang Makati is a showcase of the city. Occupying two hectares, it is agarden park with a lagoon and waterfalls with perimeter walks, sitting areas, a

floating gazebo and an ornamental islet, a fountain, a trellised walk with seats and

lighting, art gallery, kiosks, and an amphitheater where cultural and musicalperformances can be staged. Liwasang Makati is being linked to Guadalupe

Nuevo via a promenade overlooking Pasig River.

In the CBD, several areas are being landscaped including gardens and

promenades, sidewalks along major streets, and pedestrian walks that form part of

the CBDs walkway network. These are intended to be integrated into a CBD

landscape master plan that will complement the citys pedestrianization and trafficmanagement programs. Tree planting is also an ongoing activity in the CBD.


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About 8,000 trees were planted by the citys Park and Green Division during the1992-1997 period. Based on the DENR standard ratio of one tree for every four

persons, the city has already achieved 40% greening as of 1997.

As a whole, although the city has a substantial amount of open spaces,recreational parks, and green areas, these are relatively concentrated in the

barangays of Forbes Park, Post Proper North and South, West Rembo, and San

Lorenzo. Additional functional open spaces, green areas, and pocket parks,whether separate or part of commercial developments, would help enhance the

urban landscape in the rest of the city, especially in the CBD, where there is a

concentration of commercial activities, and in the residential areas to serve localcommunities.

2.6.4 Environment Sector PlanGoal

A sustained and balanced environment.Objectives

Improve air quality. Improve the quality of water bodies. Regulate and control other sources of pollution. Reduce flooding. Establish more green areas. Reduce waste generation and improve the quality of waste disposal.Policies and Strategies

Intensify the campaign to improve air quality through local enforcement ofexisting laws and regulations and by supporting national government efforts to

curb motor vehicle pollution.

Provide appropriate incentives to property owners to provide green spacesbeyond the legal requirement within their private lots.

Encourage property owners to plant and maintain trees or to provide space fortree planting, especially for proposed construction projects prior to issuance of

building permits. Intensify information dissemination regarding waste, greening program, and

its policies.

Intensify monitoring of uncollected garbage and open dumping. Implement polluters pay principle.Programs/Projects


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Urban Forestry/Green Space Program Adopt a Tree Program Establishment of tree and plant nurseries Roadside and pedestrian network landscaping and improvement Riverside park/green space development Development and maintenance of parks and promenades Inventory of existing trees and vacant lots CBD Landscape Program

Solid Waste Management Program Recycling and waste segregation Advocacy on proper waste disposal Ecological Waste management Issuance of citation tickets to violators of Anti-Dumping Law Oplan Tapat-Tapat

Pollution Control Program Anti-Smoke Belching Campaign Networking with various stakeholders in anti-pollution campaign

Makati Environmental Center

Environmental hotline Formulation of Makati Environmental Code Creation of Environmental Adjudication Committee Establishment of Environmental Trust Fund

Oplan 95-216 Oplan Pasig River: Reclaim 18900 Oplan Daang-Tubig

2.6.5 Summary of Existing Environment Conditions In 1994, the estimated total solid waste generation in Makati was 502.78 tons

per day or 2,654.16 cubic meters per day. Residential households generatedthe most waste, accounting for almost half of the total waste generated,

followed by commercial, roads/streets, and market activities.


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Except for six residential villages and the CBD, solid waste collection ishandled by the citys Solid Waste Management Division. Overall collection

efficiency has been estimated at 86% efficiency, based on 1994 data.

About 60% of air pollution in Makati is attributable to motor vehicles. The

remaining 40% are caused by road and building construction, industrialproduction processes, and indiscriminate burning of trash by some residents.

In 1997, the air pollution index rated poor Makatis air quality as poor,unhealthful, and nearly at the alert level.

The main sources of water pollution in Makati are the discharge of domestic

sewage and industrial wastewater and indiscriminate throwing of garbage intothe river system and waterways. Only six residential villages and the CBD are

served by a centralized sewerage treatment plant located in Magallanes

Village.

The quality of water in Pasig River in terms of dissolved oxygen (DO) level inthe Guadalupe station remains below the 5 mg/l standard for Class C waters;

the biological oxygen demand (BOD) is still within the DENR standard of 10mg/l, which is the maximum allowable at any given time.

As a whole, although the city has a substantial amount of open spaces,

recreational parks, and green areas, these are relatively concentrated in thebarangays of Forbes Park, Post Proper North and South, West Rembo, and

San Lorenzo. Additional open spaces, green areas, and pocket parks would

help enhance the urban landscape in the rest of the city.


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2.7 SOCIAL SERVICESThe delivery of basic social services plays an important role in the development of

Makati City. As the city progresses and becomes more affluent, the challengeincreasingly shifts to the distribution of wealth and empowerment of the poorer segment

of the people. Future growth and the continued primacy of Makati City will depend, in

part, on the quality of education, health, social welfare, housing, and protective servicesthat are available to its people.

2.7.1 Education

Existing Conditions

Literacy Rate

As of 1994, the simple literacy (ability to read and write) rate was 99.3%.

However, functional literacy (possessing both simple literacy and numericalskills) was lower at 93.6%. (Table 19)

Table 19. Literacy of the Household Population 10-64 Years Old by Gender,

Makati City, 1994.Both Sexes Male FemaleType of

Literacy No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent

Simple 372,000 99.3 172,000 99.5 200,000 99.1

Functional 351,000 93.6 161,000 93.0 190,000 94.2

Source: 1994 Fun

makati clup

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