making europe unconquerable: the potential of civilian-based deterrence and defenseby gene sharp

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Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-Based Deterrence and Defense by Gene Sharp Review by: Andrew J. Pierre Foreign Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Spring, 1986), pp. 872-873 Published by: Council on Foreign Relations Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20042698 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 20:08 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . Council on Foreign Relations is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Foreign Affairs. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 91.229.248.154 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 20:08:33 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

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Page 1: Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-Based Deterrence and Defenseby Gene Sharp

Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-Based Deterrence and Defense byGene SharpReview by: Andrew J. PierreForeign Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Spring, 1986), pp. 872-873Published by: Council on Foreign RelationsStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20042698 .

Accessed: 14/06/2014 20:08

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

.

Council on Foreign Relations is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to ForeignAffairs.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 91.229.248.154 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 20:08:33 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Page 2: Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-Based Deterrence and Defenseby Gene Sharp

872 FOREIGN AFFAIRS

the United States. Specifically, the report deals with states that have avowed Marxist-Leninist regimes and close ties with the U.S.S.R.: Cuba, Nicaragua, Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia and Afghanistan (Vietnam, Cambodia, South Yemen and others get only passing mention). While the five authors write separate chapters, they are on the same wavelength in analyzing Soviet policy and in describing the vulnerabilities of these regimes that could be exploited by the United States. They praise the hard-line policies of the Reagan Administration but feel it has not gone far enough toward a

clear, firm and publicly accepted strategy of supporting anti-communist resistance movements, countering Soviet

expansion, and combating terror

ism.

General: Military, Technological and Scientific Andrew f. Pierre

MAKING THE ALLIANCE WORK: THE UNITED STATES AND WESTERN EUROPE. By Gregory F. Treverton. Ithaca (N.Y.): Cornell

University Press, 1985, 211 pp. $24.95. This is an intelligent and sophisticated overview of the Atlantic alliance,

drawing upon the history of the past 15 years in dealing with such problems as NATO's nuclear dilemmas, d?tente in Europe, defense responsibilities beyond Europe, and transatlantic economic relations. The author's intent is not to discuss the issues in depth but to illustrate the politics of the

alliance, showing how one nation's foreign policy decisions affect the domestic politics of an ally. This he does extremely well, with probing insights and judgments honed by his stints with the National Security

Council and the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

LA PUCE, LES HOMMES ET LA BOMBE: L'EUROPE FACE AUX NOUVEAUX D?FIS TECHNOLOGIQUES ET MILITAIRES. By Pascal Boniface and Fran?ois Heisbourg. Paris: Hachette, 1986, 320 pp.

This is an unusual and therefore valuable book: an up-to-date and highly knowledgeable discussion of the major political, military and technological issues facing the Atlantic alliance as seen from France and, more generally,

Europe. Among the subjects are new technologies and strategies for con

ventional defense, the implications of SDI for Europe, and coming demo

graphic and economic constraints on European defense. Fran?ois Heisbourg was international relations adviser to the minister of defense in 1981-84 and since then has been with Thomson International, deeply involved in arms procurement and sales: his special knowledge is well utilized in this book. Both authors view technology as presenting a new challenge to

Europe, place a special hope in Franco-German cooperation, but leave open the question of whether Europe is headed for renewal or decline.

MAKING EUROPE UNCONQUERABLE: THE POTENTIAL OF CIVILIAN-BASED DETERRENCE AND DEFENSE. By Gene Sharp. Cambridge: Ballinger, 1986, 325 pp. $14.95 (paper).

Neither the policy of nuclear deterrence nor of a massive conventional arms buildup are attractive alternatives for European security?yet a com

bination of these remains the West's policy. The value of this thoughtful work is in the alternative it suggests: "civilian defense" through advance

This content downloaded from 91.229.248.154 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 20:08:33 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Page 3: Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-Based Deterrence and Defenseby Gene Sharp

RECENT BOOKS 873

training for such actions against an intruder as mass public demonstrations,

boycotts and strikes, demoralization of enemy troops, and the like. The author's proposals go against the grain of mainstream thinking, and to this reviewer leave many questions unanswered, but they are carefully put forward in a nonpolemical manner and clearly merit sustained attention and thought.

A GAME FOR HIGH STAKES: LESSONS LEARNED IN NEGOTIAT ING WITH THE SOVIET UNION. By Leon Sloss and M. Scott Davis.

Cambridge: Ballinger, 1986, 200 pp. $24.95.

Rounding up some veteran negotiators on the U.S. side from such

negotiations as those on SALT, MBFR, the Comprehensive Test Ban and the CSCE in order to distill the lessons of their experience was an excellent

idea, or so it would seem from the resulting volume. They discuss Soviet

negotiating style and tactics, best described as "tenacious," but often

dependent upon an initial American proposal, as well as the appropriate U.S. response, which should include patience, clarity of objectives and

broad domestic support. Along the way there are many interesting insights into such matters as the use of "back channels," informal soundings and the setting of deadlines. An original and most useful book, sponsored by the Roosevelt Center for American Policy Studies, which should be read

by all present and future negotiators.

ACHIEVING EFFECTIVE ARMS CONTROL. A Report of the Commit tee on International Arms Control and Security Affairs of the New York

City Bar Association. New York: New York City Bar Association, 1985, 180 pp. $5.00 (paper).

This is a comprehensive report, the result of a two-year study chaired by Stanley

S. Resor, on today's major

arms control issues. The recommenda

tions call for an agreement to limit the Strategic Defense Initiative to

research in return for major reductions in Soviet offensive nuclear weapons, including substantial reductions in land-based systems; strengthening the

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty; prohibiting the testing of antisatellite weapons; ratification of the Threshold Test Ban Treaty and Peaceful Nuclear Explo sions Treaty; and other measures affecting force reductions in Europe, chemical weapons, and nuclear nonproliferation. The result of extensive consultation with experts, the report is professional in context, clear in

presentation.

PSYCHOLOGY AND DETERRENCE. By Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986, 270 pp. $27.50.

Deterrence?so basic to U.S. national security policy and indeed to much of the current system of international relations?remains of uncertain

psychological validity. The authors of this sophisticated and perceptive book examine such situations as the Falklands War, the Arab-Israeli con

frontations and the events leading up to World War I, and draw some

troubling conclusions about risk-taking, national behavior and reliance

upon deterrence as a strategy for conflict management.

This content downloaded from 91.229.248.154 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 20:08:33 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions