1. What is a Constitution?A Constitution means a document, having a speciallegal sanctity which sets out the frame work andthe principle functions of the organs of theGovernment of a State and declares the principlesgoverning the operations of those organs.

2. ?? ? ? 3. Framing of the IndianConstitution The struggle for independence was thus over by 15th August1947. But the attainment of independence was not an end itself. The 1st tasks undertaken by independent India was framing ofNew Constitution. The 1st meeting of the assembly was held on 9th Dec 1946 as thesovereign Constituent Assembly for India. On 11th Dec , Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as permant Chairman. The Draft constitution was publish in Jan, 1948. The people ofIndia were given 8 months to discuss the Draft & proposeamendments. The Draft constitution was considered for 114 days. The New Constitution of India was adopted by the constituentassembly on 26th Nov 1949 & signed by the President Dr.Rajendra Prasad. Some of new provisions of constitution, where came into forceon 26th Jan 1950 & this was the date on which constitution wascommenced. 4. Some of the prominent leaders were- Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Jhaverbhai Vallabhai Patel Abul kalam Azad T.T.Krishnamachari Jaipal Singh H.C.Mookherjee G.Durgabai Deshmukh Baldev Singh Kanhaiyalal Maniklal Munshi Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Jawaharlal Nehru Sarojini Naidu Somnath Lahiri 5. Dr. Rajendra PrasadRajendra Prasad (3 December 1884 28 February 1963)was the first President of the Republic of India.An Indian political leader, lawyer by training, Prasadjoined the Indian National Congress during the Indianindependence movement and became a major leaderfrom the region of Bihar. A supporter of MahatmaGandhi, Prasad was imprisoned by British authoritiesduring the Salt Satyagraha of 1931 and the Quit Indiamovement of 1942. Prasad served one term as President of the Indian NationalCongress from 1934 to 1935. After the 1946 elections, Prasad served as ministerof food and agriculture in the central government. Upon independence in 1947,Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly of India, whichprepared the Constitution of India and served as its provisional parliament. 6. When India became a Republic in 1950, Prasad was elected itsfirst President by the Constituent Assembly. Followingthe general election of 1951, he was elected President by theelectoral college of the first Parliament of India and its statelegislatures. As President, Prasad established a tradition ofnon-partisanship and independence for the office-bearer, andretired from Congress party politics. Althougha ceremonial head of state, Prasad encouraged thedevelopment of education in India and advised the Nehrugovernment on several occasions. In 1957, Prasad was re-electedto the presidency, becoming the only president tohave been twice the office.[2] 7. Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai PatelVallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel(31 October 1875 15 December1950) was an Indian barristerand statesman, one of the leadersof the Indian National Congressand one of the founding fathersof the Republic of India. He was asocial leader who played a leadingrole in the country's struggle forindependence and guided itsintegration into a united,independent nation. In India and elsewhere, he was often addressed as Sardar,which means Chief in Hindi, Urdu and Persian.He was raised in the countryside of Gujarat. Vallabhbhai Patelwas employed in successful practice as a lawyer. Patel subsequently organisedpeasants from Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civildisobedience against oppressive policies imposed by the British Raj; in thisrole, he became one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. 8. He rose to the leadership of the Indian National Congress and was atthe forefront of rebellions and political events, organising the party forelections in 1934 and 1937, and promoting the Quit India movement.As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patelorganised relief for refugees in Punjab and Delhi, and led efforts torestore peace across the nation. Patel took charge of the task to forge aunited India from the British colonial provinces allocated to India andmore than five hundred self-governing princely states, released fromBritish suzerainty by the Indian Independence Act 1947. Using frankdiplomacy, backed with the option and use of military force, Patel'sleadership persuaded almost every princely state. Often known as the"Iron Man of India" or "Bismarck of India", he is also remembered asthe "Patron Saint" of India's civil servants for establishing modern all-India services. 9. Abul kalam AzadAbul Kalam Muhiyuddin AhmedAzad (11 November 1888 22February 1958) was an Indianscholar and a senior political leaderof the Indian independencemovement. Following India'sindependence, he became thefirst Minister of Education in theIndian government. In 1992 he was posthumously awarded India'shighest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna. There is also a theorywhich suggests that earlierwhen he was offered Bharat Ratna hepromptly declined it saying that it should not be given to those who havebeen on the selection committee. Later he was awarded posthumously in1992. He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulanais an honorific meaning 'learned man', and he had adopted Azad (Free)as his pen name. His contribution to establishing the educationfoundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as "NationalEducation Day" across India. 10. As a young man, Azad composed poetry in Urdu language, as wellas treatises on religion and philosophy. He rose to prominencethrough his work as a journalist, publishing works critical ofthe British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian nationalism.Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Movement, during whichhe came into close contact with the Indian leaderMahatmaGandhi. Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi's ideasof non-violent civil disobedience, and worked to organise the non-co-operation movement in protest of the 1919 Rowlatt Acts.Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, includingpromoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the causeof Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. In 1923, at an age of 35, he becamethe youngest person to serve as the President of the IndianNational Congress. 11. T.T.KrishnamachariTiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachari(18991974) was the Indian FinanceMinister from 19561958 and from1964-1966. He was also a foundingmember of the first Governing Bodyof NCAER, the National Council ofApplied Economic Research in NewDelhi,Indias first independent economic policy instituteestablished in 1956. Krishnamachari graduated from MadrasChristian College(MCC) and was a visiting professor tothe department of economics at MCC. He was popularly known asTTK. He has the ignominy of being the first minister in free Indiato have resigned due to his involvement in a scam. He was also amember of drafting committee, an entrepreneur and congressleader. 12. Jaipal SinghJaipal Singh Munda (January 3,1903 March 20, 1970) was aMunda tribal man, who captainedthe Indian field hockey team toclinch gold in the 1928 SummerOlympics in Amsterdam. He iswell known for his sportsmanshipand political skills.Later he emerged as a sole leader of Adivasi cause and creation of aseparate home land for adivasis of central India. As a member ofthe Constituent Assembly of India he actively campaigned for the rightsof the scheduled tribes.His dream came true on November 15, 2000, when Jharkhand wascarved out of Bihar. He is popularly known as "Marang Gomke" whichmeans the Great Leader. This name was given to him by the tribalpeople of Chota nagpur region. 13. H.C. MukherjeeHarendra Coomar Mookerjee(18871956), also spelt as H.C.Mookherjee or H.C. Mukherjeeor H.C. Mukerji or H.C. Mukerjee,was the Vice-president of theConstituent Assembly of Indiafor drafting the Constitution of India before Partition ofIndia, and the first Governor of WestBengal after India became a republic with partition intoIndia and Pakistan. 14. He was an educationalist, prominent Christian leaderof Bengal, and was the chairman of the Minority rightscommittee and Provincial constitution committee of theConstituent Assemblyconsisting of indirectly electedrepresentatives to draft the Constitution of India,including for provincesof present Pakistan and Bangladesh(then-East Bengal) -the assembly considered onlyMuslims and Sikhs asreligious minorities - after India became republic, thesame Constituent Assembly became the first Parliamentof India in 1947. 15. G.Durgabai DeshmukhDurgbi, Lady Deshmukh(July 15, 1909 May 9, 1981)was an Indian freedom fighter,lawyer, social worker andpolitician. She was a memberof the Constituent Assembly ofIndia and the PlanningCommission of India.Born in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India. Durgabai was married atthe age of 14 to a Telugu person, later left and married C.D. Deshmukh,the first Indian Governor of the Reserve Bank of India and FinanceMinister in India's Central Cabinet during 1950 - 1956. She was a publicactivist for women's emanicipation and was also the founder of AndhraMahila Sabha. She was also the founder chairperson of central socialwelfare board. 16. Baldev SinghBaldev Singh was an IndianSikh political leader, he wasan Indian independencemovement leader and thefirst Defence Minister ofIndia. Moreover, he represented the Punjabi Sikh community inthe processes of negotiations that resulted in the independenceof India, as well as the Partition of India in 1947.After independence, Baldev Singh was chosen to become as thefirst Minister of Defence, and served in this post during the firstKashmir war between India and Pakistan. He is addressed oftenwith the title of Sardar, whichin Punjabi and Hindi means Leader or Chief. 17. Kanaiyalal Maneklal MunshiKanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi,(30 December 1887 8 February1971) popularly known as KulpatiDr. K. M. Munshi, was an Indianindependence movement activist, politician, writer andeducationist from Gujarat state.A lawyer by profession, he later turned to literature andpolitics. He was a well known name in Gujarati literature.He founded Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, an educational trust, in1938. 18. Bhimrao Ramji AmbedkarBhimrao Ramji Ambedkar(14 April 1891 6 December1956), popularly known asBabasaheb, was an Indianjurist, politician and socialreformer who inspired theModern Buddhist Movementand campaigned against socialdiscrimination in India, striving for equal social rightsfor Dalits, women and labour. He was independent India's first lawminister and the principal architect of the Constitution of India.Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning a law degree and variousdoctorates from Columbia University and the London School ofEconomics, and gained a reputation as a scholar for his research inlaw, economics and political science. 19. In his early career he was an economist, professor, and lawyer.His later life was marked by his political activities, where hebecame involved in the negotiations for India's independencecampaigning by publishing journals advocating politicalrights and social freedom for untouchables and contributingsignificantly to the establishment of the state of India. In1956 he converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversionsof Dalits.In 1990, Ambedkar was posthumously conferred withthe Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award. Present dayIndia had various followers of Ambedkar and numerousmemorials have been erected in his memory. 20. Syama Prasad MookerjeeSyama Prasad Mookerjee(6 July 1901 23 June 1953)was an Indian politician,who served as Minister forIndustry and Supply inPrime Minister JawaharlalNehru's cabinet. After fallingout with Nehru, Mookerjee quit the Indian NationalCongress party and founded the nationalist BharatiyaJana Sangh party in 1951. 21. Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru ( 14 November1889 27 May 1964) was the firstPrime Minister of India and acentral figure in Indian politicsfor much of the 20th century. Heemerged as the paramount leaderof the Indian independencemovement under the tutelage ofMahatma Gandhi and ruled India from its establishment asan independent nation in 1947 until his death in office in 1964.Nehru is considered to be the architect of the modern Indiannation-state: a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democraticrepublic. 22. The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer and nationaliststatesman, Nehru was a graduate of Trinity College,Cambridge and the Inner Temple, where he trained to bea barrister. Upon his return to India, he enrolled atthe Allahabad High Court, and took an interest in nationalpolitics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Acommitted nationalist since his teenage years, Nehru becamea rising figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the1910s. He became the prominent leader of the left-wingfactions of the Indian National Congress during the 1920s,and eventually of the entire Congress, with the tacit approvalof his mentor, Gandhi. As Congress President in 1929, Nehrucalled for complete independence from the British Raj andinstigated the Congress's decisive shift towards the left. 23. Sarojini NaiduSarojini Naidu, born asSarojini Chattopadhyayalso known by the sobriquetas The Nightingale of India,was a child prodigy, Indianindependence activist andpoet.Naidu served as the firstgovernor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh from1947 to 1949; the first woman to become the governor of anIndian state. She was the second woman to become thepresident of the Indian National Congress in 1925 and thefirst Indian woman to do so. 24. Somnath LahiriSomnath Lahiri (19011984) was an Indian statesmanand a leader of Communist Party of India. He wasa member of Constituent Assembly of Indiafrom Bengal and later served as aMemberWestBengal legislative assembly. 25. Conclusion The Indian Constitution is criticized to be borrowed fromthe number of other constitutions. But it doesnt mean that all the provisions are borrowedand implemented It has gone through a great amount of research on andabove the borrowings from the other constitutions, tomake the present Indian constitution. These valuable inputs are largely influenced by factors like,Social, Economic & Geographical factors And hence, the Indian Constitution came into force after ahuge period. 26. ThAnKyOu