making penn state green: an analysis of solar and wind energy investments

8/2/2019 Making Penn State Green: An Analysis of Solar and Wind Energy Investments

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2;12[rh{arhm ejr }`h [hcc

T}a}h Jeefdh je }`h

[`vtfdan [nac} acm [hcc

T}a}h Bjarm je ]rxt}hht

[rh{arhm bv Brfac Ljnmhc

% Amao @j|hnn

WOAGFCL [HCC T]A]H LRHHC9

AC ACANVTFT JE TJNAR ACM\FCM HCHRLV FCUHT]OHC]T_ ]`ft rhdjoohcma}fjc rh{jr} fcuht}fla}ht }`h ehatfbfnf}v je tjnar acm |fcm hchrlv }hd`cjnjlfht at

{jttfbnh ohact }j rhmxdh }`h darbjc hofttfjct lhchra}hm bv }`h djan {nac}t jc [hcc T}a}h‖t Xcfuhrtf}v

[arg dao{xt# ]`h {rj{jthm tvt}hot |fnn bh djctfmhrhm |f}` rht{hd} }j }`hfr djt} bhchef}t acm {j}hc}fan

}j mfofcft` }`h aojxc} lrhhc`jxth latht hof}}hm bv }`h \ht} Dao{xt acm Hat} Dao{xt T}hao [nac}t#



Oagfcl [hcc T}a}h Lrhhc A{rfn 2;12

Ljnmhc % @j|hnn f ~ [ a l h

HPHDX]FUH TXOOARV

[hcc T}a}h Xcfuhrtf}v [arg dxrrhc}nv lhchra}ht jr rhdhfuht }`h oaijrf}v je f}t hchrlv erjo djan/

{j|hrhm t}hao {nac}t# ]`hth {nac}t cj} jcnv lhchra}h a `xlh aojxc} je darbjc hofttfjct

|`fd` àro }`h txrrjxcmfcl hcufrjcohc}t. bx} antj dac bh uhrv hp{hctfuh ejr }`h xcfuhrtf}v# At

txd`. an}hrca}fuh hchrlv tjnx}fjct t`jxnm bh djctfmhrhm }j jeeth} tjoh je }`hth djt}t acmhofttfjct# ]`ft rh{jr} thhgt }j fcuht}fla}h }`h ehatfbfnf}v je a tjnar hchrlv tjnx}fjc alafct} a

|fcm hchrlv tjnx}fjc ejr fct}anna}fjc jc }`h Xcfuhrtf}v [arg dao{xt# Txd` a tvt}ho t`jxnm bh

abnh }j {rjmxdh a{{rjpfoa}hnv 1( je [hcc T}a}h‖t }j}an hchrlv chhmt. jr 15#5<( je }`h

dao{xt‖t hohrlhcdv {j|hr tx{{nv#

Fc jrmhr }j {rj{hrnv djo{arh }`hth }|j tjnx}fjct. }`h ejnnj|fcl drf}hrfa t`jxnm bh djctfmhrhm9

djt}. hcufrjcohc}an fo{ad}. lhjlra{`fd ehatfbfnf}v. acm hchrlv {rjmxd}fjc# Bhdaxth [hcc T}a}h

ft a bxtfchtt. djt} djctfmhra}fjct |hrh djctfmhrhm }j bh je }`h `fl`ht} fo{jr}acdh. ejnnj|hm bv

}`h hcufrjcohc}an fo{ad} je had`# Bathm jc }`hth drf}hrfa. f} |at ejxcm }à} }`h tjnar hchrlv

tjnx}fjc |at }`h bh}}hr j{}fjc ejr fcuht}fcl fc ac an}hrca}fuh hchrlv tjxrdh# Tjnar }hd`cjnjlvàt a nhtthr hcufrjcohc}an fo{ad} }àc |fcm. acm djt}t djctfmhrabnv nhtt }j fo{nhohc}# At

txd`. |h rhdjoohcm exr}`hr hpaofcfcl }`h {jttfbfnf}v je fct}annfcl a{{rjpfoa}hnv 4;;; tjnar

{achnt jc }`h Xcfuhrtf}v [arg dao{xt }j tx{{nhohc} }`h dxrrhc} hchrlv {rjmxd}fjc je }`h }|j

t}hao {nac}t# @j|huhr. |h oxt} cj}h }à} }`ft rh{jr} |at djo{nh}hm |f}` a nfof}hm }foheraoh

acm |f}` tjoh}foht fctxeefdfhc} }ht} oh}`jmt7 acv txbthqxhc} mhdftfjc t`jxnm bh oamh jcnv

ae}hr exr}`hr fcuht}fla}fcl }`hth acm j}`hr hchrlv j{}fjct#




Ljnmhc % @j|hnn ff ~ [ a l h

]abnh je Djc}hc}t

NFT] JE UFTXANT ############################################################################################################################### FFF

1# FC]RJMXD]FJC #############################################################################################################################1

2# TJNX]FJC DRF]HRFA ######################################################################################################################2

DJT] DJCTFMHRA]FJCT####################################################################################################################################### 2

HCUFRJCOHC]AN FO[AD] ################################################################################################################################### 2

LHJLRA[@FD EHATFBFNF]V #################################################################################################################################### 2

HCHRLV [RJMXD]FJC######################################################################################################################################### 2

4# HUANXA]FJC JE J[]FJCT #############################################################################################################4

4#1# TJNAR HCHRLV TJNX]FJC##################################################################################################################4


HCHRLV [RJMXD]FJC######################################################################################################################################### =

DJT] ACANVTFT JE ]HD@CJNJLFHT######################################################################################################################## =HCUFRJCOHC]AN FO[AD] ################################################################################################################################### =

4#2# \FCM HCHRLV TJNX]FJC ##################################################################################################################=


HCHRLV [RJMXD]FJC######################################################################################################################################### 8

DJT] ACANVTFT JE ]HD@CJNJLFHT######################################################################################################################## 8

HCUFRJCOHC]AN FO[AD] ################################################################################################################################### 8

=# DJCDNXTFJCT ###############################################################################################################################5

8# RHDJOOHCMA]FJCT ####################################################################################################################<

5# RHEHRHCDHT ###################################################################################################################################0




Ljnmhc % @j|hnn fff ~ [ a l h

Nft} je Uftxant

Eflxrh 1# ]rfca Tjnar ]TO/MA;1 10;/|a}} Ojcj/drvt}annfch tjnar ojmxnh ######################### 4

Eflxrh 2# LH 1#8t |fcm }xrbfch ################################################################################################### =

]abnh 1# Djo{arftjc je Hchrlv J{}fjct ################################################################################## 5




Ljnmhc % @j|hnn 1 ~ [ a l h

1# Fc}rjmxd}fjc

Djan/{j|hrhm t}hao {nac}t. rhlarmnhtt je |`h}`hr }à} hchrlv ft {rjmxdhm bv [hcc T}a}h jr

{xrdàthm erjo ac jx}tfmh djo{acv. {rjmxdh }`h oaijrf}v je }`h hchrlv xthm bv [hcc T}a}h‖tXcfuhrtf}v [arg dao{xt# \ht} Dao{xt T}hao [nac} \DT[& {rjmxdht 5( je }`h hchrlv

{rjmxdhm jc dao{xt |`fd` ft hcjxl` }j tx{{nv hohrlhcdv {j|hr ejr }`h arha. acm abjx}

acj}`hr =( ft {rjmxdhm fc }`h Hat} Dao{xt T}hao [nac} HDT[&# \DT[ àt bhhc fc xth tfcdh

1626 acm dxrrhc}nv djctft}t je ejxr 165;‖t djan/efrhm acm jch ca}xran lat/efrhm bjfnhr7 HDT[ xtht

}|j ca}xran lat/efrhm bjfnhrt acm àt bhhc fc xth tfcdh 16<2#

]`h dxrrhc} djan tvt}ho jc dao{xt ft da{abnh je {rjmxdfcl a rhatjcabnh aojxc} je hchrlv ejr

}`h xcfuhrtf}v. bx} mj cj} chdhttarfnv mj tj fc ac hchrlv/heefdfhc} acm hcufrjcohc}annv/erfhcmnv

oacchr# ]`hth {nac}t cj} jcnv hof} a }j}an je a{{rjpfoa}hnv 226.;;; Oh}rfd ]jc Hqxfuanhc}t je

Darbjc Mfjpfmh o}DJ2h& — |`fd` addjxc}t ejr 44#8( je ann je [hcc T}a}h‖t lrhhc`jxth lat

hofttfjct lrhhc#{tx#hmx& — bx} antj {rjmxdht a narlh ujnxoh je {jnnx}hm |a}hr fc }`h {rjdhtt#

]j rhojuh oxd` je }`h hofttfjct {rjmxdhm bv }`h djan/efrhm bjfnhrt. tdrxbbhrt fctfmh }`h

t}adgt je djan eadfnf}fht arh x}fnfyhm — bx} }`ft }hd`cfqxh {rjmxdht }`jxtacmt je lannjct je

{jnnx}hm |a}hr fc }`h {rjdhtt# ]`ft djc}aofca}hm |a}hr ft cj} hatv }j mft{jth je taehnv. acm

oacv hchrlv {rjufmhrt àuh bhhc mft{jtfcl je }`hfr |a}hr fc ac hcufrjcohc}annv/frrht{jctfbnh

oacchr Mx`fll&# ]`ft |a}hr oav je}hc {jnnx}h uarfjxt |a}hr tx{{nfht acm hcmaclhr }`h

mhnfda}h hdjtvt}hot }à} hpft} fc erht`|a}hr naght. t}rhaot. acm rfuhrt# Xtfcl tjnar jr |fcm

hchrlv |fnn nj|hr }`h chhm ejr hchrlv {rjmxdhm fc [hcc T}a}h‖t djan {nac}t. |`fd` |fnn fc }xrc

rhmxdh }`h aojxc} je {jnnx}hm |a}hr }à} ft drha}hm bv }`h tdrxbbfcl {rjdhtt#

Fc a }foh |`hc {hj{nh arh ojrh djcdhrchm }àc huhr abjx} }`h djcmf}fjc je jxr hcufrjcohc}.}`h fo{nhohc}a}fjc je a rhch|abnh hchrlv tjnx}fjc djxnm drha}h ljjm {xbnfdf}v ejr }`h

xcfuhrtf}v# Dnfoa}h dàclh ft a }rhcmfcl fttxh fc }jmav‖t dxn}xrh. acm df}fyhct arh je}hc njjgfcl

ejr djo{acfht. jrlacfya}fjct. acm cj| td`jjnt }j bh oagfcl djctfmhrabnh heejr}t }j amj{}

{jnfdfht acm fcuht} fc }hd`cjnjlfht }à} |fnn `hn{ rhmxdh }`hfr rht{hd}fuh darbjc ejj}{rfc}t#

Djctxohrt je}hc oagh mhdftfjct jc }`hfr {xrdàtht acm annhlfacdht bathm jc }`h lrhhc ra}fcl

je dhr}afc djo{acfht# Fc a 2;;0 t}xmv bv @ACTA~LDR. 51( je djctxohrt bhnfhuh }à}

bxtfchttht „àuh tjdfan rht{jctfbfnf}fht bhvjcm }à} je j{hra}fcl a bxtfchtt#‟ Rhch|abnh

hchrlv }hd`cjnjlfht cj}abnv rhmxdh lrhhc`jxth latht txd` at darbjc mfjpfmh. oh}àch. cf}rjxt

jpfmht. txnexr jpfmht acm enxjrfca}hm latht. bx} antj àuh }`h {j}hc}fan }j lrha}nv fo{rjuh }`h

rh{x}a}fjc je ac fct}f}x}fjc# ]`ft djxnm bhchef} [hcc T}a}h bv fcdrhatfcl fc}hrht} fc }`h td`jjn

ejr {j}hc}fan t}xmhc}t. {rjehttjrt. acm bhchead}jrt#

Exhn }hd`cjnjlv amuacdht qxfdgnv. acm dhr}afcnv }`h }|j jc/dao{xt eadfnf}fht cj njclhr àuh }`h

da{adf}v }j {rjufmh hchrlv ejr Xcfuhrtf}v [arg fc bj}` ac heefdfhc} acm hcufrjcohc}annv/erfhcmnv

oacchr# ]`h xcfuhrtf}v t`jxnm }`hrhejrh njjg }j tflcfefdac}nv x{lramh f}t hchrlv {rjmxd}fjc

}hd`cjnjlfht }j jcht }à} arh djt} heehd}fuh. hchrlv heefdfhc} acm hcufrjcohc}annv/erfhcmnv# ]j





mj tj. |h |fnn acanvyh }|j mft}fcd} hchrlv {rjmxd}fjc }hd`cjnjlfht — tjnar acm |fcm/lhchra}hm

hchrlv#

2# Tjnx}fjc Drf}hrfa

]`h ejnnj|fcl drf}hrfa arh nft}hm fc jrmhr je fo{jr}acdh9

Djt} djctfmhra}fjct

Fct}annfcl ch| hchrlv {rjmxd}fjc tvt}hot ft cj toann xcmhr}agfcl# At txd`. a ufabnh tjnx}fjc

oxt} bh jch }à} àt a ljjm banacdh bh}|hhc fct}anna}fjc djt}t. oafc}hcacdh. acm hchrlv

{rjmxd}fjc# Tfcdh rhch|abnh hchrlv }hd`cjnjlv ft rhna}fuhnv ch|. }`h djt} je fct}anna}fjc fe je}hc

fcf}fannv hp{hctfuh# ]j jeeth} }à} djt}. }`h tvt}ho t`jxnm chhm fcerhqxhc} oafc}hcacdh acm

{rjmxdh txeefdfhc} hchrlv ejr oacv vhart ae}hr f} ft fct}annhm# ]`ft |fnn rhmxdh }`h aojxc} je

hchrlv chhmhm }j bh {xrdàthm erjo ac hchrlv x}fnf}v djo{acv#

Hcufrjcohc}an fo{ad}

Jch je }`h ojt} fo{jr}ac} ejdan {jfc}t je fct}annfcl ac hcufrjcohc}annv/erfhcmnv hchrlv

{rjmxd}fjc tvt}ho ft }j rhmxdh }`h darbjc ejj}{rfc} je }`h xcfuhrtf}v# ]`h }hd`cjnjlv |`fd` dac

bh ojt} xthexn fc lrha}nv rhmxdfcl darbjc hofttfjct t`jxnm bh djctfmhrhm }`h bht} j{}fjc. bx}

|f}`jx} àufcl }j tadrfefdh djt} heefdfhcdv# ]`h xcfuhrtf}v t`jxnm bh abnh }j fo{nhohc} }`h lfuhc

tjnx}fjc |`fnh ghh{fcl djt}t at nj| at {jttfbnh acm t}fnn lhchra}fcl hcjxl` hchrlv }j oagh ac

fo{ad}#

Lhjlra{`fd ehatfbfnf}v

Rhch|abnh hchrlv tvt}hot je}hc {rjmxdh hchrlv xtfcl xc{rhmfd}abnh tjxrdht7 }`h }|j |h |fnnbh acanvyfcl rhqxfrh hf}`hr tjnar ravt jr |fcm }j lhchra}h hchrlv# ]`h rhnfabfnf}v je }`hfr

rht{hd}fuh tjxrdht ft fo{jr}ac} }j djctfmhr acm je}hc mh{hcmt jc }`h thatjc acm lhjlra{`fd

njda}fjc# Fc }`ft dath. |h |fnn bh njjgfcl a} txd` fttxht at }`hv a{{nv }j }`h T}a}h Djnnhlh arha#

Hchrlv {rjmxd}fjc

]`h tvt}ho d`jthc t`jxnm {rjmxdh hchrlv fc ac heefdfhc} oacchr acm bh abnh }j rhatjcabnv

lhchra}h hcjxl` }j jeeth} tjoh je }`h fo{nhohc}a}fjc djt}t# F} t`jxnm antj lhchra}h hcjxl`

hchrlv }j fo{ad} }`h }j}an hchrlv xtalh je }`h dao{xt. acm bh djo{arabnh }j }`h djan bxrchrt

}à} arh dxrrhc}nv fc {nadh#





4# Huanxa}fjc je J{}fjct

]j a{{rj{rfa}hnv djo{arh }`h tjnar hchrlv tjnx}fjc }j }`h |fcm tjnx}fjc. |h |fnn djo{arh }`hfr

rht{hd}fuh da{adf}fht }j lhchra}h a bath aojxc} je hchrlv {hr ojc}`# Fc jrmhr }j lhchra}h

tflcfefdac} aojxc} je hchrlv. }`h tvt}ho t`jxnm bh abnh }j lhchra}h 1( je [hcc T}a}h‖t

ojc}`nv hchrlv chhmt7 }à} 1( |fnn antj addjxc} ejr 15#5<( je }`h xcfuhrtf}v‖t hohrlhcdv{j|hr tx{{nv# Fc jrmhr }j {rjmxdh }à} 1( je }`h xcfuhrtf}v‖t hchrlv. had` tvt}ho |jxnm chhm

}j {rjmxdh 2= ofnnfjc g\` gfnj|a}} `jxrt& je hchrlv {hr ojc}`# Had` drf}hrfjc `hrh ft cj}

nft}hm fc jrmhr je fo{jr}acdh at fc Thd}fjc 27 }`hv arh fct}ham djctfmhrhm fc njlfdan jrmhr. at

had` drf}hrfjc daccj} bh {rj{hrnv huanxa}hm |f}`jx} mftdxttfcl }`h jcht {rhufjxt }j f}#

4#1# Tjnar Hchrlv Tjnx}fjcEjr }`h acanvtft je }`h tjnar hchrlv tjnx}fjc. |h |fnn bh djctfmhrfcl }`h ]rfca Tjnar ]TO/MA;1

10;/|a}} Ojcj/drvt}annfch tjnar ojmxnh |`jnhtanhtjnar#djo&#

Eflxrh 1# ]rfca Tjnar ]TO/MA;1 10;/|a}} Ojcj/drvt}annfch tjnar ojmxnh


]j acanvyh }`h aojxc} je hchrlv tjnar {achnt dac lhchra}h. |h oxt} djctfmhr }`h auhralh

aojxc} je txcnfl`} }à} }`h T}a}h Djnnhlh arha rhdhfuht# ]`h auhralh tjnar fctjna}fjc — }`h

hchrlv {rjmxdhm bv }`h txct ramfa}fjc fttxhm juhr a lfuhc arha — fc T}a}h Djnnhlh ft =#22

g\`*o2 gfnj|a}} `jxrt {hr tqxarh oh}hr& „CV % [A Tjnar Fctjna}fjc‟&# Xcfuhrtf}v [arg àt a

}j}an <6 adrht je rjje arha adrjtt ann je f}t {rj{hr}fht lrhhc#{tx#hmx&. |`fd` fcdnxmht adamhofd

bxfnmfclt. t}jralh eadfnf}fht. rhtfmhc}fan mjrot acm t}jralh eadfnf}fht# Bhdaxth |h arh xcabnh }j

{rj{hrnv acanvyh drf}hrfa }à} |jxnm mh}hrofch |`fd` rjjet |jxnm bh txf}abnh ejr fct}annfcl tjnar{achnt — txd` at aclnh je fcdfmhcdh je tjnar ravt. taeh txreadht acm |`fd` rjjet arh ad}xannv

auafnabnh ejr fct}anna}fjc — |h |fnn oagh a rjxl` ht}foa}h }à} 2( je f} ft j{hc ejr xth. jr 1#80

adrht 5002=#0 tqxarh ehh}&# Tfcdh }`hth tjnar {achnt àuh ac arha je 14#<< tqxarh ehh} had`.

bathm jc }`h ht}foa}hm aojxc} je rjje t{adh ehatfbnh. a{{rjpfoa}hnv 8;;; tjnar {achnt djxnm

bh fct}annhm#




Ljnmhc % @j|hnn = ~ [ a l h

Hchrlv {rjmxd}fjc

Had` je }`h ]rfca tjnar {achnt ft ra}hm a} 10; |a}}t acm dac djcuhr} a{{rjpfoa}hnv 4;( je }`h

tjnar hchrlv f} rhdhfuht fc}j a xthabnh ejro# Bathm jc }`h aojxc} je tjnar hchrlv }à} a {achn

|jxnm rhdhfuh. had` {achn |jxnm bh abnh }j lhchra}h 0;6< g\` je hchrlv jc auhralh {hr mav#

]`hrhejrh. fc jrmhr }j {rjmxdh 1( je }`h xcfuhrtf}v‖t ojc}`nv hchrlv chhmt. 4;;; tjnar {achnt

|jxnm chhm }j bh fct}annhm jc dao{xt# At ojrh {achnt dac bh fct}annhm }àc arh chdhttarv ejrjxr mhtfrhm tjnx}fjc. }`hrh ft txeefdfhc} t{adh }j fct}ann }`h {rhehrrhm aojxc} je tjnar {achnt#

Djt} acanvtft je }hd`cjnjlfht

Had` {achn ft ra}hm a} a{{rjpfoa}hnv -5#24 {hr |a}}. brfclfcl }`h djt} }j -1121#=; ejr had`

fcmfufmxan {achn7 }`ft djt} fcdnxmht fct}anna}fjc acm j}`hr chdhttarv hqxf{ohc}# ]j fct}ann ann

4;;; {rj{jthm {achnt. }`h }j}an djt} je fct}anna}fjc |jxnm bh -4#45 ofnnfjc# \`hc antj

djctfmhrfcl }ap brhagt jeehrhm bv }`h ehmhran ljuhrcohc}. }`h efcan djt} je fct}annfcl }`h tjnar

ojmxnht |fnn ad}xannv bh djctfmhrabnv nhtt }àc }`h fcf}fan }j}an# Bathm jc }`h }j}an djt} je }`h

tvt}ho. hchrlv {rjmxdhm {hr vhar acm aojxc} je hchrlv xthm bv Xcfuhrtf}v [arg. f} |fnn }agh

a{{rjpfoa}hnv 1=#24 vhart }j brhag huhc jc }`h fcuht}ohc}#


Bhdaxth {`j}jujn}afd hchrlv {rjmxdht cj hofttfjct acm rhqxfrht cj tjxrdh bhtfmht tjnar

ramfa}fjc }j lhchra}h hchrlv. }`h {achnt |fnn {rhuhc} a narlh qxac}f}v je darbjc mfjpfmh

{jnnx}fjc erjo hc}hrfcl }`h a}ojt{`hrh. at j{{jthm }j fe }à} hchrlv àm bhhc {rjmxdhm fc a

djan {nac}# ]`h xth je tjnar {j|hr |fnn tauh }`h xth je <8; oh}rfd }jct je djan a vhar. |`fd` fc

}xrc |fnn hnfofca}h 2186 o}DJ2h erjo hc}hrfcl }`h a}ojt{`hrh# ]`ft aojxc} je darbjc mfjpfmh

hofttfjct ft hqxfuanhc} }j }`h lrhhc`jxth lat hofttfjct aujfmhm bv rhdvdnfcl <25 }jct je |at}h

fct}ham je thcmfcl f} }j }`h nacmefnn#

4#2# \fcm Hchrlv Tjnx}fjcEjr }`h acanvtft je }`h |fcm hchrlv tjnx}fjc. |h |fnn bh djctfmhrfcl }`h LH 1#8t |fcm }xrbfch

|fcmhchrlvoargh}#djo&#

Eflxrh 2# LH 1#8t |fcm }xrbfch






]j acanvyh }`h aojxc} je hchrlv a |fcm }xrbfch dac lhchra}h. |h oxt} djctfmhr }`h auhralh

|fcm t{hhmt fc }`h T}a}h Djnnhlh arha# Tfcdh T}a}h Djnnhlh ft fc a uannhv. |fcm t{hhmt arh

hp}rhohnv uarfabnh# ]`hrhejrh. }`h }xrbfcht ejr xth bv }`h xcfuhrtf}v |jxnm nfghnv cj} bh {nadhm

fc }`h uannhv arha. bx} ra}`hr jc }`h txrrjxcmfcl hnhua}fjct }j bh}}hr rhdhfuh }`h |fcm dxrrhc}t#

]`h dxrrhc} |fcm }xrbfch eadfnf}v njda}hm ixt} |ht} je T}a}h Djnnhlh fc An}jjca. [hcctvnuacfa.thht auhralh |fcm t{hhmt je 24 ofnht {hr `jxr# Tfcdh }`h t{hdfefhm |fcm }xrbfch excd}fjct ojt}

heefdfhc}nv fc |fcm t{hhmt je abjx} 28 ofnht {hr `jxr. }`hth djcmf}fjct |jxnm bh txeefdfhc} ejr

}`h j{hra}fjc je }`h LH 1#8t |fcm }xrbfch# A{{rjpfoa}hnv tfp 1#8 O\ }xrbfcht dac bh {nadhm jc

had` 28 adrh thd}fjc je nacm. tj }`h xcfuhrtf}v |jxnm àuh }j {xrdàth tfp thd}fjct je nacm }j

addjoojma}h f}t }xrbfcht#

Hchrlv {rjmxd}fjc

Jch LH 1#8t |fcm }xrbfch ft ra}hm a} 1#8 ohla|a}}t acm dac djcuhr} a{{rjpfoa}hnv =;( je }`h

gfch}fd hchrlv erjo |fcm fc}j hnhd}rfdf}v. |`fd` dac bh djcuhr}hm fc}j ac a{{rj{rfa}h erhqxhcdv

acm ujn}alh }j bh djo{a}fbnh |f}` }`h hpft}fcl {j|hr lrfm# Bathm jc }`h auhralh aojxc} je |fcm hchrlv àruht}hm bv a tfclnh LH 1#8t }xrbfch. had` }xrbfch |jxnm bh abnh }j lhchra}h

1=.=;; g\` je hchrlv jc auhralh {hr mav# ]`hrhejrh. fc jrmhr }j {rjmxdh 1( je }`h xcfuhrtf}v‖t

ojc}`nv hchrlv chhmt. 88 LH 1#8t |fcm }xrbfcht |jxnm bh rhqxfrhm ejr hpdnxtfuh xth bv }`h

xcfuhrtf}v#

Djt} acanvtft je }hd`cjnjlfht

Had` }xrbfch ft ra}hm a} a{{rjpfoa}hnv -1#44 {hr |a}}. brfclfcl }`h djt} }j -2.;;;.;;; ejr had`

fcmfufmxan }xrbfch7 }`ft djt} fcdnxmht fct}anna}fjc acm j}`hr chdhttarv hqxf{ohc}# ]j fct}ann }`h

88 chdhttarv }xrbfcht. }`h fcf}fan djt} je fct}anna}fjc |jxnm bh a} nhat} -11; ofnnfjc# Ojt}

}xrbfcht |fnn antj rhqxfrh tflcfefdac} rh{afr jr }j}an juhràxn |`hc }`hv àuh bhhc excd}fjcfclejr 8/< vhart. |`fd` ft acj}`hr tflcfefdac} djt} jc a {fhdh je hqxf{ohc} àufcl txd` a narlh

fcf}fan djt}# \fcm }xrbfch earot arh djoojcnv jc nhathm nacm. |`fd` }`h xcfuhrtf}v |jxnm àuh

}j {av ejr erjo }`h nacmj|chr# ]v{fdan nhath alrhhohc}t arh a{{rjpfoa}hnv -2;;; {hr thd}fjc

je nacm {hr ojc}`# \f}` }`h xcfuhrtf}v rhqxfrfcl tfp thd}fjct je nacm ejr f}t }xrbfcht. }`h

ojc}`nv nhath {avohc}t |jxnm bh a{{rjpfoa}hnv -12.;;;# Bathm jc }`h }j}an djt} je }`h

tvt}ho. hchrlv {rjmxdhm {hr vhar acm aojxc} je hchrlv xthm bv Xcfuhrtf}v [arg. f} |fnn }agh

a{{rjpfoa}hnv 251 vhart }j brhag huhc jc }`h fcuht}ohc}#


Tfofnar }j {`j}jujn}afd hchrlv. |fcm hchrlv da{}xrhm ufa |fcm }xrbfcht {rjmxdht cj àyarmjxt

hofttfjct acm rhqxfrht cj tjxrdh bhtfmht }`h |fcm }j lhchra}h hchrlv# \fcm hchrlv dac

mft{nadh 4.;;; }jct je darbjc mfjpfmh {rjmxdhm accxannv }`rjxl` }`h xth je cjcrhch|abnh

hchrlv rhtjxrdht. txd` at djan# @j|huhr. |fcm }xrbfcht arh cj} djo{nh}hnv ujfm je

hcufrjcohc}an fo{ad}. at a |fcm }xrbfch |fnn djoojcnv nhag nxbrfdac} acm `vmraxnfd jfn erjo f}t

lharbjp atthobnv# Antj. djcdhrc àt bhhc rafthm juhr }`h fo{ad} je }`h }xrbfcht jc bfrm

{j{xna}fjct. at }`h rj}jrt t|hh{fcl juhr ac adrh je nacm djxnm djc}ad} }`h acfoant#





=# Djcdnxtfjct

A{{arhc} acm tflcfefdac} mfeehrhcdht hpft} bh}|hhc }`h abjuh j{}fjct |h àuh djctfmhrhm#

T}a}h Djnnhlh ft ac arha txf}abnh ejr }`h da{}xrh je tjnar acm |fcm hchrlv. tj bj}` j{}fjct thho

fcf}fannv ehatfbnh |f}`jx} djctfmhrfcl }`h j}`hr drf}hrfa# Tjnar hchrlv |jxnm bh da{}xrhm }`rjxl`

}`h xth je tjnar {achnt jc }`h rjjet je dao{xt bxfnmfclt. |`fnh |fcm hchrlv |jxnm chhm }j bhàruht}hm a} ac jee/dao{xt tf}h# ]`ft brfclt fc}j qxht}fjc a {jttfbnh aht}`h}fd fo{ad} je jch

}hd`cjnjlv juhr }`h j}`hr. |`fd` |fcm hchrlv àufcl a ojrh mfrhd} aht}`h}fd fo{ad} jc }`h

txrrjxcmfcl djooxcf}v. cj} ixt} }`jth jc [hcc T}a}h‖t dao{xt# Bj}` }hd`cjnjlfht arh abnh }j

ohh} }`h hchrlv chhmt je }`h xcfuhrtf}v. }`jxl` f} ft }`rjxl` uarvfcl djt} acm hcufrjcohc}an

fo{ad}# Tjnar acm |fcm da{}xrh arh tfofnarnv xcjb}rxtfuh |f}` rhlarm }j hcufrjcohc}an fo{ad}.

|f}` a t{hdfan cj}h lfuhc }j }`h nadg je darbjc mfjpfmh hofttfjct {rjmxdhm bv }`h }|j

}hd`cjnjlfht# \f}` }à} tafm. |fcm }xrbfcht rhqxfrh tflcfefdac}nv ojrh oafc}hcacdh }j excd}fjc

heefdfhc}nv. |`fd` fcdnxmht nfof}fcl }`h hcufrjcohc}an fo{ad} je }`h }hd`cjnjlv# ]`hrhejrh.

}`rjxl` oafc}hcacdh acm x{ghh{ je |fcm }xrbfcht }j {rjoj}h a mhdrhathm hcufrjcohc}an

fo{ad} je }`h }hd`cjnjlv. a narlhr fo{ad} ft ad}xannv {rjcjxcdhm# Nat}nv. fc rhlarm }j nfghnv }`hojt} fo{jr}ac} ead}jr djcdhrcfcl acv tjr} je fcerat}rxd}xrh dàclh |f}`fc }`h xcfuhrtf}v. tjnar

acm |fcm hchrlv tvt}hot mfeehr tflcfefdac}nv fc }hrot je }`hfr fcf}fan djt}t# ]`h tjnar hchrlv

tjnx}fjc ft qxj}hm a} djt}fcl -2#48 ofnnfjc ejr exnn fct}anna}fjc je ann {achnt chdhttarv }j ohh} }`h

xcfuhrtf}v‖t hchrlv chhmt# ]`h t{hdfefhm tjnar {achnt antj rhqxfrh ofcfoan oafc}hcacdh. tj }`h

njcl/}hro djt} je }`ft }hd`cjnjlv t`jxnm cj} bh hp{hd}hm lrha}nv hpdhhm }`ft qxj}h# Jc }`h

j}`hr àcm. }`h djt} je }`h |fcm }xrbfcht anjch |fnn djt} a{{rjpfoa}hnv -11; ofnnfjc — |f}`jx}

}agfcl fc}j addjxc} }`h -12.;;; ojc}`nv nacm nhath {avohc}t jr }`h djt} je oafc}hcacdh acm

x{ghh{#

]abnh 1# Djo{arftjc je Hchrlv J{}fjct

Hchrlv J{}fjc [rfdh {hr Xcf} Hchrlv Jx}{x}

{hr Xcf} g\`&

Xcf}t }j Fct}ann ]j}an

Fct}anna}fjc

Djt}

]foh }j

Brhaghuhc

vhart&

Tjnar Hchrlv -1.12;#=; 0;6< 4;;; -4.45;.;;; 1=#24

\fcm Hchrlv -2.;;;.;;;#;; 1==;; 88 -11;.;;;.;;; 251#;;




Ljnmhc % @j|hnn < ~ [ a l h

8# Rhdjoohcma}fjct

F} àt bhhc t`j|c }à} }`h fo{nhohc}a}fjc je tjnar hchrlv acm |fcm hchrlv da{}xrh ft a

{jttfbnh j{}fjc ejr ]`h [hcctvnuacfa T}a}h Xcfuhrtf}v }j ohh} f}t hchrlv chhmt bathm jc

lhjlra{`fd ehatfbfnf}v. hchrlv {rjmxd}fjc. acm hcufrjcohc}an fo{ad}# @j|huhr. at a bxtfchtt.

}`h xcfuhrtf}v ft {rfoarfnv djcdhrchm |f}` }`h djt} je acv ad}fjc# F} ft fo{jr}ac} }à} }`hxcfuhrtf}v addjxc} ejr cj} jcnv }`h fcf}fan djt} je }`h fcuht}ohc}. bx} antj }`h njcl/}hro djt}t

acm bhchef}t attjdfa}hm |f}` }`h d`jthc }hd`cjnjlv# Ejr }`hth rhatjct. |h rhdjoohcm }à}

[hcc T}a}h exr}`hr fcuht}fla}h fo{nhohc}fcl a tjnar hchrlv tvt}ho jc }`h Xcfuhrtf}v [arg

dao{xt xtfcl }`h ]rfca Tjnar ]TO/MA;1 10;/|a}} Ojcj/drvt}annfch tjnar ojmxnh# ]`ft tjnx}fjc

|jxnm bh abnh }j ohh} }`h xcfuhrtf}v‖t hchrlv chhmt bh}}hr }`h LH 1#8t |fcm }xrbfch. at }`h

tjnar ojmxnh àt ac a{{rjpfoa}h djt} }à} ft 60( nhtt }àc }`h |fcm }xrbfch# ]`h 60( djt}

taufclt thhc }`rjxl` }`h fo{nhohc}a}fjc je }`h tjnar ojmxnh mjht cj} tadrfefdh hchrlv

{rjmxd}fjc jr hcufrjcohc}an fo{ad}. acm ft }`hrhejrh }`h rhdjoohcmhm j{}fjc ejr }`h

xcfuhrtf}v }j fo{nhohc} fct}ham je }`h dxrrhc}nv xthm djan rhtjxrdht# F} ft fo{jr}ac} }j cj}h

}à} }`ft rh{jr} |at djo{nh}hm |f}` ofcfoan }foh acm rhtjxrdht. tj j}`hr }hd`cjnjlfht acm{jttfbnh tjnx}fjct t`jxnm bh hpaofchm bhejrh oagfcl a efcan mhdftfjc#





5# Rhehrhcdht

4]FHR# 2;1;. Jd}jbhr 18&# Ch| Vjrg % [hcctvnuacfa Tjnar Fctjna}fjc Oa{# Fc ortjnar#djo#

Rh}rfhuhm A{rfn 1;. 2;12. erjo `}}{9**|||#ortjnar#djo*djc}hc}*tjnar/fctjna}fjc/

oa{t*Ch|/Vjrg/[hcctvnuacfa/Tjnar/Fctjna}fjc/Oa{#{`{

Dàrnht. M# 2;;6. Jd}jbhr 12&# Dnhactfcl }`h Afr a} }`h Hp{hcth je \a}hr|avt WHnhd}rjcfd

uhrtfjc_# ]`h Ch| Vjrg ]foht#

@ACTA~LDR# 2;;0&# Lrhhc ]hd`cjnjlv9 Djctxohr Bxvfcl Bhàufjr # [jr}nacm9 Ax}`jr#

[hcc T}a}h Jeefdh je [`vtfdan [nac}# 2;1;&# T}hao Thrufdht# T}a}h Djnnhlh. [A9 ]`h [hcctvnuacfa

T}a}h Xcfuhrtf}v# Rh}rfhuhm A{rfn 11. 2;12

]`h [hcctvnuacfa T}a}h Xcfuhrtf}v# 2;;6&# lrhhc9 \à} |h,rh mjfcl9 bxfnmfclt# Fc lrhhc#{tx#hmx#

Rh}rfhuhm A{rfn 1;. 2;12. erjo `}}{9**lrhhc#{tx#hmx*{txMjfcl*bxfnmfcl#at{

]rfca Tjnar# 2;1;. Iacxarv&# ]TO/MA;19 ]`h Xcfuhrtan Tjnx}fjc# Fc \`jnhtanh Tjnar # Rh}rfhuhm

A{rfn 1;. 2;12. erjo

`}}{9**|||#|`jnhtanhtjnar#djo*{me#ejnmhr*ojmxnh(2;{me(2;ejnmhr*]TO/MA;1/

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making penn state green: an analysis of solar and wind energy investments

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