MAKING SUGGESTIONS

LETS + DO SOMETHING

• It’s a nice day today. Let’s go out and have a walk.

• It’s a nice day today. Let’s not stay home.

• Let’s go to the cinema after class, shall we ?

• Let’s buy her a silver ring for her birthday, okay ?

MAY / MIGHT (AS WELL)• If you don’t have any other plans, we may / might invite some friends over

the weekend. What do you think ?

• Since we can’t afford to go to the cinema this weekend, we may / might as well hire a video and watch it at home. (zorunluluktan kaynaklanan gönülsüzce yapılan bir öneri)

• Since you are not close friends with Lucy, we may / might as well not attend her wedding next Sunday. (eğer cümle olumsuzsa needn’t anlamını verir)

WHY DON’T / DOESN’T + SUBJECT

• Why don’t you go to bed ?• Why doesn’t he apply for that job ?

SHALL WE / I …?

• What shall we do tonight ?• Shall I help you ?• Shall we take a rope and a ball with us when we go on the

picnic ?

COULD

• You could take your son to the theatre or cinema, or you could go to a park.

• We could meet friends and go to the cinema.

COULDN’T HAVE DONE

• Geçmişte bir şeyi isteseydin de yapamazdın

• I couldn’t have visited her even if I had wanted to.• I couldn’t have phoned you because the manager took me

to the building site, and there is no telephone.

COULD HAVE DONE

• I could have sent them a cheque. (But I didn’t.)• I was able to send them a cheque. (I did)• When I had a cheque book, I could pay by cheque.

EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

PRESENT TIME

• Gerçeği kesin bilmiyorsak ve güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak,

• Why is Peter at home today ?• Well , he must be ill. I saw him last night, and he wasn’t

feeling very well, so I’m sure that he is ill today.

Gerçeği bilmiyorsak, güçsüz tahminde bulunuyorsak

• Why is Peter at home today ?• Well, I don’t know. He may / might / could be ill.• Perhaps / Possibly / Maybe he is ill.• He is probably ill.• It’s likely that he is ill.

Why is Peter at home today ?

He is ill. (100% sure)He must be ill. (95 % sure)He may / might / could be ill. (50% sure)

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

• Tim says he is very hungry.• No, he can’t / couldn’t be hungry. He ate a huge meal just

half an hour ago.

• Your brother says he is broke.• No, he can’t / couldn’t be broke. I gave him 20 dollars just

an hour ago.

• Your brother isn’t eating his lunch.• Well, he must not be hungry. (Aç olmamalı. Herhalde aç

değil.)

• Jane always gets low grades in history.• She must not study hard enough.

• Look! Peter is eating only salad. He hasn’t even touched his fish.

• Well, he must not like fish.

I’m going to see the manager.

• He isn’t in his room . (100% sure)• He can’t / couldn’t be in his room. (99 % sure )• He must not be in his room. (95 % sure)• He may not / might not be in his room.(50% sure)

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS

• MUST• MAY /MIGHT /COULD• CAN’T / COULDN’T BE + DOING• MUST NOT• MAY NOT / MIGHT NOT

• Where is your brother ?• I’m not sure, but he must be studying in his room. He has an

exam tomorrow.

• Look! Isn’t that Elif going up Bahariye Street ?• I don’t know. She may/might/could be going to the cinema, or

she may/might/could be going shopping.

Don’t make so much noise. Your brother is studying in the next room.No, he can’t / couldn’t be studying in the next room. I saw him in the Street.

PAST TIME

• Must• May / might / could• Can’t / couldn’t + have done• Must not• May not / might not

• I can’t find my grammar book.• Well, you must have left it in the classroom.

• I can’t find my grammar book. I don’t know where I left it.• I may / might/ could have left it in the classroom.

• I think I saw Susan at a cafe the other day, but I didn’t talk to her. She was in a crowded group.

• No, you can’t / couldn’t have seen her there. She has been out of town for two weeks.She left for London two weeks ago.

• Jane is normally a good student, but she got a low grade on yesterday’s test.• Well, she must not have studied hard enough.

COULD HAVE DONE / COULDN’T HAVE DONE•

• I had a lot of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema, but I preferred to stay at home. (gidebilirdim)

• Last week, my husband was going to go to a match with his friends, but he didn’t go.Later we found out that the match had been cancelled, so he couldn’t have gone even if he wanted to. (isteseydi bile gidemezdi)

• When I phoned her, she wasn’t at home. She could have gone to the cinema because she had told me that there was a good film and that she wanted to see it. (gitmiş olabilir)

• He couldn’t have gone to the match yesterday, because his leg has been in plaster since the previous match he was in. (gitmiş olamaz)

PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS

MustMay / might / couldCan’t / couldn’t + HAVE BEEN DOINGMust notMay not / might not

• Peter had a car accident last Saturday. He said that a child had suddenly pushed himself in front of his car, and that he had swerved to the left so as not to hit the child, but he couldn’t avoid running into another car.

• Then, he must have been driving fast at the time of the accident.

When I got home late last night, the light in my brother’s room was still on. I didn’t go to see what he was doing, but he may /might /could have been reading a book or listening to music.He can’t / couldn’t have been driving fast at the time of the accident, because I know that he doesn’t like speeding.

• While I was preparing to go to bed last night, I heard some noises from my son’s room. He must not have been sleeping.

• Mother says my brother was studying in his room all yesterday afternoon, but he may not / might not have been studying because I heard the sound of a stereo coming from his room.

FUTURE TIME• Bir olayın olacağından kesin eminsek• He will pass his driving test. He is very good at driving.• Güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak• He took plenty of driving lessons, and he drives the car very well.

He should / ought to pass the test tomorrow. (geçmesi gerekir)

• Must (geleceğe ilişkin tahminlerde kullanılmaz) • Gelecekte bir eylemin olacağına dair belirtiler varsa,• Linda must be giving a huge party for her birthday next week. I

saw buying lots of food and drink at the market today.

Must / should / ought to• Many people went through the door and into the lecture hall. It must

be very crowded in the lecture hall. (present)

• Many people showed great interest in attending my lecture tomorrow. There should / ought to be a lot of people at my lecture tomorrow . (future)

• The candidate has 70 % of the vote in the pre-election polls.• He should / ought to win the election. (future)• He took some driving lessons, and isn’t so bad at driving. He may /

might / could pass his driving test tomorrow, but who knows.

ADVANCED NOTES• WILL• You are expecting your friends Dave and Helen to arrive at 8 o’clock;

you check your watch and it reads 8 o’clock; you hear the doorbell• That must be David and Helen.

• Your hear the doorbell and you hear their voices coming from outside• That will be David and Helen.

WOULD

• You are at home when the doorbell rings at around 8 o’clock, and your flatmate, to you have mentioned that you are expecting Dave and Helen at 8, says:

• Would that be Dave and Helen ?

MAY / MIGHT• I may /might be going to the party tonight, but that doesn’t

mean I’m going to enjoy myself.• They may / might be having arguments frequently, but this

doesn’t Show that they don’t love each other.

• He may/might have fallen in love with her, but he’s definitely not planning to marry her.

• He may/might have criticized his daughter a little too harshly, but she really deserved it.