making the case for solar energy - perez

8/8/2019 Making the Case for Solar Energy - Perez

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D&A SUMMER 2008 ISSUE 098

MAKINGTHE CASE

FOR SOLARENERGY

This artile is extrated rm the Daylight & Architecture Magazine by VELUX,

issue 9, the theme Renewable Energies.

VAS455215-1208

2008VELUXGRoUp.VELUXAnDTHEVELUXLoGoAREREGISTEREDT

RADEMARkSUSEDUnDERLIcEnSEbyTHEVELUXGRoUp.


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2 D&A SUMMER 2008 ISSUE 09

Slar eerg is te viewed as a set ihe alia-tis, with a useul, ut limited tetial. Hwever it isral the l lg-term sul-side eerg slu-ti that is th large eugh ad aetale eught sustai the laets lg term requiremets.

b Rihard perez

pOwER OF THE SuNMEEING ENERGY DEMANDTere are two way to meet wordwide energy demand and itat anticiated growt:

1. On t e demand-ide, by acting to redce, and eventayrevere, te growt rate, ing conervation and increaing eciencie: e.g., better engine, iger eciency igting, better ination, avoiding nneceary wate; in ormarter, better and maer. Te cKiney reort on cimate cange5 indicate tat over 40% o te conmtioo major conmer ike te United State cod be meeconomicay by mart conervation and eciency aone

2. On te y-ide, by taing exiting and new reorcecaabe o meeting te demand remaining ater conerva

tion. abe 3 reort te crrent c ontribtion o dierenreorce to t e anet y-ide need.

Finite supply-side resources: Te ion are o te today rimary energy come rom oi e wit te baance argeymet by ncear, ydroeectricity and bioma. Mc o tiy cain i nite, and te word i raidy moving inta ae were te baance between y and demand wireac a tiing oint. Oi i te rt to aroac it yicarodction eak and te inevitabe y-demand imbaance aready cae caotic market ctation wit a tronnderying rice trengtening.

Aide rom oi, a ook at te roven anetary reerve(Fig 1) o nite reorce i qite reveaing.

Ncear energy i oten reented a te otion to oidepletion and global warming. Unortunately, this silver bullet view may be too optimistic. Apart rom the still unresolve

ie o wate management and ncear roieration, andaart rom te nacconted need or arge, i idden, bibidie (e.g., te Price-nderon ct in te United State13

rotection rom terrorim, etc.) te y o ncear e mabe jt too ma ing crrent and anned ncear generatotecnoogie7. Te crrent rere on ncear e rice, araeing tat o oi, i an indication tat y-demand baance i tigtening8.

I Is hElpful to ditingi between two tye o oarenergy aication: toe wic a re deigned to meet a ar-ticar end-e, and toe wic are nivera in natre.

Te frst group includes such applications as domestic hotwater, aive or active eating o biding, and tiiationo natra igt. Tee aication are indeed nice ai-cation atog teir coe can be ver y arge (e.g., te en-etration o oar ot water ytem in contrie ike rae,Spain urkey and especially China1 is signifca nt). However,te imact o tee tecnoogie i imited to meeting teirecic end-e, contribting to te genera ercetion tatoar i a e bt imited energy reorce.

Te econd gro incde tecnoogie deigned togenerate eectricity i.e., a nivera energy carrier tatcan be tored, tranormed and reac virtay any end-

e aication reqiring energy. Ti gro incde o-tovotaic (PV) ower generation, concentrated oar ower(CSP), and wind ower generation2. Ti econd grood te key to a very arge ca e deoyment otentiatat cod, in teory, meet a te anet energy reqire-ment and beyond.

huMANIYs ENERGY REQuIREMENsAt present the total prima ry energy consumption o the worldi o te order o 480 exajoe3 er year, amonting to a con-tant ower demand o 16 erawatt4. Ti conmtion inot ditribted eqay, wit ric indtriaied contrie,c a te United State o America ing amot 22% ote anet energy wit ony 5% o it oation. Grow-ing economic ower Cina and ndia are raidy increaingteir demand or energy wit a combined conmtion nowexceeding tat o te United State, ggeting tat te cr-

rent wordwide gre i eaded or a t rong growt. abe 1reort energy conmtion gre or major contrie andgro o contrie arond te word.

Reidentia and commercia ector (i.e., argey bid-ing) accont or amot 30% o energy e in ED con-trie. Wie te roortion i maer in non-ED contrie,te commercia biding ector energy demand growt r-ae a oter ector by ar.


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SOLAR pOwER

The availale slar eerg exeeds the wrlds eergmsumti a atr 1.500. Fssil uels lie ilad al ale uld ull ur eerg eeds rather three r ur geeratis, ut wuld d s ata siderale evirmetal st.

(Figure 1) R. perez et al.

2570PER YEAR

WIND2 WAVES3 0,22

TIDES1

0,3 PER YEAR

SOLAR10

23,000

WORLD ENERGY USE

16 TW-YR PER YEAR

HYDRO6

34 PER YEAR

GEOTHERMAL 7

0,32 PER YEAR

BIOMASS5

26 PER YEAR

OTEC4

311 PER YEAR

900TOTAL RESERVECOAL8

90300TOTAL

URANIUM9

240TOTAL

PETROLEUM8

215

TOTAL

NATURAL GAS8

S. Heerth, Reewales.m,1.adated rm christher Swa(1986): Su cell, Sierra clu pressc. Arher & M. Jas, Evalua-2.ti Glal Wid pwer Sta-rd Uiversit, Stard, cAWrld Eerg cuil3.G. nihus, A order--Magi-4.tude Estimate oea Ther-mal Eerg cversi Resures,Jural Eerg Resures Teh-lg Deemer 2005 Vl-ume 127, Issue 4, . 328333

R. Whittaer (1975): The bishere5. ad Ma i primar prdutivit the bishere. Sriger-Verlag,305-328. ISbn 0-3870-7083-4.Evirmetal Resures Gru,6.LLc htt://www.erg.m./hdrwer_glal.hMIT/InEL The Future Gether-7.mal Eerg Imat EhaedGethermal Sstems [EGS] theU.S. i the 21st cetur htt://

www1.eere.eerg.gv/gether-mal/egs_tehlg.html. ntethat gethermal is treated hereas a reewale resure, with aearl rduti rate ased rjeted istalled aait i40-50 ears exlitig urretrever tehlgies. The re-sure is ideed ite (sie -taied withi the earth) ut itsultimate tetial is sideralead has ee estimate at several10,000 TW-rs. Hwever its ex-

litati is tiget atur-ig the heat reservirs stred verdee uder the earths rust ad humaits willigess t d s.bp Statistial Review 8.Wrld Eerg 2007htt://www.wise-uraium.9.rg/st.html?sr=std03eSlar eerg reeived emerged10.tiets l, assumig 65%lsses atmshere ad luds


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Te roven reerve o coa are ignicant and cod ca rry teanet or a good nmber o year, bt robaby not or moretan 23 generation i coa-aone ad to ca rry te anetenergy burden, and, likely, at a huge environmental cost, with,rt and oremot, goba warming intenication.

Wie natra ga i conideraby more environmentaybenign tan coa, te reerve are a o conideraby more im-ited. Te recent trend oberved in ort merica between tenmber o ga we dried a nd te amont o ga rodcedmay be an eary ymtom o more rere to come9.

Renewable resources: Figre 1 comare te yeary otentiayied o renewabe reorce againt te nite reerve o con-ventiona energie. t i ainy evident tat te magnitdeo te oar reorce dwar any oter nite and renewabe

reorce. ote tat many o te renewabe reorce are ec-ond and tird order byrodct o incoming oar energy,ike wind, bioma, ydroower and wave ower jt aoi e are byrodct o oar energy tored in te eartover miion o year10. Wind energy cod robaby atiyte anetary energy reqirement i exoited to a btan-tia ortion o it otentia. However te yeary, indeniteyrenewabe y o oar energy received by t e emerged con-tinent aone i more tan 30 time arger tan t e tota an-etary reerve o coa and 1,500 time arger t an te crrentanetary energy c onmtion.

Te oar reorce i we ditribted and widey avaia-be trogot mc o te anet. t i o core more abn-dant in te troica bet ta n it i in t e temerate zone11, btconider tat even c a modety ized, nortern, and ome-time cody contry a enmark receive a tota o neary 5-year wort o oar energy every year, tat i one tird ote energy conmtion o te entire anet.

It is widely believed that deploying solar energy on a massivecae wod tiie too mc ace. qick ook at te y-ica reaity revea tat t i view i not accrate: even, am-ing a very conervative rate o 10% converion12 rom avaiabeto eabe oar energy, it wod take e tan one ercent ote emerged continent area to rodce a te energy edby te anet today, i.e., an area maer ta n te eart cr-renty [b] rbanied and and mc o te rbanied and-

cae can be ed or oar arveting wit very itte via oroerationa imact. Te city o ew ork, or intance, one ote denet energy demand b on te anet, cod atiyit entire eectric conmtion ing 60% o it race, ingte ame modet 10% converion eciency13 a a reerence.noter intereting oint o reerence i to contrat oar gen-eration area reqirement to ydroeectric articia ake. nte United State, or intance, arti cia ake occy 100,000qare kiometre o ooded and to rodce ony 7% o teconty eectrica energy. Ony a qarter o tat ooded acewod be needed to y 100% o te eectricity wit o-tovotaic ower generation.A MpREhENsIE slAR sluINWie treing t at demand-ide conervation and eciency

are an inerent art o any otion, a neary 100% y-ideoar tre or te anet i not inconceivabe. iven te izeo te nite reerve and te ize o te renewabe oar y,ogic aone wod ay tat c a tre i inevitabe.

Beyond conervation and eciency, a comreenivearoac wod rt invove maximiing te tiiation ote direct end-e oar aication tat ave t e iget on-site solar-to-application eciencies: hot water, d aylight, passiveeating and aive cooing were cimate ermit.

Bt te key wod ie in eectricit y generation via any ote eading direct oar tecnoogie (p and sp) or indirecttecnoogie (wind, mart bioma) and in te deveomento creative otion and inratrctre to erve te energyand modiy it to meet a end-e.

Infrastructure: wo very ditinct in ratrctra mode areenviageabe:

(1) Loca, decentraied rodction o oar-derived eectric-ity near oint o tiization argey ing PV, bt aowind, taking advantage o avaiabe ace articaryace tat can be ed or oar arveting in addition toa rimary roe ike biding enveoe, indtria exc-ion zone, tranortation rigt o way, etc. Te reorcei arge enog in amot every art o te word to mot need. However, a coniderabe tecnoogica ca-

cetral r distriuted? Usig t-1.das eletriit grids r thmethds slar wer su-l wuld t ivlve a sig-iat rlems.Wrldwide, w al reserves2.wuld e ale suiet t su-l the wrld with eerg rthe ext 2 t 3 geeratis.

Measured i terms aual wer3.geerati, wid wer is ur-retl the sed mst imr-tat sure reewale eergater hdreletri wer. I terms its glal tetial, hwever,it mes ar ehid slar wer.Tda, uildigs sume mre4.tha 30 er et all eergwrldwide. I distriuted, slar

wer sul i the uture, theuld la a imrtat rle asmiiature wer statis.Slar trugh wer stati5.i caliria. Large slar heatwer statis suh as theseare regarded as a highl rm-isig alterative t htvltairms wer geerati.

1 2 3 4 5

abe: grond tranortation cod become argey eectricaover time trog increae eectric rai-baed ma tranortation, te advent o eectrica and g-in ybrid, and newconcet c a Perona ranortation Network16. t iao oibe to rodce e, or e eqivaent derived romoar/wind eectricity ydroyi o ydrogen being te moamiiar i not te mot romiing metod. ew generatioo e-rodcing bioma cod ao be c onidered or tremaining aication wic cod not eaiy rey on eectricity directy or indirecty, c a air t ranort. tog reying on bioma aone or a tr anortation need wod an imoiby arge brden on ood cain and te anetaryecoytem, innovative oar-agmented bioma or bacteriabaed e rodcing t ecnoogie cod be rea onaby enviaged or aication abotey reqiring iqid e.

A look at the solar industry: A a reaity ceck, a qick ookat te direct and indirect oar indtrie tat are at emerging trogot te word today indicate tat te tye obig-ictre viion mentioned above aready ave a trongi yet ti embryonic, ead tart: Conidering te growt op, wind, and sp aone over te at ten year17 and rojecting ti growt rate in te tre indicate tat over a ote new eectric generating caacity intaed in a contry ikte United State wi come rom tee renewabe reorcewitin 20 year. Ti growt may not yet be qite cienyet given te oi energy deetion and environmenta resures, but it is a lready impressive; and suggests that when additional countries and decision makers become aware o the needor a at tranition, a raid renewabe takeo i not ie in tky bt a rea oibiity.

Te rt market to evove are, and wi be, driven by keunderlying orces: (1) Te people/policy driven markets exemied by Germany and Jaan tat, deite a modet oarreorce, ave become te arget oar market in te wordtoday and are building on this experience to invent and developthe technological solutions that will permit increased penetration o oar energy in teir energy ytem; (2) market wersolar synergies will provide high-value solutions that will attracinvestment, particularly where a large resource can meet a largqai-yncrono demand or ower mc o t e United

enge wi ave to be addreed becae te oar renewaberesources are intermittent and var y seasonally. Smart, inter-active eectrica oad management and energy torage tec-noogie wi ave to ndergo a at deveoment ae.

Te main attraction o ti decentraied deoymentmode i tat it wod ret in indigeno, igy-ecre,and robt energy atway. Becae o te decentrai-ation o rodction, demand management, and torageoeration, te aire o any one decentraied nit, witbit-in minima ta nd-aone oeration caabiity, wodbe inignicant.

Te torage anoie wic wi ave to be deveoedwi range or very ort term (caacitor, y wee, bat-terie, oad demand reone) to mid term (e.g., interactiveeectric/ybrid car14 oad/back management), to ong

term (e.g., ow batterie, ydrogen, comreed air)

(2) t te oter extreme are continenta, and oiby ane-tary er ower grid: te baic idea beind ti viionare tat ome ace on te anet receive more oar energytan oter (e.g., te word btroica deert) and tatte average oar yied o te entire anet i neary con-tant (i.e., it i away nny omewere on anet eart).Tere are conceta rooa on te drawing board botin roe and in merica15 conidering ti tye o oarenergy deployment. Te approach will necessitate the devel-oment o very ig votage, igy condctive D erpower lines, and, more importantly will necessitate a strongand tacit agreement between a invoved artie and con-trie to maintain and rotect c a network.

Te ator reerence i or te rt (decentraied) mode,bt a combination o bot cod be enviageabe - at te veryeat making e o nearby avaiabiity o arge oar reorce(c a te US otwet deert roviding ower to te argecitie o te eat coat, taking a dvantage bot o te time di-erence and te oar yied dierence).

Serving all energy needs: any demand ector, tranortationin articar, rey on iqid e to oerate. Ti ie wodreqire articar attention bt te tak i not inrmont-

image credits

1: GEoFF ToMpkInSon / SpL / AGEnTUR FocUS2: THoMAS STEInHAGEn / FoToLIA3: kAJ R. SVEnSSon / SpL / AGEnTUR FocUS4: TEcHnIScHE UnIVERSITT DARMSTADT5: HAnk MoRGAn / SpL / AGEnTUR FocUS


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8

th u o ol pow no

nw nvnon. a ly 1981,

h sol On pow on w

bul n Bow, clon. i

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pHoTo:ScAnpIX/coRbIS/bobRoWAn

rh Pz is Research Proessor and Senior Research Associate at

the SUNY Atmospheric Sciences Research Center in Albany, New York,

USA. Since 1981, he has also been working as a consultant on energy,

environment, economics and international matters. He has been an Asso-

ciate Editor o the Solar Energy Journal since 1995 and published over

120 articles and reports in the felds o solar radiation, renewable energy

applications and daylighting. Richard Perez started his academic careerby studying electrotechnics and geophysics in Nice and Paris, beore he

went on to obtain his PhD in Atmospheric Science at the University o

Albany in 1983.In March 2008 Richard Pere z was awarded with The Daylight and Build-

ing Component Award given by VILLUM KANN RASMUSSEN in coopera-

tion with the VELUX FONDEN, both non-proft, philanthropic oundations.

For more inormation, please visit www.vkr-ondene.dk.

aknowln: Thanks to Marc Perez or sourcing the data pre-

sented in Table 1-3 and in Fig.1.

State contitte c a otentia market were te ea k eec-trica demand i driven by air conditioning demand, itedriven by te n a a cae in oint, te anayi o te ma-ive 2004 ower backot in ew ork and oronto owedtat even a modet oar reorce diered arond te argecities o the northeast would have averted the heat-wave-drivenotage at a ma raction o it cot18; and (3) given roerinvetment mean, market were no ignicant energy gen-eration inratrctre yet exit and were oar energy codearog conventiona reorce

h Muh ulD I s?O core, witcing overnigt to oar wod incr a eem-ingy imoiby arge nancia brden19. However, a at-track growt and comete trnover witin 50 year wi beaordabe, eeciay a bot aarent and rea cot o con-ventiona energie eca ate. Te ong term economic ond-ne o a oar tre can be imy exreed in ti oneundamental reality : all direct and indirect solar technologiesave energy ayback o 37 year today and are contantyimroving, i.e., wen oerated nder average condition,tee tecnoogie wi rodce more energy in a ew yeartan i ed to contrct and inta tem. Wit oerationaietime ar exceeding teir energy ay-back eriod, teetecnoogie are, in eect, energy breeder caabe o ow-ering temeve into growt. nergy ayback i a nda-menta yica meare o ong term economic viabiity toocietie inveting in it. For a monetary tranation o tiyica reaity, et ook at an exame: an nbidied pintaation (i.e., conidering te mot exenive oar tec-nology) in the north-eastern US (a region with a modest solarreorce) vaed againt crrent woeae eectricity (i.e.,not conting te externa cot o oi e deetion andenvironmenta comiance). Te nancia retrn o c annbidied intaat ion in ti conervative wore cae ce-nario i o te order o 23%. Wie te rea retrn i ikeyto be mc iger wen conidering tre cot beyond cr-rent wholesale costs, even this modest 23% return representsan attractive ocieta invetment or te ong term, conid-ering tat ti i te mot ecre, tabe and rik-ree invet-ment tere cod be.

hE RlE f ARhIEuREBecae biding rereent a arge art o te energy con-med by ociety (neary 30% in te ED contrie), te roeo architecture is undamental. Buildings can best exploit con-version eciencies and incorporate most end-use oriented solarapplication: heat, daylight, cooling, and all t hese solutions canbe deveoed wit creative and attractive deign.

n addition, biding enveoe ao contitte a rimaryarveting race or te n ivera oar energy generationtecnoogie, articary p. Hence biding ave a nda-menta roe to ay in te y-ide energy cain, not onya eectricity generator, bt ao a active comonent in adecentraied renewabe energy mode, erving a oad man-agement and energy torage b and node.

Better tan ring te oy grai o individaied zeroenergy erection or owcae biding at a cot igyoibe in ome itation, bt dict in oter it wodbe reerabe to conceive biding and ace to ive (big andma, modet and oiticated) a y articiating in tediered energy generation/ditribtion mode, oerating athe nodes o a smart energy net work, with appropriate controlsor oad management and torage oeration, acting a energyhearts and relays/storage management in the most elegant waydring norma oerating condition, bt ao c aabe o oer-ating in low-demand emergency modes i.e., staying a live dur-ing any tye o ower backot, or ower crii20


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10 1

taBLe 2: Py ny onupon n poj owh n o Oecd n nonOecd oun

taBLe 3: Py ny onupon p ou n 19952005 owh n o Oecd n nonOecd oun

Residetial cmmerial Idustrial Trasrt Ttal

TWr % ttal TWr % ttal TWr % ttal TWr % ttal TWr

oEcD 2005 1.29 16% 0.83 10% 3.18 40% 2.72 34% 8.02

oEcD 2030 1.58 16% 1.20 12% 3.78 37% 3.59 35% 10.14

rjeted 05-30 grwth 22% 44% 19% 32% 27%

n oEcD 2005 0.94 13% 0.25 3% 4.70 64% 1.49 20% 7.38

n oEcD 2030 1.72 13% 0.67 5% 8.13 60% 3.01 22% 13.54

rjeted 05-30 grwth 83% 171% 73% 103% 84%

petrleum natural gas cal Hdr nulear other* Ttal

TWr % ttal TWr % ttal TWr % ttal TWr % ttal TW-r % ttal TTWr % ttal TWr

oEcD 1995 3.01 42.6 1.49 21.1% 1.37 19.5% 0.44 6.3% 0.68 9.7% 0.06 0.9% 7.05

oEcD 2005 3.32 41.4% 1.80 22.4% 1.59 19.8% 0.42 5.2% 0.78 9.7% 0.1 2 1.4% 8.02grwth 199520 05 10% 21% 16% -5% 14% 91% 14%

n oEcD 1995 1.76 34.6% 1.22 24.1% 1.59 31.3% 0.40 7.9% 0.10 1.9% 0.01 0.2% 5.08

n oEcD 2005 2.34 31.8% 1. 80 24.4% 2.51 34.1% 0.55 7.4% 0.14 1.9% 0.03 0.4% 7.38

grwth 19952005 33% 47% 58% 36% 47% 129% 45%

Ttal 1995 4.76 39.3% 2.71 22.3% 2.96 24.4% 0.85 7.0% 0.78 6.4% 0.07 0.6% 12.13

Ttal 2005 5.67 36.8% 3.60 23.4% 4.10 26.6% 0.97 6.3% 0.92 6.0% 0.14 0.9% 15.40

grwth 19952005 19% 33% 39% 14% 18% 98% 27%

SoURcE: US EnERGy InFoRMATIon AGEncy (2005): InTERnATIonAL EnERGy AnnUAL REpoRT * IncLUDES GEoTHERMAL, bIoMASS, WInD AnD SoLAR

SoURcE: US EnERGy InFoRMATIon AGEncy (2007): InTERnATIonAL EnERGy oUTLook

1995 2005 19952005grwth (%)

Wrld 12.21 15.48 27%

USA 3.05 3.37 10%

chia 1.17 2.24 93%

Eure 2.57 2.89 12%

Eurasia 1.42 1.53 8%

Asia & oeaia 3.18 4.95 56%

Aria 0.36 0.48 36%

Suth & cetral Ameria 0.59 0.78 33%

nrth Ameria 3.64 4.08 12%

Middle East 0.46 0.76 66%

taBLe 1: Py ny onupon (tWy) n 19952005 owh n o l oun/on o h wol

SoURcE: US EnERGy InFoRMATIon AGEncy (2005): InTERnATIonAL EnERGy AnnUAL REpoRT

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70% o the solar worlds solar hot1.water sstems are istalled i chia,ouyig a umulative surae o

ver 20 milli square meters tda(i.e., equivalet to the eak ower

geerati 10 large ulear werlats).Wid is a -rdut slar eerg2. the eergy rom the su heatig

the laet is the soure o all wids

lwig thrugh the laets atms-here.oe exajule = 1 illi illi jules3.r 277 illi ilwatt-hurs.oe terawatt = 1 trilli Watts. The4.orresodig eergy uit, oe ter-

awatt-year, equals 8.67 trillio kilo-

watt-hurs.5. Mkisey Report o climate chage:

Reduig U.S. Greehuse Gas Emis-sios: How Muh at What cost?

htt://www.mkisey.om/liet-

servie/si/6. passed i 1957 ad reewed several

times sie, the prie-Aders Atstiulates that the ederal gover-

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ase o atastrohi ulear ower

aidet this was eated eause mmerial isurer was willig tassume ris liailit.

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reeder reators were ever to e

mmeriall develed.8. The st uraium ireased a

ator 10 (i US $) etwee 2002

ad 2007 (Fiaial Time 7/27/07).9. Gas well drillig ativit vs. gas r-

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o wells drilled, it ow takes a i-

reasig amut drillig ativitto maitai produtio - ourtesy o

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iomass ow stored i the orm o

ossil uels amouts to less tha

1/10th 1 millith eret.11. The diferee etwee the laets

deserts ad rther Eure is teoverstated: For istae, a hoto-

voltai olletor istalled i copeha-

ge, Demar, wuld geerate l55% less eerg tha the same l-letr istalled i the Sahara.

12. Todays oversio efiey is al-

ready exeedig 20% or oth pV

ad cSp.

13. Tale 2 sure: US Eerg Irma-tio Agey (2007): Iteratioal

Eerg outl14. Eletri vehiles (EVs) arry a su-

statial eletrial storage aail-

ity that ould e used iteratively

with the power grid to asor or sup-

l eerg whe t i use. This -et is w as pV-t-Grid.

15. I Eure: The clu Rmes Tras-Mediterraea Reewale Eergy

cerati, htt://www.deserte.rg/et.html ad i the USA: k.Zweiel et al., Jauary 2008, The

Solar Grad pla, Sieti Amer-

ia, 298(1), 64-73, htt://www.

siam.om/artile.m?id=a-solar-

grad-la16. E.g., see ersoal raid trasit

oets at htt://www.erso-

alrapidtra sit.om/, or see ogoig de-

ploymet plas i Au Dhai at http://

www.r.org/temlates/story/

str.h?strId=9004209217. (wid istalled a arahig 100

GW ad pV 10 slar thermal taigf ast)

18. perez R., b . collis, R. Margolis, T.

Hf, c. Herig J. Williams ad S. Le-tedre, (2005) Sluti t the Sum-mer blaouts How dispersed solar

wer geeratig sstems a helprevet the ext major outage. Sola

Today 19,4, July/August 2005 Issue

. 32-35.19. As a quik order-o-magitud

hek, istallig overight the 4

terawatts o the itermittet pV

cSp, ad wid resoure eessar

to power the plaet idefitely ate

strog oservatio measures oul

st awhere etwee 50 ad 150trillio US dollars usig urret teh

ologial osts a huge ume

ut oly 2-3 times larger tha th

wealth urretly held y the plaet

t 0.15% rihest ele.20. The 1998 Quee ie storm re

sulted i thousads o homes a

usiesses havig t aad theuildigs i the middle witer, re

sultig i lst usiess ad hsiadamage rom roze water lies. Astudy rom the northeast Sustai

ale Eergy Assoiatio (nESEA

showed a solar owered riti

lad sstem as little as 1 W eresidee would have arried mos

uildigs through the storm withou

the eed r evauati.

noTES

pHoTo:ADAMMRk

pHoTo:MARSTALFJERnVARME

making the case for solar energy - perez

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