Making the Peace:

370

EC: Name “turning points” in WW I that we have studied, so far; explain why so (8)

• 1914: Russia surprises Germany at by attacking early,– Germany has to divide armies, and cannot defeat France. The von Schlieffen Plan fails.

• 1914: French and British stop Germans at the Marne– Both sides forced into a stalemate, trench war.

• 1914: Italy switches sides and joins the Allies– Weakens the Central Powers

• 1915: Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers– Cuts Allied supplies to Russia

• 1915: British lose at Gallipoli– British cannot open supply routes to Russia

• Russia cannot help Armenian nationalists

• 1917: October Russian Revolution– Communists pull Russian out of the War– Germany can send troops to the West and crush the British and French

• 1917: US Declares War on Germany– Fresh Allied troops encourage demoralized French and British troops– Germans are stopped and eventually pushed back, out of France…..

• 1918: Coup d’etat in Berlin removes the Kaiser.– New “Weimar” German government sues for peace with the Allies.

• Armistice: Shooting stops on November 11, 1918.

Inadvertently Guaranteeing the Next World War.

• In 1918, Woodrow Wilson wanted WW I to be the “War to end Wars”,

• but France and Britain had goals to punish Germany and the other Central Power allies that would guarantee an even greater war …..

Pandemic:

• a spreading disease that covers a large area of the Earth. – An influenza pandemic killed over 20 million

people, world wide. • Most likely, the accelerated global shipping traffic

spread the disease quickly, • few nations were prepared or spared.

– Inadequate and/or overtaxed medical systems could not meet all the demand for care…..

Reparations:

• payment for war damage and loss.–The Central Powers would be

forced to pay for the war. • Germany the most

Radicals:• people who want to make extreme

changes in their government and society.• EC: Radicals threatened revolts in many

nations weakened by the war: (5)– Germany, – Austria, – Hungary, – Turkey, – Russia

Effect on colonials

• Colonial troops returned to Asia and Africa knowing the weaknesses of their Imperialist masters. – EC: This encouraged colonials to

• work harder for independence.– EC: Realizing this, Imperialists did

what?• disarmed and disbanded their veteran

colonial troops.

• EC: Britain and France insulted their ally (who, what happened? Why?):– Italy (3)

• Vittorio Orlando was ignored by the winners. • Italy changed sides because it was promised land when

Austria was defeated.

• EC: Britain and France did not….. (2)– give all the land that Italy was promised. Instead, …– Smaller ethnic groups got their homelands.

• EC: Britain and France disrespected Italy because (1)– it had switched sides and joined them.

• Italians would hate Britain and France for this insult.

The Paris Peace Conference The Insulted Ally

The Treaty of Versailles (The Paris Treaty), 1919:

• EC: The Germans were forced to sign and comply with the following terms: (8)– Full blame for World War I– Reparations to France and Britain

• 30 billion dollars (2.7 trillion dollars today)– German military limited to 100,000 men.– Germany would return Alsace and Lorraine to France– German lands would be given to European minorities

– German colonies in Africa and Pacific would go to

various Allies (mostly Britain and France)– Germans living in foreign lands had to return home to

Germany

Mandates: • France and Britain divided former Central

Power colonies rather than giving the colonists independence:– African colonies: Britain and France from

Germany– Asian-Pacific colonies: Japan and Australia

from Germany– Middle Eastern lands: Britain and France

from the Ottoman Empire• Colonial people hated the Big Three even

more.

Collective security:• One of Wilson’s partly successful

ideas. • Nations would work together to

prevent future wars – By peacefully solving international

arguments.

EC: The League of Nation’s great weakness was……:

• It had no military power to enforce it decisions.

• EC: How does the cartoonist point this weakness out? (2)– World problems are

shown as a dangerous snake.

– League of nations shown as a defenseless bunny.

How did the Treaty respect/violate self-determination? EC

• Follows self- determination– New nations in Europe

were created (10)• from the Central Powers’

lands—– Czechoslovakia, – Poland, – Baltic States

» Latvia, » Lithuania, » Estonia,

– Yugoslavia » Serbians, » Croats, » Bosnians, » Herzegovinans,» Montenegrans, » Macedonians,

• Violates self-determination (2):– By creating the new

countries they took away the rights of the losing nations

• (source of future anger and resentment).

– “Mandates” of colonies to new imperial masters told non-Europeans (non-Whites) that their desires for freedom would not be tolerated by the Allies.

• Two notable future problems this will create:

– Middle Eastern people resent Britain and France (and later the US)

– Vietnamese resentment of France and US

End hwk

• Begin class work

Standards Check, p. 371

• Question:

• Millions of soldiers and civilians lost their lives,

• Property was destroyed

• Several countries experienced political turmoil

Cost of War

• EC: Where war had taken place there was much environmental and economic destruction (3)– homes, farms, roads, forests, churches,

etc. – Rebuilding and replacing would be

expensive.– Most nations, except the United States,

had enormous war debts.

Pressure to Sign

• EC: How did the Allies force the new German government to sign the Treaty of Versailles? (2)– The Allies continued the harmful trade

embargos and blockades on the Central Power nations.

• Not even allowing them to bring in food.

Thinking Critically, p. 371 6/18

• answer questions to graphic organizers.

• 1.• Germany and France• US entered late

• 2• Smaller country, many casualties meant fewer

men to take care of the French economy, and families.

The Paris Peace Conference

• EC: The 1919 meeting to decide (3)– what to do about Germany, – About lands taken from the Central Powers, – the future of Europe under Britain and France.

• EC: What two nations were not allowed at the meeting. (2)

• Germans and Russians– This would cause later anger and suspicion

The Paris Peace Conference

• the most powerful Allies at the Paris Conference were called…..

• The “Big Three”

• Each country had different expectations about what would satisfy them…..– They are listed on the following pages

• EC: Britain: • David Lloyd George, • Prime Minister. EC: His goals? (2)

– Wanted to return Britain to great wealth– Wanted Germany to pay for British war

costs

The Paris Peace ConferenceLeaders

• EC: France: • Georges Clemenceau, • Premier. EC: His goals: (3)

– Wanted Germany so weak that it could not threaten France again.

– Wanted Germany to pay for all the destruction and life lost on the Western Front.

– He stated that he was “bored” with Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

The Paris Peace Conference Leaders 4/2

• EC: The United States: • Woodrow Wilson• President. EC: His goal• Wanted “peace without victory”

–meaning that he did not want the losers punished so badly that they would want revenge, later.

The Paris Peace Conference Leaders

Standards Check, p. 372

• Question:• Wilson wanted peace without revenge• Lloyd George wanted to please the British

people by punishing Germany and getting money.

• Clemenceau wanted to weaken Germany so it could never threaten France again.– Also make Germany pay for the lives and

property France lost.

Standards Check, p. 373

• Question:

• They believed the treaty would be based on Wilson’s more lenient Fourteen Points

Permanent world peace?

• EC: One of Woodrow Wilson’s ideas to protect world peace (3): – Collective security

• The League of Nations– a forum for all the member nations to meet and discuss their or other members’

problems.

– EC: Forty nations joined, promising to: (3)• Discuss problems before resorting to war.• Work together to stop aggressors.• Work on common international issues

• The nations of the world would work together to protect peace.– EC: Wilson hoped the _______________________would

correct the mistakes of the Paris treaty. – League of Nations

US Failure?

• US tradition was to stay out of international agreements.– Many Americans feared getting into

another global war.– The ________________________ voted

NOT to ratify the Versailles Treaty.– Senate, in the US Congress,

• Woodrow Wilson had a stroke touring the country to get the American people to change Congress’ minds.

EC: How will the Treaty of Versailles lead more to future war rather than peace? (4)

• 1. Harshly and unjustly punishes losers, especially Germany.

• 2. Ignored, humiliated, and/or cheated many nationalities.

• 3. Favored France and Britain unfairly.• 4. Continued Imperialism• EC: One group of people believed that they should fight

the capitalist world controlled by the Big Three:– Communists…..

EC: What did Woodrow Wilson’s advisor mean?

• The Treaty of Versailles left “Much to approve and much to regret”

– EC: Woodrow Wilson’s advisor probably approved of (2)

– EC: He probably regretted ….

– (ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE)

The Treaty of Versailles left “Much to approve and much to regret”

• Woodrow Wilson’s advisor probably approved of (2)– the Allies’ creation of the League of Nations – several new nations in Eastern Europe.

• He probably regretted – the harsh treatment of the Central Powers,

especially Germany

Image, 374,

• Questions:• 1• The reparations that Germany was forced

to make to the Allied countries• 2• The cartoonist may agree with the ideas

behind the treaties,• but may have been skeptical about the

fairness and the practicality

Standards Check, p. 374

• Question:

• The United States did not join the League.

• It did not have any leadership in the world.

• The League was too weak to stop new wars from starting.