mal3e09 - sdeuoc.ac.in

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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

MA MALAYALAM

III Semester

ELECTIVE – MAL 3E 09

ae-bmf \mSIw

(2019 Admission onwards)

190063

2

ae-bmf \mSIw Malayalam Drama

(MAL3E09)

STUDY MATERIAL

III SEMESTER

MA MALAYALAM

(2019 Admission)



CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O.

MALAPPURAM, 673 635, KERALA

3



STUDY MATERIAL

III SEMESTER

MA MALAYALAM

(2019 ADMISSION ONWARDS)

MAL 3E 09 - ae-bmf \mSIw

]T-\-¡p-dn-̧ p-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv

tUm. cmPp-¡p-«³ ]n.-Pn. Akn. s{]m^-kÀ hnZq-c-hn-Zym-`ymk hn`mKw SmtKmÀ \ntI-X³ Imen-¡-ddv kÀÆ-I-em-ime kq£va-]-cn-tim[\ \S-¯n-bXv tUm. Fw.-_n.-a-t\mPv Akn. s{]m^-kÀ ae-bm-f-þ-tI-cf ]T-\-hn-`mKw Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime

4

DÅ-S¡w ]pdw bqWnäv þ 1 6 þ 33

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn

kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä

{]l-k\w

ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw þ ̀ mk³ (hn-h. Imhm-ew)

adn-bm-½-\m-SIw þ sIm¨o-¸³ Xc-I³

bpWnäv þ 2 34 þ 57

\mS-Ihpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-hÀ¯-\hpw

cmjv{Sob \mS-I-§Ä

ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-cIw þ Fw.-BÀ.-_n.

]m«-_m¡n þ sI. Zmtam-Z-c³

CXv `qan-bmWv þ sI. Sn apl-½Zv

bqWnäv þ 3 58 þ 89

]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS kzm[o\w

{Ko¡v \mS-I-th-Zn, tdma³ \mS-I-thZn

tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§Ä

ka-Xz-hmZn þ ]pfn-am\ ]c-ta-iz-c³]nÅ

B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶ þ kn.-sP. tXmakv

kmtIXw þ kn.-F³ {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ


X\-Xp-\m-S-tI-hZn

Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-thZn

`c-X-hmIyw þ Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ

Ah-\-h³IS¼ þ Imhmew

A¸p®n þ Pb-{]-Imiv IpfqÀ

h¶-t´y-ImWmw þ Xpt¸-«³

Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³ þ ]n.-Fw. cmPv

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]cn-£-W-\m-S-I-thZn

Ata-NzÀ \mS-I-thZn

_me-\m-S-I-thZn

sXcphp \mS-I-§Ä

tIfp þ F³ iio-[-c³, C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e³

te_À dqw þ {ioP Bd-t§m-«p-Ic

tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv þ kXojv sI. kXojv

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bqWnäv þ 1

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn þ Ncn-{Xm-h-tem-I\w

ImfnZmksâ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw 1882-þÂ tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-

¯-¼p-cm³ aWn-{]-hm-f- im-Ip-´fw F¶ t]cnÂ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv {]kn-

²o-I-cn-¨-tXmsS ae-bm-f-¯nÂ \mSI{]Øm\w Bcw-`n-¨p. CXn-\p-ap¼v Xs¶

shfp-t¯cn tIi-h³ sshZyÀ A`n-Úm\imIp-´fw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv

cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xmbn F.Un.l-cn-iÀ½ tcJs¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. bYmÀ°¯nÂ

CXn-s\Ãmw ap¼v t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-am-bpÅ k¼À¡-¯nÂ \n¶v ae-bmf

\mS-I-th-Zn¡v Nne t\«-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-co-Xn-IÄ A\p-

I-cn¨v Nne \mS-I-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä DS-se-Sp-¯-Xmbn Icp-Xmw. aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-

¯n-eqsS {InkvXp-aX hnizm-kn-I-fmbn XoÀ¶-h-cmWv Cu \mSI {]hÀ¯-\-

§Ä¡v t\XrXzw sImSp-¯-Xv. tdma³ N-{I-hÀ¯n-bpsS A]-Zm-\-§Ä

hmgv¯p¶ Pt\mh \mS-I-amWv CXnÂ {][m-\w. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v ImdÂam³

\mS-Iw, bmt¡m_p \mS-Iw, s\t¸m-fn-b³ NcnXw F¶nh cwK-¯p-h-¶p.

F¶mÂ ]mÝmXy \mS-I-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ZpÀ_-em-\p-I-c-W-§-fmbn Ch amdn.

\½psS \mS-³ Iem-k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw ]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw

k½n-{i-X-bmWv Nhn-«p-\m-S-I-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-sX¶pw taÂ]-dª \mS-I-

§Ä¡p ap³t] Nhn«p \mS-I-§Ä D−m-bn-h-¶-Xmbpw Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-−v.

F¶mÂ CsXm¶pw {it²-b-am-Im-Xn-cp¶ ka-b-¯mWv (1882) Bbneyw Xncp-

\mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv imIp-´fw "`mjm-im-Ip-´fw' F¶ t]cnÂ hnhÀ¯\w

\S-¯p-¶-Xv. `mjm-im-Ip-´fw \S\pw Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-amb Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-

W-¸nÅ at\m-tam-l\w \mS-II-¼-\n-bn-eqsS t{]£-IÀ¡v ckn¡pw hn[w

Nne s]mSn-ssI-I-tfmsS cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. CXn-s\-Xp-SÀ¶v Hcp-]mSv

kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-I-bp-−m-bn.

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Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS Pm\Io]cn-Wbw 1889 (cm-a-`-{ZZo-£n-XÀ), D¯-c-cm-

a-N-cnXw 1892 (`-h-`q-Xn), sI.am-[-h-ta-t\msâ amf-hn-Im-án-an{Xw 1890, sIm«m-c-

¯nÂ i¦p-®n-bpsS hn{I-tamÀÆ-iobw (Im-fn-Zm-k³), ame-Xn-am-[hw 1892 (`m-

k³), G.-B-dnsâ amf-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw 1890 (Im-fn-Zm-k³), kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯w

1917 (`m-k³), sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Ipªp-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn-þ1893

(iàn `{Z³) XpS-§n-bh hnhÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ {][m-\-§-fm-Wv. cN-\-bpsS

Imew ]cn-K-Wn-¨mÂ (1867) sIm¨n-¸³ Xc-Isâ "adn-bm½' \mS-I-amWv ae-bm-

f-¯nse BZys¯ kmaq-lnI \mSIw. 1866-þÂ Fgp-Xnb IÃqÀ D½³ ]oen-

t¸m-knsâ BÄam-dm«w AYhm Hcp \Ã tIfn-k-Ãm]w (tIm-aUn Hm^v

Ftdgvkv þ tjIvkv]n-bÀ) Hcp \mSI IrXn-bmbn Icp-Xm³ {]bm-k-ap-s−¶v

NneÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

\mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§-fpsS kzm[o\w ]cn-K-Wn-¡-

s¸-tS-−-Xm-Wv. Xangv \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ B[p-\nI \mS-

I-thZn XpS¡w Ipdn-¨-Xv. 1892-þÂ Hcp Xangv \mS-I-kwLw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-b-

Xmbn Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. Cu Xangv\mS-I-§Ä ]mgvkn \mS-

I-¯nsâ A\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. hÀ®-i-_-f-amb thj-hn-[m-\-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-

Snb ]mgvkn \mSIw hnIvtSm-dn-b³ \mS-I-¯nsâ hnIr-Xm-\p-I-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-

¶p. F¦nepw ]mgvkn \mS-I-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p Xangv \mS-I-§Ä

cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-sX¶p ImWmw. Ieym-W-cm-a³ skäv, _ºp-e³ Ip«n-iz-

c³ skäv Ch-sbÃmw A¡m-es¯ {]kn² \mS-I-kw-L-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

Chsb A\p-I-cn-¨mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ kzX{´ \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ D−m-b-Xv.

Xncp-h-«mÀ \mcm-b-W-]n-Å-bpsS at\m-tam-l\w I¼\n, kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-

t\msâ hnt\m-Z-Nn-´m-aWn, Nm¯p-¡p«n a¶m-Sn-bm-cpsS "ckn-I-c-RvPn\n', ]n.-

F-kv.-hm-cy-cpsS "]c-a-inh hnemkw I¼\n' XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv Cu kan-Xn-

IÄ. XpSÀ¶v Ht«sd \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ tIc-f-¯n-ep-−m-bn.

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CtX Ime-L-«-¯nÂ e£-Wm-kw-Kw, N{µnI (1891, sImSp-§-ÃqÀ

Ipªn-¡p-«-³ X¼p-cm³) kp`-{ZmÀÖp\w (1891 tXm«-¡m«v C¡m-h-½) F{_m-

b-¡p«n (1893, I−-¯nÂ hÀ¤okv am¸n-f) XpS-§nb kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§fpw

D−m-bn-¯p-S-§n. F{_m-b-¡p«n ss__nÄ IYsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n cNn¨v

Cw¥ojv \mS-I-coXn A\p-k-cn¨v ae-bm-f-¯nÂ D−mb BZy \mS-I-am-Wv.

{]l-k\w

ae-bm-f-¯nse KZy-\m-S-I-§-fpsS BZn-cq-]-amWv {]l-k-\w. Cw¥ojv

\mS-I-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv {]l-k-\-§-Ä ChnsS D−m-b-Xv. Ch ]cn-

lmk {][m-\-am-Wv. 1885-þÂ kn.-hn. cma³]nÅ Fgp-Xnb "N{µ-ap-Jo-hn-emkw'

Cu {]Øm-\-¯nse BZy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. XpSÀ¶v s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-

¡m-\mbn Ipdp-¸n-Ãm-¡-f-cn, ]−s¯]m¨³ _SveÀ]¸³, sNdp-tX³ sImfw-

_-kv, Ibva-f-Èsâ IS-Ènss¡ XpS-§nb H¼-Xp-{]-l-k-\-§Ä kn.hn X¿m-dm-

¡n. ka-Im-en-I- km-aqly kw`-h-§Ä¡v {]l-k-\-§-fnÂ {]m[m\yw e`n-¨p.

^en-Xhpw ]cn-lm-khpw CS-I-eÀ¯n kmaq-ln-I-hn-aÀi\w \S-¯pI F¶-Xm-

bn-cp¶p kn.-hn.-bpsS e£yw. \mS-I-cw-K¯v Cu {]l-k-\-§Ä Ne\w

krjvSn-¨-tXmsS C.-hn. IrjvW-¸n-Å, F³.-]n. sNÃ-¸³ \mbÀ, Sn.-F³.

tKm]n-\m-Y³ \mbÀ, PKXn, F³.-sI. BNmcn XpS-§n-b-hÀ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb

khn-tij-co-Xn-I-fnÂ Ht«sd {]l-k-\-§Ä cNn¨v cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. Zpjn¨

kmaq-lnI {]h-W-X-IÄ \o¡p-t]m-¡n-ÃmsX Xpd¶p ImWn-¡p-¶-Xnepw

hnaÀin-¡p-¶-Xnepw {]l-k-\-§Ä ap³\n-c-bnÂ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

kwKoX \mS-I§Ä

Xangv kwKo-X-\m-SIskäp-IÄ ae-bmf \mS-I-thZn AS-¡n-hm-W-t¸mÄ

ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä D−m-tI-−-Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX t{]£-IÀ Xncn- -̈

dn-ªp. kwkvIr-X-`mjm \mS-I-§Ä¡pw Xangv kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§Ä¡pw CS-

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bnÂ ka-\z-b-¯nsâ hgn-tX-Sn-bmWv ae-bmf kwKoX \mS-I-th-Zn¡v ip`-I-c-

amb XpS-¡-ap-−m-b-Xv.

ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-{]-Øm\w XnI¨pw A\p-I-c-W-¯nsâ krjvSn-

bm-sW¶pw AXnsâ ^e-ambn \½psS ]qÀÆ-]m-c-¼-cy-§-fpsS ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-bn-

Ãm¯ Hcp \mS-I-thZn \ap-¡p-−mbn F¶pw Pn i¦-c-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-

Sp¶p. Xangv \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ kZmdmw kmhn{Xn kXy-hm³,

\Ã-X¦mÄ, tImhn-e³ NcnXw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-

¡m-\mWv ae-bmf \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ BZyw X¿m-dm-b-Xv. F¶mÂ Xangv \mS-

I-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww, kwhn-[m-\w, \o− kw`m-j-W-§Ä, ]Ým-¯e

kwKoXw XpS-§nb LS-I-§Ä hnI-e-ambn A\p-I-cn-¨Xv "tImamfn

\mSI'¯nsâ Xe-¯n-te¡v ae-bm-f \m-SIkanXn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ \mS-I-§Ä

Xcw-Xm-gm³ CS-bm-bn. Xangv \mS-I-§-fpsS hnP-b-¯nsâ {][m\ ImcWw

AXnse A\-izc Km\-§fpw kv{Xo ]mÀ«p-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F-¶mÂ `mK-hX

\S-·mÀ ]m«p-IÄ hnIr-X-ambn ]mSn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kwKo-Xhpw kmln-

Xyhpw tami-am-bXpw kv{Xo]mÀ«p-IÄ ]pcp-j-·mÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw kmt¦-Xn-

I-ambn Ah-X-c-W-¯nÂ AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-«Xpw ae-bmf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS

]X-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn. I\¯ km¼-¯nI _m[y-X-bp-−m¡n ae-bmf

kwKoX \mS-I-k-an-Xn-IÄ¡v ]n³Xn-cn-tb-−n-h-¶p.

Sn.-kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³, Fcp-h-bnÂ Fw. N{I-]m-Wn-hm-cn-bÀ, hn.-F-kv.

B³{Uqkv F¶n-h-cpsS \mS-I-§-fmWv ae-bm-f-kw-KoX \mS-I-§-fnÂ A{Kn-a-

Øm-\¯p hcp-¶-Xv. (a-e-bmf kwKoX \mSI Ncn-{Xw)

kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§Ä

\mtSmSn \mS-Iw, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Iw, kwKo-X-\m-SIw F¶o aq¶p

ssIh-gn-I-fmWv tIc-fob \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]mNo-\-L-«-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.

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kwkvIr-X-\m-SI ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ "IqSn-bm«w' F¶ ¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-Im-h-X-

cWw IqSn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. CXp-Iq-SmsX kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fpsS ae-

bmf hnhÀ¯-\hpw ImWmw. IqSn-bm-«-¯n\v c−m-bn-c-t¯mfw hÀjs¯ ]g-

¡-ap-−v. t£{X-§fpsS `mK-amb Iq¯-¼-e-§-fn-emWv A\p-jvTm-\-¯nsâ

cq]-¯nÂ IqSn-bm« \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p hcp-¶-Xv. C´y-bn-emsI Cu

¢mÊn-¡Â \mS-Im-h-X-cWw {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw Ccn-§m-e-¡pS

IqSÂam-Wn-Iy-t£-{X-¯nepw XrÈqÀ hS-¡p-¶m-Y-t£-{X-¯n-ep-amWv Ct¸mgpw

CXv XpSÀ¶v hcp-¶-Xv. Ah-Xm-c-I-cmb NmIym-·mÀ¡v {]nb-¦-c-amb \mS-I-

§Ä BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn, A`n-tjI \mS-Iw, {]Xnam \mS-Iw, kp`-{Zm-[-\-

RvPbw F¶n-h.

`mksâ \mS-I-§-fmb A`n-tj-Iw, {]Xn-a, {]Xn-Úm-bu-K-Ô-cm-b-Ww,

kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, _me-N-cn-Xw, Ahn-am-c-Iw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, ZqX-hm-Iyw,

IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`w-Kw, Nmcp-Z¯w F¶nh tIc-f-¯nÂ IqSn-bm-«-cq-]-¯nÂ

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-h¶ \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. iàn-`-{Zsâ BÝ-cy-Nq-Um-a-Wn, Ipe-ti-

J-csâ kp`-{Zm-[-\-RvP-bw, X]-Xn-kw-h-c-Ww, lÀjsâ \mKm-\-µw, atl-{µ-

hÀ½sâ `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, t_m[m-b-\sâ a¯-hn-emkw F¶n-hbpw hym]-I-

ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-t]m¶ kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv. Imfn-Zm-ksâ imIp-´fw

IqSn-bm-« -cq-]-¯nÂ I®qÀ PnÃ-bnÂ Ac-t§-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn sI.-]n. \mcm-b-

W-]n-jm-tcmSn ]d-bp-¶p-−v.

B[p-\nI Ime¯v kwkvIrX \mS-I-§Ä¡v ]pXnb cwK-`m-jbpw

cwKm-h-X-c-Whpw krjvSn-¨Xv Imhmew \mcm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡-cm-Wv. a[y-a-hym-

tbm-Kw, Ducp-`w-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖpIw, imIp-´fw XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä kwkvIr-

X-¯nÂ Xs¶ Imhmew Ac-§n-se-¯n-¨p.

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tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ kwkvIrX \mS-I-§-fnÂ an¡-

Xn\pw ae-bmf hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´-fw, amf-hn-

Im-án-an-{Xw, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`w-Kw, ]©-cm-{Xw, ZqX-hm-

Iyw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, a¯-hn-em-kw, D¯-c-cm-a-N-cnXw XpS-§n-

bh A¯-c-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¡-s¸« \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. 1882-þÂ at\m-

tam-l\w \mS-I-I-¼-\n-bpsS _m\-dnÂ tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cmsâ

tIc-fob `mjm-im-Ip-´fw Ac-t§dn. ]n¶oSv 1912-þÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip-´fw

F¶ t]cnÂ efn-X-amb Hcp imIp-´f hnhÀ¯\w IqSn henb tImbn-X-¼p-

cm³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.

\qdp-I-W-¡n\v kwkvIrX \mS-I-XÀÖ-a-IÄ D−m-sb-¦nepw ae-bm-f-

¯nÂ FSp-¯p-]-d-b-¯¡ Øm\w t\Sm³ Ah-bnÂ `qcn-]-£-¯n-\pw Ign-

ªn-Ã. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§fpw {it²-b-a-Ãm¯ Ch-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-¨p-

−mb kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§fpw I−n-«mWv ap³jn cma-¡p-dp¸v N¡n-N-¦-chpw

(1894) sI.-kn.-\m-cm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ (h-S-¡³ N¡n-N-¦-chpw (1894) ioshmÅn

\¼q-Xncn Zpkv]Ài \mS-Ihpw cNn-¨-Xv. Ch aq¶pw \mS-I-§sf hnaÀin-

¡p¶ Bt£-]-lm-ky-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

X\Xp \mS-I-thZn

Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ, Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À, kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-

bÀ XpS-§nb {]ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS hàm-

¡-fmbn \ne-sIm-−-Xv. IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse "b£-Km-\hpw' _wKm-fnse

"Pm{X'bpw tIc-f-¯nse X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡v t{]c-I-amb \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-§-

fm-Wv. kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ 1967-þÂ "Ien' F¶ \mSIw Fgp-Xn-b-tXm-

sS-bmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ X\-Xp-\m-SIw {]mtbm-Kn-I-cq-]-¯n-se-¯n-b-Xv. {]mNo-\-

`m-c-X-¯n-sebpw tIc-f-¯n-sebpw \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS ssNX-

12

\yhpw emfn-Xy-hpw Xmfhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw \mS-I-¯nÂ k¶n-th-in-¸n-

¡p-I-bmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ. A{]-Imcw kz´w thcp-IÄ tXSn-bpÅ

At\z-jWw Cu \mSIw \S-¯p-¶p. kmam-\y-P-\-§-fpsS A²zm-\w, kuµ-cy-

k-¦ev]w F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-apÅ Iem-cq-]-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xp-sIm−v

X\-Xp-\m-SIw AÀ°-]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶p. Imhm-e-¯nsâ "Ah-\-h³ IS¼'bpw

Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS "Idp¯ ssZhs¯ tXSn'bpw X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ

C¶pw {]ikvXn a§m¯ D¯-a-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Wv.

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnÂ ]pXnb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-IÄ ]co-£n-¡m³ X\-

Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä¡v km[n-¨p. ZrV-_-²hpw \nb-X-hp-amb inev]w, ]ncn-ap-dp¡w

F¶o ]mÝmXy \mSI kt¦-X-§sf ]qÀ®-ambn Dt]-£n-¡p-Ibpw CXn-hr-

¯-¯nÂ Abhv kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä kzoI-cn¨

{][m\ hyXym-kw. KZy-\m-S-I-§Ä Dt]-£n¨v \r¯-Ko-X-hm-Zy-§sf kzoI-

cn¨p F¶-XmWv Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X. \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ t{]£-

Isâ ]¦m-fn-¯-ap-−m-¡p-¶-Xn\pw X\-Xp-\m-SIw {i²n-¨p. 1967-þÂ imkvXmw-

tIm-«-bnse H¶m-as¯ \mS-I-¡-f-cn-bnÂ kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-b-cmWv X\-

Xp-\m-S-I-thZn F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. At±lw C{]-Im-c-sa-gpXn

""]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Znsb t]À¯pw t]À¯pw A\p-I-cn¨p kabw ]mgm-

¡msX \½psS ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ\n¶pw Xnd-bp-sSbpw IY-I-fn-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-

¯nÂ {]Xn-jvT-t\-Snb \mSy-imkv{Xkt¦-X-§-fp-sSbpw Dd-h-I-fnÂ\n¶p

Huj-[-ho-cyhpw HmPÊpw DÄs¡m-−mÂ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn Zo\-¸m-

bnÂ\n¶pw Fgp-t¶-äp-hcpw.''

tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ kwkvIrX \mS-I-§-fnÂ an¡-

Xn\pw ae-bmf hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D−mbn-«p-−v. A`n-Úm-\-im-Ip-´-fw, amf-hn-

Im-án-an{Xw, kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z-¯w, IÀ®-`m-cw, Ducp-`wKw, ]©-cm-{Xw, ZqX-hm-

13

Iyw, a[y-a-hym-tbm-Kw, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, a¯-hn-em-kw, D¯-c-cm-a-N-cn-Xw XpS-§n-

bh A¯-c-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ Ah-c-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸« \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. 1882þÂ

at\m-tam-l\w \mS-I-I-¼-\n-bpsS _m\-dnÂ tIcf hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-

cmsâ tIc-fob `mjm-im-Ip-´fw Ac-t§dn ]n¶oSv 1912-þÂ aWn-{]-hm-f-im-Ip-

´fw F¶ t]cnÂ efn-X-amb Hcp imIp-´f hnhÀ¯\w IqSn henb tImbn-

X-¼p-cm³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.

\qdp-I-W-¡n\v kwkvIrX \mS-I-XÀÖ-a-IÄ D−m-sb-¦nepw ae-bm-f-

¯nÂ FSp-¯p-]-d-b-¯¡ Øm\w t\Sm³ Ah-bnÂ `qcn-]-£-¯n\pw Ign-

ªn-Ã. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§fpw {it²-b-a-Ãm¯ Ch-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-¨p-

−mb kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§fpw I−n-«mWv ap³jn-cm-a-¡p-dp¸v N¡n-N-¦-chpw

(1894) sI.-kn.-\m-cm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ (h-S-¡³ N¡n-N-¦-chpw (1894) ioshmÅn

\¼q-Xncn Zpkv]Ài \mS-Ihpw cNn-¨-Xv. Ch aq¶pw \mS-I-§sf hnaÀin-

¡p¶ Bt£-]-lm-ky-¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-]-cn-`m-j-IÄ

hnÃyw tjIvkv]n-bÀ Ìt^mÀUv At]m¬ Gh³ F¶ {Kma-¯nÂ

1564 G{]nÂ 23-þmw Xo¿Xn P\n-¨-Xmbn IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. 37 \mS-I-§fpw

154 tkmW-äp-Ifpw 2 \o− Ihn-X-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-−v. \mS-I-Ir¯v F¶

\ne-bnÂ BZy-ambn tjIvkv]n-bsd ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶Xv tdm_À«v {Ko³ (1592)

tjIvkv]n-b-dn\v FXnsc \S-¯nb hnaÀi-\-¯n-em-Wv. ]qÀ®-ambpw ]Zy-cq-]-

¯n-se-gp-Xnb tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§-fmWv dn¨mÀUv II, InwKv tPm¬ F¶n-h.

At±-l-¯nsâ {]kn² tIma-Un-IÄ Fan-Uvk-½À ss\äv {Uow, aÀ¨âv Hm^v

sh\o-kv, a¨v F''Up F_u«v \¯nw-Kv, G kv bp sse¡v Cäv, SphÂ^v¯v

ss\äv F¶n-h-bm-Wv. temI {]i-kvX-§-fmb At±-l-¯nsâ {SmP-Un-IÄ

amIv_-¯v, HY-tÃm, lmwe-äv, InwKv enbÀ, BâWn Gâv ¢ntbm-]m-{S,

14

tdmantbm Bâv Pqen-bäv Ch IqSmsX {SmPn¡v tIma-Un-I-fmb sS¼Ìv,

hntâgvkv sSbnÂ F¶nh t{]£I lrZbw IhÀ¶-h-bm-Wv. tjIvkv]n-b-

dnsâ Zpc-´-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ h¨v Gähpw sNdpXpw kw£n-]vX-hp-amb Ah-X-c-

W-ssi-en-bp-Å-Xp-amWv amIv_-¯v. Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ am{X-a-Ã, FÃm-Im-e-

t¯-bv¡p-ap-Å-XmWv tjIvkv]n-bÀ IrXn-IÄ F¶v s_³ tPm¬k¬

{]IoÀ¯n-¨p. t¥m_v Xnb-äÀ At±-l-¯nsâ Imes¯ \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯n-

\pÅ khn-ti-j-amb cwK-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. sXwkv \Zn-¡-c-bnÂ ØnXn

sNbvXn-cp¶ Cu Xn¿-äÀ 1644þÂ XIÀ¡-s¸-«p. tjIvkv]n-b-dnsâ FÃm IrXn-

Ifpw I−p-In-«n-bn-«n-Ã. ae-bm-f-¯nse tjIvkv]n-bÀ hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä GI-

tZiw \qän-b³]-tXmfw hcpw. {SmP-Un-IÄ¡mWv ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Gähpw IqSp-

XÂ hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-Å-Xv. tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§Ä tIc-f-¯nÂ

F¯p-¶Xv Xangv kwKo-Xm-\m-SI I¼-\n-IÄ hgn-bm-Wv. Znhm³ _l-ZqÀ

tKmhn-µ-]n-Å, sI.- Nn-Zw-_c hm[ymÀ, sN¼-I-cm-a³ them-bp-[³, sI.-cm-P-cm-

P-hÀ½, I−-¯nÂ hÀ¤okv am¸n-f, kn.-]n.-e-£van-b½ F¶n-hÀ BZy-Im-

e¯v tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§Ä hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. tImaUn Hm^v Ftd-

gvkn\v BÄam-dm«w AYhm Hcp \Ã tIfo-k-Ãm]w F¶ t]cnÂ IÃqÀ D½³

]oen t]mkv 1866-þÂ X¿m-dm-¡nb hnhÀ¯-\-amWv BZy-a-e-bmf tjIvkv]n-

bÀ hnhÀ¯-\w. A¸p s\Sp-§m-Sn-bpsS Ipµ-e-X-bnÂ tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS

knw_-ensâ kzm[o\w DÅ-Xmbn Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ A`n-{]-bm-s¸-«n-«p-−v.

hnimJw Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Ime¯v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse

sSIvÌv _p¡v I½-än-bnÂ tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cms\ klm-bn-¨p-

sIm-−n-cp¶ sI.-Nn-Zw-_-c-hm-[ymÀ emw_nsâ ‘sSbnÂkv {^w tjIvkv]n-bÀ’

F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ\n¶v ‘Gkv bp sse¡v Cäv, hntâgvkv sSbnÂ, knw_-

sse³ F¶o IY-IÄ bYm-{Iaw Imam£n Ncn-Xw, hÀj-Im-e-N-cnXw, knwl-f-

15

\m-Y³ F¶o t]cp-I-fnÂ ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ t{]mÕm-

l-\-¯n\v ]m{X-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw At±lw tjIvkv]n-b-

dpsS dn¨mÀUv III, amIv_¯v, tdmantbm Bâv Pqen-bäv F¶o \mS-I-§Ä KZy-

cq-]-¯nÂ ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xmbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. NnZw-_-

c-hm-[ymÀ Hcp kmln-Xy-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-s¶¶v sXfn-hn-Ã. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶

sshIm-cnI Xo£-vW-Xbpw Imhy-`w-Knbpw IeÀt¯-−n-S-§-fnÂ At±lw

]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS \mS-I-§sf \mS-I-§-fmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¨-h-

cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ BZyw HmÀt¡-−Xv hÀ¤o-kvam-¸n-f-tbbpw Znhm³ _l-ZqÀ

F.-tKm-hn-µ-¸n-Å-tb-bp-am-Wv. `n¶-co-Xn-bn-emWv ChÀ \mSI XÀÖa \nÀÆ-ln-

¨-Xv. ‘sSbvan§v Zn jvdq’ F¶ \mS-Is¯ \½psS A´-co-£-¯n-te¡v amän

‘Ie-ln\o Za-\Iw’ F¶ t]cnÂ Gsd Ipsd kzX-{´-amb Hcp \mS-I-am-

bmWv hÀ¤okv am¸nf Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. CXv A\p-I-c-Wo-b-amb Hcp amXr-I-bÃ

ImcWw IYm-]m-{X-\m-a-§fpw ]Ým-¯-e-§fpw amän-sIm-−pÅ XÀÖa C¶v

t{]mÕm-ln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. ]t£ ]pXp-a-bpÅ Hcp \mS-I-ambn A¶s¯ hmb-

\-¡mÀ CXns\ IcpXn F¶p-Å-Xn\v XÀ¡-an-Ã.

tjIvkv]n-bÀ \mS-I-§sf AXnsâ X\n-kz-cq-]-¯nÂ KZy-cq-]-¯nÂ

bYm-Øm\w D]-tbm-Kn¨v XÀÖa sNbvXXv Znhm³ _l-ZqÀ F.-tKm-hn-µ-¸n-

Å-bm-Wv. anI¨ XÀÖ-a-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw tjIvkv]n-bÀ XÀÖ-a-bnÂ

At±lw ]cm-Pn-X-\m-bn. 1897-þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ In§v-en-b-dns\ XpSÀ¶v

At±lw amIv_-¯v, lmwsseäv HsY-tÃm, aÀ¨âv Hm^v sh\okv F¶o IrXn-

IÄ IqSn ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bp-−m-bn.

16

tKmhn-µ-¸n-Å-bv¡p-ti-jhpw tjIvkv]n-bÀ XÀÖ-a-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-

−m-bn. Np\-¡c kn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cyÀ 1906-þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ "hmk-´n-I-

kz]v\'amWv Ah-bn-sem-¶v. CXv BÀ.-]n.-Ir-jvW-am-Nm-cyÀ "F.-anUv

k½Àss\äv {Uoan'sâ ]cn-`m-j-bmbn Fgp-Xnb "kwkvIrXn'bpsS ]cn-`m-j-

bm-I-bmÂ aq¶mw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-am-Wv. hmcyÀ AXns\ Hcp kwKo-X-am-¡pI

IqSn sNbvX-t¸mÄ sshPmXyw hfsc IqSn.

SzÂ^v¯v-s\äv F¶ IrXn¡v c−v XÀÖ-a-IÄ D−m-bn-«p-−v. H¶v kn.-

]n.-tXm-a-Ênsâ a\w-t]mse awK-eyhpw (1919) c−m-a-t¯Xv tUm.-sI.-sIm-¨p-

®n-ta-t\msâ "ZzmZ-i-\ni' (1954) bpam-Wv. kn.-]n.-tXm-a-knsâ XÀÖa NnZw-_-

c-hm-[ym-cpsS ]mX-]n³Xp-SÀ¶v ASn-apSn KZy-¯n-emWv F¶mÂ sIm¨p-®n-ta-

t\m³ Ihn-Xm-`mKw ]Zy-¯n-e-h-Xn-¸n-¨Xv kµÀ`m-\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bnÂ

hr¯-§Ä amän-sIm-−m-bn-cp-¶p. CXv hmb-\-¡m-c\v lrZy-ambn A\p-`-h-s¸-«p.

Fw.-BÀ.-\m-b-cpsS HYtÃm XÀÖa anI¨ H¶mbn kmlnXy temIw AwKo-I-

cn-¨p. AXn-\p-Im-cWw aqe-Ir-Xn-bnÂ AKm-[-amb Ah-Km-lhpw A\p-`q-Xnbpw

D−m-b-ti-j-amWv At±lw AXv hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXXv F¶-Xm-Wv. kÀZmÀ

sI.-Fw.-]-Wn-¡-cpsS ‘enbÀ cmPmhm’Wv (1957) ]n¶o-Sp-−mb asämcp ]cn-`m-

j. tII-hr-¯-¯nÂ ]Zy-cq-]-¯nÂ am{Xw XÀÖa \nÀÆ-ln-¨Xv lm\n-I-c-

ambn F¶ A`n-{]mbw Cu hnhÀ¯-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v D−m-bn. A¡m-e-¯p-

−mb hnhÀ¯\ ]co-£-W-§-fnÂ Gähpw {it²-b-am-bXv sI.-cm-a-Ir-jvW-]n-

Å-bpsS amIv_¯v ]cn-`m-j-bm-sW¶v A`n-{]m-b-ap-−v. IYm-]m-{X-§-tfm-

sSm¸w Pohn-bv¡m\pw hnIm-cm-\p-`qXn sImÅm\pw ]cn-`m-j-I-\mb cma-Ir-

jvW-]n-Åbv¡v Ign-ªn-«p-−v. C{X-sbm-s¡-bmWv tjIvkv]n-bÀ IrXn-I-fpsS

{it²-b-amb XÀÖ-a-IÄ. AXm-sW-¦nÂ Hcp alm-ta-cp-hns\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w

sN¿m³ Hcp aWÂ Iq¼mcw D−m-b-Xp-t]mse IW-¡m-t¡-−-XpÅq

F¶mWv ]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c³ \mb-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw.

17

ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw

`mk³

(hn-hÀ¯\w Imhm-ew)

X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]tbm-àm-¡-fnepw {]Nm-c-I-cnepw {]ap-J-

\mWv Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À. hniz-\m-S-I-th-Zn-sb-¡p-dn¨v IrXy-amb

]cn-Úm\w At±-l-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. `qX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw XpS§n \nc-h-[n-

bmb `mk-\m-S-I-§Ä At±lw ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-Ibpw

cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imhy-\m-S-I-§Ä \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v ssien-

bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v hnPbw ssIh-cn-¡m³ Imhm-e-¯n\v km[n-¨p. ssZh-

¯mÀ, Xncp-hm-gn-¯m³, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, km£n XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv \mS-I-§Ä.

\mS-I-N-{I-sa¶ \mS-I-¯n\v 1975-þÂ tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-

¨p. Pohn-X-Imew þ 1928-þ2016. `mk³, Imfn-Zm-k³, tbävkv, kÀZmÀ sI.-Fw.-]-

Wn-¡À, tjIvkv]n-bÀ, kmÀ{Xv F¶n-h-cpsS \mS-I-§fS¡w Ht«sd \mS-I-

§Ä kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-«p-−v. \mS-I-Ir-¯v, Ihn, Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-hv, \mS-I-kw-

hn-[m-b-I³, kwKo-X-K-th-j-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fn-seÃmw {]i-kvX³.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

[rX-cm-jv{SÀ

Zptcym-[-\³

ZpÈm-k-\³

iIp\n

LtSmÂ¡-N³

`S³

KmÔmcn

18

ZpÈf

Zzmc-]m-enI

\mS-I- kw-{Klw

kq{X-[m-c³ {]th-in¨v \mS-I-¯nsâ kqN\ \ÂIp-¶p. AWn-b-d-

bnÂ\n¶v Adn-bn-¡q…. Adn-bn¡q F¶p hnfn-¨p-]-d-bp-¶Xv tIÄ¡p-¶p.

alm-`m-cX IY-bnse Hcp bp²-cw-K-amWv ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw F¶ \mSIw

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. B cwKw kq{X-[m-c³ t{]£-I\v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

AXv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. IrjvWsâ klm-b-¯nÂ \nÂ¡p¶ AÀPp-\s\ kwi-

]vXI ssk\yw BIÀjnÏänb X¡w t\m¡n òjva-h-[-¯nÂ tIm]w

]q− [mÀ¯-cm-jv{S-·mÀ H¯p-tNÀ¶v A`n-a-\yp-Ip-am-cs\ h[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

XpSÀ¶v AÀPp-\³ Iuc-hÀs¡-Xnsc bp²-¯n\v X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p-¶p. Cu

hnhcw ZqX-\mb LtSmÂ¡-N³ [rX-cm-jv{Ssc Adn-bn-¡p-¶p.

kq{X-[m-c³ h¶p-t]m-b-Xn-\p-tijw `S³ [rX-cm-jv{S-a-lm-cm-Pm-hns\

apJw ImWn-¡m-s\-¯p-¶p. AhnsS [rX-cm-jv{Scpw KmÔm-cnbpw ZpÈ-fbpw

Zzmc-]m-en-Ibpw {]th-in-¡p-¶p. lm! F´m-WnXv? F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ tNmZn-

¡p-¶p. alm-cm-Pm-th, Cu kacw \½psS ]p{X-·m-cpsS \mi-¯nÂ Iem-in-

¡p-sa¶v Ahn-Sp¶v Adn-bp-¶pt−m F¶v KmÔmcn tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-¯-

c-ambn A`n-a-\yp-hnsâ h[-¯nÂ tIm]n-jvT-\mb AÀPp-\³ {ioIr-jvWsâ

klm-b-t¯msS D{K-amb Xsâ hnsÃ-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ temI-\miw kw`-hn¨v

AXn-\p-ti-jta imń ssIhcq F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-bp-¶p. A`n-a-\yp-hn-s\-

tbmÀ¯v KmÔmcn hnIm-cm-[o-\-bm-hp-¶p. ZpÈ-f, A`n-a-\yp-hns\ h[n¨v D¯-

csb hn[-h-bm-¡n-b-Xmtcm AbmÄ Xsâ `mcybv¡pw ssh[-hy-tbmKw hcp-

¯n-h¨p F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. Cu hnhcw Adn-bn-¨Xv Bcm-sW¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ

tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXp tI«p-sIm−p \n¶ `S³ AXp Rm³ BsW¶pw Xm³

19

Pb-{Xm-X³ BsW¶pw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Pb-{Xm-X³ ]d-bp-¶p. At\Iw cmPm-

¡-·mÀ H¶n¨p IqSn-bmWv A`n-a-\yp-hns\ h[n-¨Xv AXn\p Imc-W-¡m-c-\m-

bXv Pb-{Z-Y-Ip-am-c-\m-Wv. Pb-{Z-Y-\mWv A`n-a-\yp-hnsâ ac-W-¯n\p Imc-W-

¡m-c-s\-¦nÂ Pb-{Z-Y³ sImÃ-s¸«p F¶p Icp-XWw F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-

ªp. AXp-tI«v ZpÈf Ic-bm³ XpS-§n. ImgvN-bn-Ãm¯ [rX-cm-jv{SÀ¡v ZpÈ-f-

bpsS kmao]yw A\p-`-h-s¸-«n-Ã. [rX-cm-jv{S-tcmSpw KmÔm-cn-tbmSpw AhÄ

D¯-c-bpsS ASp-t¯¡v t]mIm³ bm{X tNmZn-¡p-¶p. C¶v D¯-c-bpsS

AhØ \msf F\n¡pw hcpw F¶v ZpÈf ]d-bp-¶p. KmÔmcn aItf Aaw-

Kfw ]d-b-cp-sX¶v hne-¡p-¶p. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn {ioIr-jvWsâ klm-b-

apÅ AÀÖp-\\v hn{]nbw D−m-¡n-bn«v BÀ¡mWv Poh-t\msS Ccn-¡m³

Ign-bpI F¶v ZpÈf KmÔm-cn-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AÑ-\mb [rX-cm-jv{SÀ

ZpÈ-f-bpsS ]cm-aÀiw icn-h-bv¡p-¶p.

A`n-a\yp sImÃ-s¸-«Xv F§-s\-sb¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ `S-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-

¶p. AbmÄ ]dªp “IrjvWsâ klm-b-¯nÂ \nÂ¡p¶ AÀPp-\s\

kwi-à-I-·mÀ Zqc-¯m-¡n-b-¸Ä A`n-a\yp Ipam-c³ _mekz`mhw sIm−v

B]-¯ns\]än HmÀ¡msX bp²-cw-K-t¯¡v NmSn-bn-d-§n.” IjvSw B \ne¡v

Ahsâ h[w \S-t¡-−-Xp-X-s¶-sb¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. ImcWw

]pen-bpsS Kpl-bnÂ IS¶p sNÃm³ BÀ¡mWv ss[cy-ap-−m-hp-I. AXp-I-gn-

ª-Xn-\p-tijw ]mÞ-hÀ F´p sN¿p¶p F¶pw [rX-cm-jv{SÀ Bcm-ªp.

`S³ ]d-ªp. ‘AÀÖp-\³ h¶p A`n-a\yp acn-¨Xp ImWm-\mbn ]mÞ-hÀ

Im¯n-cp-¶p. Ahs\ h[n¨ cmPm-¡-·mÀ Ahsâ ico-c-¯nÂ sImSpw-{]-l-c-

amWv Gev]n-¨-sX¶pw AhÀ ]c-kv]cw ]d-ªp. [rX-cm-jv{SÀ KmÔm-cn-tbmSv

Pe-]qP sN¿m³ KwKm-Xo-c-t¯¡p t]mIm-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. B kabw Zptcym-

[-\³, ZpÈm-k-\³, iIp\n F¶n-hÀ {]th-in-¡p-¶p.

20

A`n-a-\yp-hns\ h[n-¨-Xp-sIm−p ]mÞ-hÀ¡v \½-tfm-SpÅ hntcm[w

Ønc-ambv XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. bp²-¯nÂ i{Xp-¡Ä ]nSªp acn-¨p.

IrjvWsâ aZw \mw thtcmsS apdn-¨p, IoÀ¯n-s¡m¸w \mw C¶v A`yp-Zbw

hcn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶v ZpÈm-k-\-t\mSv Zptcym-[-\³ ]d-ªp. AXv kwi-

b-an-Ãm¯ Imcy-am-sW¶pw A`n-a\yphns\ h[n-¨-Xp-sIm−v ]mÞ-hÀ¡v

Gän-cn-¡p-¶Xv im]-icw Xs¶-bm-sW¶pw ZpÈm-k-\³ adp-]Sn ]d-ªp. Pb-{Z-

Y³ Im«nb {]hr¯n Bß-]u-cp-j-am-sW¶pw A`n-a-\yp-hnsâ hoWp-t]mb

inc-Êp-t]mse Ipó]p-{X-·m-cpsS biÊpw hoWp-t]m-sb¶v iIp\n Ah-

tcmSv ]dªp.

Zptcym-[-\³ A½m-h-\mb iIp-\nsb AÑ-\mb [rX-cm-jv{Ssc apJw

ImWn-¡m³ hnfn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXn-t¸mÄ th− F¶v iIp\n A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-

¶p. F¶mÂ Zptcym-[-\³ F´pw hcs« F¶p ]dªv [rX-cm-jv{S-cpsS ASp-

t¯¡v t]mIp-¶p. ZpÈm-k-\³ Ahsc A\p-K-an-¡p-¶p.

Zptcym-[-\\pw ZpÈm-k-\\pw iIp-\nbpw [rX-cm-jv{Ssc A`n-hm-Z\w

sN¿p-¶p. [rX-cm-jv{SÀ {]Xy-`n-hm-Z\w sN¿m-¯-Xp-sIm−v FÃm-hcpw Ft´

BioÀhmZw Xcm-¯Xv F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. IrjvW\pw AÀÖp-\\pw lrZ-b-

amb A`n-a\yp h[n-¡-s¸« Cu ka-b¯v Pohn-X-¯nÂ Bi-bn-Ãm¯

\n§sf Fń\v Rm³ BioÀh-Zn-¡Ww F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-bp-¶p. [rX-

cm-jv{S-cpsS kw{àw I−v AÑm Fń-\mWo kw{àw F¶v Zptcym-[\³

tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A\-h[n ]p{X-·m-cp-−m-bn«pw Ah-tc-¡mÄ hninjvSbmb Hcp

aIsf F\n¡v In«n. AhÄ¡n-t¸mÄ Ah-fpsS tN«-·m-cpsS {]hr-¯n-sIm−v

Aaw-K-f-amb ssh[hyw hcp-¯n-h-¨p, F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Pb-{Z-Y\v

F´v kw`-hn-¨p-sh¶v Zptcym-[-\³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Abm-ftÃ sshZ-Kv[y-

t¯msS ]mÞ-hsc XS-ªp-\nÀ¯n-b-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw {Iqcm-ßm-¡-fmb

21

Hcp-]mSv t]À _me-\mb A`n-a-\yp-hns\ sIme-s¸-Sp-¯n. Ah-cpsS ssIIÄ

\new-]-Xn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\? F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXn\p

adp-]-Sn-bmbn òjva ]nXm-a-ls\ h[n-¨-Xn\p ]I-c-am-bmWv C¯-c-¯n-epÅ

kmlkw sN¿m³ X¿m-dm-b-sX¶v Zptcym-[-\³ AÑs\ [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. òjva-

cpsS ]X-\hpw A`n-a-\yp-hnsâ h[hpw F§s\ Hcp-t]m-se-bmhpw F¶v [rX-

cm-jv{SÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. kzÑµ arXyp kz´w lnX-¯mÂ hcn-¨-XmWv òjvaÀ

F¶mÂ A`n-a\yp ]mÞ-h-cpsS hwis¯ apt¶m«v sIm−p-t]m-I− {][m-

\n-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A`n-a\yp shdp-samcp _me-\m-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶pw Abm-fpsS ]cm-

{I-a-¯nÂ Hcp-]mSpt]À¡v apdn-th-sä¶pw kqcy-s\-t¸mse bp²-`q-an-bnÂ

AbmÄ Pzen¨p \n¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶pw ZpÈm-k-\³ [rX-cm-jv{S-tcmSv ]d-bp-¶p.

t]mcnÂ C{X anSp¡p Im«p¶ ]p{X-s\-¡p-dn¨v AÀÖp-\³ F{X thZ-\n-¡p-

¶p-−mhpw A§-s\-bpÅ AbmÄ \n§-tfm-sSms¡ F´p {]Xn-Imcw Bbn-

cn¡pw sN¿m³ t]mIp-¶Xv F¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

AÀPp-\³ F´p sN¿m-\m-sW¶v \nÊm-c-a-«nÂ Zptcym-[-\³ tNmZn-¡p-

¶p. \o Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ AXp t\cn«p ImWm-sa¶v [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-

bp-t¼mÄ AÑm Cu AÀÖp-\³ F¶-h³ Bcv? F¶v Zptcym-[-\³ tNmZn-

¡p-t¼mÄ AÀÖp-\sâ _e-s¯-]än Adn-hp-Å-hÀ At\-I-ap-s−¶pw Ah-

tcmSv At\z-jn-¡q-sh¶pw [rX-cm-jv{SÀ ]d-bp-¶p. i{I-t\mSpw Incm-X-cq-]n-

bmb `K-hm-t\mSpw Aán-tbmSpw Nn{Xmw-K-Z-t\m-Sp-sams¡ tNmZn-¡m³ [rX-cm-

jv{SÀ aIs\ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p.

AÀÖp-\s\ FXn-cn-Sm³ ]änb tbm²m-¡Ä \½psS Iq«-¯nÂ

CtÃsb¶v Zptcym-[-\³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. IÀ®s\ FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ

IÀ®³ A]-lm-ky-\mWv F¶ adp-]-Sn-bmWv [rX-cmjv{SÀ ]d-ªXv. iIp\n

CXp-tI«v R§-fpsS [ocX sISp-¯m³ Ahn-S-t¯¡v A[n-Im-c-ap-−tÃm

22

F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. NqXnÂ {]am-Wn-bmb \nsâ IÀ½w Cu Ipe-¯nse

_me-tcmSpw ImWn-¡m-Xn-cp¶p IqsS F¶v [rX-cmjv{SÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

henb i_vZw tI«v AsX-´m-sW¶v At\z-jn-¨p-h-cm³ Zptcym-[-\³

`S-t\mSv BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. `S³ Xncn-¨p-h¶v AÀÖp-\³ acn¨p InS-¡p¶

]p{Xs\ aSn-bnÂ InS¯n I®o-cnÂ ap¡n-sb¶pw {ioIr-jvWsâ `ÀÕ\w

tI«v Ic-¨nÂ aXn-bm-¡n-bn«v AÀÖp-\³ Hcp {]XnÚ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. B

{]XnÚ tI«t¸mÄ `qan Hcp \h-bp-hXnsbt¸mse hnd-sIm-−p-\n-¶p. Bcm-

sWsâ ]p{Xs\ sIm¶Xv? BcmWv AXnÂ BËmZw sIm−Xv; \msf

kqcym-kvX-a-b-¯n\p ap³t] Ahs\ Rm³ sImÃp-¶p-−v. {]XnÚ \S-¡m-

Xn-cp-¶mÂ KmÞo-hhpw ]nSn-¨p-sIm−v NnX-bnÂ NmSn acn-¡p-sa¶pw

AÀÖp-\³ {]Jym-]n-¨p-s−¶pw `S³ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. CXp-tI« [rX-cmjv{SÀ

Zptcym-[-\-t\mSv Iptª \osb-´mWv sN¿m³ t]mIp-¶-sX¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

Rm³ kÀÆ A£u-ln-Wn-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ Pb-{Z-Ys\ ad-bv¡pw. t{ZmW-cpsS

\nÀt±-i-{]-Imcw tk\sb \nc-¯pw. `qKÀ`-̄ n-sem-fn-¨mepw IrjvW³ Iq«p-

Å-h³ Ahsâ Nm]w Ft§m-«p-sa-¯n¡pw F¶v [rX-cmjv{SÀ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-

¶p.

Cu ka-b¯v ZqX-\mb LtSmÂ¡-N³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. Zptcym-[-\³,

ktµ-i-a-dn-bn¡q F¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ [rX-cmjv{S alm-cm-Pm-hns\ t\m¡n

LtSmÂ¡-N³ Fs´mcp efn-X-Kw-`o-cm-IrXn hntijw hmÀ²-Iy-¯nÂ ià-

\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv \qdp ]p{X-·msc AS-¡n-hm-gp-¶XpsIm−m-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

kzÀ¤w Im¯p-`-cn-¡m³ CS-h-cp-sa¶v Icp-Xn-bmWv tZh-·mÀ AÔ-\mbn [rX-

cmjv{Ssc krjvSn-¨-sX¶pw ]dªv [rX-cmjv{Ssc hµn-¡p-¶p. ]p{X-tZm-j-

¯mÂ Xm³ alm-]m-]n-bm-bn-¯oÀs¶¶v [rX-cmjv{SÀ LtSmÂ¡-N-t\mSv ]d-

bp-¶p. LtSmÂ¡-N³ Xsâ ZqXv hmbn-¡p-¶p. “lm, hÕm! A`n-a-\yp, lm,

23

hÕm, Ipcp-Ip-e-Zo-]-ta, lm hÕm! bZp-Ipe {]hm-fta; \nsâ A½m-h-\mb

P\mÀ±-\-t\bpw Fs¶ IqSnbpw Dt]-£n-¨n«v ]nXm-a-l-·m-sc-¡m-Wm-\m-i-

tbmsS \o kzÀ¤-¯n-te¡v t]mbtÃm!” ]nXm-al! Hcp ]p{Xsâ hn\m-i-¯nÂ

AÀÖp-\\v Cu AhØ h¶-t¸mÄ At§-bv¡p-−m-Im³ t]mIp¶

AhØ F´m-bn-cn¡pw? AXp-sIm−v Ct¸mÄ Ahn-Sp¶v F{Xbpw thK-

¯nÂ Bß-_-e-amÀÖn-¨mepw. AXn-\mÂ ]p{X-Zpx-J-¯nÂ \n¶p-−m-Ip¶

Aán-bnÂ Ahn-Sps¯ {]mW³ lhn-sÊ-h®w Zln-¡m-sX-bn-cn-¡-s«.

Cu hm¡p-IÄ ]cn-lm-ky-am-sW¶v Zptcym-[-\³ ]d-ªp. F´m-Wn-

XnÂ ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-«p-Å-sX¶v LtSmÂ¡-N³ tNmZn-¨p. AÀPp-\³ FÃm-h-

tcbpw sIm¶v Ipew apSn-¡p-sa-¶p-Å-XmWv ]cn-lm-ky-am-bn-«pÅsX¶v Zptcym-

[-\³ ]d-ªp. Rm³ IrjvWsâ ktµ-i-hm-l-I-\mWv. At±lw ]d-bp-¶Xv

tIÄ¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn¡pw \n§Ä¡v bpàw F¶p ]dª LtSmÂ¡-N-t\mSv

£{Xn-bs\ A]-am-\n-¡p-¶-hs\ AXn-hnsS ]d-b− F¶v ZpÈm-k-\³

tIm]n-jvT-\m-hp-¶p. N{Im-bp-[-\mb IrjvW³ \n§Ä¡v cmPm-h-Ãt¶m?

F¶mtWm \n§Ä ]d-bp-¶Xv F¶v LtSmÂ¡-N³ ZpÈm-k-t\mSv tNmZn-¨p.

XpSÀ¶v At±lw ]dªp £{Xn-b-·m-cpsS hn\miw \nÝn-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

\qdv \r]-·m-cpsS ac-W-¯mÂ `qan `mcw Ipd-bs« F¶mWv IrjvW³ ]d-ª-

b-¨-Xv. iIp\n AXn-en-S-s¸«v kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ iIp-\n-tbmSv NqXnse Icp-

¡Ä Zqsc-I-f-bm³ LtSmÂ¡-N³ BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. AXn-cq-£-amb Bt£-

]-§-fmÂ \o {]am-W-§-sfÃmw ewLn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v ZpÈm-k-\³ {Ip²-\m-

hp-t¼mÄ cm£-k-·m-tc-¡mÄ \n§-fmWv {Iqc-·m-cm-bn-«p-Å-hÀ. ImcWw Ac-

¡n-Ã-¯nÂ Dd-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶-hsc cm£-k-·mÀ sImÃm-dn-Ã. ktlm-Z-c-]-Xv\n-

bpsS Xe-ap-Sn-bnÂ cm£-k-·mÀ sXmSm-dn-Ã. hnIr-X-cq-]o-I-fm-sW-¦nepw bp²-

¯nÂ aIs\ sImÃp-I-sb¶ Imcyw cm£-k-·mÀ kvacn-¡p-I-t]m-ep-an-Ã.

24

CXp-tI« Zptcym-[-\³ \o bp²-¯n\p h¶-h-\-sÃ¶pw ZqX-\m-sW¶pw

ktµiw R§sf Adn-bn-¨-Xn-\mÂ \o t]mbvsImÄI ZqX-Lm-X-I-cÃ Chn-sS-

bp-Å-hÀ F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. ZqX-s\¶v Fs¶ ]cn-l-kn-t¡− Rm³ ZqX-\-Ã.

FÃm-hcpw tNÀ¶v Fs¶ B{I-an-¡m³ hm F¶p-]-dªv apjvSn Npcp-«n-

s¡m−pw Np−v ISn¨p LtSmÂ¡-N³ \nÂ¡p-¶p. Ime-]p-cnbv¡v t]mIm³

B{K-l-ap-Å-h-cp-s−-¦nÂ Fgp-t¶Â¡m\pw LtSmÂ¡-N³ ]d-bp-¶p.

Ghcpw NmSn-sb-gp-t¶Â¡p-¶p. B kabw [rX-cmjv{SÀ LtSmÂ¡-N-t\mSv

AS§q Iptª AS§q Fsâ hm¡p-IÄ tIÄ¡q F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. tIm]w

Xm§m³ Xm³ ià-\-sÃ¶pw ]nXm-a-lsâ hm¡p-tI«v Rm³ ZqX-\m-bn-cn-¡p-

¶p-sh¶pw LtSmÂ¡-N³ ]d-bp-¶p. B ka-b¯v Zptcym-[-\³ A¼p-IÄ

sIm−v Rm³ adp-]Sn ]dbmw F¶p Rm³ ]d-ª-Xmbn Adn-bn-¡-W-sa¶v

LtSmÂ¡-N-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. [rX-cmjv{StcmSv bm{X-]-dªv LtSmÂ¡-N³

Ahn-sS-\n¶pw t]mIm³ XpS-§p-¶p. AXn-\p-ap³]v IrjvWsâ Ah-km-

\s¯ ktµiw AhnsS ]d-bp-¶p. “[À½w BN-cn-¡pI kzP-\-§sf BZ-cn-

¡pI a\-xkm-£nsb ap³\nÀ¯n IÀ½w sN¿pI \msf ]peÀ¨-bnÂ ]mÞ-

h-thjw [cn¨v IrXm-´³ hs¶-¯pw.” F¶p ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-

km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ‘\h-bp-h-Xn-I-Ws¡ `qan hnd-¨p-\n¶p’ ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw \mS-I-¯nse

Cu kµÀ`w hnh-cn-¡p-I.

2. ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw F¶ \mSIw anI¨ IYm-]m{X kwhn-[m-\-¯n\pw

anI¨ kw`m-j-W-¯n\pw DZm-l-c-W-am-Ip-¶-sX-§-s\-sb¶v hnh-cn-¡pI?

25

3. [rX-cmjv{SÀ [À½-¯n\pw \oXn¡pw th−n \ne-sIm-Åp¶ IYm-]m-{X-

ambn ZqX-L-tSmÂ¡Nw \mS-I-¯nÂ amdnbsX§-s\-sb¶v kaÀ°n-

¡pI?

adn-bm½

(\m-S-Iw)

t]mf-¨n-d-bv¡Â sImö-¸³ Xc-I³

]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³, Ncn{X Kth-j-I³, \mS-I-Ir¯v, kck KZy-Im-c³

F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {]i-kvX-\mb sImö-¸³ Xc-I³ Hcp `mjm-kvt\ln IqSn-

bm-bn-cp-¶p. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ \mS-I-§fpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw BhnÀ`-hn¨ Imew

apXÂ At±-l-¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-IÄ ssIc-fn¡v e`n-¨p. hdp-Kokv am¸nf, tIc-

f-hÀ½, DÅqÀ, sIm«m-c-¯nÂ i¦p®n XpS-§n-b-h-cp-am-bp-−mb k¼À¡hpw

kulr-Zhpw At±-l-¯nsâ kmlnXy Iem-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf DÖz-e-am-¡n.

Xc-Isâ IrXn-I-fnÂ {]kn-²-ambXv adn-bm½ \mS-Ihpw _men-Im-k-Z\w

t\mh-ep-am-Wv. Ch IqSmsX ]cn-jv¡m-c-{`m-ń, ep_v[sâ hoSv, ]nXr-`-àn,

a[p-hÀÖ\w XpS-§nb \mS-I-§fpw At±lw cNn-¨n-«p-−v. IuXq-le IYm-am-

e-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ asämcp IrXn. cPn-kvt{S-j³ hIp-¸nÂ Kpa-kvX-\mbn

tPmen-bnÂ {]th-in-s¨-¦nepw kmln-Xy-¯n-epÅ Ah-Kmlw aqew A½m-h-

\mb I−¯nÂ hdp-Kokv am¸nf sImö-¸³ Xc-Is\ tPmen cmPn-sh-¸n¨v

ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bn-te¡v sIm−p-t]m-bn. hdp-Kokv am¸n-f-bpsS ac-Wm-\-ćw

`mjm-t]m-jnWn amkn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw hln-¨Xv At±-l-am-bn-cp-¶p.

at\m-ca \mS-I-k-`-bnse \S³ F¶ \ne-bnepw At±lw Ign-hp-sX-fn-bn-¨n-cp-

¶p. Pohn-X-Imew 1861-þ1940.

26

adn-bm½ \mS-I-¯nse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

am¯-¨³

sXm½-¨³

Hutk-¸-¨³

sNdnbm³Ipªv

Ìo^³

ho«p-S-a-Ø³

h¡oÂ

hÀ¡n

Nmt¡m

tbip-Zm-k³

Um\n-tbÂ

kq{]−v

C³kvs]-IvSÀ

tIm¬Ì-_nÄamÀ

i¦-c-aqÀ¯n

am¯³

Nm−n

\mdm-W³

Iq«p-Im-c³

am¯-¨sâ `mcy

Gen-bm½

adn-bm½

kmdm½

27

adn-bm½ BZys¯ kzX-{ -́\m-SIw

Ipam-c-\m-imsâ ‘\fn\n’¡v G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½ Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-

cnI kp{]-kn-²-am-Wv. \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Imhy-co-Xn-bnÂ\n¶v ]pXnb Iev]-\-I-

fn-te¡v Bim³ ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb sIm−p-t]m-bXv A¶v G.-BÀ.-I-s−-¯p-

Ibpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \qX-\-amb Hcp Ihn-Xm-k-cWn Bim³

t{]mZvLm-S\w sNbvX-Xmbn G.-BÀ {]Jym-]n-¨p. sIm¨o-¸³ Xc-Isâ adn-

bm½ \mS-Ihpw AXp-t]mse ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-im-J-bnÂ Ncn{Xw

krjvSn¨ ]pXpa \ndª Hcp IrXn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. `mjm Ihn-IÄ \mS-I-c-N-\-

bnÂ {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ KZm-\p-K-Xn-IXzw Ak-l-\o-b-ambn Ignª Hcp L«-

¯n-emWv lmky-{]-[m-\hpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv¡-c-tWm-·p-J-hp-amb adn-bm½

\mS-I-¯nsâ cwK-{]-thiw A¶s¯ \mS-I-§sf hnaÀin-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶

]Þn-X-\m-bn-cp¶ kn.-A-´-¸mbn adn-bm½ \mS-Is¯ apà-IWvTw {]iw-

kn¨p F¶pam{X-aÃ B IrXn-bpsS {]km-[-\-¯n\v {]uU-amb Hcp Ah-Xm-

cnI Fgp-Xn-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]m{X-c-N-\, ckm-hn-jv¡-cWw `mjm-coXn

F¶n-h-bnÂ Cu \mSIw hnP-bn-¨n-«p-s−¶pw {]Ir-Xn-ZÀ¸Ww Bbn-cn-¡Ww

\mSIw F¶ Imcys¯ Cu IrXn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-s−¶pw kn.-A-´-

¸mbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n. \mS-I-¯n-\pÅ CXn-hr-¯-§Ä tXSn ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-

§-fpsS hnime taJ-e-bn-te¡v k©-cn-¡p-hm-\mWv \½psS \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-

fnÂ `qcn-]-£hpw A¡m-e¯v {ian-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ AhÀ

[otcm-Zm¯ {]Xm-]-hm³am-cmb \mb-I-·m-tcbpw tXSn ]gb ta¨nÂ Øe-§-

fnÂ h«w Id-§n. AXnÂ\n-s¶-¶emw hyXy-kvX-ambn A¡m-es¯ a\p-jy-

cpsS IpSpw_ kmaqly {]iv\-§-fn-te¡v adn-bm½ \mSIw k©-cn-¨p. ae-bm-

f-¯nÂ BZy-ambn {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯nb kzX-{´-\m-S-I-sa¶ _lp-aXn 1888-þÂ

{]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« IÃymWn \mS-I-¯n\v sImSp-¡mw. XpSÀ¶v 1892-þÂ

28

Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cmsâ N{µn-Ibpw 1893-þÂ sI.-kn.-tI-i-h-]n-Å-bpsS

e£vao-I-Ãym-Whpw {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n. 1894-þÂ hdp-Kokv am¸nf ss__nÄ

IYsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n F{_m-b-¡p«n F¶ \mSIw cNn-¨p. C{]-Imcw \mS-I-

km-lnXyw hnI-kn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp¶ Hcp Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv sIm¨o-¸³ Xc-

Isâ ]pXp-a-bmÀ¶ kzX{´ kmaqly \mSIw adn-bm½ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-

Xv.

1903-þ-emWv adn-bm½ \mS-I-¯nsâ H¶mw ]Xn¸v {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-

sX¶v kn.-A-´-¸mbn ‘adn-bm½’bv¡v Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ\n¶v hyà-am-

hp-¶p-−v. F¶mÂ \mS-I-¯nsâ cN\ AXn\pw Ccp-]-¯n-b©p hÀj-§-

tfmfw ap³]m-sW¶v {KÙ-Im-c³ apJ-hp-c-bnÂ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. “Fsâ

{]l-k-\-co-Xnbpw ho«p-hm-N-Ihpw hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v ckn-¡p-tam-sb¶v kwi-bn¨v

Rm³ hfsc \mÄ sh¨p-sIm-−n-cp-¶p.” F¶v Xc-I³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v.

F´m-bmepw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Fgp-X-s¸« BZys¯ kzX{´ kmaqly \mS-I-

sa¶ {]ikvXn adn-bm½ \mS-I-¯n\p e`n-¨p.

kmaqly ]cn-jv¡-cWw ap³\nÀ¯n cNn-¡-s¸« \mS-I-amWv adn-bm-½.

a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse ss{IkvX-h-cpsS IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp¶

AÚ-Xbpw A\m-Nm-c-§fpw ]mc-¼-cy-§fpw lmkym-ß-I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn¨v

kap-Zm-bs¯ ip²o-I-cn-¡p-I-sb¶ e£yw Cu \mS-I-c-N-\-bpsS ]n¶n-ep-

−mbXmbn Is−-¯mw. ss{IkvX-hÀ¡n-S-bnÂ A¡m-e-¯p-−m-bn-cp¶

AÚcpw ep_v[cpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-cp-amb [\n-I-cpsS t\À¡mWv Xc-I³

Xsâ hnaÀi\w D¶-bn-¨-Xv. A½m-bn-b-½-t]mcv {InkvXy³ `h-\-§-fnÂ Hcp

amaq-embn \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. CXv Hc-h-Im-i-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-hcpw Ipd-hm-bn-

cp-¶n-Ã. \m¯q³ F¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ `À¯m-hnsâ ktlm-Z-cnbpw Cu hnj-

b-¯nÂ A½m-bn-b-½bv¡v Iq«p-\nÂ¡m-dp-−v. A½m-bn-b-½-bp-tSbpw \m¯q-

29

tâbpw t]mcnsâ {Iqc-h-i-§-fmWv adn-bm½ \mS-I-¯nse apJy-{]-ta-bw.

A¡m-e¯v kaq-l-¯nÂ ]SÀ¶p-]n-Sn-¨n-cp¶ hkqcn NnIn-Õn-¡m-\mbn

F¯p¶hcpsS a\p-jy-Xz-c-ln-Xhpw ss]im-Nn-I-hp-amb {]hr-¯n-Isf lrZ-b-

t`-Z-I-ambn \mS-I-¯n-e-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. tPyjvTm-\p-P-·m-cpsS IpSpw-_-h-g-¡p-

Ifpw \mSIw FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. C§s\ A¶s¯ ss{IkvXh kaq-l-

¯nse A\m-im-ky-§-tfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-tfbpw hnaÀin¨v CÃm-Xm-¡m-\mWv

\mS-I-Ir¯v {ian-¨-Xv. irwKm-c-¯nsâ kuay-a-t\m-lm-cn-Xbpw lmky-cu{Z

IcpW ck-§-fpsS DNn-X-amb k¶n-th-ihpw sIm−v Cu \mS-Is¯ klr-

Zb lrZ-bm-IÀj-I-am-¡m\pw \mS-I-Ir-¯n\v km[n-¨p.

\mSI kw{Klw

s\Spw-Ip-¶¯v sN¼-I-tÈcn amfn-I-bnse am¯-¨³, Abm-fpsS `mcy,

aI³ Hutk-¸-¨³, `mcy adn-bm-½, ktlm-Zcn Gen-bm-½, adn-bm-½-bpsS

ktlm-Z-c³ Ìo^³, Abm-fpsS `mcy kmdm-½, sNdn-bm³Ip-ªv, t]meo-kp-

ImÀ, hkqcn NnIn-Õ-¡mÀ, hmey-¡mÀ F¶n-§s\ Ccp-]-XnÂ¸cw IYm-]m-

{X-§-fmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ AWn-\n-c-¡p-¶-Xv. am¯-¨³, `mcy, Hutk-¸-¨³,

adn-bm-½, Ìo^³ F¶o A©p-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä Cu \mS-I-¯nse {][m\

IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-Wv. adn-bm½ F¶ bph-Xn¡v `ÀXr-Kr-l-¯nÂ h¨v A\p-`-hn-

t¡-−n-h¶ Zpcn-X-]qÀ®-amb bmX-\-I-fmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-

s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. am¯-¨sâ sN¼-I-tÈcn `h-\-amWv Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ kt¦-X-

Øm-\w. At±lw Cu \mS-I-¯nse Hcp apJy IYm-]m-{X-amWv Adp-]-¯n-b-

©p-Im-c-\mb am¯-¨-\n-eqsS ]g-b-X-e-ap-d-bnse Hcp {]Xn-\n-[nsb Ah-X-cn-¸n-

¡p-¶p. A[zm-\n-¡p¶ {]Ir-X-apÅ AbmÄ Ie¸ ]nSn¨pw aäpw Ht«sd

k¼m-Zn-¨p. F¶mÂ `mcy-bpsS sNmÂ¸-Sn-bnÂ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p B IpSpw-_-

\m-Y³. Xsâ t]cpw {]i-kvXnbpw FÃm \mSp-I-fnepw hym]n¨p Ign-ªp-

30

sh¶v hniz-kn-¡p¶ Bfm-W-t±-lw. ip²-K-Xnbpw apJ-kvXp-Xnbpw Zb-\ob

`mhhpw At±-l-¯nÂ\n¶v kv^pcn-¡p-¶p. `mcy-bpsS ap³]nÂ ]e-t¸mgpw

\nÊ-lm-b-\mbn t]mIp¶ am¯-¨³ t{]£-I\v \À½w \ndª Hcp IYm-]m-

{X-ambn amdp-¶p-−v.

Cu \mS-I-¯nse aqe-I-Ym-]m-{X-ambn hcp¶ ‘am¯-¨sâ `mcy’ \mS-I-

I-Y-bpsS {][m\ I®n-bmb A½m-bn-b-½-bmbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. kv{Xokz-`m-

h-¯nsâ ]e khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-tSbpw hnf-\n-e-ambn Cu IYm-]m{Xw amdp-¶p.

\mS-I-¯nse apJy-{]-tabw Xs¶ A½m-bn-b½t¸mcm-Wv. am¯-¨sâ A\p-

P³ sIm¨p-am-asâ IpSpw-_-t¯m-SpÅ ]I, Xs¶-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Zpc-`n-am-\w,

`À¯m-hns\ `cn-¡p-hm-\pÅ A[n-Im-c-tam-lw, aIsâ `mcy-tbmSv t]mc-Sn-¡p-

hm-\pÅ B{Klw F¶n-h-sbÃmw H¯p-tNÀ¶ Al-¦m-cn-bmb hyàn-Xz-¯n-

\p-S-a-bm-W-hÀ. F¦nepw s]s«¶v Nen-¡p¶ Hcp ip²-lr-Z-bhpw AhÀ¡p-

−v. am¯-¨sâ Pohn-X-¯n-te¡v Xm³ Ib-dn-h-¶-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv am¯-¨\v

sFiz-cy-ap-−m-bXv F¶p Xpd-¶p-]-d-bm³ aSn-¡m¯ {]Ir-X-am-W-h-cp-tS-Xv.

kv{Xok-l-P-amb ZuÀ_-Ãy-§-fp-tSbpw Akq-b-bp-tSbpw aqÀ¯n-bmbn \mS-I-

Ir¯v Cu A½m-bn-b-½sb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. adn-bm½tbmSv ImWn-¡p¶

{Iqc-amb t]mcp-IÄ Xsâ P·m-h-Im-i-am-sW-¶mWv AhÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

adn-bm-½-bpsS B`-c-W-§Ä ap¡p-]-−-§-fm-sW¶v AhÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv kc-k-

ambn \mS-I-Ir¯v hÀWn-¡p-¶p-−v. tamj-W-¡päw Npa-¯m\pw \njvI-f-¦-

bmb adn-bm-½sb Nqep-sIm-−-Sn-¡m\pw Xe-ap-Sn¡v Npän-¸n-Sn-¨-Sn-¡m\pw

ASn¨p s]m«nb apdn-hp-IÄ apf-I-c¨v tXbv¡m\pw Xos¡m-Ån-sb-Sp¯v

Ip¯m\pw Znh-k-§-tfmfw ]«n-Wn-¡n-Sm\pw Cu A½m-bn-b½ kaÀ°-bm-Wv.

ss{IkvXh `h-\-§-fnÂ A¡m-e¯v \ne-\n¶ Zpjn¨ ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ `oI-c-

31

amb {]iv\-§Ä Cu \mSIw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Cu A½m-bn-b½ ae-bm-

f-\m-S-I-tem-I¯v Xs¶ Hcp Ahn-kva-c-Wob IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv.

t{]£I lrZ-b-§sf timImÀ{Z-am-¡p-hm³ t]mcp¶ a«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-

¨n-«pÅ IYm-]m-{X-amWv \mbn-I-bmb adn-bm-½. hnZym-`ym-k-apÅhfpw

kwkv¡m-c-k-¼-¶-bp-amb adn-bm½ hn\-bw, kln-jvWp-X, `À¯r-kvt\-lw,

Kpcp-P-\-`-àn, XymK-io-ew, kz`mh ss\À½Ãyw Ch-sbÃmw H¯n-W-§nb Hcp

D¯a kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. \mS-I-c-N-\m-Im-es¯ kv{XoI-fpsS ]pXnb

Xe-ap-d-bpsS {]Xo-I-amWv Cu IYm-]m-{Xw. am¯-¨sâ aI³ Hutk-¸-¨sâ

`mcy-bmbn XoÀ¶ A¶p apXÂ Ah-fpsS PohnXw Xmfw sXän. kz´w

`À¯m-hn-t\mSv kwkm-cn-¡m³ t]mepw AhÄ¡v A\p-hm-Z-ap-−m-bn-Ã. aI³

`mcy-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¨mÂ AXv hen-sbm-cp sXämbn amdpw. adn-bm-½-bpsS

Cw¥o-jv]-cn-Úm\w A½-mbn-b-½-bpsS ]cn-lm-k-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn. adn-

bm½ cm]-I-en-ÃmsX tPmen-sN-¿Ww, cm{Xn-bnÂ t]mepw ]pg-bnÂ t]mbn

shÅw sIm−p-h-c-Ww, hni-¶mÂ `£Ww e`n-¡p-I-bp-an-Ã. Hutk-¸-¨³

Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v ]Tn-¡m³ t]mb-tXmsS adn-bm-½-bpsS bmX-\-IÄ IqSn.

Hutk-¸-¨-t\mSv AhÄ Xsâ {]iv\-§Ä ]d-bp-¶p-−v. XÃp-sIm−v ChnsS

InS-t¶mfmw ]t£ Bdp-Zn-hkw F§s\ ]«n-Wn-In-S-¡pw. Hutk-¸-¨³ CXp-

tI«v ZpxJn-X-\m-hp-¶p-−v. adn-bm-½-bpsS IjvS-¸m-Sp-IÄtI«v s]m«n-¡-c-bp¶

sNdn-bm³ Ipªnsâ Nn{Xhpw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-Wv.

adn-bm-½bv¡v hkqcn ]nSn-s]-«-t¸mÄ sN¼-I-tÈ-cn-bnÂ\n¶v FÃm-hcpw

Hgn-ªp-t]m-bn. hÀ¡n Fs¶mcp tkh-I³ am{X-amWv B ho«nÂ D−m-bn-cp-

¶-Xv. Hutk-¸-¨³ Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯m-Wv. adn-bm½ ]Xn-hmbn `À¯m-hn-s\-gp-

Xn-bn-cp¶ I¯p-IÄ Hutk-¸-¨sâ I¿nÂ In«n-bn-Ã. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶

AXn\p adp-]-Snbpw h¶n-Ã. hkqcn NnIn-Õ-¡m-cmb ZpjvS-am-{´n-I-·m-cpsS

32

{Iqc-aÀ±-\-§Ä¡n-c-bmbn XoÀ¶ adn-bm½ A\p-`-hn¨ kwLÀj-§Ä Cu

\mS-I-¯nse lrZ-b-t`-Z-I-amb `mK-am-Wv. A¡m-es¯ hkqcn NnIn-Õ-I-cpsS

arKo-bX Xpd-¶p-Im-Wn-¡p-I-bmWv \mS-I-Ir¯v sN¿p-¶-Xv. hkqcn ]nSn-s]«v

`b¶v apdn-bv¡p-ÅnÂ Ign-bp¶ adn-bm-½sb sIme-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Xs¶ aZy-e-l-

cn-bn-emb NnIn-Õ-IÀ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¯p. i¦-c-aqÀ¯n, \mcm-b-W³ XpS-§nb

NnIn-Õ-IÀ adn-bm½ IXIp Xpd-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ hmXnÂ sh«n-s]m-fn¨v

AI¯p IS-¶p. Fhn-tSbpw A`-b-an-Ãm-XpÅ adn-bm½bpsS hnem]w Bcp-

tSbpw Ic-f-en-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Ah-tcmSv ]e Xc-¯n-e-t]-£n¨p t\m¡n-sb-

¦nepw i¦-c-aqÀ¯nbpw aäpw B hm¡p-I-sfm¶pw sNhn-sIm-−n-Ã. ssIIm-ep-

IÄ IbÀsIm−v hcnªp sI«n Xe-ap-Sn¡v Npän-]n-Sn¨v adn-bm-½sb AhÀ

aÀ±n-¨-h-i-bm-¡n. Xe-bv¡-Sn¨v Ahsf sIm¶p-I-f-bm³ i¦-c-aqÀ¯n BÚm-

]n-¨p. F¶mÂ DNnX ka-b¯v adn-bm-½-bpsS ktlm-Z-c³ Ìo^³ a{´-hm-Zn-

I-fpsS kl-{]-hÀ¯-I-\mbn A`n-\-bn¨v adn-bm-½sb Hcp henb s]«n-bn-

em¡n Ahn-sS-\n¶pw c£-s¸-Sp-¯n. CsXÃmw cl-ky-am-bmWv kw`-hn-¨-Xv.

adn-bm½ hkqcn h¶v acn-¨p-sh-¶mWv FÃm-hcpw IcpXnbXv. NnIn-Õ-

Icpw AXp-Xs¶ {]N-cn-¸n-¨p. adn-bm-½-bpsS tcmK-hmÀ¯-b-dnªv Hutk-¸-

¨³ \m«n-se-¯n. AhnsS h¨v adn-bm½ acn-¨p-sh-¶-dnªv AbmÄ sR«n-t¸m-

bn. ZpxJ-`mcw sIm−v AbmÄ BsI XIÀ¶p-t]m-bn. F¶mÂ Ht«sd kw`-h-

§Ä¡ptijw adn-bm½ ktlm-Z-c-\mb Ìo^\pw `mcy kmdm-½-bv¡p-sam¸w

Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ps−¶v AbmÄ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. AhÀ H¯p-tNÀ¶v

kt´mjw ]¦n-Sp-¶p. Xs¶ aÀ±n¨ hkqcn NnInÕIcv t]meokv ]nSn-bn-em-

hp-¶p. AhÀ¡p am¸p-sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa¶v adn-bm½ t]meo-kp-Im-tcmSv At]-£n-

¡p-¶p. Xs¶ D]-{Z-hn¨ A½m-bn-b-½-tbmSv s]mdp-¡m\pw Ah-cpsS ]cm-{I-a-

§Ä Adn-hn-Ãm-bvI-sIm−v kw`-hn-¨-Xm-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS B lrZ-b-hn-

im-e-Xbv¡p ap¶nÂ A½m-bn-b½ FÃm A]-cm-[-§Ä¡pw am¸-t]-£n-¡p-

33

¶p. AhÀ {]iv\-§-fn-ÃmsX Pohn¡pw F¶v \mSIw kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. A\p-cq-

]-\mb `À¯m-hn-t\mSp IqSn Hcp \qdp-hÀjw adn-bm½ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡-s«-sb¶v

C³kvs]-IvSÀ Biw-kn-¡p-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. adn-bm-½ \mSIw hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯pw {]k-à-am-Ip-¶-sX-§s\?

2. \mS-Io-bX F¶ KpWw adn-bm½ \mS-I-¯nÂ ebn¨p tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-

§s\ kaÀ°n-¡pI

3. adn-bm½ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-kr-jvSn-bnÂ \mS-I-Ir¯p hnP-bn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p?

]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

4. adn-bm-½-m\m-S-I-¯n\v Hcm-kzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡pI?

34

bqWnäv 2

\mSIw kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ¯-\-̄ nsâ am[yaw

ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xs¯ ià-ambn kzm[o-\n¨ Iem-cq-]-

amWv \mS-Iw. AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fnÂ IpSp§n ]c-kv]cw Xpcp-̄ p-I-fmbn

amdnb aebmfnsb t_m[-h-Xv¡-cn-¡m\pw AXn-eqsS kmaq-ly-am-ä-¯n\v

t{]cn-¸n-¡m\pw Ign-ª-Im-e¯v Gä-hp-a-[nIw klm-bn-¨Xv ChnsS D−mb

kmaq-ly-cm-jv{So-b-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv.

hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ ‘ASp-¡-f-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§-t¯¡v’ (1930), Fw.-

BÀ.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ ‘ad-bv¡p-S-¡p-Ånse alm-\-cIw’ (1930), Fw.-]n.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-

Snsâ ‘EXp-aXn’ (1944) F¶o \mS-I-§-fmWv tbmK-t£-a-\m-S-I-§Ä F¶v

Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡p-th−n {]hÀ¯n¨

kwL-S-\-I-fm-bn-cp¶p tbmK-t£-a-k-`bpw bph-P-\-kw-L-hpw. anX-hm-Zn-I-fmbn

tbmK-t£-a-¡mÀ Ime-L-«-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä B{K-ln¨p

F¶mÂ Xo{h-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-am-bmWv bph-P-\-kwLw {]hÀ¯n-¨-Xv. kap-

Zm-b-¯nse AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw sNdp-¯p-tXmÂ¸n-

¡m³ hn¹-h-I-c-amb apt¶äw Bh-iy-am-sW¶v Ah-À hiz-kn-¨p. AXnÂ

{][m-\n-bm-bn-cp¶p hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Spw. Ch-cpsS \mS-I-§Ä \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-

bs¯ A\m-Nm-c-§-fnÂ\n¶v tamNn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ hnP-bn-¨p. A{]-Imcw Hcp

kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ am[y-a-ambn Cu \mS-I-§Ä {]hÀ¯n-¨p.

\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse Iq«p-Ip-Spw_ kwhn-[m\w k¼¯v Imc-W-h-

cnÂ F¯n-t¨-cm³ Imc-W-ambn am{X-aÃ aq¯-a-I-s\m-gn¨v aämÀ¡pw kzk-ap-

Zm-b-¯nÂ\n¶v hnhm-l-_Ôw ]mSn-sÃ-¶Xpw k¼-¯n-\-h-Imin aq¯-]p-{X³

35

am{X-am-sW-¶pÅ kap-Zm-b-\n-b-ahpw \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-bmw-K-§-fpsS PohnXw

Zpjv¡-c-am-¡n. Cu AhØbvs¡Xn-sc-bpÅ t_m[-h-Xv¡-c-Whpw hr²-

·mÀ¡v I\y-I-amsc thfn-I-gn¨p sImSp-¡pI F¶ A\m-Nm-c-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-

bpÅ {]Xn-I-c-W-hp-am-bn-cp¶p ASp-¡-f-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§-t¯¡v F¶

\mSIw.

cmjv{So-b-\m-S-I-§fpw \mS-Io-b-Xbpw

GsXmcp kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw Ak-a-Xz-¯nsâ {][m\ ImcWw km¼-

¯n-I-k-a-Xz-am-bn-cn-¡pw F¶ bmYmÀ°ys¯ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−mWv sI.-

Zm-tam-Z-c³ BZy-cm-jv{So-b-\m-SIw ‘]m«-_m¡n’ cNn-¨-Xv. CXnsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn

CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS ‘Iq«p-Irjn’ sNdp-Im-Snsâ ‘\½-sfm¶v’ XpS-§nb cmjv{So-b,

ImÀjnI {]iv\-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ \mS-I-§-fp-−m-bn. kaq-l-¯nÂ

Nqj-Ww, Zmcn-{Zyw, Ak-a-Xzw, PmXobX Ch-sbÃmw \S-am-Sp¶ Ah-Ø-bp-

−m-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-Xs¶ Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS ]nd-hn¡v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. t£{X-

{]-th-i-\-¯n\pw aäpw th−n \S¶ ka-c-§-fp-sSbpw \nhÀ¯\ {]t£m-`-

¯n-sâbpw IÀjI ka-c-§-fp-sSbpw A´-co-£-¯nÂ Abn-¯-¯n\pw Ak-

a-Xz-§Ä¡pw FXn-cmb {]t£m-`-W-§-tfmSv _Ô-s¸«v ]pXn-sbmcp \mS-I-kw-

kv¡mcw 1930-þÂ Xs¶ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ DS-se-Sp-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. 1937-þÂ

s]m¶m\n ImÀjn-I-k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ th−nbmWv sI.-Zm-tam-Z-

c³ ]m«-_m¡n Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. ASp¯ hÀjw AXv {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡pIbpw

sNbvXp. kmaq-lym-k-a-Xz-¯nsâ AXn-cn-\-¸pdw aqe-Im-c-W-amb km¼-¯n-Im-

k-a-Xzs¯ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-I-bmWv ]m«-_m-¡n-bnÂ Zmtam-Z-c³ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-

¶Xv F¶v Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v. ]nÂ¡m-e¯v ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-

−mb ‘cmjv{So-b-\m-S-§-fpsS’ Nn«-bnepw {Ia-¯nepw \n¶v AXy´w hn`n-¶-

amb cmjv{So-b-\m-S-I-amWv ]m«-_m-¡n-sb-¶pw At±lw XpSÀ¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

36

kn.-sP.-tXm-akv ‘Db-cp¶ bh-\nI’ bnÂ ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse “IYm-L-S-\-bpsS

emfn-Xyhpw DÅ-S-¡-¯nsâ kXym-h-Øbpw ]m«-_m-¡nsb ae-bm-f-¯nsâ

Gähpw hnP-b-I-c-amb cmjv{So-b-\m-S-I-am¡n XoÀ¡p-¶p. ae-_m-dnse IÀj-I-

{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ\n¶pw DS-se-Sp¯ Iem-kr-jvSn-bmWv ]m«-_m¡n”. km¼-

¯nI Ak-a-Xz-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-−mb A¡m-es¯ Akz-Ø-X-I-fmWv Cu

\mSIw apt¶m-«p-sh-¨-sX¶p ImWmw. \mS-Io-b-Xsb \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯m¯

cmjv{Sob \mS-I-§-fmbn Ch cq]w-{]m-]n-¨p.

ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-cIw

Fw.- cm-a³ `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv (Fw.-BÀ.-_n)

ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse ]g-b-s]m-¶m-\n-Xm-eq-¡nÂ 1908-þÂ P\n¨ Fw.-BÀ.-

_n.-km-aq-ly-]-cn-jv¡À¯mhpw ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I\pw kmln-Xy-Im-c-\p-am-bn-

cp¶p. \mSIw, Ihn-X, D]-\ymkw Ch Htct]mse ssIImcyw sN¿m\pw

{i²-t\-Sm\pw At±-l-¯n\v km[n-¨p. apf-s]m-«n-b-hn-¯p-IÄ, kphÀ®m-Om-b-

IÄ, hf-s¸m-«p-IÄ, Xma-c-bn-X-fp-IÄ, apJ-Ñmb hmÂ¡-®mSn F¶nhbmWv

{][m\ IrXn-IÄ. kz´w {]b-Xv\w-sIm−v Cw¥ojnepw ae-bm-f-¯nepw

kwkvIr-X-¯nepw At±lw Ah-Kmlw t\Sn. hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ A\p-bmbn

F¶ \ne-bnÂ At±lw \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse AÔ-hn-izm-k-§Ä¡pw

A\m-Nm-c-§Ä¡p-sa-Xnsc t]mcmSn ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv Fw.-BÀ.-

_n.-bpsS s]mXp-Po-hnXw hnI-kn-¨p-h-¶-Xv. bph-Zo-]w, D®n-\-¼q-Xn-cn, kmln-

Xy-]-cn-j-¯v, tZim-`n-am-\n, tIfn F¶n-h-bp-ambn At±lw \nc-´cw _Ôw-]p-

eÀ¯n. PohÂkm-lnXy {]Øm\w tIc-f-¯nÂ thcp-d-¸n¨ Ime¯v

At±lw AXnsâ kwLm-S-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse BZys¯

hn[-hm-hn-hm-l-am-bn-cp¶p Fw.-BÀ.-_n-bp-tS-Xv. hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ `mcy-k-

tlm-Zcn Dam-tZhn A´ÀÖ-\-s¯-bmWv At±lw hnhmlw Ign-¨Xv. bmYm-

37

Øn-Xn-I-Xz-t¯mSv At±lw kÔn-bn-ÃmsX s]mcpXn 2001-þÂ At±lw A´-

cn-¨p.

\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv¡-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸«

aq¶p \mS-I-§-fmWv ASp-¡-fn-bnÂ\n¶v Ac-§-t¯-¡v, ad-¡p-S-¡p-Ånse

alm-\-c-Iw, EXp-aXn F¶n-h. ad-¡p-S-¡p-Ånse alm-\-cIw bYmÀ°-kw- -̀

hs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n cNn-¡-s¸« \mS-I-am-Wv. kv{XoIÄ \¼q-Xncn Krl-

§-fnÂ A\p-`-hn-t¡-−n-h-cp¶ A\o-Xn-IÄs¡-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-

cp¶p Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ Dt±-iw. A¡m-e¯v ]pd-ta-\n¶v BÀ¡pw {]th-i-\-

an-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ \¼q-Xncn Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnÂ `À¯m-hn\v `mcysb sImÃm³ hsc

A[n-Im-c-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. C§s\ a\p-jy-Xz-\n-tj[w A\p-`-hn-¨n-cp¶ kv{XoI-

fpsS Ah-Ø-bmWv ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-c-I-¯nÂ Fw.-BÀ._n Ah-X-

cn-¸n-¨-Xv.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

C«n-¸m]vXn

C®o¨

C«n-¯m{Xn

\§¿

]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn

]pXn-\-¸Ån AÑ³

A]v^³ \¼q-Xncn

]t«cn

cma³ \¼q-Xncn

\t§a

ap¯Èn A½

38

hncq-]m-£³ \¼q-Xncn (aq-Êv)

C«n-\-§¿ A´ÀÖ\w

\mS-I-kw-{Klw

H¶mw A¦w Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ ]qap-ä¯v {io tImhn-eIw kÔym-k-

abw C«n-¸m-]vXnbpw C®o-¨bpw Npacpw Nmcn N{aw ]Sn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah-

cpsS A½ C«n-¯m{Xn `{Z-Zo]w sImfp¯n \a-kvI-cn-¡p-¶p. C«n-¸m-]vXnbpw

C®o-¨bpw {]mÀ°\ sNmÃp-¶p. c−p t]scbpw ssZh-§sf \a-kvI-cn-¡m³

A½ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p. cwKw c−nÂ ]qap-äs¯ ]qap-J¯v ]IÂ \mep-a-

Wn¡v apdp¡n sIm−n-cn-¡p¶ ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn (C®o-¨-bp-tSbpw C«n-

¸m-]vXn-bp-tSbpw AÑ³) B ka-b¯v ]pXn-\-¸Ån AÑ³ Ahn-sS-sb¯n

Xsâ aIsâ aq¶mw-thfn \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS kwkm-c-¯nsâ Ah-

km\w ]d-t§m-Ss\ hnfn¨v ]pXn-\-¸Ån \¼q-Xn-cn¡v Ipfn-¡m-\pÅ Nn«-h-«-

§Ä Hcp-¡p-¶p. cwKw aq¶nÂ C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS hoSv. C«n-¸m]vXn A½-bpsS

Acn-I-¯n-cp¶v ]pkvXIw hmbn-¡p-¶p. ]pkvX-I-¯nse tÇmIw sNmÃn-sIm-Sp-

¡m³ A½ C«n-¸m-]vXn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. AXv ssZh-kvXp-Xn-b-sÃ¶v a\-Ên-em-

¡nb C«n-¯m{Xn aIsf imkn-¡p-¶p. AhnsS \§¿ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. ]pXn-\-

¸Ån CÃs¯ hncq-]m-£³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bp-ambn C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS hnhmlw Dd-

¸n-¨-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v \§-¿bpw C«n-¯m-{Xnbpw X½nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. ]c-ta-

iz-c³ \¼q-Xncn FÃmw Hcp tbmKw AtÃ-sb¶v C«n-¯m-{Xn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p.

cwKw \menÂ ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xn-cnbpw ]pXn-\-¸Ån AÑ\pw A]v^³ \¼q-

Xn-cnbpw ]t«-cnbpw X½nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. ]pXn-\-¸Ån CÃ-t¯¡v C«n-¸m-

]vXnsb hnhmlw Ign¨p sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn-t\mSv ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS

A\p-P-\mb cma³ \¼q-Xn-cn¡v XmÂ¸-cy-an-Ã. hncq-]m-£³ \¼q-Xncn c−p-`m-

cy-am-tcbpw imco-cn-I-ambn D]-{Z-hn-¡p-Ibpw No¯-hn-fn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv

39

\m«nÂ FÃm-hÀ¡pw Adn-bm-hp¶ Imcy-am-WtÃm F¶v cma³ \¼q-Xncn ]d-

bp-¶p. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn¡v AXp-tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ tIm]w hcp-¶p-s−-

¦nepw asä-´mWv hgn F¶v Btem-N-\-bn-embn t]mIp-¶p. hr²-\mb hncq-]m-

£\v aq¶mw thfn-bmbn aIsf \ÂtI−n-h-cp-¶Xv \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS CS-bnÂ

\ne-\n¶ BNm-c-§-fp-sSbpw AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fp-tSbpw ^e-am-Wv.

cwKw A©nÂ C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS ho«nÂ hnhm-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw aäpw

\t§-abpw C«n-¯m{Xnbpw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ ]q¡Ä \¶m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-

Ibpw aäpw sN¿p-¶p. \t§-a-bp-tSbpw C«n-¯m-{Xn-bp-tSbpw kw`m-j-W-

¯nÂ\n¶v Xsâ hn[n a\-kn-em¡n C«n-¸m]vXn C{]-Im-cw Bß-KXw sN¿p-

¶p. “Fs¶ sImS-¡-WXv ]pXn-\-¸Ån¡msW-¶pw, aq¶mw thfn-¡m-sW¶pw

H¡-sÃ, At½w \t§-ta-S¯ow IqSn ]td-tW-«-Xv, Rms\-§\m AhsS

t]mbm Ign-¨q«m? AhvSs¯ they Bt¯-½mcv sNtdy Bt¯-½m-cpsS

iotems¡ I¯n¨p If-ªq¶pw c−mtfw At±lw ]e-tbm-−-Sn-¨p¶pw

Hs¡ tI«p. F\n-¡-h-tcm-sSm¸w ]nSn-¡m³ tijo-tey.”

cwKw BdnÂ C«n-¸m-]vXnbpw C®o-¨bpw A½ C«n-¯m-{Xnbpw `À¯m-

hnsâ ho«n-te¡v t]mIm-\mbn X¿m-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ \S-¯p-¶p. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-

Xncn aIsf A\p-{K-ln¨v ]d-ª-b-¡p-t¼mÄ C«n-¸m]vXn s]m«n-¡-c-bp-¶p.

c−mw A¦-¯nÂ hncq-]m-£m³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS (aq-Êv) ]pXn-\-¸Ån

CÃw. C«n-¸m-]vXn-tbmSv tZjy-s¸«v \nÂ¡p¶ aqÊv. cwKw c−nÂ DuWv Ign-

¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ aqÊv. shÅw tNmZn-¨-t¸mÄ tNmdp-hn-f-¼n-s¡m-−n-cp¶

C«n-¸m-]vXnsb shÅw sImSp-¯nÃ F¶m-tcm-]n¨v C«n \§¿ A´ÀÖ\w

C«n-¸m-]vXnsb ]nSn¨p XÅp-¶p. aqÊv AXns\ icn-h-bv¡p-¶p.

40

cwKw aq¶nÂ aqÊnsâ `mcyw C«n-\-§¿ ]pXnb `mcy-bmb C«n-¸m-

]vXnsb Hmtcm¶v Ipä-s¸-Sp¯n Ic-bn-¸n-¡p-¶p. A§s\ Ic-ªp-sIm-−p-

\nÂ¡p-¶-Xp-I− C«n-\-§¿ sN¼nÂ\n¶pw shÅ-sa-Sp¯v C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS

apJ-t¯-s¡m-gn-¡p-¶p. cwKw \menÂ ASp-¡-f-bnepw aäpw tPmen sNbvXv

Ipfn-¡m³t]mepw ka-b-an-Ãm¯ C«n-¸m-]vXnsb ImWm-\m-hp-¶p. Idn \nd¨

IÂ¨-«n-bp-am-bn, C«n-¸m]vXn \ne-¯p-ho-gp-¶p. B hnhcw Adn-bp-t¼mÄ

‘IÂ¨«n s]mt«ym?”F¶mWv aqÊv tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp IÂ¨-«n-bpsS t]mepw

hne-bn-Ãm¯XmWv A¡m-es¯ \¼q-Xncn kv{Xo PohnXw F¶v CXv sXfn-bn-

¡p-¶p-−v. IÂ¨-«n-bp-ambn hoWv ]cn-t¡äv \nÂ¡p¶ C«n-¸m-]vXnsb Bh-W-

¸-eI sIm−v Fdnªv ico-c-¯nÂ sImÅn-¨mWv aqÊv Xsâ tZjyw XoÀ¡p-

¶-Xv. Gdp-sIm− C«n-¸m]vXn ‘Hu’ F¶v \ne-hn-fn¨v hogp-¶p. cwKw A©nÂ

C«n-¸m-]vXn-sb ImWm³ kz´w ho«nÂ\n¶v C«n-bm-Xnbpw C«n-am-bbpw {]th-

in-¡p-¶p. A½bv¡v kpJ-an-sÃ¶pw Ft¸mgpw C«n-¸m-]vXnsb At\z-jn-¡p-¶p-

s−¶pw AhÀ ]d-ªp. A½-bpsS Akp-J-hn-h-c-§fpw \t§-ta-S-¯n-bpsS

hnti-j-§fpw C«n-¸m]vXn At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. hoWp ]cn-t¡äpw Bh-W-]-e-I-

sIm−v Gdp-sIm−pw D−mb apdn-hp-IÄ I−v h¶-hÀ BÝ-cy-s¸-Sp-¶p.

apdnhv t`Z-am-bmÂ Xm³ hcm-sa¶v ]dª B hmey-¡m-cn-Isf C«n-¸m]vXn

]d-ª-b-¡p-¶p. Bdmw cwK-¯nÂ \t§-½bpw C«n-¸m-]vXnbpw Npa-cnÂ Nmcn-

bn-cp¶v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. `À¯m-hnsâ ho«nÂ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ sImSnb ]oU-\-

§Ä C«n-¸m]vXn hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. sImSnep ]gp-¸n¨v ImenÂ h¨v s]mÅn-¨Xpw

aäpw \t§-½-tbmSv ]dªv AhÄ Ic-bp-¶p. cwKw GgnÂ aqÊv ]hn{Xw

sI«n-¡-gnªv FÃm-h-tcbpw hnfn-¡p-¶p. aq¯-`m-cy-bmb C«n-\-§-¿bpw

c−mw A´ÀÖ-\hpw ]e-I-taÂ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. aqÊv C«n-¸m-]vXnsb At\z-

jn-¡p-¶p. Bhiyw hcp-t¼m-gtÃ Fs¶ th−q F¶v C«n-¸m]vXn kzcw

Xmgv¯n ]d-bp-¶p. AXp-tI«v tIm]n-jvT-\mb aqÊv ImXv Npän-¸n-Sn¨v hen-¨n-g-

41

bv¡p-¶p. C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS ImXSÀ¶v tNmc hogp-¶p. cwKw F«nÂ C«n-\-§¿

Xsâ tImÂhn-f¡v At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. aqÊnsâ A½-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

tImÂhn-f-¡p-ambn C«n-¸m]vXn Ipf-¯n-te¡v t]msb¶v A½ ]d-bp-¶p.

Xncn¨p h¶ C«n-¸m-]vXn-bpsS I¿nÂ\n¶v B cm{Xn ka-b¯v hnf¡v ]nSn-¨p-

hm§n ]pd-t¯¡v XÅn-bn«v hmXn-e-S-bv¡p-¶p. A½-tbbpw C«n-\-§-¿-tbbpw

amdn amdn hnfn¨v hmXnÂXp-d-¡m³ ]dªv C«n-¸m]vXn Ic-bp-¶p. Ccp«v

\ndª Npäp-]m-Sn-te¡pw aqSn-sI-«nb BIm-i-t¯¡pw ASª hmXn-en-

te¡pw C«n-¸m]vXn `b¶v t\m¡p-¶p. an¶epw CSnbpw agbpw Ipf-¯nÂ

\n¶pw Xh-f-I-fpsS Ic-¨nepw C«n-¸m]vXn t]Sn¨p hnd¨v D½-d-]-Sn-taÂ

hmXnÂ Nmcn Ccn-¡p-¶p. Rm³ Fń-\m-Wn-§s\ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶pw

BÀ¡mWv CXp-sIm-s−mcp ]pWy-sa¶pw Nmhp-I-bmWv \Ã-sX¶pw Hcp CSn-

sh«v sIm−n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ F{X \¶m-bn-cp¶p F¶pw Fs´ms¡ A\p-`-hn-

t¡−n hcp-¶p-sh¶pw C«n-¸m]vXn Btem-Nn-¡p-¶p. Hcp tXmÀs¯-Sp¯v

Noń sI«n Igp-¯nÂ IpSp-¡p-¶p. “At¿m, ât½, âÑm, sâ \t§-t½-S-¯n,

Rm³ Nmhm-bn. \n§-sfms¡ H¶p I−n«v Nmhm\pw IqSn F\n¡v `mKyey

{X `mKy-eym-t¯m-fm-btÃm Rm³. §\m-bntem Fsâ Ite-se-gp-¯v. F\n-

bv¡n\n Hcp \antjmw hvsS Igv¨q-«m³ h¿. BÀ¡pw th−ms− Rms\-ń-

\m-§s\ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡Wv?” F¶p ]dªv ASp-¯pÅ Dc-en³taÂ Ibdn

tXmÀ¯nÂ Xq§p-¶p. I®p Xpdn-¡p-Ibpw \mhp-I-Sn-¡p-Ibpw I¿p-sIm−v

XpS-bnÂ am´p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. B icocw \nÝ-e-am-Ip-¶p. CtXmsS \mSIw

Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. C«n-¸m]vXn BNm-c-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw krjvSn¨ Zpc-´-I-Ym-]m-{X-

amWv? kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

42

2. \¼q-Xn-cnsb a\p-jy-\m-¡pI F¶ IÀ½-amWv ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\-

cIw F¶ \mS-I-¯n-eqsS Fw.-BÀ._n \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv? hni-Zo-I-cn-

¡p-I.

3. Fw.-BÀ.-_n. F¶ kmaqly ]cn-jv¡À¯m-hnsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ AhX-cn-

¸n-¡p¶ \mS-I-amWv ad-¡p-S-bv¡p-Ånse alm-\cIw? hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

]m«-_m¡n

sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c³

cmjv{So-b-þ-km-aq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-þ-km-lnXy cwK-§-fnÂ \ndªp

\n¶ {]Xn-`m-[-\-\m-bn-cp¶p sI.-Zm-tam-Z-c³. ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse Xncq-cnÂ

P\n¨ At±lw hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯nÂ

]s¦-Sp-¯p. cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-\n-Sbv¡v PbnÂhm-khpw {Iqc-amb

t]meokv aÀ±-\hpw At±-l-¯n\v GÂt¡−n h¶n-«p-−v. kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-

¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-Xn\v Ggp-hÀjw At±lw PbnÂhmkw A\p-`-hn-¨p. At±-l-

¯nsâ F®-aä teJ-\-§fpw eLp-te-J-Ifpw ]pkvX-I-§fpw 1930 IfpsS

a²yw apXÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ I½yq-WnÌv Bi-b-{]-N-c-W-¯nÂ \nÀ®m-bI ]¦v

hln-¨p. Cý-bpsS Bßm-hv, `mc-Xob Nn´, tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw, a\p-jyÀ XpS-

§nb {KÙ-§Ä-§nb {KÙ-§Ä `mc-Xob XXz-Nn-´-bnepw Ncn-{X-¯n-ep-apÅ

Zmtam-Z-csâ AKm-[-]m-Þn-Xy-¯n-sâbpw imkv{Xob A]-{K-Y-\-]m-S-h-¯n-

sâbpw sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv. kÀ¤m-ß-I-km-ln-Xy-¯nepw Zmtam-Z-csâ kw`m-h-\-

IÄ hne-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. \mS-Iw, Ihn-X, sNdp-IY F¶n-h-sbÃmw Zmtam-Z-c³ cNn-

¨p. Hcp I½yq-WnÌv Bi-b-tem-I-¯nÂ \n¶psIm−mWv At±lw ae-bmf

\mS-I-N-cn-{X-¯nse \mgn-I-¡-Ãmb ‘]m«-_m¡n’ cNn-¡p¶Xv.

43

\mSIkw{Klw

kaq-l-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ `qcn-]£w hcp¶ km[m-c-W-¡mÀ km{¼-Zm-bn-I-

ambn GXp Ncn-{X-¯n\pw ]pd-¯m-Wv. \nÀ½m-Wm-ß-I-ambn A[zm-\n-¡p-

¶Xpw kwkvIm-cs¯ t]mjn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw ChÀX-s¶-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-¯nsâ

hnhn-[-a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ Ah-Imiw Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡m-\mbn AhÀ ka-c-§-fnÂ

GÀs¸-«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. 1930þIfnÂ am{X-aÃ AXn\pw ]Xn-äm-−p-IÄ¡p

ap³t]Xs¶ C¯cw {]hÀ¯\w ]Xps¡ XpS-§p-¶p-−v. km[m-c-W-¡m-cp-

sS, `qan-bn-Ãm¯ IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS, aäp sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS, kv{XoI-

fpsS {]m´-h-XvIr-X-cpsS apt¶-ä-amWv \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ `mK-sa¶p \ymb-

ambpw hnfn-t¡− Cu {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡w. ChÀ ]e Xc-¯nÂ {]I-

S-ambpw AÃm-sXbpw htc-Wym-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ A¶s¯ P·n-þ-\m-Sp-hm-gn-¯-þ-

]u-tcm-lnXy tNÀ¨-bpsS bpàn-I-sfbpw Nn«-I-sfbpw A[n-Im-tcm-]-I-c-W-§-

sfbpw shÃp-hn-fn-¨p. AXnsâ `mK-ambn Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-¯nepw CS-s]«p

kz´w Bhn-jvIm-c-§Ä km[n¨p ‘]m«-_m¡n’ Cu Ncn-{X-¯nsâ Hcp I\n-

bm-sW¶v C.-]n.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

\mS-I-¯nsâ t]cp-t]mse Hcn-¡epw sImSp-¯p-XoÀ¡m-\m-hm¯ ]m«-

¯nsâ _m¡n-X-s¶-bmWv CXnse {]ta-bw. P·n IpSn-bm³ _Ô-¯n-e-[n-

jvTn-X-amb k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS NnÓ-amWv ]m«-_m-¡n. AXp-sIm−p Xs¶

AXnsâ cmjv{So-bmÀ°w Gsd {]k-à-hp-am-Wv. C¶s¯ k¼ZvhyhØ

]m«-_m-¡n-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb B k¼Zvhyh-Ø-bpsS ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-bm-Wv.

`qkz¯v ]−m-c-h-Ibpw kzIm-cy-kz¯v DbÀ¶ PmXn¡pambn-cp¶p AYhm

Ah-cXv Ip¯-I-bm-¡n-h-¨n-cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ Irjn-`q-an-sbÃmw AhÀ¡pw

t£{X-§Ä¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ B `qan-bnÂ Irjn-sNbvXv hnf-hnsâ

knwl-`m-Khpw ]m«hpw hmc-hp-ambn P·n¡v sImSp-t¡-−Xv IpSn-bmsâ Npa-X-

44

e-bm-bn-cp-¶p. P·n¡v A\njvSw tXm¶n-bmÂ B \nanjw IpSn-bms\ Hgn-hm-

¡pw. IÀjI sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS PohnXw AXn-tesd Zpcn-X-]qÀ®-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cmb AhÀ¡v bmsXmcp kmaq-lnI Ah-Im-i-§-fp-anÃ. Hcp

hne-bp-an-ÃmsX A[zm-\n-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw am{Xta Ah-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶pÅq

Akzm-X-{ý-hpw. Zpcn-X-]qÀ®hpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw \nÊ-lm-b-hp-amb Cu a\p-jym-

h-Ø-bmWv ]m«-_m-¡n-bnse {]ta-bw.

A[n-Im-c-Øm-\-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ krjvSn¨ kmaqly hyh-Øn-Xn-IÄ

km[m-cW a\p-jy\v F§s\ hn\-bm-bn-¯o-cp-sa¶v ]m«-_m¡n t{]£-I-

t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. kmaqly hyh-Øn-Xnsb tI{µ-¯nÂ \ndp-¯n-bmWv \mS-I-

¯nsâ CXn-hr¯w hnI-kn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp `mK¯v Zcn-{Zcpw ZpxJn-Xcpw

\nÊ-lm-b-cp-amb a\p-jyÀ A[zm-\n-¡p¶ Ch-cmWv \mb-I-]-£-¯v. In«p®n

Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. adp-`m-K¯v `qan apgp-h³ kz´-am-¡n-h¨v AXnÂ

]Wn-sbm-¶p-sa-Sp-¡msX A\ysâ A[zm-\-êw NqjWw sNbvXv [\n-Icpw

kpJn-am³am-cp-ambn Pohn-¡p¶ apX-em-fnbpw aq¡m-«ncn a\-bnse \¼q-Xn-cn-

bpw. \mS-I-¯nÂ ChÀ X½n-epÅ kwLÀjw \nc-ćw \S-¡p-¶p. _mly-

kw-LÀj-¯nÂs¸«v In«p-®n¡v kÂt¸cv, InS-¸m-Sw, A½, s]§-fpsS am\w

F¶nh \jvS-am-Ip-¶p. hyh-ØnXn s]§-fpsS am\w IhÀs¶-Sp-¡p¶p F¶

\c-I-Xp-ey-amb Ah-Ø-bn-emWv ss¢am-Ivkv. Ahn-sS-h¨v In«p®n kz´w

PohnX ho£-Whpw kZm-Nm-c-k-¦-ev]hpw Xncp-¯p-¶p. ASn-a¯w \nd-ª,

s\dn-tISpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw k½m-\n-¡p¶ kap-Zmb kwL-S-\sb DS-¨p-hmÀ¡Ww

F¶ Xocp-am-\-¯n-se-¯p-¶p.

]Xn-\mev cwK-§-fpÅ \mS-I-¯nsâ BZys¯ \mev cwK-§Ä In«p-®n-

bpsS IpSpw-_-¯nsâ Zmcn-{Zyhpw \nÊ-lm-b-Xbpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m-\mWv \mS-

I-Ir¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]m«m-_m¡n hf¨p-sI-«n-ÃmsX IY-]-d-bp¶p:

45

A½, Ipªn-am-fp-sh¶ sNdp-¸-¡m-cn-bmb aIÄ, In«p-®n-sb¶ aI³,

_me³ F¶ sNdn-b-a-I³-þCu IpSpw-_-¯nsâ Zpcn-X-amWv ‘]m«-_m-¡n. P·n-

þ-Ip-Sn-bm³ ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ Cc-I-fm-W-hÀ. In«p®n hyh-km-b-s¯m-gn-em-fn-

bmWv AbmÄ¡pw IjvS-¸m-Sp-X-s¶. cmjv{So-b-t_m-[-ap-Å, tkmjy-en-k-

¯nÂ ASn-bp-d-¨p-hn-iz-kn-¡p¶ apl-½-ZmWv In«p-®n-bpsS kplr-¯v. In«p-®n-

bpsS ho«nÂ ISw ]ncn-¡m³ hcp¶ Ah-dm³ F¶ ]e-N-c-¡p-I-S-¡m-c³ B

hoSnsâ ssZ\yw FSp¯p ImWn-¡p-¶p. P·n-bpsS Imcy-Ø³ cma³\m-bÀ

hy`n-N-cn-s¨-¦nepw ]m«-_m¡n XoÀ¡Ww F¶p-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ AhÀ F¯n

\nÂ¡p¶ Kuc-h-amb AhØ hyà-am-hp-¶p. apX-em-fn-bpsS ho«Iw ImWn-

¡p¶ cwKw sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¸än apX-em-fn-hÀ¤-

¯nsâ A`n-{]m-b-sa-´m-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶v Im«n-¯-cp-¶p-−v. _p²n-Po-hn-hÀ¤w

\ÂIp¶ ]n´pW kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb ‘kvt\lnsâ’ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

Adn-bm³ km[n-¡p-¶p. ‘kvt\ln-X\pw’ apX-em-fn-bpsS `mcybpw X½n-epÅ

cl-ky-_Ôw apX-em-fn-¯-¯nsâ PoÀ®-Xsb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

\meW tNmZn¨p hcp¶ In«p-®nsb apX-emfn B«n-bn-d-¡p-¶p. kml-N-

cy-§-fpsS k½À±-¯nÂ A¯³Ip-«n-bpsS ]oSn-I-bnÂ\n¶v Acn tamjvSn¨v

]nSn-bn-em-Ip¶ In«p-®n-sb-bmWv XpSÀ¶p ImWm-\m-Ip-¶-Xv. ASp¯ cwK-

¯nÂ hy`n-Nm-c-tam-l-hp-ambn hcp¶ cma³ \mbsc HmSn-¡p¶ Ipªn-am-fp-

hns\ ImWm-\m-hp-¶p. CXn-sâ-sbms¡ A\-´-c-^-e-sa-t¶mWw Imcy-Øsâ

IqSn t{]c-W-bnÂ P·n-bmb A]v^³ \¼q-Xncn In«p-®n-bpsS IpSpw-_s¯

]Sn-bn-d-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. IpSn-bn-d¡v \S-¡p-¶p. s]cp-h-gn-bnÂ Ign-bp¶

In«p-®n-bpsS IpSpw-_s¯ ASp-¯-cw-K-¯nÂ ImWp-¶p. A½-bpsS ac-Ww,

hy`n-Nm-c-im-e-bn-se-¯p¶ Ipªn-amfp F¶n-h-bmWv XpSÀ¶p-h-cp¶ kw`-h-

§Ä. Pbn-enÂ h¨v I−p-ap-«p¶ In«p-®n-bp-sSbpw apl-½-Zn-sâbpw cmjv{So-b-

46

kw-hm-Z-§Ä BWv {it²-b-amb asämcp cwKw. Ah-km-\s¯ cwK-¯n-ep-

ÅXv hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-bm-bn-¡-gnª s]§-fp-sSbpw Pbn-enÂ\n¶v Cd-§nb

B§-f-bp-sSbpw tNÀ¨bmWv. ‘amäw’ F¶ {]ta-b-t¯mSv X§Ä¡pÅ kao-

]\w hyà-am-¡p¶ Ahsc \mS-I-¯nsâ HSp¡w t{]£-I³ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-

¶p.

P·n-Xz-¯nsâ £oW-Z-i-sbbpw apX-em-fn-Xz-¯nsâ Bcw-`-Z-i-sbbpw

ap³\nÀ¯p¶ ]m«-_m-¡n-bnÂ {Kma-s¯-¡mfpw \K-c-amWv hcp-¶-Xv. In«p-®n,

\¼q-Xncn Ch-cpsS hoSp-IÄ Hgn-hm-¡n-bmÂ \K-c-amWv \mS-I-¯n-ep-Å-Xv. apX-

em-fn-bpsS hoSv, A¯³ Ip«n-bpsS IS, hy`n-Nm-c-im-e, PbnÂ F¶n-h-sbÃmw

\K-c-¯n-em-Wv.

Cu \mSIw Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ {]am-W-am-Wv. amdp¶ Imes¯ \mS-

I-¯nse Hmtcm Øehpw kqNn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶mÂ \mS-Im-h-X-cWw kc-f-

ambn apt¶-dn. \mSIw P\-Io-b-am-bn, BZy-Ime A`n-t\-Xm-¡-sfÃmw

cmjv{Sob t\Xm-¡-fm-b-Xp-sIm−v AhÀ cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯\w Xs¶-bmWv

\S-¯n-b-sX¶p ImWmw. ka-Im-en-I-amb CXn-hr-¯hpw Iq«mb ]cn-{i-a-§-

fpsS Iem-]-c-amb sa¨hpw P\m-[n-]Xy kaqlw F¶ ZÀi-\-¯nsâ Iem-hn-

jv¡m-c-hp-am-I-bmÂ ]m«-_m¡n Ncn{Xw krjvSn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ]m«-_m¡n Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶Xv kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob {]iv\-§-fmWv?

kaÀ°n-¡pI.

2. ]m«-_m¡n Hcp cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯-\-amWv F§s\?

3. In«p®n Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ IYm-]m-{X-amWv! hni-Z-am-¡pI.

47

CXp `qan-bmWv

sI.-Sn.- ap-l-½Zv

1929-þÂ at©-cn-bnÂ P\n¨ sI.-Sn.-ap-l-½Zv ae-bm-f-¯nse anI¨ \mS-I-

Ir-¯p-¡-fnÂ {]ap-J-\m-Wv. ae-bmf \mS-I-cw-K¯v B[p-\nI {]h-W-X-IÄ¡v

XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p. temI-a-e-bmf IYm-a-Õ-c-¯nÂ H¶mw k½m\w

t\SnbtXmsS {]kn-²-\mbn XoÀ¶ At±lw ]n¶oSv {it²-b-\mb \mS-I-c-N-

bn-Xm-hmbn amdp-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-Xv. \mSIw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n¨v km£m-Xv¡mcw

sImÅm-\p-Å-Xm-sW¶pw cwK-{]-tbm-K-£-a-X-bn-Ãm-¯-hsb \mS-I-ambn ]cn-K-

Wn-¡m³ ]mSn-sÃ¶pw sI.-Sn.-A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. \mS-I-¯nsâ auen-I-e£yw

kmaq-lnI amä-¯n-\p-th−n \ne-sIm-ÅpI F¶-Xm-Wv. t{]£-Is\ ap¶nÂ

I−p-sIm-−m-hWw \mS-I-cw-Ks¯ ]co-£-W-§Ä F¶v sI.-Sn.-D-d¨p hniz-kn-

¨p. Cu ]co-£-W-§Ä \mS-I-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ KpW-§-fnÂ Du¶n-\n-¶p-

sIm-−m-h-Ww. C¶s¯ Ah-Ø-bnÂ \mS-I-t¯-¡mÄ \mS-I-_m-ly-amb

Imcy-§Ä¡p sImSp-¡p¶ {]m[m\yw \mS-Is¯ apc-Sn-¸n¡pw F¶m-bn-cp¶p

At±-l-¯nsâ `mjyw. AÀ°-h-¯mb ]co-£-W-§Ä BZy-Im-e-¯p-Xs¶

XpS-§n-sb-¦nepw kmIm-cmZy \mS-I-§-fmb krjvSn, ØnXn, kwlm-cw,

km£m-Xv¡m-cw, ka-\z-bw, k\m-X\w F¶nh cNn-¨-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv sI.-Sn-

bpsS \mS-I-]-co-£-W-§Ä {it²-b-am-hp-¶Xpw NÀ¨m-hn-t[-b-am-hp-¶-Xpw. Id-

hä ]ip, CXp `qan-bm-Wv, Nph¶ LSn-Im-cw, \mÂ¡-h-e, ssI\m-«n-IÄ,

kmIm-cmZy \mS-I-§Ä XpS-§n-bh {]ikvX \mS-I-§-fm-Wv. Nncn-¡p¶

I¯n, i_vZ-§-fpsS temIw, Ifnbpw Imcyhpw F¶nh IYm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä.

amwk-]p-jv]-§Ä, Imäv F¶nh t\mh-ep-IÄ. 1965-þÂ Im^-dn\p tIc-f-km-

lnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. Ac-U-k-\n-tesd Ne-¨n{X IYm Xnc-¡-Y-

Ifpw sI.-Sn.-c-Nn-¨n-«p-−v. tI{µ-kw-KoX \mSI A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv tI{µ-tZ-io-

tbm-Zv{K-Y\ AhmÀUv, ]n.-sP.-^u-t−-j³ AhmÀUv, F³.-Ir-jvW-]nÅ

48

AhmÀUv, _joÀ ]pc-kv¡m-cw, ]ß{]`m-]p-c-kv¡mcw F¶n-hbv¡v AÀl-\m-

bn. tIcf kwKo-X-\m-S-I-A-¡m-Zan s^tÃm-jn¸v \ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p. tIcf

kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Zan sNbÀam³, kwØm\ Ne-¨n{X hnI-k\ tImÀ¸-

td-j³ sNbÀam³ XpS-§nb Øm\-§fpw hln-¨n-«p-−v. 2008 amÀ¨v 25-þ\v

A´-cn-¨p.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

apX-emfn

Hu¡ÀtImb

lÊ³

IZoi

Dkvam³

Bao\

JmenZv

]mt¯bv

\mS-I-kw-{Klw

1953-þ-emWv Cu \mSIw Fgp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. sshImsX cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n¨v

XpS-§n. aX-hn-izm-k-§Ä F§s\ a\p-jys\ hcn-ªp-ap-dp-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw

kzmX{´yw F{]-Imcw CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw hnizmkw F§s\ amän-a-dn-¡p-

¶p-sh¶pw Cu \mSIw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶p. “aX-§Ä a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS

ImcWw Is−-¯m-\m-hm¯ `b-hn-lz-e-X-I-fpsS ap³]nÂ ]nd-¶-Xm-hmw. AXv

Aeu-In-I-amb Bßo-b-`m-h-§-fnÂ Du¶n-sIm-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ssZh-§Ä F¶

iàn hnti-j-§-fpsS t\sc hnc-ep-IÄ Nq−n Ah a\p-jy-t\mSv kwkm-cn-

¡p-¶p. B {]{In-b-bnÂ BImiw ssZh-§-fp-tSbpw `qan a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw

49

{]mXn-\n[yw kzoI-cn¨v t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶Xv \ma-dn-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ a\p-jy-t\bpw

a\p-jy-Xz-t¯bpw A\m-Z-cn-¨p-sIm-−pÅ aX-k-¦Â¸-§Ä a\p-jysâ

ss\kÀKn-I-amb ssNX-\ys¯ \ntj-[n¨p IqSm-¯-Xm-Wv. A\-´-X-I-fnepw

AÚm-X-§-fmb kXy-§-fnepw At\z-jWw \S-¯m³ `qan-bpsS \nbm-a-Ii-

àn-I-fnÂ\n¶v F{X-am-dnbpw AI¶pw \n¶mepw a\p-jysâ Poh-kv]-µ-\-§-

tfbpw Nn´-I-tfbpw `qan-bnÂ\n¶pw amän \nÀ¯m-\m-hn-Ã. a\p-jy³ cq]-s¸-

«Xv `qan-tbmSv _Ô-s¸« ]©-`q-X-§-fnÂ\n-¶m-Wv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ CXp

`qan-bmWv F¶ kXyw Hcp aX-¯n\pw A\m-Z-cn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. aX-§-fpsS

{]hÀ¯-\-ime a\p-jy-a-\-Êp-I-fm-Wv. B a\-Êp-I-fnÂ am\-hn-I-X-bpsS al-

Xz-§sf DWÀ¯m³ ssZh-§Ä¡pw \c-I-þ-kzÀK k¦Â¸-§Ä¡pw Aan-X-

amb {]m[m-\yhpw {]k-ànbpw aX-§Ä \ÂIn ImWp-¶p. aX-¯nsâ

euInI bmYmÀ°y-§-fp-ambn CXv s]mcp-¯-s]-Sm-¯Xpw Fs¶ Akz-Ø-

\m-¡n. Ahn-sS-\n-¶mWv Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ ]nd-hn” (sI.-Sn.-ap-l-½-Zv).

\mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ Dkvamsâ hoSv `mcy Ban\ Hcp Itk-c-bnÂ

Ccp¶v Dd-§p-I-bm-Wv. tai-¸p-d¯v hnf¡v I¯p-¶p-−v. Hcp `oI-c-cq]w Ban-

\-bpsS sNhn-bv¡-Sp-¯p-h¶v Ft´m ]ndp-]n-dp-¡p-¶p. Ban\ sR«n-sb-gp-

t¶Â¡p-¶p. sâ dtº! Imt¯m-fo……… Ban\ t\m¡n-\nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ

cq]w hoSn-\-I-t¯¡v t]mIp-¶p. ho«nÂ h¶p Ib-dnb Dkvam-t\mSv hnhcw

Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Dkvam-\Xv Ku\n-¡msX A{i-²-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-

Xs¶ Ban\ `À¯m-hn-t\mSv tZjy-s¸-Sp-¶p. ho−pw cq]w {]Xy-£-s¸«v

Ban-\sb `b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Dkvam³ s]m«-¨n-cn-¨p-sIm−v cq]-¯nsâ hkv{Xw

\o¡p-t¼mÄ AhnsS `qX-¯nsâ Øm\¯v lÊs\ ImWp-¶p. lÊ³

_pÀ¡-b-gn¨v hen-s¨-dnªv ]pd-t¯-bvt¡m-Sp-¶p. As¶ ]−m-d-S¡n-t¸ms«

ssi¯ms\ F¶v ]dªv Ban\ Dkvam-t\mSv kwkm-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ aI-

50

\mb JmenZv ]pd-¯p-\n¶v hmXn-enÂ ap«n-hn-fn-¡p-¶p. aI³ ]Xn-\mdv hb-

ÊpÅ Hcp s]®n-t\bpw sIm−mWv h¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ahsf ho«n-te¡v Ib-

äm³ _m¸-tbmSpw D½-tbmSpw JmenZv A\p-hmZw tNmZn-¨p. F´m− ldm-¼-d-

t¶m-t\Xv? F¶v Ban\ Jmen-Zn-t\mSv tNmZn-¨p. s]¬Ip-«nsb ho«n-te¡v

Ib-äm³ Ban\ k½-Xn-¨n-Ã. Ah-km\w Dkvam³ CS-s]«v s]¬Ip-«nsb

ho«n-te¡v Ib-äp-¶p. JmenZv D½-tbmSpw _m¸-tbmSpw “henb k¦-SmWv

_m¸ Ahsf Imcyw. D½, AhÄ¡v hÃ-Xp-−¦n sImSp-¡n. hni¶p hoWp

InS-¡p-t¶-S¯v \n¶m Iq«n sIm−v hcp-¶-Xv. Cu A´n-¸m-Xn-cm¡v Hcp

_mey-¡m-c-¯n-s¸-®ns\ ho«n-te¡v hnfn¨p sIm−p-h-¶Xv icn-bm-bn-sÃ¶v

Ban\ ho−pw ]d-ªp. JmenZv s]®n-t\mSv Imcy-§Ä tNmZn-¨-dn-bp-t¼mÄ

ImXÀIp«n apX-em-fn-bpsS ho«n-em-bn-cp¶p AhÄ tPmen¡v \n¶n-cp-¶-sX¶pw

aZn-cm-in-bnÂ\n¶v apX-em-fn-bpsS aI³ h¶-t¸mÄ Ahn-sS-\n¶v Cd-¡n-hn-«-Xm-

sW¶pw s]®v ]d-ªp. kwkm-cn-¨p-sIm−v \nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ ZpxJhpw

Nn´bpw £oWhpw aqew s]®v Xe-I-d§n hogm³ XpS-§p-¶p. Ban\

Ahsf Xm§n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p.

Dkvamsâ tPyjvT-\mb apX-emfn F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ ho«n-emWv

c−m-as¯ cwKw \S-¡p-¶-Xv. t\m¼p-Im-e-am-Wv. apX-emfn A¯mgw Ign¨v

hn{i-an-¡p-¶p. aI-fmb IZo-isb hnfn-¡p-¶p. t\m¼v ]nSn-¨-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v

At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. aq¯ aI-\mb Hu¡-dns\ hnfn¨v c−m-as¯ aI-\mb

lÊs\ hnfn¨v Fgp-t¶Â¸n-¡m³ ]d-bp-¶p. tKm]m-e³\m-b-cpsS tlm«-

enÂ\n¶pw lÊ³ `£Ww Ign-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-−mWv A¯mgw Ign-¡m³

Ah³ Fgp-t¶Â¡m-¯-sX¶v Hu¡À _m¸-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. apX-emfn

lÊs\ hg-¡p-]-d-bp-Ibpw ASn-¡m-t\m-§p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AXn-\n-S-bnÂ

lÊ³ Jmen-Znsâ Iq«p-sI-«nÂs]«v tamiw kz`mhw BIp-¶p-sh¶pw Hu¡À

51

_m¸sb [cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. JmenZv \mSIw Ifn-¡p-¶-Xns\ apX-em-fnbpw

Hu¡dpw hnaÀin-¡p-¶p. B kabw IZoi Ft´m I−v t]Sn¨v \ne-hn-fn-¡p-

¶p. lÊ-t\mSpw Hu¡-tdmSpw t]mbn-t\m-¡m³ apX-emfn ]d-bp-¶p. lÊ³

h¶v ]gb IpS-¡-−mWv AhÄ t]Sn-¨-sX¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Pn¶n-t\bpw

ssi¯m-t\bpw N§-e-bv¡n-Sp¶ amk-am-Wn-sX¶pw \ns¶ t]Sn-¸n-¡m-\mbn

]pXn-sbmcp ssi¯m³ hcnÃ F¶pw apX-emfn aI-fmb IZo-i-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶-

tXmsS c−mw cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

aq¶mw cwK-¯nÂ Dkvamsâ hoSv. JmenZv Xm³ ho«n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-

−p-h¶ ]mt¯-bnsb AhnsS tPmen¡v \nÀ¯m³ D½-tbmSv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-

¶p. C¡mcyw Adnªv aq¯m¸ tZjy-¯n-em-sW¶pw AXp-sIm−v Ahsf

F{Xbpw thKw Chn-sS-\n¶pw ]d-ª-b-¡-W-sa¶v Ban\ ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ

Dkvamsâ k½-X-t¯msS JmenZv ]mt¯-bnsb AhnsS Xs¶ \nÀ¯p-¶p.

IZoi B ho«n-te¡v hcp-¶p. IZo-i-bpsS hnhmlw Dd-¸n-¨-Xns\ Ipdn¨v

AhnsS kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. tate ]d-¼nse tImb-sam-bvXos\ IZo-isb sI«n¨v

sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v JmenZv Ifn-bm¡n ]eXpw ]d-bp¶p. kv{XoI-fpsS

k½-Xtam Adnthm CÃmsX Ah-cpsS hnhmlw \S-¯p-¶-Xns\ Cu cwK-

¯nÂ \mSIw ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. IZo-ibpw ]mt¯-bnbpw \Ã kulr-Z-¯n-em-

hp-¶Xpw Cu cwK-¯nÂ ImWmw. ]mt¯-bn-bpsS bYmÀ° t]cv ^m¯na

F¶m-sW¶pw A§s\ hnfn-¡-W-sa¶pw JmenZv ]d-bp-¶p. AsXm¶pw

Fs¶-sIm−v Ign-bn-sÃ¶v IZoi ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ ]ns¶ hnfn-tIÄ¡n-

sÃ¶v ]mt¯-bnbpw JmenZpw Ah-tfmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Ban\ ]mt¯-bnsb

hg¡p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AhÄ Ic-bp-¶p. JmenZv Ahsf Biz-kn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw

D½ ]d-bp-¶Xv tI«v kln¨v ChnsS \nÂ¡m³ X¿m-dm-h-W-sa¶pw ]mt¯-bn-

tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Ahsf Nne-sXÃmw ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ AbmÄ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p.

52

\mew cwK-¯nÂ apX-em-fn-bpsS hoSv. Ad_n ae-bm-f-¯n-epÅ Hcp

]m«p ]pkvX-I-hp-ambn IZoi apX-em-fn-bpsS Itk-c-bpsS ]n¶n-embn \nÂ¡p-

¶p. AXnse ]m«v ]mSm³ IZo-i-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. AXnsâ Xmfw ]d-ªp-sIm-

Sp-¡p-¶p. ]m«nse \c-I-s¯-¡p-dn¨v FSp¯v ]dªv IZo-isb \Ã hgn¡v

\S-¡-W-sa¶v AbmÄ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. ]m«nsâ bpàn-bn-Ãm-bvasb IZoi

tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-tXmsS ssi¯ms\ \nÀ¯v F¶v _m¸ _lfw hbv¡p-¶p.

lÊ³ IZo-isb CsXms¡ ]dªv Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. lÊ³ kn\n-abv¡v

t]mIp-¶Xv _m¸-tbmSv ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-sa¶v IZoi t]Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ah-

cpsS kwkmcw tI«p-h¶ _m¸ sR«n-¯-cn¨v Ah-tcmSv Imcyw Xnc-¡p-¶p.

Ffm-¸-bpsS ho«nse Imcy-amWv ]d-ª-sX¶v ]dªv AhÀ c£-s¸-Sp-¶p.

apX-emfn ]mt¯bn KÀ`n-Wn-bm-sW-¶pÅ \m«nse kwkmcw AhnsS NÀ¨

sN¿p-¶p. Hu¡À AXns\ ]n³Xm-§p-¶p. AbmÄ Jmen-Zns\ Ipä-s¸-Sp-

¯p¶p. JmenZv ImcWw apX-em-fn¡pw Cu IpSpw-_-¯n\pw \mW-t¡-Sm-

sW¶v Hu¡À AhnsS ]d-bp-¶p. Cu Btcm-]-W-§-sfÃmw A\p-P-\mb

Dkvams\ hcp¯n tNmZn-¡m³ apX-emfn X¿m-dm-hp-¶p. lÊs\ Dkvamsâ

ho«n-te-¡-b¨v Abmsf hnfn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ahn-sS-t]m-b-t¸mÄ IZo-i-tbmSv

hÀ¯-am\w ]d-ª-Xn\v lÊs\ AbmÄ ASn-¡m³ apXn-cp-¶p. lÊs\ aX-

Im-cy-§Ä tNmZn¨v AbmÄ `b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-tXmsS \memw cwKw Ah-km-\n-

¡p-¶p.

A©mw cwK-¯nÂ Dkvamsâ ho«n-te¡v ]m«p-]m-Sn-s¡m−v IZoi

{]th-in-¡p-¶p. JmenZv ]m«nsâ hcn-Ifpw Xmfhpw amän ]mSp-¶p. ]m«p-IÄ

D−m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ AÔ-hn-izm-k-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bmWv JmenZv ]pXnb hcn-IÄ

krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. Dkvams\ tPjvT-\mb apX-emfn hnfn-¸n¨v ]mt¯-bnsb

ho«nÂ\n¶v Cd-¡n-hn-S-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. IZoi ho«n-te¡v hcp-t¼mÄ

]mt¯bn AhnsSbncp¶v Fgp-Xp-I-bm-Wv. IZo-i-]m-Sp¶ ]mt«m tNmZn-¡p¶

53

Imcy-§tfm ]mt¯bv {i²n-¡p-¶n-Ã. JmenZv h¶v IZo-i-tbmSv ^m¯na

F¶p hnfn-¡m-¯-Xp-sIm-−mWv ]mt¯bv H¶pw an−m-¯-sX¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

Dkvam\pw Ban-\bpw Jmen-Zn-t\mSv hnhmlw Ign-¡m\pw ]mt¯-bnsb Ahn-

sS-\n¶v Cd-¡n-hn-Sm\pw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. A§s\ Cd-¡n-hn-«mÂ Fhn-sSbpw

A`bw e`n-¡msX \nc-¯n-t·Â KXn-sI«v \S¶v hni¸p kln-¡msX

BÄ¡m-cpsS Nqj-W-¯n\v \n¶p-sIm-Sp¯v Ah-km\w \nc-¯n-t·Â Xs¶

]pgp¯v acn-t¡-−n-hcpw F¶v hnIm-c-`-cn-X-\mbn JmenZv D½-tbmSpw _m¸-

tbmSpw ]d-bp-¶p. CsX-Ãm-a-dn-ªn-cp-¶n«v Ahsf Cd-¡n-hn-t«m-fm³ JmenZv

]d-bp-¶-tXmsS tZjy-t¯m-sS-bm-sW-¦nepw Ban-\-bpsS a\Êv amdp-¶p.

Dkvam\pw \ni-_vZ-\m-hp-¶-tXmsS B ho«nÂ\n¶pw t]mIm³ X¿m-sd-Sp¯

]mt¯bv Ic-¨n-e-S¡n hoSn-¶p-Ån-te¡p t]mIp-¶-tXmsS A©mw cwKw Ah-

km-\n-¡p-¶p.

Bdmw cwK-¯nÂ Dkvamsâ ho«n-te¡v IZoi IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. ]mt¯-

bn-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. `qan Dcp-−-XmtWm ]c-¶-XmtWm F¶pÅ

kwibw IZoi ]mt¯-bn-tbmSpw lÊ-t\mSpw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. `qan hen-sbmcp

Imf-bpsS sIm¼n-emWv \nÂ¡p-¶-sX¶ lÊsâ IY-bn-eqsS kw`m-jWw

apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶p. IZo-i-bpsS `À¯mhv Icn-¼q-¨-sb-t]m-se-bm-sW¶p ]d-

ª-t¸mÄ AhÄ I®p-s]m-¯n-¡-cªp Ahn-sS-\n¶pw t]mbn. ChnsS kap-

Zm-b-¯nse hnhm-l-§Ä F{]-Imcw ]cn-lm-ky-am-bmWv \S-¡p-¶-sX¶v tcJ-

s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. BZw-\-_n-bpsSbpw lÆm-bp-½-bp-sSbpw IY ]d-bp¶ ]m«n-

eqsS FÃm sXäp-IÄ¡pw Imc-W-¡m-c³ C_n-en-km-sW¶pw lÆm-bp½

sNbvX sXäp-sIm-−mWv FÃm kv{XoIfpw ZpcnXw A\p-`-hn-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶-

sX¶pw kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p-s−¶v \mS-I-¯nÂ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. lÊ³

apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯nse BNm-c-§sf hnaÀin-¡p-¶p. _m¸sb `b-¶n-«mWv

AbmÄ AXv ]men-¡p-¶-Xv. aX-\n-b-a-§sf¡pdn-¨pÅ kwi-b-§Ä AbmÄ

54

_m¸-tbm-Sp-Xs¶ tNmZn-¡p-¶p-−v. tNmZyw sN¿m³ ]mSn-Ãm-¯-XmWv Ah-

sb¶v _m¸ Abmsf òj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. kv{XoI-fpsS kzmX-{ý-an-Ãm-

bva-sb-¡p-dn¨v lÊ³ hmNm-e-\m-Ip-¶p-−v. IqSp-XÂ kzmX{ýw e`n-¨mÂ

]ns¶ s]®p-§-sfÃmw hgn-sX-än-t]m-IntÃ F¶ adp-]-Sn-bmWv ]mt¯bv

CXn\v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. JmenZv Hcp-]mSv kln-¨n-«mWv ]mt¯-bnsb B ho«nÂ

\ndp-¯n-s¡m-−p-t]m-Ip-¶-sX¶v lÊ³ ]mt¯-bn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. AtXmsS

AhÄ henb k¦-S-¯n-em-hp-¶p. B kabw IZoi Xncn-¨p-h-cp-¶p. lÊ³

_m¸ hnfn-¡p¶p F¶p IZoi ]d-bp-¶-Xp-tI-«-tXmsS Ahn-sS-\n¶p t]mIp-

¶p. ]mt¯bv ZpxJ-`m-c-t¯msS IZo-isb sI«n-¸n-Sn¨p Ic-bp-¶-tXmsS cwKw

Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

Ggmw cwK¯v Dkvamsâ hoSv JmenZv Hcp s]mXn-bp-ambn h¶v D½sb

]n¶nÂ\n¶v Dds¡ hnfn¨v sR«n-¡p-¶p. F´m−m I¿n-semcp s]mXn F¶v

Ban\ tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv ImWn-¨p-X-cm³ ka-b-am-bn-«n-sÃ¶pw a«w-t]mse

ImWn-¨p-X-cm-sa¶pw JmenZv ]d-bp-¶p. Dkvam\pw Ban-\bpw Jmen-Zns\

hnaÀin¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Ban-\-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ Jmen-Znsâ Xebv¡v

Ft´m Ipg-¸-ap-−v. B ka-b¯v lÊ³ Ahn-tS¡v Ib-dn-h-cp-¶p. Ban-\bpw

lÊ\pw kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. Jmen-Zn-t\mSv kq£n-t¨m-fm³ lÊ³ ]d-bp-¶p.

ImcWw sambn-eymcpw lÊsâ _m¸bpw ImZÀIp«n apX-em-fnbpw tNÀ¶v

Jmen-Znsâ \mSIw CÉm-an-s\-Xn-cm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p-−v. AXp-sIm-−v B

\mSIw Ifn-¡m³ ]mSn-Ãm-sb-¶mWv Ahcp ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Ban-\bpw Dkvam\pw

CXp-tI«v A¼-c¶p t]mIp-¶p. IZoi kmcn-bp-Sp¯v h¶ ]mt¯-bnsb Ban-

\bv¡pw Dkvam\pw ImWn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. AhÀ A¼-c¶v \nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ

JmenZv ]mt¯-bnsb Iq«n ]pd-t¯bv¡v hcp-¶p. JmenZv ]mt¯-bnbv¡v

Rms\mcp kmcn hm§n F¶v D½-tbmSv ]d-bp-t¼mÄ D½ ‘Hmfsâ Bcm’

55

F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p-−v. Ah-sfmcp s]®m-sW¶v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-t¼mÄ CXp-

t]mse tImew sI«n \S-¡m³ Xm³ k½-Xn-¡n-sÃ¶pw Hmsfmcp sX½m-

Sn¨ym−m Asâ I®v s]m«n-t]mtbm Fs¶Ãmw ]dªv Ban\ hg-¡p-−m-

¡p-¶p. JmenZv CXp-hsc kn\na ImWm¯ ]mt¯-bnsb kn\na ImWn-¡m³

sIm−p-t]m-hp-I-bm-sW¶v D½-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. H¶pw an−-cpXv D½m Rm\n-

t¸mÄ ]d-ªmÂ \n§Ä¡v apgp-h³ a\-Ên-em-hn-sÃ¶v ]dªv aSn-¨p-

\nÂ¡p¶ ]mt¯-bnsb sIm−v apt¶m«v t]mIp-¶p. B hoSmsI _l-f-a-b-

am-hp-¶p. lÊ³ ]n¶mse HmSn \m«p-ImÀ Ahsc XS-bp-¶pt−m F¶-t\z-

jn¨p hcp-¶p. B ka-b¯v C¡m-cy-a-dnªv apX-emfn Dkvamsâ ho«n-se-¯p-

¶p. AÅmsâ HX-¡-t¯mSv IqSn Pohn-¡m-¯-Xn\v AbmÄ _lfw hbv¡p-

¶p. Ah-km\w Dkvam³ Fsâ aIsâ Imcyw Rm³ t\m¡n-t¡mfmw F¶p

]d-bp-t¼mÄ AbmÄ A¼-c¶v ]Ãn-dp-½n-s¡m−v Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Ban\

Dkvams\ Xpdn¨v t\m¡p-¶p. AtXmsS Cu cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

cwKw F«nÂ Dkvamsâ hoSv ]mt¯bn kmcn-b-Wnªv Hcp ]pkvXIw

hmbn¨p sIm−p \S-¡p-¶p. JmenZv tZjy-t¯msS Ahsf ho£n-¡p-¶p.

]mt¯bn kv{Xo hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\pw kzmX-{´y-¯n\pw th−n \ne-sIm-Åp-

¶p. AXnÂ Akz-Ø-\mb JmenZv Xs¶bpw _m¸-tbbpw D½-tbbpw A\p-

k-cn¨v ASn-a-bmbn AhnsS Pohn-¡-W-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Cu temIw

kv{XoIÄ¡pw AhIm-i-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶v ]mt¯bn hmZn-¡p-¶p. CXn-\n-S-bnÂ

CXv \mSI dntl-gvk-em-sW-¶-dn-bmsX lÊ³ Ib-dn-h¶v AhÀ ]dª

kw`m-j-W-§-tfmSv A\p-`mhw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. ^m¯na B \mS-I-¯nÂ A`n-\-

bn-¡p¶ hnhcw JmenZv lÊ-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. At¸mÄ F§-s\-sb-¦nepw Hfn-

¨m-sW-¦nepw \mSIw ImWm³ hc-W-sa-¶p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. C§-s\-bm-sW-¦nÂ

C\n Xe-Im-WnÃ F¶v lÊ³ ]d-bp-¶p. IZoi ]mt¯-bn-bpsS kmcn-bp-

Sp¯vsIm−v AhnsS {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]ptcm-K-an-¡m-\pÅ B{Klw Ah-

56

fnepw D−m-bn-Xp-S-§n. AhÄ ]mSm-dpÅ ]m«v JmenZv amän ]mSn-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-

tXmsS B cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

Ah-km-\s¯ cwK-¯nÂ apX-em-fn-bpsS hoSv. I¿nÂ \nhÀ¯n ]nSn¨

Hcp I¯p-ambn apX-emfn tZjy-t¯msS \S-¶p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. IZoi `b¶v

\ni-_vZ-bmbn Hcp `mK¯v \nÂ¡p-¶p. apX-emfn IZo-i-tbmSv Is¯-´m-

sW¶v Adn-bptam F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v lÊ-t\bpw IZo-i-tbbpw

ASn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS \ne-hnfn Db-cp-¶p. Hu¡À {]Xy-£-s¸«v AhÀs¡-

Xnsc Xncn-bp-¶p. IÃymWw apS-§n-b-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw IÃymW sNdp-¡sâ

ho«n-te¡v Is¯-gp-Xn-b-Xns\ Ipdn¨pw AhÀ X½nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. CXn-

s\Ãmw ImcWw JmenZpw ]mt¯-bnbpw AhÀ Ifn-¡p¶ \mS-Ihpw

BsW¶v Hu¡À ]d-bp-¶p. apX-emfn ]mt¯-bnsb Xsâ ho«n-te¡v hnfn-¸n-

¡p-¶p. ]mt¯bn Abmsf im´-ambn t\cn-Sp-¶p. AhÄ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶-Xp-

Xs¶ Abmsf Ip]n-X-\m-¡p-¶p. hSn-tbm§n apX-emfn ]mt¯-bnsb ASn-¡m-

t\m-§p-t¼mÄ JmenZv AXp XS-ªp-sIm−v Ahn-tS-s¡¯nt¨cp-¶p.

Dkvam\pw Ahn-sS-sb-¯n-t¨À¶v \n§Ä¡v F´m-Wn-¡m¡ F¶v apX-em-fn-

tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. JmenZv ]mt¯-bnsb AhnsS\n¶v ho«n-te¡v ]d-ª-b-

¡p-¶p. apX-emfn Jmen-Zns\ t\m¡n ‘FSm Hä-Sn¡v As¶ a¿-¯m¡ym Hcp

tZmjqw s_cqe’ F¶p Bt{Im-in-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Fs¶ a¿-¯m¡n Ifbq

F¶v JmenZpw ]d-bp-¶p. Ban\ Ahn-sS-sb¯n Jmen-Zns\ amän \nÀ¯p-¶p.

apÉo-§Ä \mSIw Ifn-¡p-¶Xpw apÉo-am-sbmcp s]®ns\ \mS-I-¯nÂ A`n-

\-bn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw \c-I-¯nÂ t]mIp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hp-sa¶v apX-emfn ]d-bp-

¶p. Jmen-Znsâ t\sc Xncnªv F´mSm \nsâ \mS-I-¯nsâ t]cv CXp `qan-

bm-sWt¶m `qan-bm-sW¶v BÀ¡mSm Adn-bm-¯-Xv. R§-sfms¡ CXns\

BImiw F¶mtWm ]d-bm-dv. Chsâ Xe-bvs¡t´m XI-cm-dp-−Sm Dkvamt\

57

F¶v apX-emfn ]d-bp-¶p. JmenZv CXv `qan-bm-sW¶v \n§Ä¡-dnbmw aq¯m¸

\n§Ä Bcpw AtXmÀ¡-Wn-Ã. \n§-fpsS ssIbn-epÅ hSn-sIm−v \n§-

fpsS a¡sf \¶m-¡m³ Ign-bnÃ. apX-emfn AhnsS-\n¶v Ah-tcmSv t]mIm³

]d-bp-t¼mÄ AhÀ AhnsS \n¶pw t]mIp-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw FÃmw-IqSn

Btem-Nn¨v apX-emfn {`m´n-fIn \S-¡p-¶p. Hu¡-dn-t\bpw IZo-i-tbbpw lÊ-

t\bpw hnfn¨v ASp-t¯¡v hcm³ BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. Hu¡-dn-t\mSv t]mbn

c−v a¿¯p I«n-ep-sIm-−p-h-cm³ ]d-bp-¶p. hnfn-¨n«p ImWm¯ IZo-i-bp-

tSbpw lÊ-tâbpw a¿¯v Ct¸mÄ sIm−p-h-cp-sa¶v ]dªv hSnbpw \o«n

apX-emfn ]pd-t¯-bvt¡m-Sp-¶p. AXp-Im-Wp¶ Hu¡À C\n hSn-bm-bn«v

t]mhm-ªn-«mWv Hcp Ipt´mw sN¿m³ Ign-bnÃ F¶p ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS

\mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. apX-emfn F¶ IYm-]m{Xw Ime-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. ]cn-tim-[n-

¡pI?

2. JmenZv F¶ \mS-I-¡m-c³ kmaqly ]cn-jv¡-c-W-amtWm e£yw

hbv¡p-¶-Xv. kaÀ°n-¡pI?

3. ]mt¯bn F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯n-eqsS sI.-Sn.-ap-l-½Zv kv{XoI-fpsS Zpc-

hØ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

4. CXp `qan-bmWv F¶ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯Â Bsc Dt±-in-¨mWv sI.-Sn. ]d-

bp-¶Xv?

58

bqWnäv 3

]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS kzm[o\w

]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-thZn C´y³\m-S-I-th-Znsb kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p-s−¶p

ImWmw. F¶mÂ `mc-Xo-b-\m-S-I-thZn hf-sc-b-[nIw hfÀ¨ t\Snb H¶m-bn-

cp¶p F¶v \ap¡v HmÀ¯n-cn-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv. t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Nhn«p

\mSIw apX-en-t§m«v Ah-cpsS Xn¿-äÀ coXn-Ifpw i_vZ-X-cwK hn\ym-k-§-fp-

saÃmw ]e-t¸mgpw \mw ISw hm§n-bn-«p-−v. ]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-§Ä Xs¶

hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-Ibpw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-ap-−m-bn-«p-−v. tjIvkv]n-bÀ

\mS-I-§fpw Ah-bpsS Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bp-saÃmw \½psS \mS-Is¯ kzm[o-\n-

¨-Xmbpw ImWmw. ]nÂ¡m-e¯v \½psS \mS-I-cwKw _lp-ap-J-amb hfÀ¨

t\Sn-b-Xn\p ]n¶nÂ ]mÝmXy \mS-I-¯nsâ kzm[o\w Ds−¶p ]d-bmw.

{Ko¡p-\m-S-I-thZn

asäÃm \mS-I-§-sfbpw t]mse aXm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶mWv {Kn¡p-

\m-SIw DÛ-hn-¨-Xv. \mS-I-Im-hy-§-sf¶v Adn-b-s¸-«p-h¶ {Ko¡p \mS-I-§Ä

Imhy-¯nsâ DXvIr-jvS-cq-]-§-fm-bmWv Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {Ko¡p-Im-cpsS {]Ir-

Xn-tZ-h-\mb Utbm-Wn-k-kns\ {]oXn-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ AhÀ A\p-jvTn-¨n-cp¶

Iem-cq-]-§Ä hnI-kn-¨mWv {Ko¡p-\m-S-I-¯nsâ DÛ-hw. _n.-kn. Bdmw iX-

I-t¯msS {KoknÂ \mSIw cwK-{]-thiw sN¿-s¸-«-Xm-bmWv Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

¹mtäm-bpsS injy-\mb Acn-tÌm-«n-enÂ\n-¶mWv {Ko¡p-\m-S-I-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v

temI-¯n\v Adnhp e`n-¨-Xv. FkvIn-e-kv, tkmt^m-¢n-kv, bpdn-¸o-Ukv F¶n-

h-sc-bmWv {Ko¡p\mSI-¯nsâ ]nXm-¡-fmbn Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. Ch-cnÂ A{Kn-

a-Øm\w Ae-¦-cn-¡p-¶Xv FkvIn-e-km-Wv. bh-\-\m-SIw aq¶v "P'Isf

hnaÀin-¡m-\mWv cNn-¡-s¸-«-sX¶p ImWmw. Ah t]meo-kv, cmjv{So-bw,

59

]ptcm-ln-X³ F¶n-h-bm-Wv. Ch-cmWv temIs¯ \bn-¡p-¶-Xv. ChÀ If-¦-

an-Ãm-¯-h-cm-hWw F¶pw Cu hnaÀi\-¯n\p ]n¶nÂ e£y-an«n«p-−v. Acn-

tÌm-«n-ensâ sFIy-{Xbw (Ø-ew, Imew, {Inb) {Ko¡p-\m-S-I§fnÂ hfsc

{][m\am-Wv. sFIy-{X-bs¯ hnaÀin-¡p¶ ]Þn-X-·mcpw D−v F¶Xv Hcp

bmYmÀ°y-amWv ]mÝm-Xy-tZ-is¯ \mS-Is¯ kw_-Ôn¨ Xm¯zn-I-{K-Ù-

amWv Acn-tÌm-«nÂ cNn¨ t]mb-än-Ivkv.

Zpc- -́\m-S-I-k-¦ev]w

an¯p-Isf ASn-Øm-\-am¡n cnN-¡-s¸-«-XmWv H«p-an¡ {Ko¡v Zpc-´-\m-

S-I-§-fpw. Cu \mS-I-§-fnse tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä Zpc-´-§-fnÂ \nÝ-b-

ambpw ]Xn¡pw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p khn-ti-j-X. km[m-c-W-¡m-tc-¡mÄ {]i-

kvXnbpw {]mK-Ûyhpw kz`m-h-an-I-hp-apÅ ChÀ X§-fpsS kz`m-h-¯n-epÅ

GsX-¦n-ep-samcp ZuÀ_eyw (l-ta-jy) aqew Zpc-´-¯n-\n-c-bm-hp-¶-XmWv

{SmP-Un-bnÂ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. CXp-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv CuUn-¸kv cmPm-

hnsâ IY. CuUn¸kv FÃm kz`m-h-Kp-W-§Ä XnI-ª-h-\m-bn«pw Zpc-´-

¯nÂ hog-cp-sX¶p IcpXn asämcp hgn k©-cn-¨n«pw AÑ-\-½-amÀ Abmsf

asämcp cmPy¯v Zpc-´-¯nÂ\n¶v c£-t\-Sm³ Dt]-£n-¨n«pw Ahn-\m-cy-amb

Zpc-´-¯nÂ CuUn-¸kpw AÑ-\-½-amcpw cmPyhpw hoWp-t]m-bn. FÃm-hcpw

\nc-]-cm-[n-IÄ ]s£ A\n-hm-cy-amb Zpc´w kw`-hn-¡pI Xs¶ sNbvXp.

aq¶v A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä am-{Xta {Ko¡v Zpc-´-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ Htc ka-b¯v {]Xy-

£-s¸-«n-cp-¶p-Åq. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡\p-k-cn-¨vv AhÀ apJw aqSn AWn-bp-I-bm-

bn-cp¶p sNbvX-Xv. kv{Xoth-jhpw ]pcp-j-·mÀ Xs¶-bmWv sI«n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.

{SmP-Un-Isf hymJym-\n¨ Acn-tÌm-«nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv Zpc-´-\m-S-I-§Ä I−v

hnIm-c-X-c-fn-X-cm-bn-¯o-cp¶ t{]£-I-lr-Z-b-§-fnÂ hnIm-c-hn-tc-N\w (I-

YmÀkn-kv) kw`-hn-¡p¶p F¶m-Wv. CkvInekv BWv {Ko¡nÂ Pohn-¨n-cp¶

60

{]i-kvX-\mb BZy Zpc-´-\m-S-I-Ir-¯v. F¶mÂ At±-ls¯ At]-£n¨v

\mS-I--L-S-\-bnepw hnIm-k-¯nepw \mS-Im-´y-¯nepw anI-¨h-bm-bn-cp¶p

tkmt^m-¢n-knsâ \mS-I-§-sf¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«n-«p-−v. tkmt^m-¢n-kmWv

cwKs¯ IY-]m-{X-§sf c−nÂ \n¶pw aq¶m¡n amän-b-Xv. tkmt^m-¢n-

knsâ Gähpw {]ikvXamb Zpc-´-\m-S-I-amWv CuUn-¸kv cmPm-hv. hpa¬

Hm^v {Sm¡okv, Ce-Iv{Sm, ^ntem-I-sä-ä-kv, APmIvkv F¶n-h-bmWv At±-l-

¯nsâ {][m\ \mS-I-§Ä. sskt¢m-]vkv, Ctbm¬, B³s{Um-a-¡n,

lnt¸m-sseävkv, aoUn-b, AÂssk-Ìnkv F¶o \mS-I-§-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-hmb

bpdn-¸n-sUkv BWv {it²-b-\mb asämcp Zpc-´-\m-S-I-Ir-¯v. At±-l-¯nsâ

\mS-I-§-fpsS KpW-ambn Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶Xv "kz`m-hn-I-Xbm-Wv'. a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-

amb kao-]\w D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp¯n t{]£-Isc ckn-¸n-¡m³ bqdn-s¸-Un-kn\p

Ignªp. Cu ]dª aq¶p Zpc-´-\m-S-I-Ir-¯p-¡fpw {Ko¡v \mS-I-tem-

Is¯ {XnaqÀ¯n-IÄ F¶mWv Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

tdma³ \mS-I-thZn

tdmam-km-{amPyw bqtdm¸p apgp-h³ hym]n-¨Xpw AtXm-sSm¸w {InkvXp-

aIw hnImkw {]m]n-¨Xpw \mS-I-¯n\p {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn XoÀ¶p. ss{IkvX-h-

k` aX-hn-izm-kn-Isf A`n-\-b-¯nÂ\n¶v hne¡n anI¨ \mS-I-§Ä kmln-

Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ am{X-ambn HXp-§n-t¸m-bn. a[y-Im-e¯v ss{IkvXh tZhm-e-b-§-

fnÂ \mS-Im-h-X-cWw \S-¯-s¸-«p. tdmam-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ ]X-\-¯n\pw \thm-

°m-\-¯n\panS-bn-epÅ ]¯p \qäm−pIÄ bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS

PoÀ®-Im-e-L-«-am-bn-cp-¶p. a[y-Im-e¯v bqtdm-¸nse \mS-I-th-Znbnep-−mb

FSp-¯p-]-d-b-¯¡ kw`-h-hn-Imkw "andm-¡nÄt¹'bpsS DÛ-hhpw {]Nm-c-hp-

am-Wv. ss{IkvX-h-a-X-hn-izmkw Du«n-bp-d-¸n-¡m-\mWv Cu \mSIw D]-tbm-Kn-

¨p-h-¶-Xv. ss__n-fnse AÛp-X-I-Y-I-fm-bn-cp¶p AXnsâ {]ta-bw. FÃm-bn-

61

S¯pw Hcp-t]mse Bbn-cp-¶nÃ AXnsâ D]-tbmKw F¶mÂ AXv ]cn-W-an-

¨mWv tZio-b-kz-`m-h-apÅ \mS-I-§Ä D−m-b-Xv. and-¡nÄt¹-I-tfm-sSm¸w

anÊ-dn-t¹-Ifpw Ac-§n-se-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. tbip-hnsâ P\-\w, {XnXz-hn-izmkw,

Znhy-c-l-ky-§Ä Chsb B[m-c-am¡n cNn-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-bn-cp¶p anÌ-dn-t¹-IÄ.

ZpÀKp-W-§fpw kZvKp-W-§fpw IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-bn-h-cp¶ samdm-en-än-t¹-Ifpw

C¡m-e¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p h¶p. Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-¯n-\n-S-bnse

CS-th-f-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-XmWv CâÀeq-Uv. \mS-I-¯n\p ap³]pw

tijhpw CâÀeqUv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ A\p-hm-Z-hp-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. aXm-[n-

jvTn-Xamb Cu \mS-I-§sf _p²n-Po-hn-I-fmb A[ym-]-Icpw h¡o-e-·mcpw

A¡m-e¯v hnaÀin-¨n-cp-¶Xmbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-«p-−v.

{]iv\-\m-S-I-thZn

t{]m»w t¹ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ {]iv\-\m-S-I-§Ä kaq-l-¯nse {]iv\-

§-fmWv \mS-I-cq-]-¯nÂ Ac-§n-se-¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]e-t¸mgpw IpSpw-_-¯nse

kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§-tfmSv tNÀ¯mWv kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§Ä Cu \mS-I-§Ä

ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. sl³{SnIv C_vk¬ F¶ \mS-I-Ir-¯mWv {]iv\-

\m-S-I-§-fpsS {]tbm-àm-hv. At±lw cNn¨ "tUmÄkv lukv' BWv {]iv\-

\m-S-I-§-fnse {][m\ IrXn-bmbn Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. kv{Xohm-Z-{]-Øm-\s¯

\mS-I-¯n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-−p-h¶ IrXn-bmWv tUmÄkv lukv F¶p

ImWmw. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ {]iv\ \mS-I-amWv I\y-I. DtZym-K-Ø-I-

fmb kv{XoI-fpsS am\-knI {]iv\-§sf Ac-§n-se-¯n-¡m-\mWv I\yI

{ian-¨-Xv. sshhm-ln-I-Po-hnXw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kv{XoI-fpsS PohnX-{]-

iv\-§-fmWv Cu \mSIw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p. temI-{]-ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯mb

hneyw tjIvkv]n-bdpw {]iv\-\m-S-I-§Ä cNn-¡p-Ibpw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-−v. Hcp {]iv\-¯nsâ Ccp hi-§fpw t{]£-IÀ¡mbn Hcp

62

Xocp-am-\saSp¡msX Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv {]iv\-\m-S-I-¯nsâ Hcp

kz`m-hw. {]iv\-\m-S-I-§-fpsS Hcp kq{X-hmIyw CXm-Wv. kaq-l-¯nsâ

Øm]n-X-\n-b-a-§Ä shÃp-hn-fn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p, kaq-l-¯nÂ Acm-P-IXzw hmgp-

¶p, Hcp ]pXnb {Ia-¯nsâ Øm]\w Acm-P-IXzw CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶p.

C_vk¬

B[p-\n-I-\m-S-I-¯nsâ ]nXmhv F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ t\mÀho-Pn-b³ \mS-I-

Ir-¯mWv C_vk³. temI-\m-S-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fnÂ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-«-h-cnÂ

Hcm-fmbn 1928 apXÂ 1906 hsc Pohn¨ C_vks\ Icp-Xp-¶p. t\mÀho-Pn-b³

Fgp¯pIm-cnÂ {][m-\n-bmbpw Ct±-ls¯ IcpXp¶p. At±lw Pohn-¨n-cp¶

Ime-L«¯nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ \mS-I-§Ä A]-Jym-Xn-bm-bmWv hne-bn-cp- -̄

s¸-«-Xv. hnIvtSm-dn-b³ aqey-t_m-[-am-bn-cp¶p AXn\p Imc-Ww. Cu aqey-

t_m-[-t¯m-SpÅ FXnÀ¸v C_vksâ \mS-I-§-fnÂ {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]e

s]mbvap-J-§Ä¡pw ]n¶n-epÅ bmYmÀ°y-§sf C_vk³ hni-I-e\w

sNbvXp. ka-Im-en-Isc Akz-Ø-cm-¡m³ t]m¶ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ AS-

§n-b-Xm-bn-cp¶p C_vksâ IrXn-IÄ. kaq-l-¯n\pw aqey-§Ä¡pw ap³t]

]d¶ ]£n-bm-bn-cp¶p A¡m-e¯v C_vk¬. hnIvtSm-dn-b³ kZm-Nm-c-\m-S-

I-§-fnÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-amb \mS-I-§Ä krjvSn-¨-XmWv C_vks\ hnaÀin-

¡m-\p-−mb {][m\ Imc-Ww. t{]£-Isâ \mS-I-k-¦-ev]-§sf XInSw adn-

¨p-sIm-−mWv B[p-\nI \mS-I-th-Zn¡v At±lw ASn-¯d ]mIn-b-Xv. Imäo-

en³, skâv tPm¬kv Cuhv, Zv ^oÌv Aävtkm-fm-Kv, ehvkvtIm-a-Un, {_mâv, Z

eoKv Hm^v bq¯v, Fs¼-dÀ Bâv Keo-en-b³, ]ntÃÀkv Hm^v skmsskän

XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv C_vksâ IrXn-IÄ.

63

{_lvXv

s_Àt{SmÄUv s{_lvXv hnJym-X-\mb PÀ½³ \mS-I-Ir¯pw Ihnbpw

kwhn-[m-bI\pam-Wv. 1898 apXÂ 1956 hsc-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ Pohn-X-Im-ew.

F¸n¡v Xntb-äÀ F¶ Bibw Ct±-l-¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. ac-Wm-\-´-c-

amWv Ihn-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ At±lw {]i-kvX-\m-hp-¶-Xv. Pohn-X-Im-e¯v \mS-

I-Ir¯v F¶ \ne-bn-emWv Adn-b-s¸-«-Xv. AtX F¶p ]d-ª-h³, A½

Dcp-f³ Xe-Ifpw Iq¼³X-e-I-fpw, GSp-Nmhp tZmj-§Ä, A[o-i-hÀ¤-¯nsâ

kzIm-cy-Po-hn-Xw, Iayq¬Zn-\-§Ä, skÕzm-\nse \Ã kv{Xo XnS-§n-b-h-

bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ \mS-I-§Ä. At±-l-¯nsâ kw`m-j-W-§fpw Fgp-¯p-

Ifpw hfsc {]kn-²-am-Wv. AXn-sem¶v C§-s\-bmWv "Hcp \K-c-¯nÂ A\o-

Xn-bp-−m-bmÂ AhnsS Iem-]-ap-−mIWw CsÃ-¦nÂ kÔy-a-b§pw ap³]v

B \Kcw I¯n-¨m-¼-e-Ip¶XmWv \ÃXv'.

]oäÀ{_q¡v

emXzn-b-bnÂ\n-¶pÅ enXzm-\n-b³ PqX IpSn-tb-ä-¡m-cmb sska¬

{_q¡n-tâbpw CuU-bp-tSbpw aI-\mbn e−-\nse tS¬ tlmw {]tZ-i-¯mWv

{_q¡v P\n-¨-Xv. At±lw kwhn-[m\w sNbvX tUm. t^mÌkv {]i-kvX-amb

\mS-I-am-Wv. 1947 apXÂ 1950 hsc e−-\nse tdmbÂ Hm¸d luknÂ s{]mU-

£³ Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp¶p. 1970Â antj-en-³ tdmk-\p-sam¯v {_q¡v

CâÀ\m-j-WÂ skâÀt^mÀ Xnb-äÀ dnkÀ¨v Øm]n-¨p. Ht«sd \mS-I-§Ä

kwhn-[m\w sN¿pIbpw ]pXn-b-Im-es¯ \mS-I-§Ä¡v Znim-t_m[w krjvSn-

¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä, \À¯-IÀ, kwKo-X-ÚÀ F¶n-h-cpsS

Iq«n-sI-«p-−m¡n anUnÂ Cukvänepw B{^n-¡-bnepw hym]-I-ambn k©-cn-

¨p. CXv At±-l-¯nsâ \qX-\-amb Bi-b-§sf hnhn-[-bn-S-§-fnÂ {]N-cn-¸n-

64

¡m³ Imc-W-am-bn. ]pXnb Xnb-äÀ kwkvIm-c-¯n\v {_q¡nsâ \mS-I-§Ä

{ian-¨p.

\mS-Ihpw hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯n-Â kw -̀hn¨ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§fpw

1944 Ime-L«w kzmX-ý-Zm-l-t¯m-sSm¸w Zmcn-{Zy-¯nÂ\n¶pw P·n-Xz-

¯nÂ\n-¶p-saÃmw tamN\w t\Sm³ kaqlw B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw AXn-\p-th−n

Ht«sd t]mcm-«-§Ä \S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvX Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]mÝmXy

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS `mK-ambn ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ Bi-b-§Ä \½psS kaq-l-¯n-

te¡pw Iem-Im-c-·m-cn-te¡pw IS-¶p-h¶ Hcp Imew-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv.

\mSIw hyàn-tbm, kaq-ls¯ hf-sc-thK-¯nÂ BIÀjn-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-

hÀ¯-\-¯n\v klm-bn-¡pbpw sN¿p¶ Iem-cq-]-am-Wv. FIvkv{]-j-WnÌp

\mS-I-amb kaXz-hmZn ]mÝm-Xy-tZ-i-¯p-\n-¶pÅ kzm[o-\-^-e-am-bp-−m-b-Xm-

Wv. P·n-Xz-¯n\pw {]`p-Xz-¯n-\p-sa-Xn-sc-bpÅ kaq-l-¯nsâ hn¹-hm-i-b-

§Ä Xs¶-bmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.

kzmX-{ým-\-ćw hyàn `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb Hcp ]cn-c-£-bn-te¡v

amä-s¸-Sp-Ibpw A¡m-e-a-{Xbpw Xs¶ th«-bm-Snb kaq-l-¯nsâ \mSp-hm-

gn¯ aX-þ-PmXn \nb-a-§-fnÂ\n¶pw c£-{]m-]n-s¨¶p Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

F¶mÂ `c-W-IqSw Xs¶ \nb-a-§sf A«n-a-dn-¡p-Ibpw \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf {]Xn-

I-fm-¡p-Ibpw in£n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-cp¶ B[p-\n-I-k-aqlw F§s\ a\p-

jy-Po-hn-Xs¯ {]iv\-¯n-em-¡p¶p F¶-Xnsâ t\Àkm£yw ss{I\m-S-I-

¯nepw ka-Xz-hmZn-bn-ep-saÃmw \ap¡v ImWm-\m-hp-¶p.

temI-\m-S-Im-Nm-cy-·m-cpsS kzm[o-\-§Ä

temI-\m-S-Im-Nm-cy-·m-cpsS kzm[o-\-§Ä ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯nÂ \ap¡v

ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶p. C_vksâ "tUmÄkv lukpw' _ÀWm-Uvjm-bpsS

65

"kokdpw ¢ntbm-]m-{Sbpw' Bâ¬ sNtJm-hnsâ "sNdn HmÀ tNÀUv'

knRvPnsâ "t¹t_mbv Hm^v Zn shtÌ¬ thÄUv' ]ncm³U-tem-bpsS

"knIvkv Iymc-Ivtägvkv tkÀ¨v Hm^v B³ HmYÀ', Fen-b-änsâ "aÀUÀ C³Z

I¯n-{UÂ {_lvXnsâ "aZÀ ItdPv' A\p-bn-ensâ "Bân-KWn' sS\nkn

hneyw-knsâ "¥mkv ant\m-Pdn' kmap-hÂ_-¡-änsâ "shbvänwKv t^mÀ

tKmtZm' ]nâ-dpsS "s_À¯vtU ]mÀ«n' F¶n-§s\ khn-tij {i²-bÀln-

¡p¶ \mS-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-t\m-S-I-tem-Is¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-hÀ¯n-¸n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C_vksâ "t¥mÌvkv' F. _me-IrjvW¸nÅ 1936Â ae-

bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. C¯cw hnhÀ¯-\-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eqsS temI-

\m-S-Im-Nm-cy-·m-cpsS kzm[o\w \½psS \mS-I-§-fnÂ henb amä-§-fp-−m-¡n.

{]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw `mh-]-chpw cq]-]-c-hp-ambn ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-km-

ln-Xys¯ ]qÀ®-ambpw kzm[o-\n¨ \mS-I-Ir¯v C_vk\m-Wv. ae-bm-f-

¯nÂ am{X-aÃ temI-s¯-¼m-Spw Cu kzm[o\w ImWm³ Ign-bpsa¶p

tXm¶p-¶p. "kpL-Sn-X-\m-SIw' F¶ k¦ev]w C_vk\p apt¼ cq]-sa-Sp-¯n-

cp-s¶-¦nepw AXn\p kmt¦-Xn-I-Xz-¯n-\-¸p-d-apÅ AkvXn-Xzhpw Bghpw

\ÂIn-bXv At±-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. aqÀ²-\y-¯nÂ \mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p¶ {]tXyI

km{¼-Zm-bw, ]qÀh-I-Ym-]p-\-cm-Jym-\-¯nÂ ImWn-¡p¶ AXy-]qÀÆ-amb

inev]-`w-Kn, kwL-«-\-¯n\p \mS-I-L-S-\-bnÂ \ÂI-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ ]ca-{]m-

[m\yw IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kwhn-[m-\-¯nÂ ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ anX-Xzhpw HuNn-

Xy-hpw, kw`m-j-W-¯nsâ sXfn¨w XpS§n cwK-kq-N-\-I-fn-e-S¡w hym]n¨p

InS-¡p¶ [z\-\-tijn F¶n-h-sbÃmw C_vksâ \mS-I-§-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-

bm-Wv. ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fnÂ {it²-b-\mb kn.-sP. tXma-knÂ Cu

]mÝm-Xy-kzm-[o\w Ds−-¶p-f-fXv hyà-am-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ hnhÀ¯-\-Ir-

Xn-I-fnepw kzX-{´-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Cu kzm[o\w ImWm³ km[n-¡pw.

66

ka-Xz-hmZn

]pfn-am-\- ]-c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ (1913 þ 1949)

bix-i-co-c-\mb ]pfn-am-\-bpsS {]kn-²o-Ir-X-amb Htc Hcp \mS-I-amWv

ka-Xz-hm-Zn. Ihn-X-I-fn-eq-sSbpw IY-I-fn-eq-sSbpw kz´w hyàn-ssh-`hw

shfn-s¸-Sp-¯nb B {]Xn-`m-imen Cu Hscmä \mSIw sIm−v ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-

th-Zn¡v Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-\m-bn-XoÀ¶p. Pohn-X-t¯bpw Ie-tbbpw \nÀ`bw

hnaÀin¨v hnt\m-Zn¨ kml-kn-I-\m-bn-XoÀ¶p. Pohn-X-t¯bpw Ie-tbbpw

\nÀ`bw hnaÀin¨v hnt\m-Zn¨ kml-kn-I-\m-bn-cp¶p ]pfnam-\. Kmb-I³,

\S³, Ihn, IYm-Ir-¯v, \mS-I-c-N-bn-Xmhv XpS-§nb taJ-e-I-fnÂ ssh`hw

{]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ At±lw Imap-In, ag-hnÃv F¶o IYm-k-am-lm-c-§fpw {]kn-

²o-I-cn-¨p.

FIvkv{]-j-Wnkw

Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ {]mcw-`-¯nÂ PÀ½-\n-bnÂ Bcw-`n¨v ]mÝm-Xy-

\m-Sp-I-fnÂ {]_-e-ambn XoÀ¶ Hcp {]Øm-\-amWv FIvkv{]-j-Wnkw.

hkvXp-¡-tfbpw kw`-h-§-tfbpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-amtbm Ah-t_m-[m-ß-I-amtbm

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw A\p-`-hm-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv Cu

{]Øm\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. aäp Iem-cq-]-§tfmsSm¸w kmln-Xy-¯nepw CXnsâ

kzm[o\w ImWmw. ]m-Ým-Xy-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ bpPo³ Hm\n-emWv

FIvkv{]-j-Wn-Ìp-co-Xn-bpsS {]tbmàm-hv. a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ah-t_m-

[s¯ {]Xn-Im-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-hgn IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS B´-c-cq-

]-§Ä cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

ka-Xz-hmZn \mSIw

ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ FIvkv{]-j-Wn-Ìp-\m-SIw F¶p tIkcn

67

_me-Ir-jvW-]nÅ hnti-jn-¸n¨ ka-Xz-hmZn 1944 emWv {]kn-²o-Ir-X-am-

Ip¶Xv. ""C_vksâ \mS-I-co-Xn-t]mepw ]qÀ®-ambn IS-¶p-h-¶n-«n-Ãm-Xn-cp¶

\½psS \mSI kmln-Xy-¯nÂ, At±-l-¯n-\p-tijw bqtdm-¸n-ep-−mb Nne

Ne-\-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-hm³ \S-¯n-b- au-en-Ihpw [oc-hp-amb ]co-£-W-am-

bn-cp¶p ka-Xz-hm-Zn-sb¶v Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ ae-bmf \mS-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. a\p-jy-a-\-Ênsâ At_m-[-X-e-§sf {ia-I-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-

¸n-¡p¶ Iem-kr-jvSn-bmWv ka-Xz-hm-Zn. ka-Im-enI kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-amWv

]pfn-am\ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-sX¶v tXm¶m-sa-¦nepw AXn-t\-¡m-tfsd a\x-

im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ah-t_m[w Cu IrXn {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

kaXzhmZn-bpsS cN-\bv¡p ]n¶n-ep-−mb e£ys¯ {KÙ-Im-c³ -C-

§s\ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ""CXmWv Rm³ sNbvX-Xv, Cu Acn-tÌm-{I-kn-

bp−tÃm AXns\ Hcp ]nSn-a-®p-hmcn Xd-bn-en«p NnI-ªp-t\m-¡pw-t]mse

DZm-ko-\-am-bn, ]t£ Hcp Zm£nWyhpan-ÃmsX Rm³ H¶p ]cn-tim-[n¨p

At{X-bp-Åq.'' hoÀ¸p-ap-«n-¡p-¶, PoÀ®n¨p XpS-§nb B Acn-tÌm-{I-kn-

bpsS A´-co-£s¯ FXnÀ¡m\pw \in-¸n-¡m\pw apt¶m-«p-h-cp¶ ]ptcm-K-a-

t\Ñ Xs¶-bmWv ]pfn-am-\-bpsS ka-Xz-hm-Zn.

GsXmcp `mhm-ß-I-\mSI¯n-se-¶-Xp-t]mse CXnepw H¶n-e-[nIw

Xe-§-fp-−v. A´-co-£-¯nepw IYm-]m-{X-§-fnepw Ah-bn-eqsS Dcp-¯n-cn-

bp¶ A´n-a-e-£y-¯nepw \ap¡v AXv ImWm³ Ign-bpw. Cu \mS-I-¯nse

Hmtcm LS-I-§fpw kzbw ]qÀ®-am-sW¶p am{X-aÃ Ah asäm-¶nse [z\n-¸n-

¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

Ggp IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv ka-Xz-hm-Zn-bn-ep-f-f-Xv. Hcp {]`p-a-µncw AXnÂ

kÀÆm-[n-Im-c-hp-apÅ Hcp {]`p Abm-fpsS c−p s]¬a-¡Ä. {]`p-hnsâ

ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS aI-\mb ka-Xz-hmZn ]mc-¼-cy-hm-Zn-bmb aq¯-a-I-fp-ambn

68

kvt\l-¯n-em-Wv. c−m-as¯ aIÄ asämcp {]`p-Ip-am-c-\p-ambn kvt\l-¯n-

em-Wv. Imap-I³ F¶ Cu IYm-]m{Xw {]`pXz¯nsâ A´-co-£-¯nÂ ebn-

¨p-tN-cp-¶-bm-fm-Wv. aq¯-a-Ifpw ka-Xz-hm-Znbpw X½n-epÅ _Ôs¯ \nc-

´cw {]`p FXnÀ¡p-¶p. Cu IYm-]m-{X-§-tfm-sSms¡ \ymb-hmZap¶-bn-¡p-

¶, Ah-scÃmw hnIm-c-]-c-h-i-cm-Ip-t¼mÄ \ntj-[-lm-k-¯nsâ kzc-¯nÂ

Ahsc D]-tZ-in-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ IYm-]m-{X-amWv IpSpw_ kplr-¯mb

_mcn-ÌÀ. Xsâ B{K-l-¯n-s\-Xncp \nÂ¡p¶ {]`p-hns\ kml-N-cy-§-fpsS

k½À±-¯n-\-Sn-a-bmb ka-Xz-hmZn shSn-sh¨p sImÃp-¶p. ]mc-¼-cy-hn-izm-kn-

bmb aq¯-a-IÄ (k-a-Xz-hm-Zn-bpsS Imap-In) AÑ-t\m-SpÅ ISa \nd-th-äm³

ka-Xzm-hm-Zn-s¡-Xn-cmbn tImS-Xn-bnÂ km£n ]d-bp-¶p. AXn\p ]n¶nÂ Cf-

b-a-I-fpsS t{]c-W-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ka-Xz-hm-Zn¡v sImSp¯ kvt\lw Xncn-¨p-In-

«m-¯-Xn-epÅ {]Xn-Imcw B t{]c-Wbv¡v ]n¶n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ka-Xz-hm-

Znsb Xq¡n-s¡m-Ãm³ hn[n-¨p. IpSpw_ kplr-¯mb _mcn-ÌÀ aq¯-a-Isf

A\p-tam-Zn-¨p-sIm−v C§s\ ]d-ªp. ""\n§Ä sNt¿-−Xp sNbvXp . . .

Hcp kv{Xo F¶ \ne-bnÂ \n§Ä \n§sf kvt\ln-¨-hs\ sImebv¡p

sImSp-¯p.'' Cfb aIÄ Xsâ kv{XoXzs¯ am\n-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯, ]mc-¼-

cys¯bpw \nb-a-§-sfbpw adn-¡-S-¡m³ th− ]ucpjy-an-Ãm¯ {]Xn-{ip-X-

hcs\ Dt]-£n¨v _mcn-Ì-dpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v Hcp ]pXnb temI-¯n-te-¡v,

kzmX-{´y-¯n-te¡v \S¶p \o§p-¶p. AÑ³ acn¨ cm{Xn-bnÂ Ian-Xm-hp-am-

bp-−mb `b-hn-lz-e-amb kam-K-a-th-f-bnÂ Xsâ DZcw kzoI-cn¨ ssNX-

\ys¯ In\m-hp-Im-Wp¶ \nXy-hn-c-l-Wn-bmb aq¯-a-IÄ. ka-Xz-hm-Zn-bpsS

BZÀi-§Ä ]nd-¡m³ t]mIp¶ aI-\nÂ ImWp-sa¶v AhÄ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

{]`p-Ip-am-c-\mb "Imap-I³' Ct¸mÄ aq¯-a-I-fpsS `À¯m-hm-Wv. kaXzhmZn-

tbm-SpÅ Bcm-[-\sb `À¯m-hn-t\mSv AhÄ ad-¨p-h-bv¡p-¶n-Ã. C§-s\-

bmWv aq¯-a-Isf \mS-I-¯nsâ Ah-km\w ImWp-¶Xv ka-Xz-hm-Zn-bpw aq -̄

69

a-I-fp-amWv Cu \mS-I-¯nse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. IYm-

]m{X§Ä¡v {]`p, aq¯-a-IÄ, ka-Xz-hm-Zn, Cf-b-a-IÄ, Imap-I³, _mcn-ÌÀ

F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ hnti-j-W-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bpsS

{]Xo-I-§-fmbn Ah amdp-¶p.

B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶

kn.-sP. tXmakv

1918Â P\n¨ kn.-sP. tXmakv D¶-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn A[ym-]-I-

\mbpw cmjv{So-b-¡m-c-\mbpw \mS-I-Ir-¯mbpw {]hÀ¯n¨ _lp-apJ {]Xn- -̀

bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXoh k¦oÀ® hyàn-Xz-¯n-\p-S-a-bmb kn.-sP. ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-

th-Zn¡v anI¨ kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIn. \mS-I-im-kv{X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \ncq-]-W-

§Ä, XÀÖ-a-IÄ, kzX-{´-\m-S-I-§Ä F¶n-§-s\-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ

kw`m-h-\. 1950Â ]pd-¯n-d-§nb Db-cp¶ bh-\nIbmWv \mS-I-\n-cq-]-W-Ir-Xn-

I-fnÂ {][m-\w. ]mÝmXy \mS-I-th-Zn-bnse ]pXnb ]co-£-W-§Ä ae-bm-f-

\m-S-I-th-Zn¡p ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XnÂ kn.-sP. hen-b ]¦p hln-¨p. "Ah³

ho−pw hcp¶p' kn.-sP tXma-knsâ BZy \mS-I-am-Wv. {Ko¡v Zpc-´-\m-SI

k¦-ev]-t¯bpw {]iv\-\m-S-I-t¯bpw Ipdn-¨pÅ [mc-W-IÄ "B a\p-jy³

\n Xs¶' F¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ kn.-sP. hnf-¡n-t¨À¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv t{]£-I\v

ImWm-\m-hpw.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

ZmhoZv þ C{k-tbÂ cmPmhv

tbmhm_v þ tkm\m-]Xn

Dudnb þ iXm-[n-]³

Ckvlm¡v þ Hcp blq-Z-{]`p

70

Aamk þ kÀhm--[n-Im-cy-¡mÀ

Fenbmw þ _¯vti-_-bpsS ]nXmhv

bqZm þ sIm«mcw jÞ³

\mYm³ þ {]hm-N-I³

_¯vti_ þ Dudn-bm-hnsâ `mcy

A¶ þ _¯vti-_-bpsS tNSn

{]`p-¡-·mÀ

`S-·mÀ

kv{XoIÄ

thZ-im-kv{Xn-IÄ

\mS-I-kw-{Klw

B a\p-jy\v \o Xs¶ F¶ \mSIw ss__nÄ IYsb B[m-c-am-¡n-

bmWv cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]qÀÆm-¦-¯nÂ ss__nÄ hmbn¨v AXnÂ Xe

Nmbv¨v Dd-§p¶ Ip«nsb ImWmw. AXnt\msSm¸w ss__nÄ hN-\hpw

tIÄ¡mw. F¶mÂ Cu \mSIw ss__n-fns\ AÔ-ambn A\p-I-cn-¡p-IbÃ

]Icw Zpc-´-\m-S-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v ap\-jysâ k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ Bhn-jv¡-

cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv, H-¶m-a-¦-¯nÂ ZmhoZv cmPm-hnsâ sIm«m-cw. ZmhoZv cmPmhv

Hcp CS-b-_m-e-\m-bn-cp-¶p. ssZhw Ahs\ A\p-{K-ln¨v cmPyw sImSp¯v

cmPm-hm¡n amän. bp²-hn-P-b-§Ä sIm−v henb {]ikvXn k¼mZn¨ ZmhoZv

]n¶oSv kvt\l-¯n\pw Icp-Wbv¡pw th−n \ne-sIm-Åm³ {ian¡p-¶p.

iXm-[n-]-\mb Dudnbm cmPy-kvt\-lnbpw bp²-\n-]p-W-\p-am-Wv. cmPy-¯n\p

th−n Poh-XymKw sN¿m³ AbmÄ Hcp-¡-am-Wv. cmPm-hns\ Dudnb AÔ-

ambn hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw _lp-am-\n¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. cmPyt¯mSpÅ

kvt\l-am-Wn-Xn\p Imc-Ww. ZmhoZv bp²-cw-K-t¯¡v Dudn-bm-hns\ Npa-X-e-

71

s¸-Sp¯n ]d-ªp-hn-Sp-¶p. I®p-ÅXv Xpd-¡m³ am{X-aÃ AS-bv¡m³ IqSn-bm-

sW¶v ZmhoZv cmPmhv Dudn-bm-hns\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. Dudn-bm-hnsâ kpµ-cn-

bmb `mcy _¯vti-_sb cmPmhv ImWm-\nShcp-Ibpw Ah-tfmSv Xo{h-{]-W-

b-¯n-em-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ZmhoZv Ihn-bm-b-Xp-sIm−v \Ã hm¡p-IÄ

]dªv _¯vti-_sb X¶n-te¡v BIÀjn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. _¯vti_

cmPm-hnsâ {]W-bs¯ BZy-saÃmw \nkm-c-am-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. Xsâ tNSn-bmb

A¶-tbmSv A¡mcyw ]dªv AhÄ Nncn-¡p-¶p. ZmhoZv _¯vti-_sb

Xsâ A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn¨v H¶n\pw \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶n-Ã. sIm«m-c-¯n-te¡v

sNÃm³ _¯vti-_-tbmSv Bh-iy-s¸-s«-¦nepw AhÄ AXn\v X¿m-dm-hp-¶n-

Ã. ZmhoZv cmPm-hnsâ A[n-Im-chpw aäpw amän-h¨v _¯vti-_sb kµÀin-

¡p-¶p. Hcp-]mSv `mcy-am-cpÅ X\n¡v am\-knI Pohn-X-an-sÃ¶pw AXp Xcm³

_¯vti-_bv¡v am{Xta Ignbq F¶pw ZmhoZv ]d-bp-¶p. Zmho-Znsâ {]W-b-

¯n\p ap³]nÂ _¯vti_ AÀ²-a-\-Êmse Iog-S-§p-¶p. AhÄ sIm«m-c-

¯n-se¯n cmPm-hn-s\m¸w Ign-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ `À¯m-hn-t\m-SpÅ kvt\l-

¯mÂ AhÄ ho«n-te¡v aS-§n-h-cp-¶p. Zmho-Zp-am-bpÅ _Ôw A[n-I-Imew

aqSn-h-bv¡m³ ]äm-¯-Xmbn amdp-¶p.

ZmhoZv Dudn-bm-hns\ bp²-cw-K-¯p-\n¶pw aS-¡n-hn-fn-¡p-¶p. Abm-

tfmSv ho«nÂ hn{i-an-¨n«v Xncn-¨p-t]m-bmÂ aXn-sb¶v Iev]n-¡p-¶p. Xsâ Iq«p-

ImÀ bp²-cw-K-¯m-bn-cnt¡ X\n¡v am{Xw C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hn{iaw Bh-iy-an-

sÃ¶v cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. AbmÄ sIm«mc¯nÂ Xs¶ hn{i-an¨v bp²-cw-

K-t¯¡v Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶p. bqZm-hp-ambn tNÀ¶v cmPm-hp-−-m¡nb ]±Xn

Dudn-bm-hnsâ ASp¯v hne-t¸m-bn-Ã. AXnÂ cmPmhv {Ip²\mbn. tk\m-[n-

]-Xn-bmb tbmhm-_n\v AbmÄ Dudn-bm-hns\ Ipdª ]S-bm-fn-IÄs¡m¸w

bp²-¯n\v ]d-ª-b-¡m³ Dff ktµiw Dudn-bm-hnsâ I¿nÂ Xs¶ sImSp-

¯p-hn-Sp-¶p. AXnsâ ^eambn Dudn-bmhv sImÃ-s¸-Sp-¶p. CX-dnª

72

_¯vti_ s]m«n-¡-c-bp-¶p. ZmhoZv _¯vti-_sb Biz-kn-¸n-¨p-sIm−p

]d-bp¶p "_¯vti_ Ic-b-cp-Xv, ac-Ws¯ ad-t¶-¡q. Pohn-X-amWv \mtf-

¡p-f-fXv'. CXp ]dªv cmPmhv AhnsS\n¶pw t]mIp-¶p. _¯vti_ kmh-

[m\w \S-¶p-sN¶v Dudn-bm-hnsâ ]S-s¯m¸n t\m¡n Ic-bp-¶p. hnd-bv¡p¶

hnc-ep-IÄsIm−v AhÄ AsX-Sp-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ AXv Ah-fpsS I¿nÂ

\n¶pw hgpXn henb i_vZ-t¯msS Xmtg¡v hogp-¶p. CXp-I− A¶

_¯vti-_sb tNÀ¯v ]nSn¨v ]d-bp-¶p, kmc-an-Ã, AXn\p henb `mc-amWv

Inco-S-§Ä¡p `mcw Ipd-bpw, AXv _¯vti-_-bpsS I¿nÂ \n¶pw hgpXn

t]mhp-I-bn-Ã. cº-bnse hnP-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v hncp¶v kXv¡m-c-§Ä \S-

¶p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. cmPmhv h¶v X\n-s¡mcp ]p{X-\p-−mb hnhncw FÃm-h-

tcbpw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ tbmhm_v cmPm-hnsâ Bß-\n-b-{´-W-s¯-

¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p. At±lw kÀh{X Ipg-¸-§-fpsS \Sp-hn-em-Wv. PohnXw

apgp-h\pw At±-l-¯n\p ka-c-am-Wv. AXn-\p-]p-dsa Btem-N-\-Ifpw KqVm-

tem-N-\-I-fpw. ]p{X-·m-cm-sW-¦nÂ Hs¶-¦nepw tht− sImÅm-hp-¶-Xm-bn-«v.

cmÚn-bm-sW-¦nÂ Cu Ah-Ø-bnepw F¦nepw cº-bv¡p-th−n Cu

hncp¶p Xcn-I-bmWv. cmPy-Imcyw cmÚn-tb-¡mÄ {][m-\-am-W-t±-l-¯n-\v.

C{km-tb-en\v C§-s\mcp cmPm-hns\ In«m-\n-Ã. cmÚn _¯vti-_-bpsS

AÑ-\mb Genbmw Zmho-Zn-t\mSv cmÚn-bpsS ASp¯v sshZy-\p-−-tÃm-

sb¶pw A§v hncp¶p Øe-t¯¡v s]mbvs¡m-Åm\pw ]d-bp-¶p.

tbmhm_v Hcp ]m{X-¯nÂ hosª-Sp¯v ap«p-¡p-¯n-\n¶v cmPm-hn\v sImSp-

¡p-¶p. ZmhoZv AXv hm§n IpSn-¡m³ XpS-§p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ Aamk ]cn-{`-a-

t¯m-Sp-IqSn Ahn-tS¡v hcp-¶p. A_vimtemw sIm«mcw B{I-an-¡m³ hcp-

s¶-¶pw. sIm«mcw AhÀ hf-ªn-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶p-apÅ hnhcw ]d-bp-¶p.

tbmhm_v cmPm-hn-t\mSv bp²-¯n\v X¿m-dm-hm³ A`yÀ°n-¡p-¶p. AXp-tI«

cmPm-hn\v X\n-¡n-\n-sbmcp bp²-¯n\p XmÂ]-cy-an-sÃ¶pw Xsâ koa-´-]p-{X-

73

\mb A_vimtemans\ kzoI-cn-¨p-sIm-Åm\pw Xs¶ shdpsX hnSm\pw Ah-

tcmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Hcp Inco-S-¯nsâ `mcw F´m-sW¶v Ah-\-dn-b-s«-b¶v Iq«n-

t¨À¡p-¶p.

]nXm-hn-s\-Xnsc hmsf-Sp-¡p-¶-h³ C{km-tb-ensâ cmPm-hm-Im³ ]mSn-

sÃ¶pw AXv R§Ä A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bn-sÃ¶pw ]dªv tbmhm_v hmsf-Sp-¡p-

¶p. btlm-h-bpsS CjvSw AXm-sW-¦nÂ \S-¡s« F¶v ]dªv cmPmhv

£oW-t¯msS ]oT-¯n-en-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ bqZm h¶v \mYm³

h¶ hnhcw cmPm-hns\ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. \mY³ {]hm-N-I³ Zmho-Zns\ Im¯p-

\nÂ¡p¶ hnhcw ]d-bp-¶p. ZmhoZv {]hm-N-Is\ ImWm³ t]mIm³ XpS-§p-

t¼mÄ Aamk XS-bp-¶p. Cu hnªn-sâ-bn-S¡v At§m«v t]mtI-s−¶v

Zmho-Zn-t\mSv At]-£n-¡p-¶p. AXp -km-c-an-sÃ¶v ]dªv cmPmhv t]mIm³

XpS-§p-t¼mÄ hmXn-ev¡Â {]hm-N-Is\ ImWp-¶p.

ZmhoZv ap«p-Ip¯n {]hm-N-Is\ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. ZmhoZv {]hm-N-I\v Ccn-

¡m³ ]oTw kÖo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. cº-bnse hnP-b-¯n-\p-th-−n-bpÅ hncp-¶m-

sW¶pw hcm³ Aev]w sshIn-t]m-sb¶pw {]hm-N-I-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p.

BtLm-j-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ Xm³ h¶-XnÂ hntcm-[-sam¶pw CÃtÃm F¶v {]hm-

N-I³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. GXp-k-a-b¯pw A§v kzmKm-XmÀl-\m-sW¶v ZmhoZv

{]hm-N-I-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. {]hm-N-I³ Zmho-Zn-t\mSv knwl-k-\-¯n-en-cn-¡m³

]d-bp-¶p. Zmhn-Zn\v Hcp ]p{X³ P\n-¨-Imcyw Adn-ª-Xmbn {]hm-N-I³ ]d-bp-

¶p. X\n¡pw Cu BtLmj-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯mÂ sImÅm-sa¶pw AXv

F§-s\-bm-sW¶v Hcp cq]-hp-an-sÃ¶pw ]dªv Xm³ Hcp IY ]dbmw F¶pw

BÀ¡pw [rXn-bn-se-¦nÂ FÃm-h-tcmSpw Ccn-¡m\pw ]d-bp-¶p. {]hm-N-I³

FÃm-h-tcm-Sp-ambn IY ]d-bp-¶p.8 IY tI«p Ign-ª-t¸mÄ ZmhoZv IY-bnse

\ymbm-\ym-b-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hmNm-e-\m-bn. CXp sNbvX-h³ ac-W-tbm-Ky-\m-

74

sW¶v ZmhoZv ]d-ªp. CXp bYmÀ°-¯nÂ \S-¶-Xm-tWm-sb¶v {]hm-N-I-

t\mSv tNmZn-¨p. {]hm-N-I³ AsX F¶v D¯cw ]d-ª-t¸mÄ Cu sXän-

\pÅ in£ sshIn-¨p-Iq-sS¶pw CXp sNbvXXv Bcm-sW¶pw ZmhoZv tNmZn-

¨p. [rXn ]nSn-t¡-s−¶pw BtLm-j-§-sfms¡ Ignªv kmh-Imiw in£

\S-¸n-em-¡n-bmÂ aXn-sb¶pw {]hm-N-I³ ]d-ªp. BtLm-j§Ä \oXn

\nÀÆ-l-W-¯n\p XS-Ê-am-In-sÃ¶pw kt´m-j-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ Xs¶-bmWv AXv

\S-t¡-−-sX¶pw Zmho-Znsâ `c-W-Im-e¯v C{km-tb-enÂ \oXn Xs¶ \S-

¡Ww AXp-sIm−v C\nbpw sshIn-¨p-Iq-Sm, Bcm-sW¶v ]dbq C\nbpw

Ahs\ ad-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m³ A§pw B sXäp-Im-csâ ]¦m-fn-bm-sW¶v Rm³ ]d-

tb-−n-hcpw F¶v ]dªv, ZmhoZv Ip]n-X-\mbn B a\p-jy³ Bcm-sW¶v

tNmZn-¡p-¶p. {]hm-N-I³ Zmho-Znsâ t\sc ssINq−n B a\p-jy³ \o

Xs¶ F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. C{km-tb-ensâ ssZh-amb btlmh \n\¡v FÃmw

X¶p F¶n«pw \o F´n\v Dudn-bm-hns\ sIm¶v Ahsâ `mcysb X«n-sb-Sp-

¯p. CXp-tI« ZmhoZv t_m[-c-lnX\mbn. ]m]-¯nsâ i¼fw ac-W-am-sW¶v

hniz-kn-¡p¶ ZmhoZv `b-s¸-Sm³ XpS-§n. cmÚn¡pw ]p{X\pw A]-I-S-sam-

¶p-an-sÃ¶v sshZy³ Adn-bn¨ hnhcw bmthm_v cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p.

ZmhoZv AXv hniz-kn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. C\n \½p¡v A_vim-tem-ans\ t\cn-

Sm-sa¶pw D]-hm-khpw {]mÀ°-\bpw Ign-ªn-tÃ-sb¶pw bmthm_v ZmhoZv

cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ Zmho-Zn\v ac-W-`bw hns«m-gn-bp-¶n-Ã. Xsâ

]m]-¯nsâ ^ew ac-W-am-sW¶pw ac-W-Zq-X³ Cu Krlw hns«m-gn-ªn-«n-Ã.

Poh\p ]Icw Poh³ AXmWv C{km-tb-en-tâbpw ]m]-¯n-tâbpw \nbaw.

AXv Xsâ taÂ Xs¶ BI-W-sa¶pw ZmhoZv B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. A_vim-tem-

ansâ ssk\yw ]Sn-hm-Xn-¡Â F¯n-sb¶pw C\nbpw A§v bp²-¯n\v X¿m-

dm-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ A§v ]d-ª-t]mse Hcp-]t£ acWw kw`-hn¡mw F¶v

bmthm_v ]d-bpt¼mÄ bmtlm-h-bpsS CjvSw AXm-sW-¦nÂ AXv kw`-hn-

75

¡s« F¶v ZmhoZv ]d-bp-¶p. bmtlm-h-bpsS \maw Fń-\mWv A§v ]d-

bp¶Xv. cmPm-hnsâ Npa-X-esb ]än bmthm_v Zmho-Zns\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.

bmthm_v ]e-X-c-¯nepw ]d-ªp-t\m-¡n-sb-¦nepw Zmho-Zv Xsâ ]m]¯nÂ

Akz-Ø-\m-hp-¶p. ]m]-¯nsâ êw A\p-`-hn-¡msX btlm-h-bpsS A\p-

{Klw F\n¡pw cmPy-¯n\pw D−m-In-sÃ¶v ZmhoZv hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. AI-¯p-

\n¶pw Hcp \ne-hnfn tIÄ¡p-¶p. bmtlm_v ]cn-{`m-´-\mbn F´m-sW¶v

At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n acn¨ hnhcw bqZm ]d-bp-¶p. A_vimtemw F¶ i{Xp

Pbn-¨Xp Xs¶, C\n ZmhoZv cmPm-hn-s\-sIm−v F§s\ bp²w sN¿n-¡pw.

{]hm-N-I-\mWv FÃm-{]-iv\-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-sa¶v bmthm_v {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

cmPmhv \s½ ssIsh-Sn-bp-sa¶v hnNm-cn-¨nÃ F¶v ]dªv Ckvlm¡v ZpxJn-

X-\m-hp-¶p. B ka-b¯v Ducnb hmfp-ambn ZmhoZv cmPmhv hcp-¶p. Rm³ Hcn-

¡epw \n§sf ssIsh-Sn-bp-I-bnÃ. Fsâ {]mb-Ýn¯w Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.

]m]-¯nsâ êw ac-W-ta-sä-Sp-¯p. kw`-hn-t¡-−Xv kw`-hn-¨p. btlmh

Ft¶m-sSm-¸-ap-−v. A_vim-tem-ans\ hnfn-¨p-sIm-−p-h-cm³ bmthm-_n-t\mSv

]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ cmPmhv ]d-ª-Xp-t]mse A_vim-tem-ans\ hnfn-¨p-sIm-

−p-h-cm³ bthm-_n\v km[n-¨n-Ã. ZmhoZv bp²-¯n\v X¿m-dm-b-X-dnªv

ssk\yw A_vim-tem-ans\Xnsc Xncnªp. AXn-\mÂ A_vim-tem-an-t\mfw

thK-¯n-tem-Sm³ Ign-bp¶ Hcp ZqXs\ In«n-bnÃ F¶v Zmho-Zn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p.

Fsâ aI³ acn-¨p. btlm-h-bpsS \maw hmgv¯-s¸-Ss«! ssk\y-§-fpsS

bmtlm-hbv¡v Hcp k¦oÀ¯\w F¶v ZmhoZv ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-

km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. "I®p-IÄ Xpd-¡m-\mÃ AS-bv¡m\pw IqSn-bp-Å-XmWv' F¶v ZmhoZv

Dudn-bm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶-Xnsâ s]cp-sf´v?

76

2. B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶ F¶ \mS-I-¯nse Zpc´ k¦ev]w hni-Z-am-

¡p-I.

3. B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶ F¶ \mSIw kn.-sP.-tXm-a-knsâ {]Xn-`bv¡v

D¯a DZm-l-c-W-am-Ip-¶-sX-§s\?

kmtIXw

kn. F³. {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ

1928 amÀ¨v 31\v Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v P\n-¨p. ]T-\-Im-e¯v kzmX{´y

ka-c-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn-teÀs¸-«p. 1948 Â AJn-te´y hnZymÀ°n tIm¬{K-

Ênsâ {]kn-Uâm-bn. tZi-_Ôphmcn-I-bp-tSbpw tIcf`qj-W-¯n-tâbpw

]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-¶p. 1950 IfnÂ At±lw \mS-I-c-N\ Bcw-`n-¨p. X\Xp \mS-

Iw, {]l-k-\-kz-`m-h-ap-ff \mS-I-§Ä, kmaq-lnI \mS-I-§Ä, cmam-bW

IYsb Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bp-ff \mS-I-§Ä F¶n-§s\ At±-l-¯nsâ \mS-I-

§sf XcwXncn-¡mw. Im©-\-ko-X, kmtI-Xw, e¦m-e£van F¶n-h-bmWv

At±-l-¯nsâ cmam-b-W-\m-S-I-{X-bw. \mS³Iem]mc-¼cyw Xsâ \mS-I-

§fnÂ k¶n-th-in-¸n-¡m³ {ioI-WvT³\mbÀ¡v Ign-ªp. CXn-lmk IYm-

]m-{X-§sf AXp-ey-]-cm-{I-an-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Ah-cnse am\p-jnI

ZuÀ_-ey-§Ä FSp-̄ p-Im-Wn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv kn. F¶nsâ {]tXy-I-X-

bm-bn-cp-¶p. cma-t\bpw cmh-W-t\bpw koX-tbbpw I−p ]cn-Nbn¨ cq]-§-

fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-am-b ]m{X-§-fm-¡m³ kn. F¶n\v Ign-ªp.

\mS-I-kw-{Klw

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

Zi-c-Y³ þ alm-cm-Pmhv

hkn-jvT³ þ Ipe-Kpcp

77

kpa-{´À þ a{´n

Kpl³ þ kma-´-cm-Pmhv

{iocm-a³ þ bph-cm-Pmhv

e£va-W³ þ cmasâ ktlm-Z-c³

Iukey þ cmP-am-Xm-hv, cmasâ A½

ssItIbn þ `c-Xsâ A½

koX þ cmasâ ]Xv\n

aÙc þ hr²-Zmkn

A¦w 1

H¶mw A¦¯nÂ kq{X-[m-c³ kZ-Êns\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿p-¶p.

kq{X-[m-c-\m-bmÂ am{Xw t]mc \mS-I-¯nÂ thjhpw sI«-W-sa-¶mWv Cu

\mS-I-Ir-¯n\v \nÀ_Ôw F¶v kq{X-[m-c³ kZ-Ên-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. kc-

bqhnsâ Xoc-¯p-ff km{am-Py-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw AhnsS DbÀ¶p \nÂ¡p¶ aWn-

ku-[-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Nn{X-hn-am-\-Kr-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw NXz-c-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw

sIm«m-c-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw shffw Xqhn ]qhn-cn¨ cmP-ho-Yn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw

kwKoX kZ-Êp-Isf¡p-dn¨pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. AXmWv Atbm²y!

C£zmIp-hnsâ hwi-¯nÂ ]nd¶ Zi-c-Y³ ChnsS cmPm-hm-Wv. hoc\pw hniz-

\m-Y-\p-am-sW-¦nepw Zp:Jw Zi-c-Y\pw D−m-bn. Zi-c-Ysâ ]«-a-lnjn Iuk-

eybvt¡m CjvS-]Xv\n ssItI-bnbvt¡m aq¶m-as¯ ]Xv\n kpan-{Xbvt¡m

350 Hmfw hcp¶ aäp Zbn-X-amÀt¡m Ip«n-I-fp-−m-bn-Ã. ""]p{X-tim-I-¯mÂ

\obpw acn¡pw'' Fs¶mcp im]w Zi-c-Y\v Gän-«p-−v. Cu hnjm-Z-¯nÂ

\n¶pw c£-t\-Sm³ hkn-jvT-a-lÀjn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw ]p{X-Im-ay-bv¡v

bmKw \S-¯n. A§s\ Iuk-eybv¡v cma\pw ssItI-bnbv¡v `c-X\pw kpan-

{Xbv¡v e£va-W i{Xp-Lv\-·mcpw P\n-¨p. AtXmsS Hma-Â-]p-{X³ Hfnb-t¼äv

78

]nS-bp-t¼mÄ Zp:Jw Xm§m-\m-hmsX i]n¨ hr²-Xm-]-ksâ s]m«nb

I®pIÄ Zi-c-Y³ ad-¶p.

a{´n-bmb kpa-{´À {]th-in¨v cmas\ bph-cm-Pm-hmbn A`n-tjIw

sN¿m-\p-ff Hcp-¡-§Ä \S-¯m³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. ZqX-·mÀ Cu hmÀ¯

Adn-bn-¡m³ hnhn[ Zn¡p-I-fn-te¡v ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ipe-Kpcp hkn-jvT-a-lÀjn-

bpsS imk\w cmP-[m-\n-bnÂ ap-g-§p-¶p. cmPm-`n-tj-I-¯n-\p-ff hkvXp-¡Ä

At±lw sIm−p-h-cm³ ]d-bp-¶p. cmP-[m-\n-bnÂ BtLm-j-§Ä¡p-ff X¿m-

sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ \S-¡p-¶p. hkn-jvT-tâbpw kpa-{´-cp-tSbpw Acn-In-te¡v cmasâ

amXmhv Iuk-ey- F-¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. cma³ cmPm-hm-Ip-¶-Xnse Af-hä

kt´mjw Iukey Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. `c-Xs\ cmPm-hm-t¡−n hcptam, ssItI-

bn¡v Zi-cY³ sImSp¯ hcw ]men-t¡−n hcptam F¶n-§-s\-bp-ff i¦-

IÄ Iukey hkn-jvTs\ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. cmas\ adn-I-S¶v cmPm-hm-Im³ `c-

X³ CjvS-s¸-Sn-sÃ¶v hkn-jvT³ Iuk-ey-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p.-am-Xp-esâ cmP-[m-

\n-bnÂ ]mÀ¡p-¶ -`-c-X-t\-bpw i{Xp-Lv\-t\bpw Cu \nÝbw Adn-bn-

t¡−Xmbn-cp-¶ntÃ F¶v Iukey tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Kpcp-hns\ `àn-]qÀÆw \a-

kv¡-cn-¨p-sIm−v cma³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. kt´m-jm-[n-Iy-¯mÂ Iukey "Cu

A½bv¡v Ct¸mÄ FÃm ku`m-Ky-§fpw XnIªp' F¶v IWvT-an-Sdn ]d-bp-

¶p.

bph-cm-Pm-hmbn A`n-tj-Iw sN¿-s¸-Sp¶Xn\p ap¼v AÑ-\mb Zi-c-

Ys\ kµÀin¨v cma³ A\p-{Klw hm§p-¶p. Zi-c-Y³ Aip-`-§fpw tLmc-

§fpw \mw kz]v\-¯nÂ ZÀ-in-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw \nan-¯-§Ä ip`-aÃ F¶pw ]d-

bp-¶p. alm-hn-jvWp-hns\ {]mÀ°n¨v Hcp ]m]hpw Rm³ sNbvXn-«n-sÃ¶pw

Aev]-\mÄ IqSn X\n¡v Bß-iàn \ÂI-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. cma³

knwlm-k\w Ae-¦-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xm³ hm\-{]Øtam ac-Wtam hcn¨p

79

sImffmw F¶pw Zi-c-Y-³ ssIIq-¸p-¶p. cma-t\mSv koXsb Cu hntijw

Adn-bn-¨ntÃ F¶v Zi-c-Y³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. FÃmw A½sb [ym\n-¨p-sIm−v

\nÀÆ-ln-¨p-sIm-f-fm³ D]-tZ-in-¨p-sIm−v Zi-c-Y³ e£va-Ws\ hnfn¨v

tPyjvT\v `{Z-ambn ImhÂ \nÂ¡m³ ]d-bp-¶p. Zi-c-Ys\ hW§n cma\pw

e£va-W\pw t]mIp-¶-tXmsS H¶mw A¦w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

A¦w 2

kÀÆm-e-¦mc hn`q-jn-Xbpw kpµ-cn-bp-amb ssItIbn a©-¯n-Â InS-

¡p-¶p. buÆ\w a§n-bn-«n-Ã. Iq\p-sIm−v hncq-]-bmb hr² aÙc {]th-in-

¡p-¶p. ""`mKyw sI« tII-b-¯nsâ ]p{Xn \o Cs¶mcp ]gw-I-Y-bm-Wv. \nsâ

kuµcyw GtXm aqVsâ kz]v\-am-bn-cn-¡pw. hnizw Pbn-¨p-sh¶v \o Al-¦-

cn¨p. kÀÆ-cmepw i]n¡-s¸«v Ct¶m \msftbm s]mf-fp¶ hnP-\-`q-anbnÂ

A\m-Y-bmbv \o Aeªv Xncn-bpw.'' aÙ-c-bpsS Cu hm¡p-IÄ tI«v

ssItIbn tIm]-t¯msS "aÙtc' ! F¶p hnfn-¨p. aÙc XpSÀ¶p. ""\nsâ

Ian-Xm-hp-−tÃm? \nsâ Ifn-¡n-Smhv B hr²³ \nt¶bpw \nsâ ]nXm-hn-

t\bpw \nsâ ]p{X-t\bpw h©n-¨p.'' ""]nimtN \nÀ¯q. Cu \in¨ Iq\nÂ

C{Xbpw ZpjvS-Xtbm cma³ Fsâ-bpw aI-\mWv. Fsâ ape-¸mÂ Ah\pw

\pIÀ¶n-«p-−v. F\n¡pw Bcy-]p-{X\pw Atbm-²ybv¡pw Ah³ {]nb-¦-c³.''

C{Xbpw ]d-ªn«pw a\-Êp-am-dm¯ ssItI-bnsb Icw {Kln-¨p-sIm−v

aÙc A\p-\-bn-¸n-¨p-sIm−v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. ""A½-sb-t¸mepw a¡Ä ad-¡p-

¶p. ]ns¶-bmtWm Hcp A\y kv{Xosb HmÀ½n¡pI. N]e hnIm-c-§-fnÂ

\nsâ hnthIw DSªv NnX-dn-t¸m-bn. \o temssII kpµ-cn. km{am-Py-§Ä

Cu Ime-Sn-I-fnÂ {]W-an-¡pw. F¶n«pw \nsâ GI ]p{X\v IncoSw \ÂIm³

cmP-am-Xm-hnsâ Øm\w Ae-¦-cn-¡m³ Cu kuµcyw \n\¡v D]-I-cn-¨n-Ã-

tÃm. \nsâ aI\v cmPyw `cn-¡m³ anSp-¡n-sÃ¶v \o Icp-Xp-¶pt−m? Zi-c-Y³

80

\n\¡v cmPipev¡w \ÂIn-bXv \o adt¶m? FhnsS cmPyw? \nsâ ]p{X\v

cmPyw In«ntbm? Aiz-]Xn C¶n-Ã. F¦nepw \nsâ tPyjvT³ bp[m-Pn¯v

tNmZn-¨mÂ \o F´p kam-[m\w ]d-bpw.'' C§s\ \nc-h[n tNmZy-§Ä

tNmZn¨v aÙc ssItI-bn-bpsS a\-ÊnÂ k½À±hpw i{Xp-Xbpw cmPy-tam-

lhpw DuXn-hoÀ¸n-¡p-¶p. Iuk-Ãybpw aäpw ssItI-bnsb kÀÆmwKw Np«p-

s]m-f-fn¡pw F¶ -a-Ù-c-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯n\v cmasâ [À½-\njvT F\n¡v

Ih-N-am-bn-cn¡pw F¶v ssItIbn adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.

aÙ-c, cmP-am-Xm-hmbn BÚm-]n-t¡− ssItIbn Fń-\mWv

[À½w bmNn-¡p-¶Xv F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. `c-X\p ]c-tZ-it¯m ]c-tem-

It¯m A`bw tXtS−n hcpw F¶pw `b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Ah-km\w aÙ-c-

tbmSv ssItIbn C\n-sbmcp c£m-amÀ¤hp-antÃ F¶v Bcm-bp-¶p. \nsâ

aIs\ c£n-¡m³ \nsâ kuµ-cy-¯n\v C\nbpw Ignbpw F¶v aÙc ]d-bp-

¶p. \obm-Ip¶ hiy-h-k-´-¯nsâ el-cn-bnÂ tImkew Ipcp§n hog-W-

sa¶v B Zmkn D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. AsÃ-¦nÂ \o P·w sImSp-¯-h³ \o aqew

sImÃ-s¸-Sp-sa¶pw Nmc-·m-cmÂ NXn-bmÂ HmSn-tbmSn XfÀ¶v òI-c-amb

sImSpw Xa-Ênsâ \nÈ_vZ bma-¯nsâ Hcp ZpjvS aplqÀ¯-¯nÂ \nsâ

{]nb-s¸« ]p{X³.. CXp tI« ssItIbn s]m«n-¡-c-ªp-sIm−v aÙ-csb

i]n-¡p-¶p. tII-b-¯nÂ Ipcp¯ Cu \©p-acw CSn-hm-fmÂ NnX-dn-s¯-dn-¡-

s«. C{]-Imcw tIm]n-jvT-bmb ssItIbn ka-\ne hos−-Sp-¯p. sshIn-t¸m-

sb¶pw cma\v A`ntjIw \nÝ-bn¨p Ign-ªp-sh¶pw C\n ipev¡w tNmZn-

¨mÂ Atbm-²ybv¡v Akz-Ø-am-bn-cn¡pw ê-sa¶pw AhÀ ]d-ªp. `c-X³

\mSp-hm-gp-t¼mÄ Ie-l-an-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡m³ cmas\ ImSp-hm-gm³ hnS-W-sa¶v

aÙc ]d-ªp. \o Iev]n-¨mÂ cmPmhv Poh³ hsc shSn-bp-sa¶v ss[cyhpw

sImSp-¯p. cma³ Zi-c-Ysâ Poh-\m-sW¶pw ]d-ªp. ""F¶mÂ DWcq

\obmWv amb, \obmWv iàn De-I-§Ä Cu Ime-Sn-I-fnÂ NX-ª-c-

81

bs«''sb¶v aÙc hocyw ]I-cp-t¼mÄ ssItIbn tIm]w sIm−v Nph¶v

B`-c-W-§Ä hen¨p ]dns¨-dn-bp-¶p. apSn-s¡«v NnXdn¨v apJw cm£-ko-b-am-

Ip-¶p. aÙc A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-Ibpw Zi-c-Y³ {]th-in-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

ssItI-bnbpsS `mh-hy-Xymkw Zi-c-Y³ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. AbmÄ t{]a-]-c-h-i-

\mbn ssItI-bn-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. B kabw ssItIbn cmas\ Im«n-

te¡v Ab-¡-W-sa¶pw `c-Xs\ cmPm-hm-¡-W-sa¶pw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.

X\n¡v \ÂIm-sa-t¶-ä -cm-P-ipev¡s¯ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. CXn-\p-ap¼v Hcp

hchpw Xsâ \mY-\nÂ \n¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«n-«n-sÃ¶pw ssItIbn HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-

¶p. Zi-c-Y³ \Sp-¡-t¯msS cm£ko! F¶p Ae-dp-¶p. cmas\ cmPm-hm-¡m-

sa¶v Xm³ hm¡p ]d-ª-Xm-sW¶pw AXnÂ \n¶v ]n³am-dm³ km[n-¡n-

sÃ¶pw Zi-c-Y³ ]d-sª-¦nepw Bßm-lqXn {]Jym-]n¨v ssItIbn

Bhiyw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. cmas\ Im«n-te¡v Ab-¡p-¶Xv XS-bm³ Zi-c-Y³

]cn-{i-an-s¨-¦nepw \ncp-]m-[nIw ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. B cm{Xn ]pe-cm-Xn-cp-s¶-¦n-

se¶v Zi-c-Y³ B{K-ln-¨p-t]m-bn. DZ-b-¯nÂ cma\pw kpa-{´cpw Zi-c-Ysâ

]f-fn-b-d-bn-se-¯n. cma-t\mSv Xsâ cmP-ip-ev¡-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bmt\m cma³

Im«n-te¡v t]mI-W-sa¶v ]d-bmt\m Zi-c-Y\v iànbp−m-bn-Ã. CXp a\-Ên-

em-¡nb ssItIbn cma-t\mSv Xm³ Xs¶ ]d-btWm F¶p tNmZn-¨p. Xm³

cmPm-hm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ C¯-c-¯n-semcp kmlkw Bh-iy-an-sÃ¶v AbmÄ

ssItI-bnsb hne-¡n. Zi-c-Y³ cma-t\mSv Imcy-§Ä hnh-cn-¨p. kpa-{´À

KZvK-Z- I-WvT-\mbn, Zi-c-Y³ Zp:Jw AS-¡n-¸nSn-¨p. Hcp \nan-js¯ \ni-_vZ-X-

bv¡p-tijw cma³ X\n¡v C{X henb in£ hn[n-¡m³ A½-bmb ssItI-

bn-tbmSv F´p sXämWv sNbvX-sX¶v, tNmZn-¨p. sXsäm¶pw sNbvXn-sÃ¶pw

Im«n-em-sW-¦nepw Xsâ {]mÀ°\ IqsS-bp-−m-Ip-sa¶pw ssItIbn Adn-bn-

¨p. Zi-c-Y³ t]mbn Ign-ª-t¸mÄ kpa-{´À ssItI-bn-tbmSv Cu A]-cm[w

Hcn-¡epw s]mdp-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xm-sW¶v Bt{Im-in-¨p. cmP-tk-h-I³ Xsâ

82

\ne¡v \nÂ¡-W-sa¶v ssItIbn BÚm-]n-¨p. Zic-Y³ hr²-\m-sW-¦nepw

iàn-lo-\-s\-sÃ¶v kpa-{´sd HmÀ½n-¸n-¨n«v ssItIbn Ip]n-X-bmbn t]mIp-

¶p. Cu kabw e£va-W³ {Ip²-\mbn {]th-in-¡p-¶p. A\p-P\v \mSpw

tPyjvT\v ImSpw GXv bmRvP-hÂIy³ hn[n-¨p F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A§-

bpsS ]nXmhv Xs¶-sb¶v kpa-{´À adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. "A[n-Imaw sIm−v

AÔ-\mb kv{XoNn-Xsâ hr²-¸n-¨p-IÄ Rm³ am\n-¡p-¶n-Ã.'

FÃmw ssZh-\n-Ý-b-am-sW¶pw C¶-sehsc HmaÂ ]p{X-\m-bn-cp¶

cma³ C¶v A\y-\m-sb¶pw ssZhw ssItI-bn-bpsS \mhnÂ DZn¨v A`n-

tjIw apS-¡n-sb¶pw kpa-{´À e£va-W-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. GXv Cuizc-\m-

bmepw C¶v Xt¶mSv tXmÂ¡p-sa¶pw ssZhhpw hn[nbpw AÀ°-iq-\y-amb

kzm´z-\-§Ä am{X-am-sW¶pw A`n-tjIw apS-¡n-b-hÀ Btcm AhÀ IÂ¯p-

dt¦m ImtSm ac-Wtam hcn-¡-s«. cma\v buh-cmPyw am{X-aÃ cmPyw Xs¶

\ÂIpw FhnsS tII-b-¯nsâ Ifn-¸mh F¶v Zi-c-Ys\ Dt±-in¨v e£va-

W³ tNmZn-¨p. hmfqcn apt¶m«v \S¶ e£va-Ws\ XSªv kpa-{´À ""A§-

bpsS [À½-tcmjw £{Xnb hoc-·mÀ¡v DNnXw Xs¶ ASn-b-\m-bn-cp-¶mepw

CXp-Xs¶ sN¿p-I-sbm-Åq. Atbm-²y-bnse cmPmhv Ac-£n-X-\Ã

Ft¶mÀ¯v sImÅpI Ftâ-X-S¡w Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v Xe-IÄ Acn-ªp-ho-

gv¯ntb Ipam-c\v A´x-]p-c-¯n-te¡v F¯m³ km[n¡q F¶v kpa-{´À ]d-

ªp. A§v A{K-P\pw F\n¡v _lp-am-\y-\p-am-Wv. kmlkw AcpXv F¶v

e£va-W³ {]Xn-h-Nn-s¨-¦nepw Zi-c-Y³ {]Xy-£-s¸«v Ipam-csâ Ic-hmÄ

Bß-_-Ô-§Ä¡v Imh-em-Is« F¶p ]d-ª-t¸mÄ e£va-Wsâ ssIIÄ

XfÀ¶v JUvKw Xmgp-¶p. ]p{Xsâ `oI-c-amb apJw GXp ]nXm-hn\v

Bizmkw \ÂIpw F¶v ]dªv Zi-c-Y³ kmh-[m\w \S-¶p-a-d-bp-¶p. cma³

Im«n-te-¡mWv t]mIp-¶-sX-¦nÂ Ducnb Cu hmÄ cmhpw ]Iepw cmas\

83

c£n¨p \nÂ¡pw F¶v e£va-W³ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-tXmsS c−mw A¦w Ah-

km-\n-¡p-¶p.

A¦w 3

kq{X-[m-c³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. Atbm-²y-bnse s]cp-¼-d-IÄ \ni-_vZ-am-

bn. P\w sXcp-hnÂ \ng-ep-t]mse ]Xn-¨p. cmPyw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« cmasâ

[À½ ]Xv\n A´x-]p-c-¯nsâ ]pdt¯ Xf-¯nÂ A£-a-tbmsS Im¯p-

\nÂ¡p-¶p. ""Cuiz-c³ F´n\v Cu sNdp-{]m-b-¯nÂ B Ip«nsb C§s\

]co-£n-¡p-¶Xv'' C§s\ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v cma³ AhnsS F¯n-

t¨À¶p. koXsb I−-t¸mÄ "Rm³ Atbm-²y-¡p-th−n am¸n-c-¡p-¶p'-sh¶v

cma³ ]d-ªp. "GXp km{am-Py-t¯-¡mfpw A§mWv F\n¡v hep-sX'¶v

koX cma-t\mSv ]d-ªp. "IpSbpw tXcp-an-sÃ-¦nÂ Bcy-]p-{Xs\ F\n¡v am{X-

ambn In«p-sa¶v BËm-Zn¨v A´-]p-c-hm-Xn-ev¡Â Xs¶ Rm³ Im¯p-\nÂ¡p-

I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.' ""]Ån-t¯-cnÂ AI¼-Sn-tbmsS hs¶-¦nÂ tZhn BËm-Zn-¡p-

am-bn-cp-¶ntÃ'' F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v ""At¸mgpw Rm³ BËm-Zn¡pw Fsâ

BËmZw A§m-Wv. ]c-ip-cm-as\ tXmÂ¸n¨ hoc-Ip-am-c³ Inco-S-§Ä¡v Ae-

¦m-c-am-Wv. Atbm-²ybv¡v B `mKy-an-sÃ-¦nÂ'' F¶v koX ]d-ªp-\nÀ¯n.

Hcp ]mTw ]Tn-s¨¶pw Imaw Xs¶-bmWv [À½mÀ°-§sf¡mÄ iàw

Atbm-²y-bnse cmPm-¡-·mÀ kv{Xobv¡v th−n cmPyw tlman-¡m-Xn-cn-¡s«

F¶v cma³ {]Xn-h-Nn-¨p. `c-X-s\-¡p-dn¨v tNmZn¨ koXtbmSv A{K-P³

Im«nepw AÑ³ hmÀ²-Iy-¯nepw HSp-§n-bmÂ Ah\v Hä IpS-]n-Sn¨v hmgm-

sa¶pw kar-²-amb tImkew Ahsâ BÚm-ko-a-bnÂ AaÀ¶p-sIm-Åp-

sa¶pw cma³ ]d-bp-¶p. X\n-¡-XnÂ hnjm-Z-an-sÃ¶pw ImSn-\p-Ånse ]Ån-b-d-

bnÂ Xm³ GI-\m-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶ hnjmZw am{X-ta-bp-Åq-sh¶pw cma³ Iq«n-

t¨À¯p. cma-\p-s−-¦nÂ koXbv¡v ImSpw kzÀ¤-am-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw Xm³

84

XoÀ¨-bmbpw F{X Imehpw Im«nÂ cma\v Iq«m-bn-cn-¡m-sa¶pw koX ]d-bp-

¶p. Xs¶ hne-¡-cp-sX¶pw A§n-Ãm¯ \mSmWv ChÄ¡v ImsS¶pw A§-

tbmsSm¯pÅ AS-hn-hmkw Atbm-²y-bnÂ Xma-kn-¡p-¶-Xn\p XpÃy-am-bn-cn-

¡p-sa¶pw koX ]d-bp-¶p. B ka-b¯v Ahn-tSbv¡v e£va-W³ {]th-in-¡p-

¶p. Xm\n-hnsS \nÂ¡p-¶Xv Atbm-²ybv¡v B]-¯m-sW¶pw [À½-¯nsâ

`ocpXzw Ft¸mgpw c£-bm-In-sÃ¶pw cma-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ Im«n-

te¡v Rm\pw hcp¶p F¶v e£va-W³ {]XnÚ sN¿p-¶p. Zm\-[À½-

§Ä¡p-th−n e£va-W³ t]mIm³ Xncn-bp-t¼mÄ IukÃy {]th-in-¡p¶p.

Iuk-Ãysb I−v e£va-W³ ]c-h-i-\m-Ip-¶p. CXv Atbm-²y-bpsS I®o-cm-

sW¶v A{K-P³ (cm-a³) Adn-b-W-sa¶pw Cu I®oÀ XpS-bv¡msX GXv

Im«nÂ Hfn-¨n«pw ]pWy-an-sÃ¶pw e£va-W³ ]d-bp-¶p. AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn

cma³, ""tNcm¯ Inco-S-a-Wn-bm³ Fsâ A½ Bin-¡p-I-bnÃ'' F¶p ]d-bp-

¶p. AXp-tI« IukÃy Xm³ A\p-`-hn-¡m-hp¶ ZpxJ-¯nsâ Aebpw

Npgnbpw IS-¶p-h-¶-h-fm-sW¶pw C\n-sbm-gp-¡m³ Cu I®nÂ A{ip-¡Ä

tijn-¨n-«n-Ãm-sb¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. koX-tbmSv ""`mKyw-sI« s]¬Ip«n Cu ZpxJ-

I-S-ensâ \Sp-hnÂ \obpw F´n\p Xpg-sª¯n F¶pw F\n¡v ]«-a-lnjn

]«w F¦nepw D−m-bn-cp-¶p. \o Fs¶-¡mfpw ]m]ntbm? aIsf ZpxJn-X-bmb

asäm-cp-hÄ Atbm-²y-bv¡p-th−n \nt¶mSv am¸n-c-¡p-¶p.'' CXp-tI« cma³

""B kv{Xosb Biz-kn-¸n-¡m³ BÀ¡pw Ign-bp-I-bnÃ Imew Xs¶ B ]co-

£Ww \S-¯-s«.'' F¶v Iuk-Ãy-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p. cwK-thZn Ccp-fp-Ibpw

cma\pw koXbpw ad-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

cma\pw koXbpw Im«n-te¡v t]mIp¶Xn\p ap³]mbn AhnsS

ssItIbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. Im«nÂ aq¶p-t]À¡pw [cn-¡m-\pÅ ac-hpcn

ssItIbn AhÀ¡p \ÂIp-¶p. Cu temIw Cu A½sb Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-

sa¶pw \nc-`-b-amb temIm-]-hm-Zhpw ZpjvIoÀ¯nbpw ssItI-bn¡v Ccp-«d

85

]Wn-bp-sa¶pw F¦nepw D®n-IÄ¡v Cu A½ awKfw t\cp-¶p-sh¶pw

ssItIbn ]d-bp-¶p. aK-[-]p{Xnbv¡v anSp-¡p-−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ Rm\pw cmPm-

hm-Ip-am-bn-cp¶psh¶v e£va-W³ {Ip²-\m-hp-¶p. cma³ e£vaWs\ XS-bp-

¶p. Ahn-tSbv¡v hkn-jvT³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. cmasâ ]nXr-kvt\lw Atbm-

²ysb B]-¯nÂ\n¶pw c£n-¨p-sh¶pw Atbm-²y-sb-¡mfpw cma³ DbÀ¶n-

cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw al-XvIÀ½-§fpw alm-kn-²n-Ifpw \n\-¡p-th−n Im¯n-cn-

¡p-¶p-sh¶pw awKfw `hn-¡s« F¶pw hkn-jvT³ ]d-bp-¶p. Ah-cpsS

ssI¿nÂ ac-hpcn I−-t¸mÄ AXv F´n-s\¶v hkn-jvT³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

Im«nÂ AXm-Wp-Nn-X-sa¶v cma³ ]d-bp-¶p. cmPm-¡-·mÀ A§s\ sN¿m-dn-

sÃ¶v hkn-jvT³ HmÀ½n-¸n-¨p. ImSp-hm-gp¶ cma\v ac-hp-cn-bmWv DNn-X-sa¶pw

ac-hpcn Xm³ k½m-\n-¨-Xm-sW¶pw ssItIbn ]d-bp-¶p. hXv¡ew Nptä−

\nÀ`mKyw koXbv¡v h¶n-«n-sÃ¶pw AhÄ A\m-Y-b-sÃ¶pw `À¯m-hns\

]n³Xp-S-cp¶ kzm[n-bmWv koX-sb¶pw kÀÆm-`-c-W-§fpw [cn¨v k´p-jvS-

bmbn k©-cn-¡m³ AhÄ¡v Ah-Im-i-ap-s−¶pw hkn-jvT³ ssItI-bn-

tbmSv ]d-ªp. bm{X ]pd-s¸-Sm³ ka-b-am-b-Xp-sIm−v cmakoXm e£va-

W³amÀ t]mIp-¶p.

ssItIbn hkn-jvT-t\mSv hÂ¡ew [cn¨ cma\v hÂ¡ew [cn¨

koX \¶m-bn-W-§p-sa¶v ]cn-lm-k-t¯msS ]d-ªp. koX ac-t¯mepw Npän

Cu \K-c-ho-Yn-bn-eqsS \S-¶mÂ Atbm-²y-bnse P\-§Ä [À½w £bn-¨-h-c-

Ãm-¯-Xp-sIm−v `h-Xnbpw `À¯mhpw Bß-c-£bv¡v Ah-sc-¯s¶ A`bw

{]m]n-t¡-−n-hcpw F¶v hkn-jvT³ HmÀ½n-¸n-¨p. ssItIbn At¸mÄ

alÀjn Fs¶ i]n-¡p-¶p−m-hp-sa¶p ]d-ªp. hkn-jvT³ XpSÀ¶p. Zi-c-

Ysâ Xma-k-`m-h-am-Wp-\o. kz´w kXz-c-P-kvXtam KpW-§sf¯s¶ Zi-c-

Y³ ]cn-W-bn-¨p. kXyw Iuk-ey-bnepw hocyw kpan-{X-bnepw IuSneyw

\n¶nepw IpSn-sIm-Åp-¶p. F¶mÂ ssItIbn ]p{X-h-Õ-e-bmb amXm-hnsâ

86

kmlkw A§p s]mdp-¡-W-sa¶v At]-£n-¨p. s]mdp-t¡-−Xv `À¯mhpw

ssItI-bn-bpsS Bßm-hp-am-sW¶v hkn-jvT³ {]Xn-h-Nn-¨p. B ka-b¯v

£oWn-X-\mbn Zi-c-Y³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p.

ssItI-bn-tbmSv Zi-c-Y³ cmas\ Im«nÂhn-Sm-\pÅ IÂ¸-\-bnÂ\n¶v

]n³am-dm³ Bk¶ ac-W-amb ico-c-¯nsâ A´ym-t]-£-t]mse Ah-km-\-

ambn At]-£n-¡p-¶p. CÃ! F¶p ]dª ssItI-bn-tbmSv cmas\ Ggp-\mÄ

IqSn Atbm-[y-bnÂ ]mÀ¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶v Zi-c-Y³ A`yÀ°n-¡p-¶p.

CsXm¶pw Ip«n¡fn-b-sÃ¶p ]dªv Zi-c-Ysâ A`yÀ°-\-Isf AhÀ XÅn-

¡-f-bp-¶p.

bm{Xm-ap-lqÀ¯w hs¶¯n tXcv sXfn-¡m³ kpa-{´À X¿m-dm-bn-h-

¶p. Xsâ ssIIÄ Cu aplqÀ¯-¯nÂ XfÀ¶p-t]m-Ip-s¶¶v kpa-{´À Zi-c-

Y-t\mSv ]d-ªp. kqX\pw Aam-Xy\pw cmPmhpw Xf-cm³ ]mSn-sÃ¶pw Atbm-

[y-bpsS {]nb ]p{X³ kÀÆm-Uw-_-c-§-tfmSpw IqSn Im«n-te¡p ]pd-s¸-S-s«.

\mew-K-¸-Sbpw \nc-h[n ]cn-P-\-§fpw [\n-I-fmb hWn-¡p-Ifpw ImSp-Np-äp¶

thS-·mcpw AkwJyw ]uc-P-\-§fpw D®nsb AI-¼Sn tkhn-¡-s«. [\-

[m\y `Þm-c-§fpw Nc-¡p-Ifpw bm{Xm-kwLw kw`-cn-¨p-sIm-Ås« F¶v Zi-

c-Y³ kpa-{´-tcmSv ]d-ªp.

ssItIbn cmasâ bm{Xbv¡v X¿m-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ \S-¯p-¶Xv I−v

Akw-Xr]vXn Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. AXp-tI«v Zi-c-Y³ IqSp-XÂ \ncm-i-\m-Ip-¶p.

hkn-jvT³ CS-s]«v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-tXmsS Zi-c-Y³ im´-\m-Ip-¶p. bm{Xbv¡v

X¿m-dmbn cma\pw kwLhpw ac-hpcn [cn-s¨-¯p-¶p. Zi-c-Y³ ITm-c-h-en-¨qcn

AXv sN¿n¨ ssItI-bnsb t\cn-Sm³ Nn´n-¡p-¶p. Ai-à-\mbn ITm-c-Xn-cn-

sI-h¨v cma-t\mSv ]t− acn¨ Xs¶ sImÃm³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXv ]nXr-

l-Xy-bm-hn-sÃ¶v Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p. AXp-tI« ssItIbn kXyw ewLn-¡m³

87

Xsâ Igp-s¯-Sp-¡p¶XmWv ip`-sa¶v hmZn-¡p-¶p. cma³ CsXÃmw tI«v

C£zm-Ip-hnsâ hwi-¯nÂ ]nd¶h\v tNmc-bnÂ ap§nb Cu IncoSw tNcp-I-

bn-sÃ¶pw `c-X³ Atbm[y `cn-¡-s«-sb¶pw ImSnsâ `wKn cma³ Bkz-Zn-¨p-

sIm-Åm-sa¶pw ]Xn-\mep kwh-Õ-c-§Ä¡ptijw aS-§n-sb-¯m-sa¶pw

]dªv cma³ bm{X-bm-Im³ XpS-§p-¶p. hkn-jvT³ cmas\ A\p-{K-ln¨v \o

hnizw Pbn-¡m³ ]nd-¶-h-\m-sW¶pw kma-´-\mb Kpl³ \ns¶ KwK-bpsS

adp-I-c-bn-se-¯n-¡p-sa¶pw KwKbpw bap-\bpw kwK-an-¡p¶ {]bm-K-bnÂ `c-

Zzm-P-ap-\nsb I−p-h-µn-¡-W-sa¶pw At±lw XpSÀamÀ¤w \nÀt±-in-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.

Iukey Ahn-sS-sb¯n aq¶p-t]scbpw A\p-{K-ln-¡p-¶p. AÑsâ

kXyw ]men-¨n«p hc-W-sa¶pw cma³ Atbm-[y-bnÂh¶v cmPm-hm-Ip-¶Xv

ImWm³ A½ Im¯n-cn-¡p-sa¶pw Iukey ]d-bp-¶p. FÃm-h-scbpw hµn¨v

koXm-cm-a-e-£va-W-·mÀ t]mIp-¶p. Zi-c-Y\pw Iuk-eybpw am{Xw AhnsS

Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS cwK-thZn Ccp-fp-¶p.

cmas\ bm{Xm-bm-¡m³ t]mb kpa-{´À aS-§n-sb¯n Zi-c-Y³

AXoh Xmev]cyt¯msS Imcy-§Ä At\zjn¨-dn-bp-¶p. ChnsS h¶v cmasâ

bm{Xm-hn-ti-j-§Ä Adn-bn-t¡− _m[yX CÃm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ KwK-bnÂ

Xm³ Bßm-lpXn sNbvtX-s\-sb¶v kpa-{´À Zi-c-Y-t\mSv ]d-ªp. Zi-c-

Y\pw Iuk-Ãybpw ZpxJ-t¯msS H¯p-t¨-cp-¶p. IukÃy sIm«m-c-ap-ä¯p

ZpxJ-t¯msS \nÂ¡p¶ P\-§sf Biz-kn-¸n-¡m³ kpa-{´-tcmSv Bh-iy-s -̧

Sp-¶p. Zi-c-Ysâ Icw {Kln¨ IukÃy ]p{X-Zpx-J-¯mÂ Ic-bp-¶p.

kma´ cmPm-hmb Kpl³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. ZpxJw Xm§m-\m-hmsX Zi-c-

Y³ B kplr-¯n-t\mSv hne-]n-¡p-¶p. H¶pw an−m-\m-hmsX Kpl³ Xcn-¨n-

cp-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Kpl³ t]mb-tijw Iuk-Ãy-bpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v Xsâ a\-

88

ÊnÂ sXfnªp h¶ ]gb im]-IY HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. B\- Xp¼n¡¿nÂ

shÅ-sa-Sp-¡p-I-bm-sW¶p IcpXn i_vZw tI« Zn¡n-te¡v As¼-bvXp. AXv

sN¶p Xd-¨Xv Hcp ap\nIpam-csâ ico-c-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. ImgvN-bn-Ãm¯ AÑ-

\-½-amÀ¡v shÅ-sa-Sp-¡m³ h¶ km[p. ap\n-Ip-am-c³ ]d-ª-X-\p-k-cn¨v B

AÑ-\-½-amsc Rm\-hn-sS-sb-¯n¨p. Rm³ am¸n-c¶p F¶mepw \obpw ]p{X-

tim-I-¯mÂ acn-¡p-sa¶v AhÀ i]n-¨p. AhÀ B Ipam-csâ NnX-bnÂ NmSn

acn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C\n c£m-amÀ¤-anÃ im]-^ew Rm\-\p-`-hn-¡p-I-bm-bn.

kvt\l-[\-cmb {]P-Isf ImWm-s\-gp-t¶ä Zi-c-Y\v Xsâ ImgvN

\jvS-am-bXv a\-Ên-em-hp-¶p. IukeytbmSv Zi-c-Y³ A¡mcyw ]d-bp-¶p. `c-

X-s\bpw i{Xp-Lv\s\bpw At\z-jn¨ Zi-c-Y³ Iuk-Ãy-bpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v

sIm«m-c-¯nsâ apI-fnÂ \S-¡p-¶p. Iuk-ey-tbmSv Xsâ IqsShc-cp-sX¶v

BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. Iukey Ic-ªp-sIm−v \nÂ¡p¶p A´-amb Ime-{]-hm-

l-¯n-te¡v hÀ®n-¡m-\m-hm¯ thZ-\-I-tfmsS Zi-c-Y³ \S¶p ad-bp-¶p.

kq{X-[m-c³ {]Xy-£-s¸«v C£zm-Iphpw Znen-]\pw Ah-km\w \S¶

hgn¡v B kqcy-hwi cmPmhpw \S-¶p-sh¶pw arXyp-hn-te-¡pÅ hgn-bnÂ

]m]w Cd-¡n-h-bv¡m³ Xmhfw tXSn Zi-c-Y³ \S-¶psh¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. Ccp-

fnÂ ssIIÄ Bªm-ªp-g-dn, HSp-hnÂ GtXm shfn¨w Is−-¶-t]mse

tamln-¨p-X-fÀ¶p hoWp-a-cn-¨p. acWw B Xmhfw Bbn-cn-¡mw. ]m]w

AhnsS Cd-¡n-shbv¡pw. ]t£ a\p-jy³ F´n\v Cu ]m]-`mcw t]dp-¶p.

F¶p ]d-ªp-sIm−v \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. kn.-F³.-{io-I-WvT³ \mb-cpsS cmam-b-W-{X-b-¯nÂ kmtIXw \mS-Io-

b-X-sIm−pw NSp-e-amb kw`m-j-W-§ÄsIm−pw F§s\ anI-¨p-

\nÂ¡p-¶p.

89

2. Zi-c-Y³ kmtI-X-¯n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ cmPm-hp-am-{X-aÃ ]m]-t_m-[w-

sIm−v s]mdp-Xn-ap-«p¶ a\p-jy³Iq-Sn-bmWv hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.

3. ssItIbn kml-N-cy-§-fpsS Cc-bmWv þ hyà-am-¡p-I.

4. Atbm-²y-bnse s]cp-¼-d-IÄ \nÈ-_vZ-ambn P\w sXcp-ho-Yn-bnÂ

\ngÂt]mse ]Xn¨p kµÀ`w Fgp-Xp-I.

90

bqWnäv þ 4

\mSIw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb Xncn-¨-dn-hp-IÄ

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯nsâ BZy-Imew apXÂ kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-

amb Xncn-¨-dn-hp-IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \½psS \mSIw hnP-bn-¨n-«p-−v.

tbmK-t£-a-\m-S-I-§fpw ]m«-_m-¡n-bp-saÃmw Ncn-{X-¯nÂ AXv tcJ-s¸-Sp-

¯n-bn-«p-−v. XpSÀ¶ph¶ \mS-I-§fpw Cu kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob {]Xn-_-²X

]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn \ap¡v ImWm³ km[n-¡pw. sI.Sn. apl-½-Znsâ \mS-

I-§-fnÂ kaq-l-¯nsâ {]iv\-§sf Kuc-h-am-bmWv Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨-Xv. kaq-

l-¯nsâ {]iv\-§-fnÂ \n¶p hn«p-t]m-Ip¶ Bß-\n-jvT-c-N-\-Isf At±lw

FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw ]cn-l-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. "ØnXn' F¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ

Pohn-X-{]-iv\-§-fnÂ\n¶v Hfn-t¨m-Sp¶ Ihnsb At±lw ]cn-lm-ky-\m-bmWv

Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. \mS-Is¯ kmaq-ly-hn-aÀi-\-¯n-\pÅ am[y-a-ambn

At±lw D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n. "CXv `qan-bmWv' F¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ apÉow kap-

Zm-b-¯n-\-Is¯ AÔ-hn-izm-k-§fpw FSp-¯p-]-dªv AXns\ ip²o-I-cn-

¡m\pÅ {iaw sI.-Sn. \S-¯p-¶p-−v. AXp-t]mse bmYm-Øn-Xn-Isc hnaÀin-

¡m\pw At±-l-¯n\p aSn-bn-Ã.

krjvSn-bnÂ kaqlw F¡m-e¯pw Xo{h-ambn A\p-`-hn¨ hni¸v F¶

bmYmÀ°ys¯ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m³ At±-l-¯n\p Ign-ªp. \mSIw kaq-l--

¯nsâ bmYmÀ°y-§-sfbpw {]iv\-§-sfbpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-W-sa¶

\nÀ_Ôw At±-l-¯nsâ \mS-I-§-fnÂ ImWm³ km[n-¡pw. "Cu P\-X¡v

aXhpw cmjv{So-bhpw `mj-bp-ta-bp-Åq. a\p-jysâ {]mXn-\n-[y-a-Ã, ChnsS

th−Xv a\p-jy-\p-th−n a\p-jy-\mÂ D−m-¡-s¸« a\p-jy-cpsS `c-W-Iq-S-

amWv' F¶-XmWv At±-l-¯nsâ IYm-]m{Xw ]dbp¶ cmjv{Sobw Cu

91

\m«nse cmjv{So-b-]mÀ«nIÄ cmhp ]Iepw hnfn-¨p-Iqhn hnj-ambn XoÀ¶ Hcp

hymtam-l-ap-−v. tkmjy-enkw! B hnjw Ign-¨-hÀ acn-¨p. F¶n«pwtKm]n

F¶ hni-¸p-am{Xw acn-¨nÃ F¶Xv krjvSn-bnse IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ kw`m-

jWw am{X-aÃ sI.-Sn.-bpsS kmaq-ly-t_m[w IqSn-bm-Wv.

]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf ae-bm-f-\m-SIw btYjvSw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨n-«p-−v. cmam-

b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw aäpw \½psS Ac-§p-Isf AÀ°-k-¼p-jvS-am-¡n-bn-«p-

−v. F¶mÂ Ah-sbÃmw auenI IrXn-I-fpsS cwLm-`n-\-b-am-bn-cp¶p F¶p

ImWmw. ]n¶o-Sp-h¶ \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmWv ]pcm-W-§Ä¡v ]pXnb hymJym-

\-§Ä Na-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. `b-`-àn-tbmsS t\m¡n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶ ]pcmW IYm-

]m-{X-§sf AÔ-amb bmYmÀ°y-§-fn-te¡pw kwLÀj§-fn-te¡pw IS-¶p-

sN-Ãp¶ Bhn-jvIm-c-§Ä ae-bmf \mS-I-tem-I-¯p-−m-bn. C¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-

h-bnÂ hfsc {][m-\-amWv kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-b-cpsS cmam-bW \mS-I-

§Ä. cmh-W-s\bpw cma-t\bpw koX-tb-bp-saÃmw a\p-jym-h-Ø-bn-te-¡p-

sIm-−p-h¶v Ah-cpsS ]£-¯p\n ¶pw t\m¡n-¡m-Wp¶ \mS-I-am-Wn-Xv.

cmh-W³ koXsb A]-l-cn¨ Im«m-f-\m-bmWv P\-a-\-ÊnÂ Øm\w ]nSn-¨n-cn-

¡p-¶-Xv. kaq-l-¯nsâ Xmev]-cy-§sf t\m¡msX kz´w CjvS-§sf

am{Xw [ym\n¨v Pohn-¡p¶ cm£-k³. kn. F¶nsâ cmam-b-W-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ

CXv ASn-apSn amdn-a-dn-bp-¶p.

kn.-F³. e¦m-e-£van-bnÂ cmh-Ws\ kuµ-cym-cm-[-I-\mbpw Ihn-

bmbpw {]W-bn-bmbpw cmP-Xm-ev]-cy-§-sfbpw _Ôp-Kp-cp-P-\-§-sfbpw am\n-

¡p-¶-h-\mbpw krjvSn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu ]pXnb hymJym\w ]pcmW IYm-]m-

{X-§-fpsS B´-cn-I-Xsb shfn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. A§s\ Cu

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä a\pjym-h-Ø-bpsS ]pXnb hymJym-\-§-fmbn amdp-¶p.

92

X\-Xp-\m-S-I-thZn þ ]pXn-b-h-gn-IÄ cq]-in-ev]-§Ä

Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å, Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À, kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-

bÀ XpS-§nb {]ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS hàm-

¡-fmbn \ne-sIm-−-Xv. IÀ®m-S-I-¯nse ‘b£-Km-\hpw’ _wKm-fnse

‘Pm{X’bpw tIc-f-¯nse X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn¡v t{]c-I-amb \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-§-

fm-Wv. kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-bÀ 1967 Â ‘Ien’ F¶ \mSIw Fgp-Xn-b-tXm-

sS-bmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ X\-Xp-\m-SIw {]mtbm-Kn-I-cq-]-¯n-se-¯n-b-Xv. {]mNo-\-

`m-c-X-¯n-sebpw tIc-f-¯n-sebpw \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS ssNX-

\yhpw emfn-Xyhpw Xmfhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw \mS-I-¯nÂ k¶n-th-in-¸n-

¡p-I-bmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-¯n-Â. A{]-Imcw kz´w thcp-IÄ tXSn-bpÅ

At\z-jWw Cu \SIw \S-¯p-¶p. kmam-\y-P-\-§-fpsS A²zm-\w, kuµ-cy-

k-¦ev]w F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-apÅ Iem-cq-]-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xp-sIm−v

X\-Xp-\m-SIw AÀ°-]qÀ®-am-Ip-¶p. Imhm-e-¯nsâ ‘Ah-\-h³ IS¼’bpw

Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS ‘Idp¯ ssZhs¯ tXSn’bpw X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ

C¶pw {]ikvXn a§m¯ D¯-a-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Wv.

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnÂ ]pXnb Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-IÄ ]co-£n-¡m³ X\-

Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä¡v km[n-¨p. ZrV-_-²hpw \nb-X-hp-amb inev]w,-]n-cn-ap-dp¡w

F¶o ]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-k-t¦-X-§sf ]qÀ®-ambn Dt]-£n-¡p-Ibpw CXn-hr- -̄

¯nÂ Abhv kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv X\-Xp-\m-S-I-§Ä kzoI-cn¨

{][m\ hyXym-kw. KZy-\m-S-I-§Ä Dt]-£n¨ \r¯-Ko-X-hm-Zy-§sf kzoI-

cn¨p F¶-XmWv Cu \mS-I-§-fpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X. \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ t{]£-

Isâ ]¦m-fn-¯-ap-−m-¡p-¶-Xn\pw X\-Xp-\m-SIw {i²n-¨p. 1967 Â imkvXmw-

tIm-«-bnse H¶m-as¯ \mS-I-¡-f-cn-bnÂ kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³\m-b-cmWv X\-

93

Xp-\m-S-I-thZn F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. At±lw C{]-Im-c-sa-gpXn

“]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Znsb t]À¯pw t]À¯pw A\p-I-cn¨p kabw ]mgm-

¡msX \½psS ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ\n¶p Xnd-bp-sSbpw IY-I-fn-bp-sSbpw tIc-f-

¯nÂ {]Xn-jvT-t\-Snb \mSy-im-kv{X-k-t¦-X-§-fp-sSbpw Dd-h-I-fnÂ\n¶p

Huj-[-ho-cyhpw HmPÊpw DÄs¡m-−mÂ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-thZn Zo\-¸m-bnÂ

\n¶pw Fgp-t¶-äp-hcpw”.

Akw-_-Ô-\mSIw

Akw-_-Ô-\m-SI(Absurb plays)¯n\v B[m-c-amb ZÀi\w AkvXn-Xz-hm-

Z-am-Wv. \mS-I-¯nÂ {]m[m\yw IÂ¸n-¨p-t]m-cp¶ CXn-hr¯ ZmÀVyw, ]m{X-

kr-jvSn, kwLÀjw XpS-§nb LS-I-§sf \ntj-[n-¨p-sIm-−mWv Akw-_-

Ô-\m-SIw {it²-b-am-Ip-¶-Xv. ImWn-Isf A¼-c-¸n-¡p-I, hnt£m`w P\n-¸n-

¡p-I, kwi-b-§Ä krjvSn-¡pI F¶n-h-sbÃmw Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-¯nsâ

s]mXp-kz-`m-h-am-Wv. Ata-cn-¡-¡m-c-\mb kmap-hÂ s_¡-äv, {^©p-Im-c-\mb

bqPn³ Ab-s\-kvt¡m-hv, BÀXÀ AU-tam-hv, jo³sjs\ XpS-§nb \mS-I-

{]-Xn-`-I-fmWv Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä. bpàn-]-c-amb Imcy-

§Ä bpàn-c-ln-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm−v C¯cw \mS-I-§-fnÂ

kpL-Sn-X-amb IYtbm IYm-]m-{X-§tfm D−m-hm-dn-Ã. [z\ym-ß-I-X-bmWv

Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-¯nsâ asämcp {]tXy-I-X. kmap-hÂ s_¡-änsâ tKmtZm-

sb-¡m-¯v, Ah-km-\-I-fn, bpPo³ Asb-s\-kvt¡m-hnsâ Aao-Zn-\n, dbn-s\m-

k-dkv (I-m−m-ar-Kw), Itk-c-IÄ, BÂ_n-bpsS arK-im-e-¡Y Ch-bmWv Cu

{]Øm-\-¯nse hniz-\m-S-I-§Ä. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS

aWÂ¯-cn, c£m-]p-cp-j³, F³.-F³. ]nÅ-bpsS Bacw F¶nh Akw-_-

Ô-\m-S-I-§Ä¡v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

94

kmap-hÂ s_¡äpw Ab-s\-kvt¡mbpw Cw¥-−nÂ ]nâdpw

BÂ_nbpw t{]£-Is\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¨Xv ]e-t¸mgpw bmYmÀ°y-ambn ImWp¶,

kzm`m-hn-I-ambn tXm¶p¶ ]e Imcy-§fpw ASn-Øm-\-hn-i-I-e-\-¯nÂ A{X

kzm`m-hn-I-a-Ã. Ah Akw-_-Ô-amWv F¶ Imcy-am-Wv.

Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]Ým-¯ew Ncn{Xw

temI-{]-ikvX \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fmb C_vk\pw s_ÀWm-Uvjmbpw

sNt¡mhpw Ah-cpsS \mS-I-§-fnÂ dnb-en-k-¯nsâ ]e Xe-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-

¨n-«p-−v. Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y-§sf A¸msS ]IÀ¯p-I-bÃ dnb-enkw F¦nepw

\mS-I-¯nse kw`-h-§Ä¡pw IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡pw Pohn-X-¯nsâ thcp-−m-bn-

cn-¡Ww F¶mWv AXÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä CXnÂ

{i²bpw hnizm-khpw AÀ¸n-¨n-cn-¶p. tÌPn-teXv PohnXw Xs¶-bmWv F¶

[mc-W-bp-−m-¡m³ Cu \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä {ian-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ B[p-\nI

{]h-W-X-bnse \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä e£y-am-¡p-¶Xv AX-Ã.

c−mwtemI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e¯v BÂ_À«v Imap ‘an¯v Hm^v knkn-

^kv’ Fgp-Xn. AkvXn-Xz-hm-Z-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ At_m-[-]qÀÆtam

AÃm-sXtbm Ihn-Ifpw \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡fpw Gsä-Sp-¯p. 1950þ1960 IfnÂ

Akw-_Ô {]Øm-\-¯n\v {]mapJyw e`n-¨p. A_vtkUv F¶-Xn-\À°w

s]mcp-¯-an-Ãmbva F¶m-Wv. Pohn-X-¯n\v e£y-anÃ F¶ k¦-ev]-¯nÂ

\n¶p-f-hm-Ip-¶-XmWv Cu s]mcp-¯-an-Ãm-bva. Pohn-X-¯nÂ {]bm-k-§Ä

t\cn-Sp-t¼mÄ AXn-\À°w Ipd-hm-sW¶v s]mXpth a\p-jyÀ¡v tXm¶m-dp-ap-

−v. Cu Nn´-IÄ¡v kmÀ{Xv, Imap apX-emb AkvXn-Xz-Nn-´-I-cpsS cN-\-

IÄaqew Hcp ZmÀi-\nI ]cn-thjw e`n-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. CXn-eqsS hyÀ°-Xm-

t_m-[-¯n\v XXzm-Nn-´m-]-c-amb ]cn-thjw e`n-¨p. Cu Ah-Øsb \mw

95

ZmÀi-\n-I-hyY F¶mWv hnti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv. Pohn-X-¯n\v AÀ°-an-sÃ¶v a\-Ên-

em-Ip-t¼mÄ a\p-jy\v hyYbpw `oXnbpw tXm¶mw. AsXmcp ZmÀi-\n-I-hy-Y-

bm-bn«v B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ cq]w {]m]n-¨p. CXv \mS-I-¯n-e-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼m-

gmWv B \mS-Is¯ Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-sa¶p hnfn-¨Xv. C¯cw \mS-

I§fnse {]ta-b-sa-s´¶v tNmZn-¨mÂ ]d-bm³ {]bm-k-am-bn-cn-¡pw. hnhn[

Xe-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm−v Cu {]ta-bs¯ hymJym-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿mw. CXn\v

kpL-Sn-X-amb Hcn-Xn-hr-¯-an-Ã. CXn-hr-¯-¯nsâ inev]-`-{Z-X-bnÂ C¯cw

\mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä¡v hnizm-k-an-Ã. hyàn¡v Ønc-ambn Hcp ZrV-kz-`m-h-L-S-

\-bn-sÃ¶v Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm−v IYm-

]m{X Nn{Xo-I-c-W-¯nÂ C¯cw \mS-I-§Ä Xmev]cyw ]peÀ¯m-dn-Ã.

km[m-cW \mS-I-§-fnÂ ImWp¶ hyàn-Xz-apÅ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä Akw-_-

Ô-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ ImWm-dn-Ã. \mSIw kaq-l-¯nsâ I®m-Sn-bm-hWw F¶

\nÀ_-Ô-an-Ã. kaq-l-Po-hn-X-¯nse \nc-´c kwLÀj-§Ä C¯cw \mS-I-

§-fnÂ {]k-à-am-Ip-¶n-Ã. temI-{]-i-kvX-cmb ]e \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fp-sSbpw

{]Xn` \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-«Xv Ah-cpsS IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kw`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sS-

bm-Wv. Akw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ kw`m-j-W-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw ]c-kv]c hncp-²-

am-bn-cn-¡pw. tNmZn-¡p¶sXm¶v D¯cw asäm¶v F¶ \ne-bn-em-bn-cn¡pw

]e-t¸mgpw AXv. CsXÃmw ImWn-¡p-¶Xv \mSIw bYmÀ° Pohn-X-¯nsâ

{]Xn-^-e-\-a-sÃ-¶m-Wv.

`c-X-hmIyw

Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ

]co£W \mS-I-¯nsâ hàm-hmb Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ anI¨ \mS-I-

Ir¯pw kwhn-[m-b-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. \mSI¡fcn {]Øm\w ae-bmf \mS-I-th-

Zn¡v apt¶m«p t]mIm-\pÅ DuÀPw \ÂInb {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ

96

Øm]-I-\m-bn-cp¶p Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å. 1960 IfnÂ ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS ]cn-

jv¡-c-W-§Ä¡mbn \nc-h[n NÀ¨-Ifpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw If-cn-Ifpw kwL-Sn-

¸n-¨p. 1977-þÂ tImgn-t¡mSv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS IognÂ kvIqÄ Hm^v {Uma

Øm]n-¨p. AXnsâ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1930 Â Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw PnÃ-bnse

Nnd-bn³Iogv Xmeq-¡nÂ P\n¨ At±lw 1989 se ]pXp-h-Õ-c-Zn-\-¯nÂ A´-

cn-¨p. "ae-bmf \mSI kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw' F¶ At±-l-¯nsâ {KÙw ae-bmf

\mS-I-th-Zn¡v anI¨ kw`-h-\-bm-Wv. ]pjv]-In-co-Sw, \n[nbpw \oXnbpw, Kpcp-Z-

£n-W, Nn{X-i-e-`-§Ä XpS§n Hcp-]mSv \mS-I-§Ä Ip«n-IÄ¡p-th-−n Fgp-

Xn. tI{µ- kw-KoX \mSI A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \Ã \mS-I-Ir-¯n-\pÅ AhmÀUv,

tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \Ã \mS-I-Ir-¯n-\pÅ AhmÀUv XpS§n

Ht«sd ]pc-kv¡m-c-§Ä At±-l-¯n\p e`n-¨p.

i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS \mS-I-§-fnÂ "`c-X-hmIyw'F¶ \mS-I-amWv X\n-t¡-

ähpw CjvS-s¸-«-sX¶v At±-l-¯nsâ Kpcp-hmb F³.-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-

s¸-Sp-¶p. `c-X-hmIyw I− \ncq-]-I³ s{]m^-kÀ sI.-Fw.-X-c-I³ DSs\ AXv

Cw¥o-jn-te¡v XÀPa sNbvXp. \mSIw I− \nc-h[n {]ikvX hyàn-IÄ

B \mS-Is¯ Ie-h-d-bn-ÃmsX {]iw-kn-¨p. \mS-Is¯ Kuc-h-ambn¡mWp¶

\mS-I-kw-L-§Ä `c-X-hmIyw Ct¸mgpw cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p.

`c-X-hm-Iy-¯nse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v t]cnÃ F¶Xv Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

\S³, an{Xw, \Sn, cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ F¶o IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv Cu \mS-I-¯n-ep-

Å-Xv. an{Xw \mS-I-I-¼\n amt\-P-cmbpw tUmIvS-dm-bp-saÃmw ]IÀ¶m«w \S-

¯p-¶p-−v. cwK kÖo-I-c-W-§Ä¡v BÀ`mSw \ÂIm-sX-bmWv Cu \mSIw

i¦-c-¸nÅ cNn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. ]e kwhn-[m-b-Icpw X§Ä¡v tNcp¶ hn[-¯nÂ

cwK-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-−v.

97

A¦w H¶v

\Ssâ apdn-bn-emWv \mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. ImgvN \jvS-amb \Ss\

\mSI I¼-\n-bnÂ \n¶v ]ncn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶p. am\-kn-I-ambn henb {]bmkw

t\cn« AbmÄ apdn-bnÂ h¶v sskzcy-am-bn-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Abm-fpsS

an{Xw Abm-tfmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-eqsS \Ssâ Pohn-X-¯nÂ kw`-hn¨

Zpc-´-§fpw B Zpc-´-§-fn-eqsS \S³ F§s\ Cu Ah-Ø-bn-se-¯n-

sb¶pw Cu A¦¯n-eqsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p. ImgvN \jvS-amb Imcys¯ ]cm-

aÀin-¨p-sIm−v an{Xw kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ \S³ Akz-Ø-\m-Ip-¶p. XpSÀ¶v

an{Xw \Ssâ _mey-Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hoSn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw A½-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-

saÃmw ]d-bp-¶p. \S³ B HmÀ½-I-fnÂ XS-ªp-\n¶v A½ acn-¨n«v ih-Zm-l-

¯n-\p-t]mepw t]mIm-¯Xv HmÀ¡p-¶p. A½-bpsS NnÃn« Nn{Xw ImgvN-]qÀ®-

ambn ad-bp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v AbmÄ ImWp-¶p. ac-W-k-a-b¯pw B A½ Xsâ

aIs\ At\z-jn¨psIm-−n-cp-¶Xv an{Xw \Ss\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.

an{Xw \mSII¼\n amt\-P-cmbn thjw amdp-t¼mÄ AhnsS \Sn {]th-

in¨v \Ss\ At\z-jn-¡p-Ibpw Abmsf CjvS-am-sW¶v ]d-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. \S³ AXv XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. an{Xw Abmsf kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p. \S³

sseä-W¨v Dd-¡-¯n-te¡v t]mIp-¶p. an{Xw Hcp sIm¨p-Ip-ªn-s\-sb-¶-

t]mse ]pX-¸n-¡p-¶p.

B Ccp-«nÂ AhÀ kwkmcw XpS-cp-¶p. GI ktlm-Z-cn¡v Hcp Hm¸-td-

j³ th−n-h-¶Xpw B ka-b¯v tUmIvSÀ Agn¨p sImSp¯ ktlm-Z-cn-

bpsS ame-bp-ambn \o IS-¶p-I-f-ªntÃ F¶v an{Xw \S-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

`À¯mhv ASp-¯n-Ãm-Xn-cp-¶n«pw klm-bn-t¡− D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-−m-bn«pw B

ka-b¯v \o H¶pw sNbvXn-Ã. ac-W-¯n\pw Pohn-X-¯n\pw CS-bn-epÅ

kwLÀj-k-a-b¯v ktlm-Z-cnsb Dt]-£n¨v t]m¶-h-\mWv \o F¶v ]dªv

98

an{Xw \Ss\ kwLÀj-¯n-em-¡p-¶p. \S³ AtXmsS Xsâ Pohn-X-¯nsâ

]m]-t_m-[-¯n-te¡v sN¶p-ho-gp-¶p. an{Xw ho−pw Abm-tfmSv kwkm-cn-¨p-

sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. an{Xw ktlm-Zcn `À¯m-hmbn amdp-¶p. ame-bp-ambn ktlm-

Z-cn-bpsS ho«nÂ sN¶v am¸p ]d-bm³ \S³ {ian-¡p-¶p. AXv ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶-

Xmbn cwK-¯-v \n¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

an{Xw A{]-Xy-£-\m-Ip¶ ka-b¯v \S³ Ipcp-t£{X¯nse IYm-]p-

cp-j-\mb Zptcym-[-\-\mbn amdp-¶p. \Sn ]m©m-en-bmbpw KmÔm-cn-bmbpw

{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. \S-t\mSv bp²-¯n-tâbpw ac-W-¯n-tâbpw Imc-W-§-sf-¡p-

dn¨v {Ip²-bm-Ip-¶p. hoc-kzÀ¤s¯ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. \S³ KmÔm-cnsb

\mSI \Sn-bmbn sXän-²-cn-¡p-¶p. \Sn-bp-ambn Ub-temKv sXän-s¨¶ {]iv\-

ap-−m-Ip-¶p. \S\pw \Snbpw hg-¡n-Sp-¶p. kpaXn F¶ B \Sn acn¨pt]mb-

Xmbn sSe{Kmw e`n-¡p-¶p. Aev]w ap¼p hsc kpa-Xn-bpsS t]cp a{´n¨p

sIm−n-cp¶ \S³ XfÀ¶p-ho-gp-¶p. B cwKw \nco-£n¨p sIm−n-cp¶ cm{Xn-

©-c-·m-cn-sem-cp-h³ kt´m-j-t¯msS AhnsS \n¶v t]mIp-¶p. \S³

"kpaXn', "shfn¨w' F¶n-§s\ a{´n-¡p-¶p. Abm-fmsI XfÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

an{Xw I®m-Sn-bnÂ Nmcn-\n¶v Hcp knK-cäv I¯n-¡p-¶-tXmsS A¦w Ah-km-

\n-¡p-¶p.

A¦w c−v

sXcp-hn-\-Sp¯v \Ssâ apdn. ]IÂ ka-bw. Xsâ ]I-ep-IÄ XoÀ¶p

F¶v \S³ thZ-\n-¡p-¶p. ImgvN-\jvSw Abmsf Xo{h-th-Z-\-bn-em-¡p-¶p.

kpa-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀ½-IÄ Abmsf th«-bm-Sp-¶p-−v. HmÀ½-I-fnÂ

AbÂ¡m-cn-bmb B ImapIn \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p-I-bm-Wv. DXv¡-S-ambn kvt\ln-

¨n-cp-s¶-¦nepw AXp Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Xs¶ Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã F¶ kXyhpw

\S\v a\Ên-em-Ip-¶p. F¦nepw Imap-Insb ImWm³ `À¯m-hnsâ ho«n-te¡v

99

\S³ IS¶p sNÃp-¶p. Imap-In¡v Ip«n-I-fm-bn-«p-−mhpw F¶p IcpXn B

Ip«n-IÄ¡v Ifn-¸m-«-§Ä hm§n-bmWv AbmÄ t]mb-Xv. Ahn-sS-sb-¯p-

t¼mÄ AhÀ¡v Ip«n-I-fn-Ã. AhÀ AXp-sIm−p Xs¶ hnc-à-cm-bn-cn-¡p-I-

bm-Wv.Cu ka-b¯v cwK¯v Imap-In-bpsS `À¯m-hmbn amdp-¶Xv \S³ Xs¶-

bm-Wv.\Sn-bmWv Imap-In-bm-hp-¶-Xv. Xsâ Imap-Insb AbmÄ Bcm-[-\-tbmsS

AXy-[nIw kvt\ln-¨p. H¶p sXmSm³ t]mepw Bcm-[\ A[n-I-cn-¨-Xp-

sIm−v AbmÄ¡v km[n-¨n-Ã. an{Xw ]d-bp-¶Xv \S-\mÂ _em-Xv¡mcw sN¿-

s¸-Sm³ ImapIn B{K-ln-¨n-cn¡mw F¶m-Wv. AXnsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn \S³

kpa-Xnsb Bcm-[-\-tbmsS t\m¡n ImWp-Ibpw an{Xw kpa-Xnsb _em-

Xv¡mcw sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \Ssâ Bß-amWv an{Xw. Cu Bßw \S-\nÂ

BZÀi hyàn-Xz-am-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw AtX kabw Abm-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶

\oN hyànXzw kpa-Xnsb _em-Xv¡mcw sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶v

hymJym-\n-¡mw. kpaXn F¶ ImapIn \S-t\mSv \n§Ä AÔ-\m-Wv. i¸³

F¶v ]dªv B«n-¸p-d-¯m-¡p-¶p. kpa-Xn-bpsS im]-amWv X\n¡p h¶p-

tNÀ¶ AÔ-Xbv¡v Imc-W-sa¶v \S³ Icp-Xp-¶p. ChnsS ]cn-ip-²-{]-W-b-

¯nsâ kwLÀj-§fpw {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-¯nsâ bmYmÀ°y-§fpw Gäp-ap-

«p-¶Xp ImWmw. \S³ I¿nÂ In«nb hkvXp-sIm−v Bsª-dn-bp-¶Xv Xsâ

an{X-s¯-bm-sW-¦nepw cwKw Ccp-fp-t¼mÄ 'lm'F¶ tcmZ\w \S-\nÂ \n¶pw

]pd-s¸-Sp-¶Xv tIÄ¡p-¶p. an{X-¯nsâ Dd-s¡-bpÅ Nncn-tbmsS c−m-a¦w

Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

A¦w aq¶v

Ignª cwK-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn Cu cwK-¯nÂ Xe-bnÂ _m³tUPp

sI«n Hcp ]pX¸pw ]pX¨v Itk-c-bn-en-cn-¡p¶ \S³. ]n¶nÂ an{Xw. cm{Xn,

cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ F¯n-bn-«n-Ã. ImgvN\jvS-¯nÂ {]bm-k-s¸-Sp¶ \S³ kpa-

100

Xnsb¡pdn¨v an{X-t¯mSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ \n\-¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v

an{Xw \S-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v, AXnsâ

bmYmÀ°y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v an{Xw \S-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p.

\Sn \S-t\mSv ho−pw ho−pw Xsâ AKm[ {]Wbw Xpd¶p ]d-bp-

Ibpw Fhn-sS-¡m-sW-¦nepw Xs¶ Iq«n-s¡m−p t]mI-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.

GXp Xobn-te-¡m-sW-¦nepw Xm³ hcm-sa¶pw AhÄ \S-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p.

F¶mÂ \S³ Cu temI-t¯¡v Xm³ GI-\m-bmWv h¶-sX¶pw GI-\mbv

Xs¶ t]mIm³ B{K-ln-¡p¶p F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. an{Xw kw`m-j-W-¯n-\n-S-

bnÂ cq]w amdn \Ssâ A½m-h-\mbn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. A½m-h³ \mS-I-

¯nsâ temIw Dt]-£n¨v hcm\pw a\p-jy-\mbn I¨-hSw sNbvXv Pohn-

¡m\pw \Ss\ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. ]gb Imcy-§Ä ]dªv AhÀ ]c-kv]cw \oc-

k-¯n-em-Ip-¶p. F¦nepw A½m-h³ IqsS hcm-sa-¦nÂ aI-sftbm asämcp

s]¬¡p-«n-tbtbm hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp-¡m-sa¶pw I¨-hSw XpS-§m-

\pÅ ]Ww \ÂIm-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. \S³ F´p k¼m-Zn¨p F¶pÅ tNmZy-

¯n\v Xsâ \mS-I-{`m-´p-Xs¶bmWv Xsâ k¼m-Zy-sa¶v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.

an{Xw \Ss\ apt¶m«p \bn-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ \nc-´cw Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-

s−-¦nepw AhÀ X½nÂ A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ap-s−-¦nepw [À½-]p-{XÀ bm{X

sNbvX alm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-te¡v an{Xw \Ss\ \bn-¡p-¶p. Db-c-§-fn-se-¯p-

t¼mÄ XWp¸v kln-¡m-\m-hmsX ]pX¸p ]pX¨v AbmÄ an{X-¯nsâ

tXmfnÂ Nmbp-¶p. e£y-Øm-\-s¯-¯nb \S\v Ahn-Sps¯ shÅn shfn¨w

kln-¡m-\m-hmsX I®p-IÄ Cdp-¡n-b-S-t¡-−n-h-cp-¶p. an{Xw AbmÄ¡v

ImgvN-IÄ hnh-cn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. B ka-b¯v an{X-¯nsâ `mhw ss]im-Nn-

I-ambn Xocp-¶p-−v. alm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-te-¡pÅ bm{X-bnÂ \S³ an{X-¯nsâ

D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw Xsâ _Ô-§-sfbpw ]m]-§-sfbpw Dt]-£n-¡p-¶p. Xms\-

101

Sp¯ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS ame \Sn¡p sImSp-¡p-t¼mÄ ]m]-¯nsâ Id-bpÅ

ame X\n¡p ths−¶v AhÄ Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶p. \Ssâ ]m]w Gsä-Sp-¡m³

an{Xtam Imap-Intbm X¿m-dm-hp-¶n-Ã. an{X-am-sW-¦nÂ e£y-Øm-\-s¯-¯p-

t¼mÄ ss]im-Nn-I-X-bn-te¡v amdp-¶p. \S³ B `mh-amäw I−v sR«p-¶p.

FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw Hä-s¸« \S³ an{Xs¯ ]pd-¯m-¡p-¶p. an{Xw

sImSp-¡p¶ Xm¡o-Xp-Isf AbmÄ XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. sXcp-hn-eqsS \S-¡p¶

an{Xw C\nbpw hcp-sa¶v FÃm-h-tcm-Sp-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. cm{Xn-©-c-·mÀ

Ah-kcw apX-se-Sp¯v \Ss\ A]-I-S-¯n-te¡v XÅn-hn-Sp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw

Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

Ah-\-h³ IS¼

Imhmew \mcm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À

X\Xp \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS {]tbm-àm-¡-fnepw {]Nm-c-I-cnepw {]ap-J-

\mWv Imhm-ew. hniz-\m-S-I-th-Zn-sb-¡p-dn¨v IrXy-amb ]cn-Úm\w At±-l-

¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Imhy-\m-S-I-§Ä \mtSmSn ¢mÊn¡v ssien-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-

¸n¨v hnPbw ssIh-cn-¡m³ Imhm-e-¯n\v km[n-¨p. ssZh-¯mÀ, Xncp-hm-gn-

¯m³, `K-h-ZvÖp-Iw, km£n XpS-§n-bh \mS-I-§Ä. \mS-I-N-{I-sa¶ \mS-

I-¯n\v 1975-þÂ tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. Pohn-X-Imew

1928-þ2016.

X\-Xmb Hcp \mS-I-th-Zn-tbbpw AXnsâ km[y-X-I-tfbpw Ipdn-¨pÅ

At\z-j-Ws¯ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ ià-amb \mS-I-amWv Ah-\-h³ IS-

¼. A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw BNm-c-§fpw \mtSmSn Zriy-§fpw DÄsIm−v {Inbmw-

is¯ hnI-kn-¸n¨v Zriymw-i-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn cNn¨ {it²-b-amb \mS-

102

I-am-Wn-Xv.B[p-\nI ae-bmf\mS-I-th-Zn¡v {it²-b-amb hgn-¯n-cnhv krjvSn¨

\mS-I-sa¶v \ncq-]-IÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸« \mSIw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

{Inbmw-i-¯n-epw, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-¯n-epw, s]mXpth cN-

\m-in-ev]-¯nÂ BsI IqSnbpw Hcp \mS-I-¯nsâ ka-{KX Ah-\-h³ IS-

¼bv¡v ssIh-¶n-«p-s−¶v Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ NÀ¨-bnÂ sI.-Fkv \mcm-b-W-

¸nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu \mS-I-¯nse _oP-{]-tabw Ah-\-h³

IS¼ F¶-Xp-X-s¶-bm-Wv. B IS¼ IS-¡m-\pÅ sshj-ayw, B sshj\yw

HSp-hnÂ XcWw sN¿p¶ coXn Cu c−p L«-§-fmbn _oP-{]-ta-bs¯

kw`h ]c-¼-c-I-fn-eq-sS-b-sÃ-¦n-epw, kq£va-amb Hcn-Xn-hr-¯-tc-J-bn-eqsS

{]Xn-^-en-¸n-¨p-«p-s−¶v F\n¡p tXm¶n'' F¶v A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡À A`n-{]m-b-

s¸-Sp-¶p.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ þ 5

B«-¸-−m-c-§-Ä þ 5

Fc-«-¡-®³]¡n

Nn¯n-c-s¸®v

hSn-th-e-h³

tZi-¯p-S-tbm³

klmbn

cwKw H¶v

]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ cwK¯v {]Xy-£-s¸«v B«-¸-−m-c-§sf Iq¡n hnfn-¡p-

¶p. AhÀ X½nÂ Ifn-bm-¡epw t]mÀhn-fnbpw \S-¡p-¶p. F¦nepw ]c-kv]cw

Xmfw sIm«n sImSp-¡p-Ibpw BSn-¯n-anÀ¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-−v. B«-¸-−m-c-

103

§Ä hme-Sn-¡m-hn-te-¡pÅ hgn tNmZn-¡p-Ibpw ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ AXv ]d-ªp-

sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v B«-¸-−m-c-§Ä I«pw tamjvSn¨pw Imew

Ign-¡p-¶-h-cm-sW¶v ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ Btcm-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cn-

j-IÄ ""am\w acym-Zbv¡p ]n¨-¨«nw \o«n-s¯-−m-s\-d-§-tÃSm sNä-Isf'

F¶v B«-¸-−m-c-§sf Bt£-]n-¡p-¶p. DÕ-h-¯n\v t]mIp-¶Xv I−-hsâ

]−w tamjvSn-¡m-\mWv F¶pw ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ ]d-bp-¶p. DÕ-h-¯n\p

t]mI-W-sa-¦nÂ IS¼ IS-t¡-−n-h-cp-sa¶v Ahn-sS-bpÅ Hcp then Nq−n-

¡m«n ]m«p-]-cn-j-IÄ B«-¸-−m-c-§-tfmSv ]d-bp-¶p. B IS-¼-bm-sW-¦nÂ

Bcpw ImÂa-dnªp hoWp-t]m-Ip-¶-XmWv GXp tIatâw G¸n-f¡n hnSp-¶-

Xm-Wv. F{X Du¡nÂ Imep-h-¨mepw X«n-bn-Sp-¶-XmWv Ah-\-h³ IS-¼.

XpSÀ¶v AhÀ Hcp ih-¯nsâ Imcyw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p. AXv Pohn-¨n-cn-

¡p¶ ih-§-fp-sS-XmtWm AtXm N¯p-t]mb ih-§-fp-sS-XmtWm F¶v

AhÀ kwi-bn-¡p-¶p. Xe-bn-Ãm¯ ihw B \m«nse aqÀJ-\mb h«n-¸-W-¡m-

c-tâ-Xm-sW-¶-hÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Abmsf sIm¶Xv Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n-bm-sW¶pw

BÀ¡pw ]t£ Bcp-sSbpw Poh-s\-Sp-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-an-sÃ¶pw ]m«p-]-

cnj ]d-bp-¶p. AhnsS Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n {]Xy-£-s¸«v ]m«p-]-cnj \mem-a-

t\mSv \o t]Sn-t¡− N¯Xp IoN-I-s\-¦nÂ sIm¶Xv Cu Fc-«-¡-®³

]¡n BsW¶pw Bcp-h-¶mepw Rm³ Ipä-ta-täm-f-am-sa-¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.

Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ tam³ hSn-th-e-h-s\-¡p-dn¨p ]d-

bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj AXn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn ""At¿m Rm\-dnbpw tZi-¯p-S-tbm-

s\-t¸mse Xs¶ \Ã-h³ [À½n-jvT³'' F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. Ahs\ X«-W-sa¶v

]¡n ]d-bp-¶p. Xsâ ]p¶m-c-tamtf Ah³ he-ho-in-sb-¶-XmWv Imc-Ww.

Xm\pw Nn¯n-c-s¸-®ns\ hnhmlw Ign-¡-W-sa¶v B{K-ln-¨n-«p-s−¶v ]m«p-]-

cnj ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ]¡n Abmsf `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj hSn-th-e-

104

hs\ sImÃm-sa¶v k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbms\ X\n¡p tNÀ¶-h-

\mbn¡−v ]¡n sImÃm³ t\m«-an-«p-h-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-

cn-j-tbmSv ]¡n X\n¡p injy-s¸-«-W-sa¶vBhiys¸Sp-¶p.

cwKw c−v

]m«p-]-cn-jbpw Nn¯n-c-s¸®pw {]Xy-£-s¸«v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÄ

\r¯w sN¿p-¶p. AXn-\n-S-bnÂ càw ]pc− ""tNmc-¸q-¦¯n'' I−v Nn¯n-c-

s¸®v sR«p-¶p. ]¼-bm-änÂ acn-s¨m-gp-Inb h«n-¸-W-¡m-csâ tNmc-bm-W-

sX¶pw t]Sn-¡m-\n-sÃ¶pw ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-¶p. BcpsS tNmc-bm-bmepw

X\n-s¡m-¶p-t]m-se-bm-sW¶v Nn¯n-c-s¸®v ]d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj Nn¯n-c-

s¸-®n-t\mSv {]W-b-]-c-h-i-\m-Ip-t¼mÄ Xm³ tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ aI³ hSn-th-

e-hs\ {]W-bn-¡p¶ Imcyw Nn¯n-c-s¸®v Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. hSn-th-e-hs\

a{´-¯mÂ ]m«p-]-cnj {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. hSn-th-e-h³ ]t£ ]m«p-]-cn-j-

bpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-Wv. Nn¯n-c-s¸®v hSn-th-e-h-\p-ambn HmSn c£-s -̧

Sm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj a{´-¯mÂ hSn-th-e-hs\ ]nSn-¨p-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw

h[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. B ]p¦¯n ]nSn-¨p-hm§n AhÄ Poh-s\m-Sp-¡m³

{ian-¡p-t¼mÄ hSn-th-e-hs\ Pohn-¸n-¡m-sa¶v ]m«p-]-cnj ]d-bp-¶p. Poh³

e`n¨ hSn-th-e³ ""sIme-bmfn aIsf'' F\n-¡n-jvS-aÃ F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. ]m«p-]-

cn-j-bpsS ajn-bnÂ \nsâ a\Êp Ie-§ntbm F¶v Nn¯n-c-s¸®v tNmZn-¡p-

¶p. ]m«p-]-cnj ssI DbÀ¯n a{´w sNmÃp-¶-tXmsS hSn-th-e-h³ acn-¨p-ho-

gp-¶p. Nn¯n-c-s¸®v Abm-fpsS s\©nÂ hoWp-I-c-bp-¶p. AhÄ `oI-c-amb

apJ-`m-h-t¯msS Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp¯v NSp-e-ambn ]mªp-t]m-Ip-¶p.

cwKw aq¶v

tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ Fgp-¶-Å-¯ns\ `b¶v B«-¸-−m-c-§fpw ]m«n-]-cn-

j-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw kwi-b-§Ä XoÀ¡p-¶p. t]Sn-sb-´n-\m-sW¶pw t]Sn

105

h¶m-emWv Ipg-¸-sa¶pw Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n Ah-tcmSv ]d-bp-¶p. B«-¸-−m-c-

§Äs¡-Ãmw th−n tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ ImenÂ sXm«p-sXm-gp-¶p. Ah-\-h³

IS-¼-bv¡Â R§Ä hogpw, AÃ AXn-¸-gmcm hogm-¯Xv F¶v B«-¸-−mcw

]d-bp-¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ]q¦¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. Imcyw A{X-taÂ

Kuc-h-ap-Å-Xm-b-Xp-sIm-−mWv \mw t\cnÂ t]mcmw F¶p-d-¨Xv F¶p-]-d-bp-

¶p. Xmfhpw B«hpw C«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ ]m«p-]-cn-j-I-tfbpw B«-¸-−m-c-§-

tfbpw tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ Ahn-sS-\n¶v ]d-ª-b-¡p-¶p. B«hpw tafhpw

th−n-h-¶mÂ Ahsc hnfn-¡m-sa¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡nbpw tZi-¯p-S-tbm\pw ]c-kv]cw Adn-bp-¶-h-cm-

sW¶ Xmev]-cy-¯nÂ AhÀ ]c-kv]cw BSn-¯n-anÀ¡p-¶p. tZi-¯p-S-tbm³

B«-]-−m-c-t¯bpw ]m«p-]-cn-j-tbbpw tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. AhÀ ]d-ª-

sXÃmw tZi-¯p-S-tbmsâ klmbn Ipdn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p. tNmZyw sN¿-enÂ ]m«p-

]-cnj Xm³ ""I«n-¡m-c-¸-bÂ, h«n-¸-W-Im-c³, \m«nte aqÀJsâ ]¨-

Èhw''F§s\ CXp Rm³ Xs¶ ]d-bpw F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Fc-«-¡-®³

]¡n B t\cw ]m«p-]-cn-jsb XÅn-am-än-bn«v Xm³ Ipä-ta-sä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xmbn

{]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. Ipä-am-cp-sN-bvXmepw in£-bp-s−¶v tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ]¡n-

tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. h«n-¸-W-¡m-c³ Ct¸mgpw Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn tZi-¯p-S-

tbm\v tXm¶p-¶p. ""X\n-¡n-t¸mÄ ac-W-¡-gp-Isâ apJ-Ñm-b-bp-−v. Xsâ

]q¦-¯n¡v ac-W-¡-gp-Isâ \J-h-Sn-hp-−v. Xsâ izmk-¯nÂ ih-KÔw hln-

¡p¶p''F¶v tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n-tbmSp ]d-bp-¶p. ]¡n Ipä-

taäp ]d-bp-¶p. F¶mÂ h«n-¸-W-¡m-csâ ih-a-Ã. Hcp t{]a-I-Y-bnÂ kz]v\w

Is−m-gp-Inb \nc-]-cm-[n-bpsS tNmc-bmWp \nsâ ]p¦-¯n-bnÂ ]pc-−-sX¶v

tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ]d-bp-¶p. B ka-b¯v Nn¯n-c-s¸-®-hn-tS¡p hcp-¶p. Fsâ

]cmXn tIÄ¡m³ Chn-Sm-cp-antÃ F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. tZi-¯p-S--tbm³ FÃmw

Xpd-¶p-t_m-[n-¸n¨p sImÅm³ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Cu tNmc-¡-¯n-bmÂ Dbn-sc-

106

Sp¯ Xsâ hSn-th-e-hs\ Xncn-¨p-X-c-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. AhÄ tZi-

s¯-bmsI i]n-¡m³ XpS-§p-t¼mÄ tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ Ahsf kam-[m-\n-¸n-

¡p-Ibpw im]-taÂ¡msX t\m¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Fc-«-¡-®³ ]¡n¡v

tZi-¯p-S-tbm³ ac-W-in£ hn[n-¡p-¶p. Xs¶ sImt¶mfq F¶p-]-dªv

Igp-¯p-\o-«nb ]¡n s]s«¶v X\n¡v Hcp tNmZyw tNmZn-¡m-\p-s−¶p ]d-bp-

¶p. Xs¶ in£n-¡m³ DS-tbm-s\-´-h-Imiw F¶p tNmZn-¡p-¶p. F\nt¡

Ah-Im-i-apÅp F¶p DS-tbm³ ]d-bp-¶p. ]¡n-bpsS Ah-km-\s¯ B{K-l-

amb DÕhw IqSm³ Ah-sc-Ãm-hcpw IqSn t]mIm³ X¿m-dm-hp-¶p. Nn¯n-csb

AbmÄ DÕ-h-¯n\v t]mIm³ £Wn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ \r¯w sN¿p-¶-Xn-\n-S-

bnÂ acn-¨p-t]mb hSn-th-e-h³ apJwaqSn amän AhnsS {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Nn¯nc Abm-sf-¯s¶ t\m¡n-\nÂ¡p-¶p. B«-¸-−m-c-§Ä \r¯w sN¿p-

¶p. AhÀ DÕhw ImWm³ ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xmfw apdp-Ip-¶p. AhÀ Ah-\-

h\nse "IS-¼-IÄ' adn-I-S¶v H¶mbv amdn Htc Xmf-¯nÂ apt¶-dp-¶-tXmsS

\mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. X\-Xp-\m-SIw F¶ \ne-bnÂ Ah-\-h³ IS-¼-bnse ]co-£-W-§Ä

Fs´Ãmw?

2. Ah-\-h³ IS¼ Xmf-ta-f-§-fp-sSbpw \r¯-\r-Xy-§-fp-sSbpw ka-\z-b-

amW.v hnh-cn-¡pI?

3. Ah-\-h³ IS-¼bv¡v Hcp Bkzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

107

Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³

]n.-Fw. XmPv

1956 Â P\n¨ ]n.-Fw. XmPv tIcf kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv

t\Snb ‘I\-em«’¯nsâ cN-\-tbmsS {it²-b-\m-bn. BZy-\m-SIw s]cp-¼d

1977 Â Ac-t§-dn. 1983se sNdp-ImSv kvamcI iàn AhmÀUpw kwØm\

Poh-\-¡m-cpsS AJn-te´y \mSI aÕ-c-¯nÂ cN-\-bv¡pÅ AhmÀUpw

1952se kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \mS-I-a-Õ-c-¯nÂ cN-\-bv¡pÅ ]pc-

kvIm-chpw (Ip-Sp-¡), 1959 se tIcf kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Zan AhmÀUn-

\Àl-amb ‘]mh-¯m³-\mSpw’ XmPns\ \mS-Im-kzm-Z-IÀ¡v kp]-cn-Nn-X-\m-¡n.

cmhp-®n, Xe-Øm-\-¯p-\n¶v Hcp hmÀ¯-bp-an-Ã, IpSn-¸-I, I¬sI-«v, kzIm-

cyw, Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³, tacn temd³kv, Ipdp-¡³ Ipªm-asâ hmÂ XpS-

§nb \mS-I-§Ä XmPnsâ Icp-¯pä cN\m k{¼-Zm-b-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-

Wv. Dbcpw Rm³ \mSmsI F¶ kn\n-a-b-S¡w Bdp Xnc-¡-Y-IÄ cNn-¨n-«p-

−v. `mcy _n¨p, a¡Ä tkm\Â, hnimÂ \mS-I-Ir¯v sI.Sn. apl-½Zv A½m-

h-\m-Wv. 1990 Â AIm-e-¯nÂ A´-cn-¨p.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

Ipªn-¡p-«³

Pm\In

hnP-b³

\mcm-bW tat\m³

Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³

tIm¬Ì-_nÄ

B{in-X³

108

Ipam-c³

\mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ DSp¡v sIm«n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶ Ipªn-¡p-

«s\ ImWmw. Ipªn-¡p-«³ alm-cm-Pmhv hnP-bn-¡s« F¶pÅ BÀ¸p-hn-fn-

IÄ tIÄ¡p-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ AXv \nÀ¯m-\m-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Npäp-apÅ

Bfp-Isf t\m¡n Ifn-bm-¡p-I-sbm¶pw th− Rm³ alm-cm-Pmhv Xs¶bm

D{Xw Xncp-¶mÄ Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm³ (Xn-cnªv t{]£-I-tcm-Sm-bn)

\n§Ä AXn-i-bn-¡p-¶p-−mhpw Hcp alm-cm-Pm-hn\v kzbw ]cn-Nb-s¸-Sp-

t¯− KXn-tISv D−m-Iptam F¶v. B Ipc¯w sI« \mS-I-Ir¯v Fsâ

taÂ sI«n-sh« s]mÃm-¸mWv CXv. thjw sI«n-t¸m-bn-tÃ? C\n Ipc-bv¡msX

h¿tÃm? CXm....-bn-cp¶p Fsâ hoSv. ]mh-s¸« Ipªn-¡p-«\pw IpSpw-_hpw

Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ hoSv. AbmÄ Xsâ IpSn-en-\p-ap-¶nÂ {[pX-K-Xn-bnÂ Hcp

Xmfw hmbn-¨p-sIm-−n-cp-¶p. `mcy Pm\In B i_vZ-¯nÂ Akz-Ø-bm-hp-

¶p. AhÀ X½nÂ aI-s\-¡p-dn¨pw ho«nse Imcy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw ]dªv hg-

¡n-Sp-¶p. aI³ hnP-b\v Iqen-¸Wn In«n-sb¶v h¨v a\p-jy³ ssZh-am-Iptam

F¶v Ipªn-¡p-«³ `mcy-tbmSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXn\nS-bnÂ hnP-b³ Ib-dn-

h¶v I−ntÃ CXmWv Fsâ IpSpw_w shdp-¸n-eqsSbÃmsX kvt\ln-¡m³

Ign-bm¯ AÑ\pw A½bpw AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂ Hcp ZpÈ-Ip\w t]mse h¶p-s]«

Rm\pw. Pm\In aI-t\mSv hnti-j-§Ä tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXn\v adp-]-Sn-sb-

t¶mWw Ipªn-¡p-«³ DSp¡v sIm«p-¶p. hnP-b³ DSp¡v sIm«-enÂ Akz-

ØX {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AÑ\v thsd ]Wn-sbm-¶p-antÃ F¶v AbmÄ tNmZn-

¡p-t¼mÄ \n\¡pw CXp-tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ \mWw tXm¶p-¶p−tÃ F¶mÂ \o

BZyw \mWn-t¡-−Xv \nsâ AÑ-s\-tbmÀ¯m-Wv. Cu DSp-¡nsâ Xmf-¯n-

s\m-¯mWv Cu tNmc Xnf-¨Xpw ]mª-Xpw. AÑs\ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-X-sÃ¶v

hnP-b³ ]d-bp-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ ho«nse Zmcn{Zyw aI-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. Xm³

tPmen-sN-¿p-¶n-S¯v sXmgnÂ {]iv\-am-sW¶pw Cu BgvNs¯ Iqen In«n-bn-

109

«n-sÃ¶p hnP-b³ ]d-bp-¶p. ]«nWn InS¶pw Zmcn{Zyw A\p-`-hn-¨p-apÅ ]g-¡-

amWv R§-fpsS IpSpw-_-¯n-tâ-sX¶v t{]£-I-tcmSv Ipªn-¡p-«³ ]d-bp-¶p.

Pm\In, apX-em-fn-bvs¡-Xn-cmbn \nÂ¡m³ t]mb-sX-´n-\m-sW¶v aI-t\mSv

tNmZn-¡p-¶p. apX-emfn GtXm cmP-hw-i-¯nÂ s]«-bm-sf¶v Pm\In ]d-bp-

t¼mÄ Ipªn-¡p-«³ AXns\ ]cn-l-kn¨v apX-em-fn-bpsS A½-b-½q-a-am-cn-

emtcm cmPm-hnsâ sh¸m-«n-bm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\m-emWv Cu kzs¯Ãmw In«n apX-em-

fn-bm-b-sX¶v ]d-bp-¶p. AXn\pw Hcp `mKyw thW-sa¶v Pm\In ]d-bp-¶p.

kz]v\-hm-k-h-Z¯ F¶ \mS-I-¯nÂ A´n-bm-hp-t¼mÄ AWn-sªm-cp§n

cmPm-hns\ Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ sh¸m-«n-am-cpsS IY Pm\In HmÀ¡p-¶p. DÕ-h-]-d-

¼nÂ AsXm-cp-an-¨n-cp¶v I−Xv HmÀ½-bntÃ F¶v Ipªn-¡p-«-t\mSv tNmZn-

¡p-¶p. AhÀ irwKm-c-t¯msS kvt\l-{]-I-S\w \S-¯p-¶p. hnP-b³

AXpI−v Nncn-¡p-¶p. B ka-bw Ahn-tSbv¡v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ IS-¶p-h-

cp-¶p. \mSIw Ifn-¡p-I-bmtWm F¶v AbmÄ Ahsc ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. AÃ

H¶v Pohn-¨p-t\m-¡n-b-Xm-sW¶pw R§-sf-t¸m-ep-Åh-cpsS PohnXw C§s\

hoWp-In-«p¶ Nne \nan-j-§-ftÃ F¶pw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. \mcm-b-W-tamt\m³

Xt¶m-sSm¸w h¶-h-tcmSv FSm A½m¯v sI«n-bn-cn-¸pÅ Pohn-X-§-fnÂ \n¶v

C¯ncnsbSp¯v ChÀ¡v sIm−p-h-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ ]dªv ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p.

R§Ä¡v Pohn-¡m³ Bcp-tSbpw HuZm-cy-sam¶pw ths−¶pw ]cn-l-kn-¡-cp-

sX¶pw apX-em-fn-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. Pm\In AXp-tI«v aIs\ imkn-¡p-¶p.

apX-em-fn-tbmSv acym-Zbv¡v \n¶mÂ \n\¡v C\nbpw ]eXpw In«p-sa¶v AhÀ

]d-bp-¶p. Xs¶ A\p-k-cn-¡-W-a¶v apX-emfn ]d-bp¶p. ]Wn¡v Ib-dm³

ka-b-am-b-Xp-sIm−v hnP-b³ AhnsS\n¶pw t]mIp-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ apX-em-

fn-bvs¡mcp cmP-tX-P-Êp-s−-¶p-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ P\-§Ä tIhew Xs¶ Hcp

apX-em-fn-bmbn am{Xw ImWp-¶-XnÂ Akz-ØX {]I-Sn¸n-¡p-¶-tXmsS H¶mw

cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

110

c−mw cwK-¯nÂ Ipªn-¡p-«sâ hoSv. hni-¶n-cn-¡p¶ Pm\-Inbpw

Ipªn-¡p-«\pw AhÀ Úm\-¸m\ ]mSp-Ibpw DSp¡v sIm«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-

−v. AXp-sIm−v Ah-cpsS hni¸v amdp-sa-¶pw, Bßob Nn´-bnÂ apgp-Im-

\m-hm-ªn-«mWv hni-¡p-¶-sX¶pw Ipªn-¡p-«³ Ifn-bm-¡pw-t]mse ]d-bp-

¶p. B ka-b¯v Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³ Ipªn-¡p-«sâ klmbw tXSn AhnsS

F¯p-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ shdpw Ipªn-¡p-«-\-sÃ¶pw G.-Un. Bbn-c¯n

\m\qän ap¸-¯n-sb«mw B−nÂ {_n«o-jp-Imsc t]Sn¨v Hfn-t¨m-Snb am\m-Xncn

cmP-hw-i-¯nsâ Ah-km-\s¯ I®n-bmWv \n§-sf¶pw cmP-`-cWw \ne-

\nÂ¡p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ C¶v Cu cmPyw `cn-t¡-−Xv \n§fmsW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.

Cu hnjbw Is−-¯n-b-Xn\v F\n¡v tUmIvS-tdäv In«p-sa¶pw Cu {]_Ôw

]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-bn-«p-thWw F\n¡v tUmIvS-dm-hm-s\¶pw Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³ ]d-

bp-¶p. tUmIvS-dm-bmÂ Imip-X-cmsX Fs¶ NnIn-Õn-¡p-tam-sb¶v Pm\In

tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ CXv A§-\s¯ tUmIvS-d-ÃSo arK-tUm-IvS-dmWv \ns¶

NnIn-Õn-¡m³ AXm-bmepw aXn F¶v Ipªn-¡p-«³ Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. Pm\In

kwi-bn¨v CXn-bm³ icn¡v cmPm-hmtWm tams\ F¶v Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-t\mSv

tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Xsâ {]_Ôw ]pkvX-I-am-¡p-t¼mÄ Pm\In dmWn¡pw

Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm\pw AXv kaÀ¸n-¡p-sa¶v ]dªv Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³

Ah-cpsS ImÂ¡Â hogp-¶p. B ka-b¯v hnP-bs\ At\z-jn¨v AhnsS

t]meokv tIm¬Ì-_nÄ F¯p-¶p. Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-t\mSv R§Ä¡v F´v

In«p-sa¶v Pm\In tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ \nsâ tams\ I¿nÂ In«n-bmÂ F´mWv

In«p-I-sb¶v Rm³ ]d-ªp-X-cm-sa¶v tIm¬Ì-_nÄ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.

At¸mÄ ho−pw £{Xnb càw aW-¡p-¶p-sh¶v Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³ ]d-bp-

¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ Xms\m¶v t]mIp-¶pt−m F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Ncn-{X-K-

th-j-I³ ho−pw Ipªn-¡p-«s\ ]pIgv¯n ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Cu hmgv¯Â

tIÄ¡m³ Hcp kpJw Xs¶-bm-sW¶v ]dªv Cu cwKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

111

cwKw aq¶nÂ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\msâ Xma-k-Øew Xsâ B{in-X-·msc

Nm«-hm-dp-sIm−v AbmÄ Bª-Sn-¡p-¶p. Ip¶-¯ncn alm-cm-Pmhv \mcm-b-

W-ta-t\m³ hnP-bn-¡s« F¶p-hn-fn-¡m-\-bmÄ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. B{in-XÀ kwi-

b-t¯msS Cu tamt\m³ Fs¶m¶pw cmPm-¡-·mÀ¡v t]cp-−m-Im-dn-ÃtÃm

F¶v kwibw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXv \o Xocp-am-\n-¡− F¶v \mcm-b-W-ta-

t\m³ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. Ahn-tSbv¡v Ipªn-¡p-«³ {]th-in-¡p-¶-tXmsS

Ipªn-¡p-«sâ hc-h-dn-bn¡m-\mbn alm-cm-Pmhv Xncp-a-\Êv hnP-bn-¡s« F¶v

Bchw Db-cp-¶p. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ AXp-tI«v ]I¨p t\m¡p-¶p. At¿m,

AÃ Rm³ ]gb Ipªn-¡p-«³ Xs¶bm F¶v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. ]{X-§fpw

tdUn-tbmbpw Snhn-bp-sams¡ A§-s\-b-ÃtÃm ]d-bp-¶-sX¶v \mcm-b-W-tam-

t\m³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. AXv Xsâ Ipäw sIm−sÃ¶pw GtXm Hcp Indp-¡³

]Tn-¡m-s\¶pw ]dªv ho«nÂ h¶v D−m-¡nb s]mÃm-¸m-Wn-sX¶v Ipªn-

¡p-«³ ]d-ªp. CsXms¡ shdpsX ]d-bp¶XmsW¶pw Xsâ \m«nse

Øm\w \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-Wn-sX¶pw \mcm-b-W-tam-t\m³ Btcm-]n-¡p-¶p.

am\m-Xncn tImhn-e-I¯v Cf-b-X-¼p-cm³ hnP-b-Ip-am-c³ F\n-s¡-Xnsc bp²w

{]Jym-]n-¨Xv CXp-sIm-−m-sW¶pw \mcm-b-W-tam-t\m³ ]d-bp-¶p.

hnP-bs\ sXmgn-en-S-¯nÂ h¨v ImWp¶ \mc-b-W-tam-t\m³ hnP-b-\n-

t¸mÄ sXmgn-em-fn-b-sÃ¶pw cmPm-hm-sW¶pw hnP-bsâ kplr-¯p-¡-tfmSv ]d-

bp-¶p. Abm-fpsS aIÄ¡v `À¯m-hmbn hnP-bs\ kzoI-cn-¡m³ t]mhp-I-bm-

sW¶pw A§s\ hcp-t¼mÄ Xsâ kz¯n-\-h-Im-in-bmb hnP-b³ F§s\

\n§Ä¡p-th−n kacw sN¿pw F¶v \mcm-b-W-tat\m³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

\n§Ä CsXm¶pw hniz-kn-¡-cp-sX¶pw CsXm¶pw Rm³ B{K-ln-

¡m¯XmsW¶pw hnP-b³ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p. hnP-b³ hni-¶p-h-eªv ho«n-

te¡v F¯p-¶p. `£W-sam¶pw CÃm-¯-Xp-sIm−v A½ Ah\v Ipd¨v Nmb-

112

sIm-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ apX-emfnbpsS B{in-X-·mÀ \mep-]mSpw

\n¶v Abmsf B{I-an-¡p-¶p. Abm-f-hnsS acn-¨p-ho-gp-¶p.

\mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ kuP\yambn sImSp¯ Øe-¯p-\n¶pw Ipªn-

¡p-«s\ Cd-¡n-hn-«p. aIs\ sIm¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ \mw X½nÂ C\n

IS-¸m-Sp-I-sfm¶pw CsÃ¶pw Ipªn-¡p-«³ Xpd-¶-Sn-¡p-¶p. Xm³ C\n am\m-

Xncn X¼p-cm-\m-sW¶pw \nXy i{Xp-¡-fmb c−v cmP-hw-i-§-fmWv \½-

sf¶pw Ipªn-¡p-«³ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. FSm F¶v \mc-b-W-

ta-t\m³ hnfn-¡p-t¼mÄ AtXSm Ip¶-¯ncn F¶v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\ms\ Xncn-

¨p-hn-fn-¡p-¶p. cwKw Ccp−v sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ Ipªn-¡p-«³ alm-cm-Pmhv hnP-

bn-¡-s«-sb¶pw Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm\pw ssk\yhpw \S-¯nb ]S-tbm«w

hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]cy-h-km-\n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw s]cp-¼-d-bpsS i_vZ-t¯msS

tIÄ¡p-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. Bc-hnsS \mw Iog-S¡nb B

sX−n ]cn-jsb ChnsS lmP-cm-¡p-hn³. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\ms\ lmP-cm-¡p-

t¼mÄ AbmÄ ASn-b-t\mSv £an-¡-Ww. Nnd-Iä ]£n-sb-t¸mse \ncm-{i-b-

\mWv ASn-b-\n-t¸mÄ ASn-bs\ ssIsh-Sn-b-cpXv F¶-t]-£n-¡p-¶p.

AbmÄ¡v am¸v sImSp-¡m³ Xp\n-bp-t¼mÄ ssk\ym-[n-]-\mb Ipam-c³ AXv

sN¿-cp-sX¶v At]-£n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Xsâ cmPy-¯nÂ ]IpXn \mcm-b-W-

ta-t\m\v \ÂIn Ai-c-W-tcmSv {IqcX ImWn-¡p¶ ]mc-¼cyw am\m-Xncn cmP-

hw-i-¯n-\nÃ F¶v {]Jym-]n¨v Ipªn-¡p-«³ i{Xp-hns\ klm-bn¨v ]cn-lm-

ky-\m-¡p-¶p. Pm\In AXn-\n-S-bnÂ Ib-dn-h¶v A[n-Im-c-¯n-\p-th−n

]p{Xs\ sImÃn-¨p-sh¶v Ipªn-¡p-«s\ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Ncn-{X-¯n-ep-Å-Xp-

t]mse Hc-Ñ-\Ã Xms\¶v Ipªn-¡p-«³ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. Ncn-{X-K-th-j-

Is\ Xq¡n-s¡m-Ãm³ Ipªn-¡p-«³ Iev]n-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ Pm\-Insb

hnfn¨v Ic-bp-¶p. Fsâ D®n-bn-ÃmsX F\n-s¡mcp Pohn-X-an-sÃ¶v ]dªv

Pm\In ITm-c-sIm−v kzbw Ip¯n acn-¡p-¶p. cwKw sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ DSp-

113

¡nsâ {[pX-Xm-f-¯nÂ Ipªn-¡p-«³ t_m[-¯n-te¡v Xncn-¨p-h-cp-¶p.

A_²w ]än-b-Xp-t]mse t{]£-IÀ¡p-t\sc Xncnªv AbmÄ Nncn-¡p-¶p.

F¶n«v ]d-bp¶p A§s\ Aev]-k-a-b-sa-¦nepw Rms\mcp cmPm-hmbn Pohn-

¨p. cmPm-hmbn Pohn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ckw \n§Ä¡v ]d-ªmÂ a\-Ên-em-hn-Ã.

AXnÂ sNdn-sbmcp IÃp-ISn D−mbn Pm\-In-bpsS Bß-lXy AsÃ-¦nÂ

Cu kz]v\-¯nÂ Ib-dn-h¶v Bß-lXy sNt¿− hÃ Imcy-apt−m? B ka-

b¯v Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I³ BËm-Z-hm-\mbn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. kmtd... Fsâ {]_-

Ô-¯nsâ Ah-km-\s¯ hcn-IqSn F\n¡v In«n. Adn-ªntÃ hntijw?

Pm\In X¼p-cm«n Bß-lXy sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. F\n¡v tUmIvS-tdäv Dd-¸m.

PohnX ss\cm-iyw-aqew am\m-Xncn tImhn-e-Is¯ Cf-b-X-¼p-cm«n Bß-lXy

sNbvXp-sh¶ hkvXp-X-bnÂ Fsâ {]_Ôw F¯n-\nÂ¡p-¶p. F¶p ]d-

bp-¶-tXmS Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-¯nsâ ]cn-lm-ky-amb bmYmÀ°yw \mS-I-Ir¯v

Xpd¶v Im«p-¶p. Ipªn-¡p-«³ Ncn-{X-K-th-j-Isâ Ic-W¯v Bª-Sn-¡p-

¶p. sXdn-¨p-ho-gp¶ Ncn-{X-K-th-j-Is\ Nncn-tbmsS ]nSn-s¨-gp-t¶Â¸n-¡p-¶p.

CXp-a-Xntbm CXn-tesd F\n-s¡mcp k½m-\hpw Xcm-\n-sÃ¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

Xsâ DSp-s¡-Sp¯v {`m´-amb Bth-i-t¯msS sIm«p-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-

km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. "Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³' F¶ \mS-I-¯n-eqsS Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-¯nsâ

s]mÅ-¯-c-§sf ]n.-Fw. XmPv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

2. Ipªn-¡p-«³ F¶ IYm-]m{Xw Zcn-{Z-cp-tSbpw Akz-X-{´-cp-tSbpw

km£n-bm-Wv. hnh-cn-¡pI?

3. hnP-b³ Ime-L-«-¯nsâ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³ F¶

\mS-Is¯ ap³\nÀ¯n kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

114

4. ]n.-Fw. XmPv kaq-l-bm-YmÀ°y-§sf Ct¶-S¯v C¶-h³ F¶ \mS-I-

¯nÂ hnf-¡n-t¨À¯n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

h¶t´y ImWmw

Xpt¸-«³

Xpt¸-«³ F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Fw. kp{_-Ò-Wy³ \¼q-Xncn 1929 emWv

P\n-¨-Xv. Ccp-]-¯n-tbgv sImÃw ]mªmÄ kvIqfnÂ Nn{X-Iem A[ym-]-I³

Bbn-cp-¶p. ]mªmÄ {KmaoW hmb-\-im-e, Iem-k-anXn F¶n-h-bp-ambn

XpS¡w apXÂ kPo-h-ambn _Ô-s¸-«p. Cu hmb-\-im-e-bp-sSbpw Iem-k-an-Xn-

bp-sSbpw hmÀjn-Im-tLm-j-§-fnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ th−n-bmWv \mS-I-sa-

gp¯v XpS-§n-b-Xv. h¶t´y ImWmw F¶ \mS-I-¯n\v 2003 tIcf kmlnXy

A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. \mSI kwhn-[m-b-I³ inh-I-c³ BWv Xpt¸-

«sâ \mS-I-§Ä kwhn-[m\w sNbvXv cwK¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v h¶-Xv.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

Xncp-ta\n

A©p-k-lm-bn-IÄ

tKm]m-e³

A½m-h³

{]`m-i-¦À

Xpt¸-«sâ \mSIw ]co-£-W-{]-h-W-X-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-h-bmWv \mS-

I-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ Xs¶ Hcp \mSIw dntl-gvkÂ \S-¯p-¶Xpw hnI-kn-¨p-h-cp-

¶Xpw t{]£-I\v ImWm³ km[n-¡p-¶p. \mSIw FhnsS \n¶v Bcw-`n-

¡p¶p F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {]b-k-apÅXpt]m-se-bmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nsâ

XpS-¡w. km[m-cW \mS-I-§-fnÂ \mS-Io-bX apän-\nÂ¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-

115

§sf \mw ImWm-dp-−v. F¶mÂ \mS-Io-bX F¶ ]mc-¼cy \mSI

k¦Â]s¯ h¶t´y ImWmw F¶ \mSIw s]mfn-s¨-gp-Xp-¶p-−v. \mS-I-

¯nsâ kkvs]³kv Xs¶ CÃm-Xm¡ns¡m−v AYhm km[m-cmW \mS-I-§-

fnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-am¡ns¡m−v BWv Cu \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xv.

F´mWv kw`-hn-¡pI F¶v BÀ¡-dnbmw F¶ Ahn-i-k-\o-b-amb Hcp

bmYmÀ°y-¯n-te¡v \mSIw t{]£-Is\ Iq«n-s¡m-−p-t]m-Ip-¶p.

\mS-Im-cw-`-¯nÂ Xncp-ta-\nbpw aäv A©p-t]cpw cwK-¯p-−v. Xncp-

ta\n aäpÅ-h-tcmSv FÃm H-cp-¡-§fpw BbnsÃ F¶p-tNm-Zn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ

sdUn F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. icn F¶p ]dªv Xncp-ta\n kwkm-cn¨p XpS-§p-¶p.

AXpanXpw ]dªv kabw If-b− F¶v Xncp-ta\ntbmSv H¶m-a³ ]d-bp-¶p.

AXp-i-cn-bmWv ]äp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ Ah-km\w ]dbmw F¶v Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]d-

bp-¶p. h¶t´y ImWm-sa¶v Btcm-]-dª hnhcw c−m-a³ ]d-ªp. Ah-

cpsS kw`m-jWw \o−p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ tKm]m-e-\mWv AXv ]d-ª-sX¶v

sXfn-bp-¶p. tKm]m-e³ A§s\ ]dtªm F¶v ]eÀ¡pw kwi-bw. Rm³

t]mbn«v tKm]m-es\ hnfn-t¨m−v hcm-sa¶v Xncp-ta\n ]d-bp-¶p. c−p-t]À

Xnc-Èoc ]nSn-¡p-t¼mÄ ‘hnem-k-Xn-eIw tKmIp-e-]m-e³ amb³ tKm]m-e³’

F¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AXv thsd CXp-thsd F¶pÅ kwibw ]d-bp-¶p. Bh-

t¶cn \m«nÂ F¶ a«nÂ B tKm]m-e³ AtÃ Xncn-¨p-h-cp¶p F¶v H¶m-a³

]d-bp-¶p. c−m-a³ tKm]m-e³ ]«p-Ip-¸m-b-¯nÂ an¶n-h-cp¶psh¶v ]d-bp-

¶p.

hc-thÂ¸-cp-fpI \mw

cwK-sam-cp-¡pI \mw

F¶p-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ tKm]m-e³ Xnc-t\m¡n {]th-in-¡p-¶p. kÀÆm-e-¦mc hn`q-

jn-X³ þ FÃm-hÀ¡pw knK-cäv sImSp-¡p-¶p. H¶m-a³ tKm]-e-t\mSv ]d-

116

bp¶p. an. tKm]mÂ Hcp kwibw H¶p XoÀ¯p-X-cWw kwibw! Hm Uu«v,

hm«v Uu«v? F¶v tKm]m-e³ tNmZn¨p. h¶t´y ImWm¶v Xm³ icn¡v ]d-

bp-−mtbym? Rmt\m? F¶v? Hm.... h−À^pÄ. A©m-a³ At¸mÄ tNmZn-

¡p¶p AXm-bXv Xm\n-hn-S¶v ]pd-s¸«v t]mIp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v B t]mIp¶ ka-

b¯v A§s\ ]dtªm Fs¶ms¡ F§s\ Btem-Nn-¡m-\mWv anÌÀ

F¶v tKm]m-e³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. H¶m-a³ ^vfmjv _m¡v Bb-Xp-sIm−v Chn-

Sn-cp¶v H¶v A`n-\-bn-¨p-t\m¡q F¶v tKm]m-e-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. Xms\-Sp-

¡p¶ kn\n-a-bnÂ A©v ^vemjv _m¡v Ds−¶v tKm]m-e³ AXn\v adp-]Sn

Adn-bp-¶p. \mem-a³ B kn\n-a-bnÂ tKm]m-e-t\mSv Nm³kv tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

A©m-a³ \mem-as\ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-¶p. Hm, Hcp kn\nam \S³ F¶v AbmÄ

]d-bp-¶p. AXp-tI« aq¶m-a³ FtSm Xm\o \mSIw acym-Z¡v \S¯v F¶n-

«mhmw kn\na F¶p]d-bp-¶p. ^vfmjv_m¡v HmÀ¡m³ H¶m-a³ ho−pw

tKm]m-e-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p. F´m-bn-cp¶p A¶s¯ thjw F¶v tNmZn-¡p-

¶p. sO! AsXms¡ Cs¸m ]d-bm³ Xs¶ sImÅn-Ã. ep¦nbpw Iodnb

_\n-b\pw. B thjw AhÀ Xnc¡n \S-¡p-¶p. AXp kwL-Sn-¸n-¡m-\mbn

Xncp-ta\n t]mIp-¶p. B ka-b¯v tKm]m-e³ Xsâ sjbv¡ns\ HmÀ¯v

t]mIp¶p. sjbv¡nsâ ss{]häv sk{I-«-dn-bmWv Xms\¶ Imcyw tKm]m-e³

AhnsS ]d-bp-¶p. Xncp-ta\n {UÊp-ambn h¶v AXv tKm]m-es\ Npän-¡p-¶p.

B ka-b¯v Xncp-ta\n Ipªp-®n-bpsS Imcyw ]d-ªXv HmÀ½-−tÃm?

]mkvt]mÀs«ms¡ icn-bm-bn-«v Znh-k-§-fm-bn-cn-¡p¶psh¶v tKm]m-es\ [cn-

¸n-¡p-¶p. F³.-H.-kn.-bpsS Imcyw Rmt\äpsh¶v tKm]me³ ]d-bp-¶p.

Ipªp-®n¡v tPmen sjbv¡nsâ ASp¯v sImSp-¡-W-sa¶v Xncp-ta\n

HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. tKm]m-e³ NpaÀ Nmcn-bn-cp¶v Xsâ ^vemjv_m¡v

HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p. F´n\m C§s\ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv F{X At]£ Ab-

¨p. Hcp At]£ Ab-¡m³ Hcp t\cw ]«nWn InS-¡-Ww. ]mhw A½. CXn-

117

\n-S-bnÂ Ibdn c−m-a³ B `mK-sam¶pw A{X hnkvX-cn-¡− F¶p ]d-bp-

¶p. AbmÄ ]d-b-t«¶v H¶m-a³ Xm¡oXp \ÂIp-¶p. tKm]m-e³ XpS-cp-¶p.

]Wn-¡À hnNm-cn-¨mÂ tPmen Xcm³ ]äpw ]t£ aqhm-bncw cq] sImSp-¡-

Ww A½m-hsâ I¿nÂ ]W-ap-−v. Ipd-s¨-¦nepw tNmZn¡mw F¶p hnNm-cn¨v

F´m-¨m-h-cs« h¶t´y ImWmw F¶p Icp-Xp-¶p. FÃm-hcpw kwibw

XoÀ¶ `mh-¯nÂ Fgp-t¶Â¡p-¶p. FÃm-hcpw kwibw XoÀ¶p-sh¶v ]d-

bp-¶p. ]ns¶ A½m-hs\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Cukn-sN-b-dnÂ Ik-dn-bn-

cn¡pw tIi-h-\-½m-h³, akm-e-tZm-i-IÄ Znh-khpw Xn¶pw tIi-h-\-½m-h³.

A½m-hs\ ImWm³ t]mIp-t¼mÄ kµÀ`w amdn-b-Xp-sIm−v Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS ep¦n hm§n DSp-¡p-¶p. Cu thj-¯n-etÃ tKm]m-e³ ssIasf

ImWm³ h¶-sX¶v c−m-a³ A½m-h-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A½m-h³ F¶v?

F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p. s]md-s¸«v t]mtWsâ Xte Znhkw F¶v H¶m-a³ ]d-

bp-¶p. AsXm¶pw HmÀ½-bn-sÃ¶pw tKm]m-e³ \¶m-hm³ th−n Ipsd

hg¡v ]d-sª¶pw ]W-sam¶pw sImSp-¯n-sÃ¶pw Ah³ hsÃymcp Bfm-hp-

sa¶v X\n-¡-dn-bm-am-bn-cp¶sh¶pw CsXms¡ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv ]d-ªn-«p-−m-

bn-cp-s¶¶pw A½m-h³ ]d-ªp. CsXm¶pw X\n¡v \nÝ-b-an-sÃ¶v Xncp-

ta\n At¸mÄ¯s¶ B IÅw s]mfn-¡p-¶p. Hcp Cukn sNbÀ sIm−p-

h¶v A½m-hs\ AXn-en-cp-¯p-¶p. FÃm-hcpw \nc-¶p-\n¶v

Cukn-sN-b-dnÂ Ik-dn-bn-cn¡pw

tIi-h-\-½m-h³

akm-e-tZm-i-IÄ Znh-khpw Xn¶pw

tImi-h-\-½m-h³

F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

B ka-b¯v tKm]m-e³ {]th-in-¡p-¶p. A½mh³ Im¸n IpSn-¡m³

118

XpS-§p-I-bm-bn. tKm]m-es\ I−Xpw Im¸n IpSn ]n¶n-tS¡v amän-h-¨p.

h¶Xv ]W-¯n-\-tÃ-sb¶v ]pÑ-kz-c-¯nÂ tKm]m-e-t\mSv tNmZn-¨p. Xsâ

I¿nÂ Imsim¶pw ]q¯n-cn-¡p-¶nÃsb¶v ]dªv \nÀ±-b-amb hm¡p-IÄ

]dªv tKm]m-es\ Ahn-sS-\n¶pw ]d-ª-b-¨p. A½m-h³ AtXmÀ¯v

Itk-c-bnÂ Fgp-t¶Â¡p-¶p. Xm\-§-s\-sbm¶pw ]d-ªn-«n-sÃ¶pw AbmÄ

]d-bp-¶p. AtXmÀ¯v Xm³ Ic-ªn-«p-s−¶pw Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSv FÃmw hnkvX-

cn¨v ]d-ªn-«p-s−¶pw ]d-bp-t¼mÄ F\n-s¡mcp cqt]mw In«p-¶nÃ F¶v

]dªv A½m-hsâ \pW-bnÂ AÛp-X-s¸«v Xncp-ta\n \nÂ¡p-¶p. A½m-

hsâ aI-fmb tcmln-Wnbpw H¸w Ic-sª¶v A½m-h³ Iq«n-t¨À¯p.

tcmlnWn tKm]m-es\ Im¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw B cwK¯v hyà-am-hp-¶p.

A½m-hsâ kw`m-jWw \o−p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ th−-½mhm BhÀ¯\ hnc-

kX Fs¶m-¶p-−tÃm F¶v tKm]m-e³ ]d-bp-¶p. aq¶m-a³ ct−-¡À `qan

skân\v Ccp-]-¯n-b-¿m-bncw h¨v tKm]m-e\v sImSp-¡m-sa¶v GÂ¡p-¶p.

At¸mÄ Xncp-ta\n Xsâ I«nev hnÂ¡m-\p-s−¶pw AXn-s\-´mWv Xcp-I-

sb¶pw tNmZn-¡p-¶p. A½m-h³ tcmln-Wnsb Xm³ tKm]m-e\v sImSp-¡p-I-

bm-sW¶pw tcmlnWnbpw tKm]m-e\pw IqSn hnam-\-¯nÂ Ibdn t]mIp-

t¼mÄ tKm]m-e³ hm§p¶ `qan-sbÃmw Rm³ t\m¡n \S-¯n-s¡m-Åm-sa¶v

A½m-h³ hn\-b-t¯msS ]d-bp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v _Ênepw s{Sbn-\nepw hnam-\-

¯nepw ]d-]-d-¡p-¶p. hnam-\-¯nÂ h¶n-d§nb {]`m-i-¦À tKm]m-es\

Xncªv hcp-¶p. {]`m-i-¦À tKm]m-es\ hg-¡p-]-d-bp-¶p. Xsâ km[-\-

§fpw ]Whpw A]-l-cn¨p IS-¶p-I-fª IÅ-\mWv tKm]m-e³ F¶v

AbmÄ {]`m-i-¦À shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. tKm]m-e³ ]¸S _nkn-\-Êp-Im-c-\mb

Xsâ the-¡m-c-\m-sW¶pw c−-c-hÀj-ambn, \m«n-sem¶p t]mI-W-sa¶pw

]dªv \nÂ¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. C¶se Rm³ s]«n Xpd¶p t\m¡p-t¼mÄ

kuZm-an-\n-bpsS Ccp-]-¯n-bmdv kmcn Fsâ ]Xn-\©pw apcp-Isâ ]Xn-

119

s\m¶pw jÀ«p-IÄ Ch-sbm¶pw ImWm-\n-Ã. am{X-aÃ Ccn-]-¯n-tbm-cm-bncw

cq] h¨n-cp¶ t]gvkpw `mKy-e-£van-bpsS B`-c-W-§fpw ImWm-\n-Ã. AXp-

tI«v A½m-h³ NqSm-bn. FSm, tKm]mem kXyw ]d-sbSm? Ft¶mSv £an-

¡Ww A½mhm F¶v ]d-bp¶ tKm]m-es\ A½m-h³ ^m... sX−n. F\n¡v

At¶ Adnbmw \osbms¡ \in-¸nt¨ AS-§q¶v þ iI-Sm-kp-c³ F¶v Ien-

Xp-Åp-¶p. {]`m-i-¦À A½m-h-\mb \n§Ä Fsâ apX-seÃmw hm§n-¯-c-W-

sa¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Rm\n-hsâ A½m-h³ AsÃ¶pw Ah³ Fsâ acp-a-I-\-

sÃ¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm¸w \nÂ¡p¶ A©p-t]cpw tKm]m-es\

XÅn-¸-d-bp-¶p. ]ncn-ªp-t]m-Im³ XpS-§p-¶p. At¸mÄ H¶m-a³ Gbv hcs«

hcs« FÃm-hcpw AhnsS \nÂ¡m³ ]d-bp-¶p. At¸mÄ {]`m-i-¦À ]pd-¯p-

\n¶v {]th-in-¡p-¶p. tKm]m-e\pw {]`m-i-¦dpw ]c-kv]cw BtÇ-jn¨v

kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ Bß-kp-lr-¯p-¡-fm-Wv. \nsâ kn\na F¶mWv

Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-sX¶v {]`m-i-¦À tKm]m-e-t\mSv tNmZn-¡p-¶p. {]`m-i-¦À Xsâ

{]nb kplr-¯m-sW¶v tKm]m-e³ ]d-bp-¶p. sjbv¡nsâ sk{I-«-dn-am-cm-W-

hÀ. At¸m ]¸S ]Wn-btÃ F¶v Xncp-ta\n tNmZn-¡p-¶p. Hm, t\m t\m

F¶p ]dªv Xncp-ta-\n¡v knK-cäv tht− F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

A½m-h³ Fsâ tKm]mem þ F\n¡v At¶ Adnbmw \o tIa-\mhpw

F¶v {]`m-i-¦-dn-t\mSv Ch³ Fsâ acp-a-I-\m-sW¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. FÃm-hcpw

tNÀ¶v Pa-−³þP-K-Pn-Ãnþhocm-[n-ho-c³ F¶p hmgv¯p-¶p. aq¶m-a³ \mS-I-

¯nsâ c−mw Ah-km\w F\n-¡{X ]nSn-¨nÃ F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. bYmÀ°

{]`m-i-¦À GXm-sW¶v F§s\ XoÀ¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-sa¶v AbmÄ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

tKm]m-e³ B ap¡nÂ t]mbn XmSnbpw sNmdnªv \nÂ¡p-¶Xv Abm-fpsS

{i²-bnÂ s]Sp-¶p. \mem-a\pw A©m-a\pw Abm-fpsS kwibw icn-h-bv¡p-

¶p. \mem-a³ A¸ NXnt¨m? Ft¶mSv tNmZn-¡− F¶v Xncp-ta\n Hgn-bp-

¶p. GXms¸m ambw Fs´mcp adn-ambw F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p. At¸mÄ H¶m-a³

120

kwKXn adn-ambw Xs¶ F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. bYmÀ° {]`m-i-¦À t]meo-kns\

hnfn-¡m³ t]mb-Xm-sW-¦ntem? F´mWv kw`-hn-¡pI H¶m-a³ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

Ieym-W-amtWm? t]meo-kmtWm? FÃm-hcpw IqSn ]d-bp-¶p. BÀ¡-dnbmw?

Cusbmcp kkvs]³knÂ Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xm-hp¶p \mS-I-¯nsâ aq¶mw

Ah-km\w F¶v H¶m-a³ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Xncp-ta\n: AXn-imbn At¸mÄ Ah-

kmt\m h¶tý ImWmw ¶¶ym AtÃ. Xncp-ta-\n, C\n Ub-tem-KnÃy F¶v

H¶m-a³ ]d-bp-¶p. Bcm CsXms¡ \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xv Bfp-Isf A¦vSpw

C¦vSpw C«v X«n-bp-cp-t«. At¸mÄ c−m-a³ ]d-bp-¶p. Xncp-ta\n AsXms¡

C\n ]pd-¯p-t]mbn ]d-tªm-fq. Cu tÌPv Hgn-hm-¡-Ww, Cusbmcp

kkvs]³knÂ \mSIw Ah-km-\n¨p F¶v R§-fnXm {]Jym-]n-¨p-sIm-Åp-

¶p. `mcXv amXm Io... Pbv... F¶v c−m-a³ ]d-bp-¶-tXmsS \mSIw Ah-km-

\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. h¶tý ImWmw F¶ \mSIw bYmÀ° Pohn-X-]-cn-k-c-hp-ambn

XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶pt−m? kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

2. \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ \mS-I-co-Xn-I-sf, Ah-X-c-Ws¯ DS-¨p-hmÀ¡p¶ \mS-I-

amWv h¶tý ImWmw? hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

3. h¶tý ImWmw F¶ \mS-I-¯nse A½m-h³ Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-\mb

\m«nÂ ]pd-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv. ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

121

bqWnäv þ 5

]co-£-W-\m-S-I-thZn

\ne-\nÂ¡p¶ \mS-I-k-t¦-X-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Bhn-

jv¡m-c-¯n\pw Bi-b-kw-th-Z-\-¯n\pw ]pXnb amÀ¤-§Ä tXSn-bXv ]co-£-

W-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bm-Wv. inYn-e-_nw-_-§-fn-eqsS hyXy-kvX-amb cwK--kw-hn-[m-\-

§fpw Bi-b-k-¦oÀ®-X-IfpwsIm−v \mS-I-s¯bpw t{]£-I-scbpw thdn«p

\nÀ¯p¶ kt¦-X-§-fmWv ]co-£-W-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-tS-Xv. ]Xn-hp-t]mse

]mÝm-Xy-\m-S-I-]-co-£-W-§-fnÂ\n¶mWv ]co-£W \mS-I-thZn F¶

Bibw cq]w sImÅp-¶-Xv. kmÂh-tZmÀ Zmen-bmWv CXnsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hv.

\yqtbmÀ¡n-emWv Zmen-bpsS ]co-£W \mS-I-§Ä Ac-t§-dn-b-Xv. 1936 apX-

emWv ]co-£-W-\m-S-I-§-fpsS hfÀ¨ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. _ÀWmÀUvjmbpsS

Hm¬ Z tdmIvkv t]mepÅ ]co-£-W-\m-S-I-§Ä C¡m-e¯v cwK-¯-c-t§-dn.

Zmen-bpsS Xnb-äÀ Bi-b-§Ä B[p-\nI Iem-Nn-´-I-cnÂ Bth-i-am-bn-am-dn.

Pohn-X-¯nsâ k¦oÀW-X-Isf \mS-Io-bm-Jym-\-am¡n amäm-\pÅ ]co-£-W-

\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS {iaw ]pXnb {]h-W-X-IÄ¡v hgn-Im-«p-Ibpw AsXmcp

{]Øm-\-ambn cq]w {]m]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1970-I-fpsS BZy-L-«-¯n-emWv

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ]co-£W \mS-I-§Ä Ac-t§-dn-b-Xv. A¡m-es¯ kwKo-X-\m-

S-I-§sf adn-I-S¶v Zpc-´m-hn-jvImc§Ä \S-¯nb Cu \mS-I-thZn P\-§sf

BIÀjn-¨p. Imhmew \mcm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡À, \tc-{µ-{]-km-Zv, ]n.-Fw. XmPv XpS-

§nb \mS-IIr-¯p-¡fneqsS ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ]co-£W \mS-I-§Ä iàn-{]m-

]n-¨p. Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bp-sSbpw kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³ \mb-cp-sSbpw \mS-I-¡-f-

cn-Ifpw ]co-£W {]h-W-X-Ifpw kam-´-c-th-Zn¡v IqSp-XÂ Icp-¯p-]-IÀ¶p.

122

ae-bm-f-¯nse Ac-§p-k-¦-ev]-§sf ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡m-\mWv ]co-£-W-\m-S-I-

thZn {ian-¨-Xv.

Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-thZn

km¼-¯nI t\«w ]cn-K-Wn-¡msX \mS-I-I-esb apt¶m-«p-sIm-−p-t]m-

Im\pw t]mjn-¸n-¡m\pw {ian-¡p-¶-h-cpsS kwLamWv Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-th-Zn.

\mS-Itam atä-sX-¦nepw Ietbm Imbn-Im-`ym-ktam Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-bmbn amdp--

t¼mÄ AXv s{]m^-j-W-em-bn-am-dp-¶p. Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä t_m[-

]qÀÆw kwL-Sn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ bXv\-§Ä \mw hyà-ambn ImWp-¶Xv kn.-hn.

bpsSbpw N´p-ta-t\m-sâbpw Ime-¯n-\n-¸p-d-amWv hmb-\-im-e-bp-sSbpw aäpw

_Ô-s¸«v ]«-W-§-fnse Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb sNdp-¸-¡m-cpsS

hnt\m-tZm-]m[n am{X-am-bn-cp¶p Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-§Ä. kn.-hn.-bp-sSbpw Nµp-ta-

t\m-sâbpw t\mh-ep-IÄ hmbn¨p {`an-¨-hÀ AXv \mS-I-ambn ImWm³ B{K-

ln-¨-Xnsâ ^e-am-bmWv ]n¶oSv Cµp-te-Jbpw amÀ¯m-Þ-hÀ½bpw cma-cm-

Pm-_-lp-Zqdpw \mS-I-cq-]-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sm³ Imc-Ww. hnZym-k-¼-¶-

\mb a\p-jy³ \mS-Is¯ Xsâ BVy-Xz-¯n\p X¡ Iem-cq-]-ambn kzoI-

cn¨v AXns\ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-hm³ {ian¨t¸mgmWv Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-kw-L-

§Ä P·-sa-Sp-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n-b-Xv. ae-bmf \mS-I-¯nÂ C.-hn. IrjvW-]n-Å-

bpsS Ime-¯n-\p-ti-j-amWv Aa-NzÀ \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä D−m-Ip-¶-Xv. Aa-

NzÀ \mS-I-§Ä sIm−p-−mb KpWw Xe-ap-d-I-fnÂ \n¶v Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te¡v

hym]n-¡p¶ \mS-Im-kzm-Z\w km[n¨p F¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse \S-

·mscbpw \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡sfbpw krjvSn-¡m\pw ]e-cp-sSbpw {]Xn` ]pd-¯p-

h-cm\pw Cu \mS-I-thZn klm-bn-¨p. F¶mÂ \mSIw hfsc Bbm-k-c-ln-X-

ambn krjvSn-¡m-hp-¶, hnt\mZw am{X-amsW¶pÅ sXämb t_m[w \nÀ½n-

s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Cu \mS-I-thZn Imc-W-am-sb¶pw ImWmw.

123

_me-\m-S-I-thZn

t]cp-t]mse Ip«n-IÄ¡v Bkz-Zn-¡m\pw DÄs¡m-Åm\pw Ign-bp¶

\mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ thZn-bmWv _me-\m-S-I-th-Zn. Ip«n-Ifpw

apXnÀ¶-hcpw C¯cw \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-IÄ¡v Bi-b-kw-

th-Z\w \S-¯m³ Ign-bp¶ \mS-I-§-fmWv CXnÂ {][m\yw t\Sp-¶-Xv. KpW-

]m-T-I-Y-IÄ, \oXn-km-c-I-Y-IÄ, hnt\m-Z-§fpw Ip«n-¡-fn-Ifpw \ndª IY-

IÄ F¶n-h-bmWv _me-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS hnj-b-§Ä. Cw¥o-jp-Im-c-\mb

Po³ sÌÀen§v BWv Ip«n-IÄ¡mbn \mS-I-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb {]ap-J-cnÂ

HcmÄ. 1948Â ImcÂ P¶À Bcw-`n¨ Cw¥ojv Xnb-ädpw 1962Â Øm]n¨

bqWn-t¡m¬ Xob-ädpw Ip«n-I-fpsS \mS-I-th-Znsb iàn-s¸-Sp-¯n. C´y-

bnÂ Ip«n-I-fpsS \mS-I-th-Znsb iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ At\Iw {]Øm-\-§-fp-

−v. kvIqfp-Ifpw kmwkvIm-cnI {]Øm-\-§fpw km£-cXm {]hÀ¯-\-kw-

L-§fpw _me-\m-S-I-th-Znsb t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p. tdUn-tbm, Zpc-ZÀi³,

aäv Snhn Nm\-ep-IÄ kÀ¡m-cnsâ kmaq-ly-t£-a-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ XpS-§nbhbn-

seÃmw Ip«n-I-fpsS \mS-I-thZn t{]mÕm-ln-¡s¸Sp¶p-−v. Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å,

Imhmew XpS-§n-b-hÀ \S-¯nb At\z-j-W-]-T-\-§Ä {]k-à-am-Wv. shªm-

d-aqSv cwK-{]-`m-Xv, Xr¸p-Wn-¯d `mk-t`-cn, tNdqÀ cwK-tN-X-\, s\¿m-än³Ic

\mSI IqSv F¶o kwL-§Ä Ip«n-I-fpsS \mS-I-thZn F¶ \ne-bnÂ {i²-t\-

Sn-bn-«p−v Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS \ngÂ, s]m¶pw-IpSw kmdm-tPm-k-^nsâ

Nm¯p-½msâ sNcp¸pIÄ XpS-§n-bh Gsd {i²-t\-Snb _me-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv.

sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§Ä

sXcp-hns\ Xs¶ Ac-§m-¡p¶ {]tXyI cwK-k-Öo-I-c-W-§-sfm¶pw

Bh-iy-an-Ãm¯ P\-§sf t_m[hXv¡cn¡pI F¶ e£yw h¨p-sIm−v

Ac-t§-dp¶ \mS-I-amWv sXcp-hp-\m-S-Iw. {]ta-b-]-c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-amWv

124

Cu \mSIw e£yw shbv¡p-¶-Xv. \mS-Iw, \S³, t{]£-I³ F¶o LS-I-

§-fpsS Hs¯m-cp-a-bn-eq-sS-bmWv sXcp-hp-\m-SIw apt¶m-«p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. Cu

\mSIw Ac-§nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ \mS-I-§-fnÂ \n¶v hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-bn-

cn-¡pw. A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn \mSIw ImWp¶ t{]£-I-t\mSv kwh-Zn-¡m³

Ign-bp¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ cN-\bpw kwhn-[m-\hpw A`n-\-b-hp-amWv sXcp-hp-\m-S-

I-¯nÂ hnf-¡n-t¨À¡p-¶-Xv. P\-§Ä hs¶-¯p¶ CS-§-fnÂ \mSIw Ah-X-

cn-¸n-¡p¶ coXn ]−p-ap-Xte D−m-bn-cp-¶p. anÌdn \mS-I-§Ä andm-¡nÄ

\mS-I-§Ä XpS-§nb bqtdm-]y³ sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§-sfÃmw sXcp-hp-I-fnÂ

Xs¶-bmWv AhX-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv. Cý³ hoYn-\m-S-Ihpw sXcp-¡q¯pw

C¡q-«-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶-h-bmWv. ]e \mSp-I-fnÂ \ne-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ \mtSmSn

\mS-I-§Ä sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§-fpsS {]mNo-\-cq-]-§-fm-Wv. hmNn-Iw, BwKnIw

F¶o A`n-\-b-co-Xn-IÄ¡mWv sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ {]map-Jyw. cwK-km-a-{Kn-

Itfm thj-`p-jm-Zn-Itfm A[nIw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dn-sÃ-¦nepw t{]£-IÀ¡v

A]-cn-Nn-X-amb IYm-]m-{X-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ ]cn-N-b-

s¸-Sp-¯p¶ coXn-bn-epÅ thj-§Ä [cn-¡m-dp-−v.

{_n«o-jp-Im-c-\mb tSmw tXmakv cwK-k-Öo-I-c-W-§-fn-Ãm¯ \mS-I-

thZn F¶ AÀ°-¯nÂ ‘hkvXp-c-lnX\mS-I-thZn’ F¶v kz´w \mS-I-th-

Zn¡v t]cn-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²-bÀln-¡p¶XmWv. ka-Im-enI {]iv\-§Ä P\-

§Ä¡pap-¶nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v Ahsc t_m[-h-XvI-cn-¡pI F¶ e£y-amWv

Cý-bnse _mZÂ kÀ¡m-cnsâ aq¶mw \mS-I-thZn(tXUv Xn¿-äÀ)¡pÅ-Xv.

Ipcn-insâ hgn, kq£n-¡pI Poh³ hne-tb-dn-b-Xm-Wv, A¦-t¡m-gn-IÄ,

Cý-\-h-Ø-bpsS hÀ¯-I-am-\-§Ä, ]S-tbm-«w, t`m¸mÂ t`m¸mÂ XpS-§n-

bh P\-§Ä kzoI-cn¨ ae-bmf sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§-fm-Wv. tIcf imkv{X-km-

lnXy ]cn-j-¯nsâ \nc-h[n sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v.

125

kwkvIm-c-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww, ab-¡p-a-cp-¶v, hÀ¤o-b-X, hne-¡-b-äw, BZn-hm-kn-

IÄ¡pw aäp-apÅ {]iv\-§Ä, s]¬ap-t¶-äw, sXmgnÂ ka-cw, IpSn-

\oÀ{]iv\w XpS-§nb {]ta-b-§sf ap³\n-dp¯n Ht«sd \mS-I-kw-L-§Ä

[mcmfw sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§Ä sImtdm-W-¡m-e-¯n-\p-ap³]p-hsc \S-¯n-s¡m-

−n-cp-¶p.

hn¹-h-\m-\-´c djy-bnse \mS-I-{]-hÀ¯-I-cmWv B[p-\nI sXcp-hp-

\m-S-I-¯nsâ hàm-¡Ä. anÌdn _ps^, Zn tÌman§v Hm^v Zn hnâÀ ]me-

kv, Zn tUm¬ XpS-§nb sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§Ä P\-Iob {]t£m-`-§-fpambn

_Ô-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv. APnäv t{]m¸v, \yqkvt]-¸À Xn¿-äÀ, KdnÃ Xn¿-äÀ, C³hn-

kn-_nÄ Xn¿-äÀ apX-emb sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-kw-L-§Ä Xpd-Êmb Ac-§nÂ P\-

Iob ASn-b-´-cm-h-iy-§fpw P\-Iob {]t£m`w e£y-am-¡n-bpÅ t_m[-

\hpw \nd-th-äp-¶-Xn-\p-th−n sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. sXcp-hp-\m-S-

Is¯ ssNX-\y-h-¯m-¡p¶ henb LSIw \So-\-S-·m-cpsS kmaq-lnI {]Xn-

_-²-X-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ \mSI {]ta-b-¯n-\mWv {]m[m\yw e`n-¡p-¶-Xv, \So-

\-S-·mÀ¡-Ã. Hmtcm sXcp-hn-tâbpw kz`m-h-¯n-s\m¯v cwK-`m-j-bnÂ Nn«-s -̧

Sp-¯Â \S-¶n-«n-sÃ¶v sXcp-hp-\m-S-I-§sf hnaÀin-¨p-sIm−v Sn.-]n.-kp-Ip-am-

c³ ‘\mSIw I®nsâ Ie’ F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v. F¦nepw

sXcp-hp-\m-SIw Cu \qäm-−nsâ khn-tij krjvSn-bmbmWv Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

kv{Xo\m-S-I-thZn

\Sn-bmtbm kwhn-[m-bn-I-bmtbm Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bmtbm s]mXp-a-Þ-e-

¯n-te¡v hcm-\m-hp¶ kml-Ncyw ap³]v ae-bmfn kv{XoIÄ¡v D−m-bn-cp-¶n-

Ã. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ ]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ Ah-km\ Imes¯ ae-

bm-fn-kv{Xo-bpsS ico-c-`mj hkv{X-[m-cWw hnZym-`ymkw XpS-§nb kmaq-ly-

km-l-N-cy-§Ä kz`m-hn-I-ambpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ ImWm³ Ign-ªn-Ã. A¡m-

126

e¯v kv{XoIÄ du¡-bn-Sp-¶Xpw taevap−v [cn-¡p-¶Xpw thjw sI«-embn

ImWp-Ibpw aq¯-h-tcmSv _lp-am-\-an-Ãm-bva-bmbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C¯-c-¯nÂ kaqlw kv{XoIsf {]Xn-Øm-\¯p \nÀ¯p-Ibpw kzmX{´yw

\ÂImsX ]oUn-¸n-¡pbpw sNbvX ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ thWw BZy-Ime

kv{Xo\m-S-I-c-N-\-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-t¡-−Xv.

Ipªp¡p«n X¦-¨n-bmWv ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy kv{Xo\m-SIcN-bn-Xm-hv.

sImÃ-hÀjw 1065mam−n-\-Sp¯v {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« AÚm-X-hm-k-amWv

Ah-cpsS IrXn. ]mÞ-h-cpsS AÚm-X-hm-ks¯¸än kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-

¯nsâ amXr-I-bnÂ Fgp-X-s¸« \mS-I-amWv AÚm-X-hm-kw. Cu \mSIw

\mS-I-t{]-an-IÄ¡v hmbn-¡m³ am{X-apÅXmbn HXp-§n-t¸m-bn. X¦-¨n-¡p-

tijw \mS-I-c-N\ \S-¯nb kv{Xo tXm«-¡m«v C¡m-h-½-bmWv ‘kp`-

{ZmÀÖp\w’ BWv Ah-cpsS \mS-Iw. A¡m-es¯ \mS-I-§Ä¡nS-bnÂ Hcp

kv{Xo cN\ F¶ \ne-bnÂ Cu \mS-I-¯n\v henb {]m[m-\y-ap-−v. Imc-Ww,

alm-I-hnI-fmb sImSp-§-ÃqÀ X¼p-cm-¡-·mÀ am{Xta AXn-\p-ap³]v C¯-c-

¯n-epÅ \mS-I-§Ä cNn-¨n-cp-¶p-Åp. A`n-\bw cwK-N-e-\-§Ä F¶n-h-sb-

¡p-dn¨v IrXy-amb \nÀt±-i-§Ä Cu \mS-I-¯n-ep-−v. ]Iz-amb Hcp cN-\m-

coXn C¡m-h½ kp`-{ZmÀÖp-\-¯nÂ kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xp ImWmw. Ic-a\

tIi-h-imkv{Xn Cu \mSIw kwkvIr-X-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ]ptcm-K-a\ \mS-I-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ apt¶-ä-Im-e¯v Ht«sd kv{XoIÄ

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn-se-¯n, im´m-tZ-hn, \ne-¼qÀ Bbn-j, sI.-]n.-F-kn.

efn-X, ko\¯v XpS-§n-b-hÀ \mSI \Sn-IÄ F¶ coXn-bnÂ Adn-b-s¸-«p.

F¬]-Xp-IÄ¡p-tijw ae-bm-f-¯nse kv{Xo\m-S-I-thZn kPo-h-ambn

kmdm -tPm-k^v t\XrXzw \ÂInb am\p-jn, A`n-t\{Xn XpS-§nb thZn-I-fn-

eqsS Ht«sd \mS-I-§Ä kv{XoI-fpsS taÂss¡-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p.

127

kv{XoI-fpsS {]iv\-§fpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡pI kv{Xokm-¶n[yw Adn-

bn-¡pI F¶o c−pe£y-§Ä kv{Xo\m-S-I-th-Zn-¡p-−m-bn-cp-¶p. B[p-\n-Im-

\-´c tIc-fob \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ kPn-X, {ioP Bd-t§m-«p-Ic XpS-§nb

kv{Xo \mS-I-{]-hÀ¯-IÀ anI-hpä ]co-£-W-§Ä Cu cwK¯v \S-¯n-s¡m-

−n-cn-¡p-¶p. {ioP Bd-t§m-«p-I-c-bpsS te_À dqw, Hmtcmtcm Ime-¯nepw

XpS-§nb \mS-I-§Ä CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. kv{Xo {]iv\-§-tfm-sSm¸w

Zen-Xv, BZn-hm-kn, ]cn-ØnXn {]iv\-§fpw C¶v B[p-\n-Im-\-´c \mS-I-§-

fnÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Im¼kv Xnt¿-äÀ

Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bmWv Iem-eb \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS A\-´-km-[y-X-I-sf-¡p-

dn¨v Fgp-Xp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ injy-·m-cmWv

BZyw Cu Bi-bs¯ apJ-hn-e-s¡-Sp¯v \mS-I-§Ä Iem-eb Pohn-X-Im-

e¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-Xp-S-§n-b-Xv. ]n¶oSv AsXmcp Xcw-K-ambn amdp-Ibpw

tIc-f-¯nse Iem-e-b-§-fnÂ \mS-I-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\mSI IuXp-I-apÅ Ip«n-IÄ apXnÀ¶-hÀ Im«p¶sX´pw X§-fpsS tImtf-P-

¦-W-¯nÂ ]IÀ¯n-¡m-«p¶p F¶-Xp-sIm−v F´p ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-−m-hm-

\mWv F¶v Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ tNmZn-¡p-¶p-−v. Im¼kv Xnt¿-ä-dns\ hfsc

Kuc-h-ambn ImW-W-sa¶pw henb [mc-W-I-fn-ÃmsX hcp¶ Cu Ip«n-I-fnÂ

\mS-Im-`n-\-bw, \mS-I-kw-hn-[m-\w, Ac-s§m-cp-¡w, \mS-I-c-N\ F¶n-§-s\-

bpÅ ]eXntâbpw {Inbm-]-²-Xn-Ifpw \mS-I-sa¶ Iem-cq-]-¯nsâ khn-ti-

j-{]m-[m-\y-§fpw kaÀl-amb coXn-bnÂ Ah-cnÂ k¶n-th-in-¸n-¡pI Ffp-¸-

am-sW¶v i¦-c-¸nÅ Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p-−v.

C¶v Iem-eb \mS-Im-`n-\-b-kw-L-§Ä B\-sb-t¸mse kz´w _e-a-

dn-bmsX Ign-ªp-Iq-Sp-¶p. \mS-I-th-Zn-bnÂ Imem-Im-e-§-fnÂ {]Xn-^-en-

128

¡p¶ FÃm hmk-\-I-fp-sSbpw shdpw H¸p-I-S-em-kp-IÄ am{X-ambn Ah amdn-

bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Gähpw P\-{]oXn t\Snb \Ssâ `mh-lm-hm-Zn-IÄ, BwKy-tN-jvS-

IÄ þ F´n\v sshI-ey-§Ä hsc A\p-I-cn-¨p-Im-«p-¶-XnÂ A`n-\-bs¯

HXp-¡n-¡-f-bp¶p AhÀ. AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂ cmPv I]q-dp-amcpw bqÄ {_®-·mcpw

kXy-·mcpw [mcm-f-ap-s−¶pw i¦-c-¸nÅ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Cu Ah-

Ø¡v Ah-cÃ D¯-c-hm-Zn-IÄ F¶pw Ahsc \bn-¡p-hm³ {i²n-¡m¯

k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-tâ-Xm-sW¶pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.

tIfp

F³. iin-[-c³

C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e³

I®qÀ PnÃ-bnse Ipäym-«q-cnÂ P\n¨ F³. iin-[-c³ \mS-I-Ir¯pw

\ncq-]-I\pw Xnc-¡-Ym-Ir-¯p-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-Km-Y, aªp-s]-¿p¶ Hcp cm{Xn,

cm{Xn-bpsS CS-b³, Ifn, hmWn-`w, DjvW-Im-ew, cmh-W³tIm-«, ASp-¡f

F¶n-h-bmWv {][m-\-\m-S-I-§Ä. C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e-\p-ambnt¨Às¶-gp-Xnb

\mS-I-§-fmWv tIfphpw DS-¼-Sn-t¡m-e-hpw. \ncq-]-W-{K-Ù-§Ä IY Imew-

t]mse, hm¡nÂ ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯nb Ncn-{Xw, IYm-Im-ew, Imhy-hÀjw F¶o

kam-lm-c-§Ä FUn-äp-sN-bvXp. Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv. c−p-hm-fy-§-fn-embn

{]kn-²o-I-cn¨ Ihn-X-bpsS \qäm-−nsâ FUn-täm-dn-bÂ t_mÀUw-K-am-bn-cp-

¶p. s\bv¯p-Im-c³ F¶ Ne-¨n-{X-¯n\v Xnc-¡-Y-sb-gp-Xn. hmWn`w tIcf

kmlnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUpw tIfptIc-f-kw-KoX \mSI A¡m-Zan

AhmÀUpw t\Sn.

ImkÀtImSv PnÃ-bnse Nt´c kztZ-in-bmWv C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e³.

kz]v\hpw Ncn-{X-hpw, temI-¯nsâ hm¡v, IYm-]qÀÆw, Cµp-te-J, hmb-\-

129

bpsS Zni-IÄ F¶o kam-lm-c-§Ä FUn-äp-sN-bvXp. IY-bpsS \qäm-−nsâ

FUn-äÀam-cn-sem-cm-fm-Wv. kmÂh-tZmÀ Zmen-bpsS Bß-IYIfn-sem¶v

hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXn-«p-−v. kz]v\hpw Ncn-{Xhpw F¶ IrXn Xmbm«v

AhmÀUn-\Àl-am-bn.

tIfp F¶ \mSIw hnZzm³ ]n. tIfp \mb-cpsS Pohn-Xs¯ Ah-ew-_-

am-¡n-bmWv cNn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. 1901 Â ImkÀt¡mSv PnÃ-bnse \ote-iz-c-¯mWv

tIfp-\m-bÀ P\n-¨-Xv. H¶mw temI-bp-²-Im-e¯v ]«m-f-¯nÂ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-

s¨-¦nepw AXp-t]-£n¨v ]p¶-tÈcn \¼n-bpsS IognÂ ]«m¼n kwkvIr-X-tIm-

tf-PnÂ D]-cn-]-T\w \S¯n hnZzm³ ]co£ ]mkm-bn. 1924 Â Imª-§m«v

BZy-ambn tIm¬{Kkv I½än cq]o-I-cn-¨-t¸mÄ {][m\ `mc-hm-ln-I-fn-sem-cm-

fm-bn. 1926Â shÅn-t¡m¯v hnÚm-\-Zm-bn\n kwkvIrX ]mT-ime Øm]n-

¨p. kzmX-{´y-k-a-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«pÅ hnhn[ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-

¡p-Ibpw s\lvdp ]s¦-Sp¯ 1928 se ]¿-¶qÀ tIm¬{KÊv kt½-f-\-¯nÂ

kPo-h-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¨p. Kmb-I\pw \S\pw \mS-I-Ir¯pw {]mkw-Kn-I\pw

kwLm-S-I-\p-ambn Ignhv sXfn-bn-¨p. ‘kvacn-¸n³ `mc-Xo-bsc’ F¶ {]i-kvX-

amb Km\w tIfp-\m-b-cp-tS-Xm-Wv. ]mZp-I-]-«m-`n-tj-Iw, e¦m-Z-l-\w, {[ph-N-cn-

Xw, P\mÀ²-\-`m-k-N-cn-Xw, I_oÀZm-k-N-cn-Xw, ]m¡-\mÀN-cn-Xw, k¼qÀ®-cm-

am-bWw, hnth-tIm-Zbw AYhm Pm\-Io-]-cn-Wbw F¶nhbmWv \mS-I-§Ä.

D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯nse BZy kmaq-ly-\m-S-I-amWv hnth-tIm-Z-bw. ]pcm-W-\m-S-I-

§-sf-t¸mepw ka-Im-en-I-am-¡n-bmWv tIfp-\m-bÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv. 1929Â At±-

l-¯nsâ 29þmas¯ hb-ÊnÂ kz´w ]mT-im-e-bnÂsh¨v tIfp-\m-bÀ Bß-

lXy sNbvXp.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

hnZzm³ ]n. tIfp-\m-bÀ

130

ao-\m£n

F.-kn. I®³\m-bÀ

sI.-Sn. Ipªn-cm-a³ \¼ymÀ

tOm«-memÂ`«v

]n. Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ

sI. am[-h³

sI. _me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ

tZÀ½³ \mbÀ

\mev hnZzm-·mÀ

At\Iw tIm¬{KÊv {]hÀ¯-IÀ

\mS-I-kw-{Klw

hnZzm³ ]n. tIfp-\m-bÀ kvamc-I-{S-Ìnsâ FIvkn-Iyp-«ohv I½n-än-tbm-K-

t¯m-sS-bmWv \mS-Im-cw`w 1997 BWv Imew. sI. am[-h\pw aäv Bdp-t]-cp-

amWv AhnsS H¯p-tN-cp-¶-Xv. tIfp-\m-b-sc-¡p-dn¨v Hcp \mSIw FgpXn Ah-

X-cn-¸n-¡-W-sa¶v AhÀ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. tIfp-\m-b-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-

Xnb _me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ Xs¶-bmWv tIfp-\m-b-sc-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \mS-I-sa-gp-

Xm³ tbmKy³ F¶pÅ A`n-{]mbw Ahn-sS-bp-−m-hp-¶p. tIfp-\m-bsc Hcp

IYm-]m-{X-am-¡n-am-äm³ Ign-bptam F¶ Bi¦ _me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ ]d-

bp-¶p. F¶mÂ FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw \nÀ_-Ô-¯n-\p-h-g§n Abm-fXv k½-Xn-¡p-

¶p.

cwKw Ccp−v sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ \mSIw FgpXn ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡m³ Ign-

bmsX _me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ {]bm-k-¯n-em-Ip-¶p. AhnsS Nph¶ ]«p-

Npän tIfp-\m-bÀ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. _me-Ir-jvW³ sR«n-s¯-dn-¡p-¶p.

Ac-§nse BZy-h-km-\-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶ Fs¶ C\nbpw Ac-§n-se¯n

131

¡tWm F¶ kwibw tIfp-\m-bÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p. hyànbpw IÀ½hpw X½n-

epÅ sshcp[yw am{Xta Ftâ-Xmbn F\n¡v DÄs¡m-Åm-\m-hp-¶p-Åp.

_me-Ir-jvW³ \mS-I-¯nsâ aqi Cu sshcp-[y-am-Ip-¶-XmWv DNn-X-sa¶v

tIfp-\m-bÀ ]d-bp-¶p. CsXmcp Ncn-{X-\m-S-I-am-bn-cn-¡n-sÃ¶v _me-Ir-jvW³

tIfp-\m-bÀ¡v Dd-¸p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. kzbw Pohn-X-a-h-km-\n-¸n¨XnÂ Ct¸mÄ

ZpxJw tXm¶p-¶pt−m F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v CÃ F¶v tIfp-\m-bÀ adp-]Sn ]d-

bp-¶p.

shfn¨w Ccp-−p-sX-fn-bp-t¼mÄ JZ-dp-Sp-¸-Wnª tIfp-\m-b-cpsS

{]kwKw, tIÄhn-¡m-cnÂ F.-kn. I®³\m-bÀ, sI.-Sn. Ipªn-cm-a³ \¼ymÀ

XpS-§n-b-hÀ BÄ¡q-«-¯n-ep-−v. JZÀ [cn-t¡-−-Xn-sâbpw ioabnse

anÂ¯pWn Dt]-£n-t¡-−-Xn-s\bpw Ipdn-¨mWv tIfp-\m-bÀ {]kw-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

ho−pw cwKw sXfn-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ t]mÌ-sd-gp-Xp-¶-bp-hm-¡Ä KmÔnPn

\ote-iz-c¯v hcp-¶Xpw aäp-amWv t]mÌ-dnÂ. Ahn-tS¡v KmÔn-Pn-bpsS kl-

{]-hÀ¯-I-\mb tOm«m-emÂ`«v hcp-¶p. I®³\m-b-cp-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.

KmÔnPn \ote-iz-c¯v hcp-¶nÃ Imk-d-tImt«m awK-em-]p-ct¯m t]mbn

At±-ls¯ ImtW-−n-hcpw F¶ Imcyw `«v Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. I®³ \mbcpw

tIfp-\m-bcpw \ncm-i-cm-sb-¦nepw ]ntä¶v KmÔn-Pnsb ImWm³ bm{X-¡pÅ

Hcp-¡-§Ä Iq«p-¶p. t]mÌp-I-fnÂ Hs¶-Sp¯v hmbn¨v hnjm-Z-¯nÂ

\nÂ¡p¶ tIfp-\m-b-cpsS cq]w Ccn-«n-emgp-¶p.

cwK¯v {_n«ojv km{am-Pys¯ hmgv¯n {]mÀ°\ sNmÃp¶ kvIqÄ.

C¯cw {]mÀ°-\-IÄ \ndp-¯-W-sa¶v I®³ \mbÀ. tZiob hnZym-e-b-§-

fnÂ CXp-Xs¶ \S-¡p-I-bpÅp F¶v tIfp-\m-bcpw I®³ \mbcpw Ipªn-cm-

a³ \¼ymcpw \nK-a-\-¯nse¯p¶p. tZiob hnZym-e-b-§-fpsS amXr-I-bnÂ

Hcp kvIqÄ XpS-§-Wsa¶v I®³\m-bÀ ]d-bp-¶p. FÃm-hcpw AXv icn-h-

132

bv¡p-¶p. AhÀ B Xocp-am-\-¯nÂ Dd-¨p-\nÂ¡p-¶p. ‘hnÚm-\-Zm-bn\n’

F¶v kvIqfn\v t]cn-Sp-¶p. B kvIqfnÂ kmbn-¸-·msc kvXpXn-¡p¶ ]m«p-I-

fnÃ ]Icw amXr-`q-an-sb kvacn-¡Ww F¶p tIfp-\m-bÀ ]d-bp-¶p.

ASp¯ cwK¯v tIfp-\m-b-cp-tSbpw ao\m-£n-bp-sSbpw hnhmlw Ign-

ªp. JZÀ [cn-¨mWv tIfp-\m-bÀ hnhml aÞ-]-¯nse¯nb-Xv. BZy-cm-

{Xn-bnÂ \mS-I-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw kzmX-{´y-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw JZ-dn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw AhÀ

kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. kv{XoIÄ hoSn-\-I-¯p-am{Xw HXp-§n-¡q-sS¶pw AhÀ cwK-

¯n-d§n {]hÀ¯n-¡-W-sa¶pw Ipªn-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymcpsS `mcy am[-hn-b-

½-sb-t¸mse {]kw-Kn-¡m\pw \qÂ\qÂ¡m\pw PmY hnfn-¡m-\p-saÃmw X¿m-

dm-h-W-sa¶v tIfp-\m-bÀ ao\m-£n-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. tIfp-\m-bÀ cmPy-¯n-\p-

th−n {]hÀ¯n-¡m-\mWv Xsâ Pohn-X-sa¶v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ao\o£n AXn\v

FXncv \nÂ¡nÃ F¶v hm¡p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p.

cwK¯v ]m¡-\mÀ NcnXw F¶ \mS-Iw. A¡m-es¯ Abn-¯m-N-

cWw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ao\m-£n-bpsS AÑ³ t`À½³ \mbÀ KmÔn-tbbpw

tIm¬{K-Ên-t\bpw hnaÀin-¡p-¶p. tIfp-\m-b-cpsS \mS-Ihpw Ihn-Xbpw

kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-\hpw t`À½³ \mbÀ¡v Xosc CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. CsXm¶pw

Cu ho«nÂ \S-¡n-sÃ¶v AbmÄ tIfp-\m-bÀ¡v ap¶-dn-bn¸p \ÂIp-¶p.

Rm³ sXsäm¶pw sNbvXn-«nÃ F¶p-]-d-bp-t¼mÄ \mb-tcbpw ]pe-b-tcbpw

Hcp-an-¨n-cp¯n ]Tn-¸n¡p¶ kvIqfp-−m-¡n-bXv sXäm-sW¶v t`À½³ \mbÀ

]d-bp-¶p. \mev ap¡m-ep-−m-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶pt−m F¶v tZÀ½³ \mbÀ

tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xm³ kzX-{´-`m-c-X-¯ot¶ i¼fw ]äp-I-bpÅp F¶v tIfp-

\m-bÀ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶p.

_me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ym-cpsS Fgp-¯p-ap-dn-bn-te¡v shfn¨w F-¯p-

t¼mÄ AbmÄ ap³]v I−-Xnepw Akz-Ø-\m-Wv. AbmÄ tIfp-\m-

133

bsc¡pdn¨v kzbw kwkm-cn-¨p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ 72-þmw hb-ÊnÂ A´-cn¨

Ihn Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ AtX {]mb-¯nÂ AbmÄ¡p-ap-¶nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-

¶p. \mS-I-sa-gpXn XoÀ¶ntÃ _me-IrjvWm F¶v Ihn tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

kvX_v[-\m-bn-t¸mb _me-Ir-jvW³ sXmgp-ssI-I-tfmsS alm-Ihn F¶p-]-d-

bp-¶p. tIfp-th-«sâ PohnXw Fgp-Xn-sh-¨-bmÄ¡v \mS-I-sa-gp-Xm³ _p²n-

apt«m F¶v Ihn tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ. Xm³ Fgp-Xn-h-¨-Xn-\-¸p-d-¯pÅ tIfp-\m-b-

cpsS Pohn-X-amWv Xs¶ _p²n-ap-«n-¡p-¶-sX¶v _me-Ir-jvW³ \¼ymÀ ]d-

bp-¶p. Ihnbv¡pw \mS-I-Ir-¯n-¶p-an-S-bnÂ Cu kabw tIfp-\m-bÀ {]Xy-

£s¸Sp-¶p. Ihnbpw tIfp-\m-bcpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-§-sfbpw aäp-Å-hÀ

Ah-sc-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ª-Xn-s\bpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.

tIfp-\m-bÀ ]IpXn Fgp-Xn-h¨ \mSIw ao\m£n FSp-¯p-hm-bn-¡p-¶p.

AXnÂ kz´w ANv-A-O-s\bpw aäpw hnaÀin-¨Xv ao\m-£n¡v a\-Ên-em-hp-

¶p. ao\m£n AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v FXnÀ¸n-ÃmsX kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Cu

\mSIw Fgp-Xn-XoÀt¡-s−¶pw A§s\ XoÀ¯mÂ Bfp-IÄ apgp-h³ tIfp-

\m-bÀ¡v FXn-cm-hp-sa¶pw _Ôp-¡Ä i{Xp-¡-fm-hp-sa¶pw ao\m£n ]d-bp-

¶p. Fs¶-¡p-dn¨v HmÀ¯n-sÃ-¦nepw aI-\mb Zmap-hns\ HmÀ¡-W-sa¶pw

AhÄ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. tIfp-\m-bÀ Akz-Ø-\m-Ip-¶-tXmsS cwK-¯pÅ

]m¡-\mÀ {]Xn-a-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p. I¬a-jn-sb-Sp¯ {]Xn-a-bpsS

I®nÂ ]pc-«p¶p ]n¶oSv Ipä-t_m-[-¯mÂ Ft¶mSv £an¡v ]m¡-\mtc

F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p.

shfn¨w sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ \mS-I-tÌ-Pnsâ ]n³`mKw \S-·m-tcmSv kwkm-

cn-¡p¶ tIfp-\m-bÀ, k\m-\µ tjWm-bn-bnÂ \n¶v ISw hm§n \mSIw

Ifn¨v IS-¡m-c-\m-b-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v IqsS A`n-\-bn-¡p-¶-hÀ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

tIm¬{K-Ênsâ ^−nÂ \n¶v ISw ho«m³ AhÀ D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. tIfp-\m-

134

bÀ AXn-\p-X-¿m-dm-hp-¶n-Ã. \mSIw ImWm³ h¶ ao\m£n aI³ Zmap-hn-

s\bpw sIm−v tIfp-\m-bsc ImWm³ hcp-¶p. Ipªn\v Xosc kpJ-an-sÃ¶v

[cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. \msf Ipªns\ sshZysc ImWn-¡m³t]mepw ]W-an-sÃ¶

kXyw ao\m£n a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. Ahn-tS¡v tZÀ½³ \mbÀ {]th-in-¸n-¡p-

¶p. \mS-I-s¯bpw kmln-Xy-t¯bpw tIfp-\m-b-scbpw AbmÄ Hcp-t]mse

A[n-t£-]n-¡p-¶p. ao\m-£nsb AbmÄ \nÀ_-Ô-ambn Ahn-sS-\n¶v

sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶p. \mS-I-¯nse tIfp-\m-b-cpsS A«-lmkw Hcp tcmZ-\-ambn

]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p. Abm-f-hnsS Ipg-ªp-ho-gp-¶p. \S-·mÀ \nÊ-lm-b-cmbn AXp-

I-−p-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

shfn¨w -sX-fn-bp-t¼mÄ hnZzm³amÀ \mep-t]À tIfp-hp-ambn aÕ-cn-

¡m³ h¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ tÇmIw sNmÃp-t¼mÄ ‘a’ F¶ A£-c-¯nÂ

sNmtÃ− tIfp-hn\v ‘acWw’ F¶p am{Xta ]d-bm³ Ign-bp-¶pÅp AXp

tI«v hnZzm-·mÀ s]m«n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. CcpÄ ]c-¡p-¶p.

XnanÀ¯p-s]-¿p¶ ag-bnÂ an¶Â shfn-¨-¯n-emWv Ac§v ImWp-¶Xv

]m¡-\m-cpsS {]Xn-asb tNÀ¯p-]n-Sn¨v kwLÀj-t¯msS XS-hp-¶p. \osb-

\n-s¡¶pw A`-b-ambncp¶p-sh¶v {]Xn-a-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶p. \ns¶ Dt]-£n-¨p-

t]m-Im³ F\n¡v Ign-bn-Ã F¶p-]-dªv tIfp-\m-b-c-dn-bmsX BtÇjw apdp-

Ip-¶p. {]Xn-a-bpsS I®p-IÄ AbmÄ am´n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. ]ns¶ aäp-`m-K-§Ä

Ct¸mÄ {]Xna shdp-samcp a¬Iq-\-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXv ssII-fnÂ

DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨v CS-s\-©p-s]m«n¡c-bp-¶p. ]m¡-\mtc Fsâ ]m¡-\mtc

F¶ \ne-hnfn tIÄ¡p-¶p.

Xnc-Èoe ]nf-cp-t¼mÄ ]mZpI]«m-`n-tjIw \mS-I-¯nse Hcp

aplqÀ¯w ssItI-bnbpw Zi-c-Y\pw \S\w sN¿p-¶p. ]n¶oSv Ac-§nÂ

135

shfn¨w s]men-bp-¶p. Zi-c-Ysâ k½À±hpw ZpxJhpw Bhm-ln-¨-Xp-t]mse

AhnÂs]mXn Xpd¶v H¶n-s¨-Sp¯v hngp-§p-¶p. shÅw IpSn-¡p-¶p. \mS-I-

s]«n ssIX«n henb i_vZ-t¯msS hogp-¶p. acWw hcn-¡m-\mbn \o−p

\nhÀ¶p-In-S-¡p-¶p. Hcp am{X \o−p-\nÂ¡p¶ au\w.

“Ipªn-t¡fp ISp¸w sNbvtX!”, “tItfz-«³ t]mtb!”, “tIfp-amjv

]änt¨!” XpS§nb tcmZ-\-§Ä. I®³ \mb-c-S-¡-apÅhÀ HmSn-h-cp¶p \mUn-

t\m-¡p¶p. FÃm-hcpw \ne-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]n¶nÂ NÀ¡ Zo\-kz-c-¯nÂ Ic-

ªp-sIm−v kzbw Id-§p-¶p. shfn¨w kmh-[m\w s]men-bp-¶p.

shfn¨w sXfn-bp-t¼mÄ amXr-`qan ]{X-¯nÂ tIfp-\m-b-sc-¡p-dn-¨-h¶

apJ-{]-kwKw hmbn¨p tIÄ¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw tImSn-]p-X¨ tIfp-\m-bÀ

Hgp-¡n-se-¶-t]mse F¯p-¶p. “kvacn-¸n³ `mc-Xo-bsc” F¶ Km\-¯nsâ

CuWw. Xne-Èo-e.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. tIfp F¶ \mS-I-¯n\v Hcm-kzm-Z\w X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

2. tIfp Hcp Ncn-{X-\m-S-I-t¯-¡mÄ Hcp kmaq-ly-\m-S-I-sa¶ \ne-bn-

emWv {i²-t\-Sn-bXv F´p-sIm−v?

3. Ihn Ipªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-s¯¡p-dn¨v Hcp Ipdn-s¸-gp-

Xp-I.

4. tIfp-\m-bÀ Hcp kzmX{´y ka-c-tk-\m-\n-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ \mS-I-¯nÂ

{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-§s\?

136

te_À dqw

{ioP sI.-hn.

{ioP Bd-t§m-«p-Ic F¶ {ioP sI.-hn. 1966 Â XrÈqÀ PnÃ-bnse

Bd-t§m-«p-I-c-bnÂ P\n-¨p. ]«m¼n kwkvIrX tImtf-PnÂ \n¶v _ncp-Zw.

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Fw.-F. Hmtcmtcm Ime-¯nepw F¶ \mSIw tIcf

kwKoX\mSI A¡m-Z-an-bpsS Ata-NzÀ \mSI aÕ-c-¯nÂ 1999Â anI¨ cN-

\-¡pÅ AhmÀUn\pw anI¨ \hm-KX {]Xn-`-bv¡pÅ Sn.-F³. tKm]n-\m-Y³

\mbÀ AhmÀUn\pw 2003 se sNdp-ImSv AhmÀUn\pw AÀl-am-bn. te_À

dqw F¶ \mSIw kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³ \mbÀ kmtIXw AhmÀUn\v AÀl-

ambn B[p-\n-Im-\-´-c-Im-e¯v iàn {]m]n¨ kv{Xo\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS hàmhv

F¶ \ne-bnÂ {i² t\Sn-bn-«p-−v. hmWn-Py-\n-Ip-Xn hIp-¸nÂ tPmen sN¿p-

¶p.

\mSI kw{Klw

Cu \mS-I-¯nse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä {]k-h-ap-dn-bnÂ I−p-ap-«p¶

kv{XoI-fm-Wv. kaq-l-¯nse hnhn[ Xe-§-fnÂ Pohn-¡p-¶, {]iv\-§Ä

A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ kv{Xo Pohn-X-§sf Cu \mSIw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. ]pcp-

js\ At]-£n¨v kv{Xo t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hn-fn-Ifpw Akzm-X-{´yhpw \mSIw

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ]me-¡mSv Cu \mSIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ kmaq-ly-hn-cp-²-

cmb a\p-jyÀ \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡pw-hsc \mS-I-{]-hÀ¯-Isc A[n-t£-]n-

¨Xv Hcp A`n-ap-J-¯nÂ {ioP Xpd¶p ]d-ªn-«p-−v. AXp-Xs¶ kv{Xo {]iv\-

§sf kaqlw F§s\ ImWp¶p F¶v AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v.

\mS-I-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸Sp¶ kv{XoIYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v {]tXy-In-

s¨mcp t]cn-Ã. kmÀÆ-eu-In-I-ambn kv{XoIÄ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ k¦oÀ®-X-

137

IÄ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Hcp t]cnsâ Bh-iy-anÃ F¶v \mS-I-

Ir¯v Icp-Xp-¶p. {]k-h-¯n-\p-th−n Bip-]-{Xn-bnse te_À dqanÂ {]th-

in-¸n-¡-s¸« kv{XoI-fnÂ Hcp kv{Xo {]k-hn¨v aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ Ignª

kv{Xobm-Wv. Xsâ Ipªns\ ImW-W-sa¶v AhÄ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p.

AhÄ {]k-hn-¨Xv A\m-tcm-Ky-apÅ Hcp s]¬Ip-ªn-s\-bm-Wv. HmIvkn-P³

amkvIv amän-bmÂ ac-W-¯n\p Iog-S-§p¶ Ah-Ø-bm-bn-cp¶p B Ipªn-tâ-

Xv. tUmIvSÀ `À¯m-hn-t\mSpw _Ôp-¡-tfmSpw Ip«n A[n-I-k-abw Pohn-¡n-

sÃ¶v Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. Ip«nsb ImWp-¶-XnÂ \n¶v tUmIvSdpw t\gvkpw

kv{Xosb \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Ah-km\w Ip«n-bpsS AhØ AhÀ a\-

Ên-em-¡p-¶p. `À¯mhpw _Ôp-¡fpw Ip«nsb ac-W-¯n\p hn«p-sIm-Sp-

¡msX aäv amÀK-an-sÃ¶v Ah-tfmSv ]d-bp-¶p. H³]Xv amks¯ \o−

Im¯n-cn-¸n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ {]k-h-th-Z-\-b-dnªv {]k-hn¨ B kv{Xo¡v Xsâ

Ipªns\ ac-W-¯n\v hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶n-Ã. AhÄ Xo{h-amb

ZpxJw A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶p. Hcp kv{Xo¡v am{Xw Ign-bp¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ lrZb

_Ôw B Ipªp-ambn AhÄ¡v D−mbn Ign-ªXv \mSIw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-

¶p.

c−m-as¯ kv{Xo kaq-l-¯nse FÃm-hÀ¡pw Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-bm-Wv.

`À¯m-hn-tâbpw ho«p-Im-cp-tSbpw kvt\lhpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw e`n-¡p¶ IYm-

]m-{X-am-Wn-hÀ. te_À dqanÂ Bbmepw Xsâ `mcy-bpsS Imcy-§-fnÂ thh-

em-Xn-s¸-Sp¶ `À¯m-hns\ \mSIw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. Btcm-Ky-apÅ Hcp

Ipªns\ {]k-hn-¡Ww F¶ B{K-l-t¯msS h¶ kv{Xo¡v BZys¯

kv{XobpsS Ipªnsâ AhØ I−v `bhpw AtXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ ZpxJhpw

D−m-Ip-¶p. Xsâ Ipªv Btcm-Ky-t¯m-sSbpw kpc-£n-X-ambpw Ccn-¡-W-

sa¶v AhÄ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p.

138

CXnÂ\n-s¶Ãmw XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-bmWv aq¶m-as¯ kv{XobpsS

Pohn-X-]-cn-kcw. kaq-l-¯nsâ I®nÂ Ah-sfmcp tamiw kv{Xobm-Wv. {]k-

h-¯n-s\-¡p-dnt¨m Xsâ Ipªv F§-s\-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dnt¨m

AhÄ¡v bmsXm-cp-hn[ Bi-¦-bp-an-Ã. AhÄ A\p-`-hn¨ PohnX kml-

Ncyw A{Xbpw tami-s¸-«-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AhÄ A\m-Ybpw ]cn-N-cn-¡m³ Iq«n-

Ãm-¯-h-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. AhÄ¡v Hcp I¸v Im¸n-hm-§n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ Bcp-ap-−m-

bn-Ã. CXp-sIm-s−ms¡ Xs¶ BZys¯ kv{XobpsS Ipªnsâ Ah-Ø-bn-

epÅ Hcp Ipªn-s\-bmWv AhÄ {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]Ww sImSp¯v Xs¶

]cn-N-cn-¡m³ GÀ¸m-Sm-¡nb BÄt]mepw Ahsf ]cn-N-cn-¡m³ hcm-¯Xv

Ahsf k½À±-¯n-em-¡p-¶p-−v. Xâ ico-c-¯nÂ\n¶v Ip«n F§-s\bpw

thÀs¸«v t]mbmÂ aXn F¶ Ah-Ø-bnÂ AhÄ F¯n-t¨À¶p. H¶m-a-

s¯bpw c−m-a-s¯bpw kv{XoI-fnÂ \n¶v hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb am\-kn-I-

Xew DÅ IYm-]m-{X-amWv aq¶m-as¯ kv{Xo. c−m-as¯ kv{Xo sImSp-

¡p¶ B¸nÄ Pyqkv X\n¡v Zln-¡n-sÃ¶v AhÄ Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-¶p-−v. KXn-

sI« Xsâ Pohn-X-¯n\v ku`m-Ky-§-sfm¶pw tNcnÃ Fs¶mcp [z\n Cu ]d-

bp-¶-Xn-\p-−v. Cu KÀ`w AhÄ B{K-ln-¡m-¯-Xp-sIm−pXs¶ H¶m-as¯

kv{XobpsS Ipªv acn-¡p-¶Xv AhÄ ka-Nn-¯-X-tbmsS t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶p.

CXv Ahsf kt´m-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AhÄ c£-s¸«p F¶p-]-dªv AhÀ B

Ipªns\ hmcn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. Xm³ {]k-hn-¡p-¶Xv s]¬Ip-ªn-s\-bm-sW-

¦nÂ ]¯p-]-Xn-\©v hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw ]pd¯v Bcp-tSbpw Im¯n-cn-¸n-

ÃmsX Ahfpw CXp-t]m-semcp apdn-bn-se-¯n-s¸-Sp-sa¶pw B¬Ip-ªm-sW-

¦nÂ Xs¶ t]mepw Iq«n-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ Hcm-fmbn amdpw c−m-bmepw Ipªn-s\-

¡p-dn¨v HmÀ¡p-t¼mÄ X\n¡v `b-amsW¶v ]dªv AhÄ Ae-dn-¡-c-bp-¶p.

s\dn-sI« kaq-l-¯nsâ `mK-am-bmWv CXp-t]m-epÅ A½-am-cp−mIp-

¶-Xv F¶v aq¶m-as¯ kv{Xosb Nq−n-s¡m−v \mSIw ]d-bp-¶p. kaq-l-

139

¯nsâ aqey \jvSw kv{Xo Pohn-X-s¯-bmWv IqSp-XÂ th«-bm-Sp-¶-sX¶v \m-

SIw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. a\pjy kaqlw AÔ-X-bn-te¡pw \nIr-jvS-X-bn-te¡pw

aÕ-c-¯n-te¡pw {]th-in-¨Xv Cu \mS-I-¯nse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä hnfn-¨p-]-d-

bp-¶p. kv{XobpsS Zpcp-X-]qÀ®-amb PohnXw C¡m-e¯v Nc-¡p-h-XvI-cn-¡-

s¸-Sp-Ibpw kwLÀj-]q-cn-X-am-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-sh¶v \mSIw Xpd-¶p-]-d-bp-

¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. hÀ¯-am-\-Im-es¯ kv{XoI-fpsS hyànXzw A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶-

XnÂ te_À dqw \mSIw hnP-bn-¨-sX-§s\? hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

2. te_À dqw BWm-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ \njvTq-c-X-Isf Xpd-¶p-Im-«p¶ \mS-I-

amWv? kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

3. te_À dqw \mS-Is¯¡pdn¨v Hcp Akzm-Z-\-¡p-dn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv

kXojv sI. kXojv

tImgnt¡mSv PnÃ-bnse Fcn-ªn-¸m-e¯v P\-\w. tImgn-t¡mSv "ImgvN'

Xnt¿-äÀ {Kq¸nsâ Øm]-I-mwKw. 1999 se anI¨ \mS-I-c-N-\-¡pÅ CS-tÈcn

AhmÀUv tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv F¶ \mS-I-¯n\p e`n-¨p. kzX-{´-]-{X-

{]-hÀ¯-I-\mbn Ipd-¨p-Imew tPmen sNbvXp ]n¶oSv {]Zo]w amK-kn-\nÂ

Ìm^v dnt¸mÀ«-dmbpw KÄ^v thmbvkv amkn-I-bpsS k_v FUn-ä-dmbpw

tPmen t\m¡n. ta[m-_p-Ivknepw FUn-äÀ C³NmÀPmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨p.

Idp¯ ]£n-bpsS ]m«v ]Z-{]-iv\-§Ä¡nS-bnÂ Ahfpw Abmfpw ap¯-Èn-¡-

140

Y, ]d-¶p-b-cm³ Ign-bm¯ ]mhw ]d-h-IÄ, Nn{Xmw-K-Z- Nn-cn-¡m¯sXt´,

Heo-hn-e-I-fpsS aÀ½-c-§Ä, {Ko³dqw, hnip² ]m]-§-fnÂcà-aghogp-t¼mÄ

XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv \mS-I-§Ä. sNdnb sNdnb ag-kv]Ài-§Ä, ag-hn-Ãnsâ

a\Êv F¶n-h-bmWv t\mh-ep-IÄ \mS-IIm-ew, hmb-\-bpsS ck-X-{´w, Xntb-

äÀ sSIvÌv F¶o kam-lm-c-§Ä FUnäv sNbvXp. tImgn-t¡mSv Ie \S-¯nb

AJn-e-tIcf \mS-I-a-Õc¯nÂ Idp¯ ]£n-bpsS ]m«n\v anI¨ cN-\¡pw

kwhn-[m-\-¯n-\p-apÅ AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. 1993 se sNdp-ImSv AhmÀUpw

1994se iàn AhmÀUpw CtX \mS-I-¯n\v e`n-¨p. ]Z-{]-iv\-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ

Ahfpw Abmfpw F¶ \mS-I-¯n\v tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kvImcw

e`n-¨p.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä

tacn

tacn sPbv³

tacn tPmbvkv

B³tacn

tdmkvtacn

tPmkv sNdn-bm³

tPm¬ sNdnbm³

]qP

^mZÀ tPm¬ De-l-¶m³

djo-Zen

"tdmkv tacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv' F¶ \mSIw `b-hn-lz-e-amb PohnXw

\bn-¡p¶ kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Ø-I-fmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. \mS-Ihpw Pohn-

Xhpw H¶m-Ip¶ aplqÀ¯-§Ä Cu \mSI¯nÂ [mcmfw ImWmw. sshIm-

141

cnIX ]c-am-h[n Ipd¨v hkvXp-X-Isf t{]£-I-\n-te-s¡-¯n-¡p¶

s{_lvXnsâ F¸n¡v Xnt¿-d-dÀ coXn-bmWv Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-

¡p-¶-Xv. \mSIw I−v Bkz-Zn-¡m³ am{X-ap-Å-X-sÃ¶pw t{]£-Is\ kmaq-

ly-ambn {]tNm-Zn-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ cmjv{So-b-L-SIw \mS-I-¯n\v Hgn-¨p-Iq-Sm-

\m-hm-¯-Xm-sW-¶p-apÅ ss{_lvXn-b³ Bibw Cu \mSIw ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶p.

\mS-I-c-N-\-tbbpw A`n-\-bt¯bpw Ah-X-c-W-t¯bpw \nb-{´n-¨mÂ am{Xta

AXn-ssh-Im-cn-IX \mS-I-¯nÂ \n¶v Hgn-hm-¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bpÅq F¶

{_lvXnsâ A`n-{]mbw Cu \mSIw km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. AXn-\m-em-Wv

tdmkv tacn-bmbn A`n-\-bn¨ \Sn Xs¶ IYm-]m-{X-ambn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

ImWn-IÄ IYm-]m-{X-ambpw IYm-]m-{X-§Ä ImWn-I-fmbpw Cu \mS-I-¯nÂ

cq]m-´cw {]m]n-¡p-¶Xv F¸nIv Xnt¿-ä-dnsâ khn-ti-j-X-bmbn ImWmw.

ss__nÄ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-epÅ Hcp \mS-I-amWv. tdmkvtacn \mS-I-{Kq-¸mWv

IYsb \bn-¡p-¶-Xv. AhÀ IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbpw ImWn-I-fmbpw Nne

kµÀ`§fnÂ amdp-¶p. kl-\-¯n-tâbpw kvt\l-¯n-tâbpw {]Xo-I-amb

I\y-a-dn-b-¯nsâ tacn F¶ t]cnÂ \n¶v XpS§n ]pXnb BJym-\-§-fn-eqsS

hnI-kn-¡p-¶-XmWv tdmkvtacn \mS-Iw. tacn, a¡-fmb tacn-sP-bv³, tacn-tPm-

bvkv, B³ta-cn, tdkvtacn F¶nhcpsS Pohn-X-¯n-eqsS ka-Im-en-I-ambn

kv{Xo Pohn-Xs¯ \mSIw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶p.

\mS-I-kw-{Klw

\mSIw Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ {Kq¸v AwK-§Ä sN¶m-

bv¡-fpsS I®nse Xnf¡w Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v B]-XvI-c-amb A´-co£w

krjvSn¡p¶p. `bm-\-I-amb B cwK-t¯¡v Hcp \tc-j³ hcp-¶p. ss__n-

fnse BZw lÆ IY-bpsS ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-c-W-¯n-eqsS \·-þ-Xn-·, ]m]w-þ-]p-

Wyw, kv{Xoþ-]p-cp-j³ XpS-§nb a\p-jy-[m-c-W-Isf \mSIw ]p\x-kr-jvSn-¡p-

142

¶p. kÀ¸w ]m]-¯nsâ NnÓ-ambn Cu cwK¯v {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. kÀ¸-

¯nsâ t{]c-W-bm-emWv BZhpw lÆbpw hne-¡-s¸« I\n `£n¨v ssZh-

tIm-]-¯n\v Cc-bm-Ip-¶-Xv. thZ-\-I-fpsS Ib-amb `qan-bn-te¡v ssZhw

bmsXmcp `bhpw \ÂImsX Ahsc hen-s¨-dn-bp-¶p. kv{XobpsS \nÊm-lm-

b-Ø, bmX-\, Imaw, KÀ`-]oV F¶nh Adp-Xn-bn-ÃmsX XpS-cp-sa¶pw

ssZhw i]n-¡p-¶p. A[x-]-X-\-¯nemb kaqlw C¡m-e¯pw ssZh-¯nsâ

]gb im]s¯ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. kv{XoIÄ C¶pw ss]im-Nn-I-ambn

B{I-an-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXp t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ kZ-ÊnÂ\n¶v A`bw tXSn

tdmkvtacn F¶ s]¬Ip«n \mSIw Ifn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡n-S-bn-te¡v ]mªp-h-cp-

¶p. A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä \mS-I-¯nsâ sshIm-cn-Imwiw \jvS-s¸-«-XnÂ \ncm-i-

cmbn B s]¬Ip-«nsb ImWn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ Ccp-¯p-¶p. Xs¶ B{Ian¡m³

]n¶mse HmSn hcp¶ Bsctbm `b-s¸«v ImWn-IÄ¡n-S-bn-se-¯p¶ B

s]¬Ip«n ImWn-I-fnepw Xs¶ th«-bm-Sm³ Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-s−¶v Xncn-¨-

dnªv AhÄ \mS-I-\-Sn-am-cn-sem-cm-fm-hm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS \mSIw

Ah-fpsS IY-bmbn amdp-¶p. tdmkvta-cn-bpsSPohnXw I®o-cp-sIm-−mWv

Fgp-X-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. Ic-ªp-I-e-§nb I®p-I-fpÅ A½¨n tacn, s\©p

Iodn-¡-c-bp¶ tN¨n B³ta-cn, thZ-\-Isf I-\ymkv{Xo ]«w sIm−v aqSn-

sh¨ tN¨n knÌÀ tacn tPmbvkv, Imam-¯n-]p-c-sa¶ Nph¶ sXcp-hnÂ

Ccp− apdn-I-fn-sem-¶nÂ \c-In¨p Pohn-¡p¶ tN¨n tacn sPbvk³ Ch-cnÂ

BcnÂ\n-¶mWv Xsâ IY XpS-t§-−-sX¶v tdmkvtacn Dds¡ tNmZn-¡p-¶p.

s_m½\lÅn-bnse Hcp IÂ¡cn J\n-bnÂ \new ]Xn-¡m-dmb Hcp

^mIvSdn tIzmÀt«-gvkn-emWv tdmkvta-cn-bpsS IpSpw_w Xma-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. B

{Kmaw hr¯n-lo-\hpw IÂ¡-cn-b-h-in-jvS-§Äs¡m−v \nd-ª-h-bp-am-Wv.

tPmkv sNdn-bm³ F¶ J\n-sXm-gn-em-fn-bpsS IpSpw_w `mcy- ta-cnbpw \mev

s]¬a-¡fpw Hcp aI-\p-a-S-§p-¶-XmWv. aItâ t]cv tPm¬. tPmkv sNdn-

143

bmsâ Pohn-X-¯n-te¡v ]Xn-t\-gm-as¯ hb-Ên-emWv tacn IS¶p hcp-¶-Xv.

tacn Ft¸mgpw ZpxJmÀ¯-bm-Wv. B apJ¯v Ft¸mgpw ZpxJw Xfw-sI«n InS--

¡p¶p. tPmkv sNdn-bm³ \nXyhpw aZy-]n-¨p-h¶v `mcy-sbbpw a¡-sfbpw

D]{Zhn¡p¶ {]Ir-X-¡m-c-\m-Wv. c−m-as¯ aIÄ tacn sPbn³ Hcp {S¡v

ss{Uh-dpsS IqsS Hfn-t¨m-Sn-t¸m-b-Xn-epÅ shdp-¸p-am-bmWv tPmkv sNdn-bm³

Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv. B kw`-h-¯n-\p-tijw aq¶m-as¯ aIÄ tacn tPmbvkns\

^mZÀ tPm¬ De-l-¶msâ \nÀ_-Ô-¯nÂ I\ym-kv{Xo-a-T-¯nÂ tNÀ¯p.

Ahsf Úm\-kv\mlw sN¿n-¡p¶ thf-bnÂ Ht«sd Ipcn-ip-IÄ Ah-fpsS

ico-c-¯nÂ ]Xn-¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS A½ tacn ssZh-hn-fn-bÃ hni-¸nsâ hnfn-

bmWv AhÄ¡v I\ym-kv{Xo-bpsS Ip¸mbw \ÂIn-b-sX¶v Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

Cf-b-a-IÄ tdmkvta-cnsb Hcp Iqªm-ä-¡n-fn-sb-t¸m-se-bmWv tacn ImWp-¶-

Xv. sNSn-I-sfbpw ]q¡-sfbpw AhÄ¡v Poh-\mWv. AsXÃmw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-

Xnepw AhÄ anSp-¡n-bm-Wv. GI aI³ tPm¬ sNdn-bm³ Ft¸m-gpw hmb-\-

bnepw \mSIw Ifn-bn-ep-amWv I¼w. Ah³ \mSIw Ifn-¨p \S-¡p-¶-XnÂ

tPm¬ sNdn-bm\pw tacn¡pw ]cm-Xn-bp-−v. Ahsâ Iq«p-Imcn ]qP-bmWv.

BWp-§sf kq£n-¡-W-sa¶pw `qan sImÅcp-Xm-¯-h-cpsS ssII-fn-em-

sW¶pw ]qPsb tacn D]-tZ-in-¡m-dp-−v. \mS-Im´w IhnXzw F¶-Xp-amän

\S-Im´w Zmcn-{Zy-sa¶ ]pXnb Xnbdn tPm¬ ]qP-tbmSv ]IpXn Xam-i-bmbn

]d-bp-¶p-−v. a\p-jy³ lrZbw Dt]-£n¨v Bbp[w sIm−pw tNmc-sIm−pw

kwkm-cn-¡p¶ Ah-Ø-bnÂ bpPn³ Ab-\-kvtIm-hnsâ Im−m-arKw

t]mepÅ \mS-I-§-fmWv Ifn-t¡-−-sX¶ A`n-{]m-b-amWv tPmWn-\p-Å-Xv.

Cu \mS-I-¯nse sN¶m-bv¡Ä F¶ _nw_-t¯mSv Cu Bibw tNÀ¶p

\nÂ¡p-¶p.

]nXm-hnsâ ZpÀ\-S-¸nepw aÀ±-\-§-fnepw tPmWn\v AaÀj-ap-−v. sNdn-

bm\v tacnsb Ft¸mgpw kwi-b-am-Wv. B ho«nÂ Bsc-s¡tbm Xm\-dn-

144

bmsX h¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p-s−¶v AbmÄ ]cmXn ]d-bp-¶p. `mcy-bmb tacn

Xsâ ]nSn-hm-inbpw aÀ±-\hpw kln-t¡-−-Xm-sW¶v [mÀjvSy-amWv AbmÄ

Ft¸mgpw, aI-\mb tPmWn\v ^mZÀ De-l-¶msâ apJ-Ñmb Ds−¶v AbmÄ

Ft¸mgpw hnfn¨p ]dbpw. apdn-IÄ Ft¸mgpw hr¯n-bm-¡n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶

tacn `qan-bmsI amen\yw \nd-bp-¶-XnÂ Ft¸mgpw ]cmXn ]d-ªp-sIm-−n-cn-

¡p-¶p-−v. J\n-bnÂ Znh-k-¡q-en¡v Bsf-sb-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ tPm¬ AhnsS

sN¶v tPmen Xc-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. J\n-bnse IjvSX \ndª tPmen

sN¿m³ tPmWn-¶m-hn-sÃ¶v A½-bpw ktlm-Z-cn-amcpw Ahs\ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-

¶p. "Chn-Ss¯ Xocm-Zpx-Jhpw A½-¨n-bpsS I®ocpw F\n¡v Icp¯v Xcm-

Xn-cn-¡nÃ' F¶v adp-]Sn ]dªv AhÄ B tPmen Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶p. sNdn-

bm³ Iq«p-Im-cp-sam¯v B ho«n-en-cp¶v aZy-]n-¡p-¶Xv ]Xn-hm-Wv. \m«nÂ Cd-

§nb sN¶m-bv¡Ä ^vfmäv ImhÂ¡m-c³ djo-Z-en-bpsS aIÄ Pmkvans\

sIm¶p-Xn¶p F¶ hmÀ¯ ]c-¡p-¶p.

J\n-bnÂ tPmen-¡p-t]mb tPmWn\v kl-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]cn-lmkw

kln-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. sNdn-bm-t\m-sSm¸w aZy-]n-¡m-s\-¯p¶ Iq«p-Im-scbpw Xsâ

ktlm-Z-cn-am-scbpw tNÀ¯v \m«p-ImÀ ]e IY-Ifpw sa\-ªp-−m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.

B IY-IÄtI«v £a \in¨v tPm¬ B{I-a-tWm-Õp-I-\m-Ip-¶p. B

kw`hw aqew J\n-bnse sXmgnepw tPmWn\v \jvS-am-bn. sNdn-bm³ ho«nepw

\m«nepw IqSp-XÂ A]-I-S-Imcnbmbn amdn. tPm¬ ho−pw \mS-I-¯nÂ kPo-

h-ambn ]qP¡v Ah-t\m-SpÅ kulrZw {]W-b-ambn amdp-¶-Xnsâ kqN-\-IÄ

AhÄ \ÂIp-¶p. \Kcw Iog-S-¡p¶ sN¶m-bv¡Ä \Sp-tdm-Un-en«v ]qPsb

ISn¨p Iodp-¶p. AhÄ ac-W-¯n\v Iog-S-§p-¶p. ss{UhÀ Nu[-cn-bpsS

IqsS \K-c-¯nÂ Id§n \S¶ sNdn-bm³ thiy-I-fpsS sXcp-hmb

Imam¯n]pc¯ph¨v aIÄ tacn-sb-sP-bns\ I−p-ap-«p-¶p. Cu Imcy-§-f-

dnªv tPm¬ XfÀ¶p hogp-¶p. Hcp {Inkvakv cm{Xn-bnÂ Iq«p-Im-tcm-sSm¸w

145

IpSn¨p e¡p-sI« sNdn-bm³ Dd-§p-t¼mÄ kplr¯v tacnsb IS-¶p-]n-Sn-

¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. C-Xn\p km£n-bmb tPm¬ sNdn-bms\ sImÃm-\-Sp-¡p-

¶p. DWÀ¶p-t]mb sNdn-bm³ tPmWns\ ASn-s¨-¦nepw ASn-sIm-Åp-¶Xv

tacn-¡m-Wv. ASn-sIm− tacn acn¨p hogp-¶p. sNdn-bm³ tacnsb kmcn-bnÂ

sI«n-¯q-¡p-¶p. Cu kw`-h-¯n\v km£n-bmb tPmWnsâ ka-\ne sXän.

sNdn-bm³ B³ta-cn-bn-emWv Ct¸mÄ I®p-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXns\

FXnÀ¡p¶ tPmWns\ AbmÄ {Iqc-ambn aÀ±n-¨p. B³ta-cn-bpsS Imap-I-

\mb BZn-Xy-t\mSv AhÄ bm{X ]d-bp-¶p. tPmbvkvtacn I\ym-kv{Xo-a-T-

¯nÂ\n¶v Xncp-hkv{Xw Dt]-£n¨v c£-s¸-«p-sh¶ Imcy-a-dn-bn-¡m-\mbn

^mZÀ hcp-¶p. ho«nse Acp-a-bmbn hfÀ¶ Ipªm-Sns\ Iim¸p sNbvXv

hncp-¶p-−-tijw sNdn-bm³ B³ta-cnsb D]-{Z-hn-¡m³ hcp-¶p. sNdn-bmsâ

ieyw kln-¡m³ Ign-bmsX B³tacn sNdn-bms\ sImÃp-¶p.

C§s\ IY ]d-ª-Xn-\p-ti-jw, tdmkvta-cn-bmbn A`n-\-bn-¨-Xnsâ

ta·-IÄ FSp-¯p-]-d-ªp-sIm−v \Sn thZn-bn-se-¯p-¶-Xv. C{]-Imcw \mSIw

Ah-km-\n-¨p-sIm-−n-cns¡ asämcp s]¬Ip«n tdmkvta-cn-sb-t¸mse c£-

bv¡mbn \ne-hn-fn-¨p-sIm−v thZn-bn-te¡v HmSn-sb-¯p-¶p. s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ

A\p`-hn-¡p¶ ]oV-\hpw sN¶m-bv¡-sf-t¸mse Ahsc th«-bm-Sp¶ kaq-

lhpw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p F¶ kqN\ \ÂIn-s¡m−v \mSIw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. "tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv' Hcp kv{Xo]£ \mS-I-amWv! hyà-am-¡p-

I.

2. tdmkv-tacn kaq-l-¯nÂ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv, kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

3. tdmkvtacn ]d-bm-\n-cp-¶Xv kmaqly-{]-Xn-_-²-X-bpÅ \mS-I-amWv hni-

Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

146

klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä

]uc-kvXy-\m-S-I-ZÀi\w þ ]p¯³¡mhp am¯³ Xc-I³

\ho-\-\m-S-I-ZÀi\w þ FUn. lcn-iÀ½

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw þ Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ

ae-bm-f-\m-SIw \qdp-hÀjw þ Pn. KwKm-[-c³ \mbÀ

\mS-I-cq-]-NÀ¨ þ Im«p-amSw \mcm-b-W³

\mS-I-ZÀi\w þ Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ

\mS-I-ZÀ¸Ww þ F³.-F³.-]nÅ

\mS-I-{]-th-inI þ F.-Un. lcniÀ½

\m-SIw ]mThpw {]tbm-Khpw þ tUm.-F³. BÀ {Kma-{]-Imiv

\mSIw krjvSnbpw km£m-Xv¡m-chpw þ BÀ.-_n. cmP-e£van

Db-cp¶ bh-\nI þ kn.-sP. tXmakv

\mSy-kn-²m´w þ _nPp. kn.F-kv.

Ac-§nsâ AÀ°-X-e-§Ä þ hb-em- hm-kp-ZtZh³]nÅ

cwK-`mj þ hbem hmkp-tZ³]nÅ

s]®-c§v þ Ime-´-bm--{X-IÄ þ FUn. BÀ_n. cmP-e£van

sXcp-hp-\m-SIw þ Fw.-BÀ. {Kma-{]-Imiv

IÀ«³ þ F³.-F³. ]nÅ

]co-£-W-{]-h-W-X-IÄ ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯nÂ þ FÂ. tXma-kvIp«n

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-kv{Xo-N-cn{Xw þ kPn-X -a-T-¯nÂ

\mSy-imkv{Xw þ hnh. sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

Idp-¯-Nn-cn-bpsS Ac§v þ tUm.- FÂ. tXma-kp-Ip«n

ae-bm-f-kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-N-cn-{Xw þ tUm. sI. {ioIp-amÀ

Xnb-t{Sm¬ : \mS-I-¯nsâ temI-k-©mcw þ tUm. DaÀ Xd-taÂ

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