malayalam b. a degree programme choice · pdf file1 university of calicut malayalam b. a...
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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
MALAYALAM B. A DEGREE PROGRAMME
CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM
SDE /PRIVATE MODE
SYLLABUS
2011-12
2
BapJw
2011-˛12 A≤y-b-\-h¿jw apX¬ tImgn-t°mSv k¿Δ-I-em-im-e°v Iogn-ep≈ SDE
/PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse _ncp-Z-]T\w Choice Based Credit & Semester( ccss) ˛te°v
amdp-I-bm-Wv. 2009-˛10 A≤y-b\ h¿jw apX¬°v Xs∂ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse dKp-e¿
tImtf-Pp-I-fnse _ncp-Z-]-T\w ska-ÿ coXn-bn-em-bn-°-gn-™-´p-- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ
SDE /PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse _ncpZ ]T\w IqSn Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn-em-Ip-∂-tXmsS k¿Δ-
I-em-im-e-bnse _ncpZ ]T\w ]q¿Æ-ambpw ska-ÿh¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv.
ska-ÿh¬°-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ae-bmfw _ncpZ tImgvkns‚ kne-_ v 2009
¬ Xs∂ ]p\:{Iao-I-cn-®n-´p-- v. kmlnXy˛im-kv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI cwK-ß-fnse ]pXnb {]h-
W-X-Isf hen-sbm-c-fhv hsc Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-hm≥ Cu kne-_- n\v km[n-®n-´p-ap- v.
CtX kne-_ v Xs∂-bmWv SDE /PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw \S-∏n-em-
°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
\ne-hn-ep≈ kne-_- nse tIm¿tIm-gvkn¬ Hcp-hn-[-am-‰hpw hcp-Øn-bn-´n-√. F∂m-
¬tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkn¬ Nne am‰-߃ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-- v. tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv 1 Dw
4 Dw ska-Ã-dp-I-fn¬ kwkvIrXw / tP¿W-en-khpw 2 Dw 3 Dw ska-Ã-dp-I-fn¬ Kerala Culture -Dw (tIcf kwkvIm-cw) Bbn-cn-°pw. 5˛mw ska-Ãdnse Hm∏¨ tImgvkn\v Hcp
hnjbw am{Xta \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≈p.
2011-˛12¬ {]th-i\w t\Sp∂ SDE /PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Cu
kne-_ v _m[-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.
30˛06-˛2011
ae-bmfw t_m¿Uv Hm^v ÃUo-kn\p (bp. Pn) th- n
Fw. kptc-jv _m_p (sN-b¿am≥)
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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME
CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM SDE /PRIVATE MODE
1. ]co£ Dƒs∏sS 90 {]hrØn Znh-k-ß-fp-ff 6 ska-Ã-dp-IƒsIm- mWv Cu t{]m{Kmw
]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv.
2. 4 Xc-Øn-ep-ff tImgvkp-I-fmWv Cu t{]m{Km-an-ep-f-fXv
A tIma¨ tImgvkv, B. tIm¿ tImgvk,v C. tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv, D.Hm∏¨ tImgvkv
3. F√m tImgvkp-Iƒ°pw-IqSn 120 s{IUn-‰m-Wp-f-fXv
4. 5˛mw ska-Ã-dnse Hm∏¨ tImgvkn\v Hcp hnj-bta \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-f-fq ˛ Ne-®n{X ]T\w .Cu
tImgvkv ae-bmf `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw sF—nI-ambn FSpØv ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
th- n-bp-f-f-X-√.
5. 6-˛mw ska-Ã-dnse tIm¿ tImgvknse 15-˛masØ tImgvkv Ce-IvSohv tImgvkm-Wv. 3 hnj-b-߃
\n¿t±-in-®n-´p-- v. Hmtcm tImtf-Pn\pw Xm¬]-cy-ap-ff hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
6. 5, 6 ska-Ã-dp-I-fn-embn tImgvkv h¿°v/t{]mPIvSv h¿°v \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-- v. 2 aWn-°q¿hoXw
CXn-\p-th- n \o°n-sh-®n-´p- v. 6˛masØ ska-Ã-dn-emWv {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm°n ka¿∏n-
t°-- -Xv.
7. tImgvkv h¿°v/t{]mPIvSv h¿°ns‚ `mK-ambn sNøm-hp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃:
a) 25 ^pƒ kvIm∏n¬ Hcp {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°pI
b) Hcp t\mh-¬/sNdp-IYm kam-lmcw/IhnXm kam-lmcw/\mSIw/Xnc-°Y/kmln-Xy-]-T\w
Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.
c) Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap-ff Hcp tUmIyp-sa‚dn/{lkz-Nn{Xw \n¿Ωn-°pI (So-aw-K-߃
7 t]cn¬ IqS-cp-Xv).
8. aqey-\n¿Æ-b-Øns‚ 80% FgpØp ]co-£bpw 20% Ct‚-W¬ A kvvsa‚pw Bbn-cn-°pw.
9. ]co-£bv°v 3 Xcw tNmZy-߃ D- m-Ipw.
(a) Short Answer, (b) Short Essay, (c) Long Essay
10. kne-_- ns‚ A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn\v skan-\mdpw Assk≥sa‚pw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-
Ww.
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B.A. MALAYALAM DEGREE PROGRAMME
CURRICULUM Core Course o kz¥w `mj-tbmSpw kwkvIm-c-tØmSpw ⁄m\-hy-h-ÿ-tbmSpw Dff Xm¬]cyw kmln-Xym-kzm-
Z-\-Øn-eqsS hnI-kn-∏n-°¬
o ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb
kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-im-kv{Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.
o ae-bm-f-`m-jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf kmwkvIm-
cnI ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°¬.
o tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI hyXn-cn-‡-X-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb coXn-
bn¬ ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ff tijn ssIh-cn-°¬.
o kuμ-cy-im-kv{X-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
o ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-߃ a\- n-em-°¬
o B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Øns‚ kmam-\y-k-¶¬∏-߃ ]cn-N-bn-°¬
o emwtKzPv em_ns\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb `mjm-]-T\w
o ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw thdn´ hgn-Ifpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-
ج
o KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hgn-Ifpw cq]-ssh-hn-[yhpw a\- n-em-°¬
o Zriy-˛-{im-hy-˛-A-®Sn am[yaßsf B{i-bn-®p-ff `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
o Ie-I-fpsS cq]-s∏-S¬, hnImkw F∂n-h-bpsS Ncn-{X-{]-Xy-b-imkv{X ]cn-k-c-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-ff
[mcW cq]-s∏-S¬.
o ]T\bm{X-I-fn-eqsS tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI ap{Z-Isf t\cn´p ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.
Complementary Course
o t-I-c-f-Øns‚ Ncn{X L´-ßfpw kmwkvIm-chpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
o B[p-\nI tIc-f-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw a\- n-em-°¬
o Ncn{X cN-\-bpsS kn≤m-¥-ßfpw k¶¬]-t`-Z-ßfpw Dƒs°mff¬
o \mtSmSn hn⁄m-\hpw {KmaoW kwkvIr-Xnbpw Dƒs°mff¬.
Open Course
o kmln-Xy-]-T-\sØ ka-Im-enI {]k-‡n-tb-dp-∂, sXmgn¬ km[yX h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ a‰p Iem-ta-
J-e-I-fp-ambpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-I-fp-ambpw _‘n-∏n®v ]Tn-°¬
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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME
CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM
SDE /PRIVATE MODE
Marks Sem Code No. Course Title
Insti/ hrs/ week
CreditExam Hrs. Int Ext
Total Credit
I MA1A07(1) MA1B01
Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course 7 k¿Km-flI cN-\bpw
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw Core Course 1 `mjbpw kmln-
Xyhpw
]T\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw
Ist Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw)
4 5 4 6 6
3 3 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3
20%
80%
18
II MA2A08(01) MA2B02 MA 2C01
Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course 8 hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw
Core Course II IYm-km-lnXyw
2nd Complementary Kerala Culture (tIcfkwkvImcw):{]mNo\˛a[y-
Ime tIcfw
4 5 4 6 6
4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3
20%
80%
20
III MA3A09(01) MA3B03
MA3B04
MA3C02
Common Course (English) Common Course 9 ae-bm-f-
km-lnXyw Core Course III am[y-a-]-T\w Core Course IV \mSIw 2nd Complementary Kerala Culture (tIc-fkwkvImcw)
: A[n-\n-th-i˛ B[p-\n-I tI-cfw
5 5 5 4 6
4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3
20%
80%
20
6
IV MA4A10(01) MA4B05 MA4B06
Common Course (English) Common Course 10 kwkv°m-chpw \mK-I-cn-I-Xbpw Core Course V ae-bmf IhnX˛ ]q¿Δ-L´w
Core Course VI `mjm imkv{Xhpw
`mjm-N-cn-{Xhpw Ist Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw)
5 5 5 4 6
4 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 3
20%
80%
20
V MA5B07 MA5B08 MA5B09 MA5B10 MA5D01
Core Course VII -hymI-cWw Core Course VIII ae-bm-f- Ihn-X-˛-\-
thm-∞m-\-L´w Core Course IX kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃
Core Course X KZy-km-lnXyw Open Course 1 Ne-®n-{X-]-T\w Course Work/Project Work
5 5 5
5 3 2
4 4 4
4 4 ‐
3 3 3
3 3
20%
80%
20
VI MA6B11 MA6B12 MA6B13 MA6B14 MA6B15(E)01 MA6B15(E)02 MA6B15(E)03 MA6B16(Pr)
Core Course XI - \mtSm-Sn-
hn-⁄m-\obw
Core Course XII ae-bm-f- Ihn-X--˛D-
Ø-c-L´w Core Course XIII ae-bmf kmln-Xy-
hn-a¿i\w Core Course XIV tI-c-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ
Elective ssk_¿ ae-bmfw hnh¿Ø\w
\h-kw-kvImc ]T-\-߃ Course Work/Project Work
5 5 5 5 3 2
4 4 4 4 2 4
3 3 3 3 3
20%
80%
22
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B.COM DEGREE PROGRAMME
SDE /PRIVATE MODE
Marks Sem Code No. Course Title
Insti/ hrs/ week
Credit Exam Hrs. Int Ext
Total Credit
I MA1A07(02) Common Course 7 k¿Km-flI cN-\bpw
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw
5
4
3
20%
80%
II MA2A09(02) Common Course 9 ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw
5
4
3
B.SC DEGREE PROGRAMME (IN OTHER PATTERN)
SDE /PRIVATE MODE
Marks Sem Code No. Course Title
Insti/hrs/ week
Credit Exam Hrs. Int Ext
Total Credit
I
MA1A07(03)
Common Course 7 k¿Km-flI cN-\bpw
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw
5
4
3
20%
80%
II MA2A09(03) Common Course 9 aebm-f-km-ln-Xy-]-T\w
5
4
3
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Code. MA1A07(01)
ska-ÿ˛ I tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛7
k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃:
k¿§mflI Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I, kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-hm-\p-ff tijn hf¿Øp-I.
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn hf¿Øp-I.
hnhn[ kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS cN-\m-X-{¥-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI
cN-\m-ti-jnsb hn]p-e-am-°m≥ klm-bn°pw hn[w hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßsf°pdn-®p-ff Adnhpw
Ah-t_m-[hpw \¬Ip-I.
\ΩpsS ImesØ Zriy- -̨{im-hy-˛-B-ib hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥
{]m]vX-cm-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1: Fgp-Øns‚ kmam\y \nb-a-߃
a) sNdp-I-Y, Ihn-X, t\mh¬, \mS-Iw, Xnc-°Y F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃, hnhn-[-Xcw Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI
b) {]apJ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS cN-\-I-sf-°p-dn®p \S-Ønb \nco-£-W-߃ hmbn-°p-I.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
k¿K-km-lnXn
Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p (Im-Yn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏p-c) -˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿
Fs‚ IhnX ˛ sshtem-∏n-ffn
(ssh-tem-∏n-ffn kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, hmfyw-˛2)
Fs‚ ]Wn-∏pc (C-S-t»-cn-bpsS {]_-‘-߃) ˛ CS-t»cn
cwK-{]-km-[\w ˛ Hcp Ie ˛ (\m-S-I-Z¿i\w) ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff
IY-bn¬\n∂v Xnc-°-Y-bn-te°v ˛B¿.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jnWn 2006 s^{_p-h-cn)
(Hcp IY P\n-°p-∂p, Fs‚ ]Wn-∏p-c, cwK-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie, IY-bn¬ \n∂v Xnc-°-Y-bn-te°v
F∂o teJ-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv.)
samUyqƒ 2: cN\m ]cnioe\w
a. ^o®¿ ssd‰nßv (td-Un-tbm, Sn.-hn., ]{Xw XpS-ßnb hnhn[ am[y-a-ß-fn-te-°p-ff ^o®-dp-Iƒ
Xøm-dm-°p-∂-hn-[w) eLp-te-J, en‰n¬ amK-kn≥, hmƒ amK-kn≥ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°¬
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b. hn⁄m-\m-[n-jvTnX ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS kv{In]v‰v, imkv{Xw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, kn\n-a, kwKo-Xw,
kvt]m¿Svkv XpSßn hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fnse hy‡n-I-fp-am-bp-ff A`n-ap-Jw, Poh-N-cn-{X-°p-dn-∏p-
Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p∂ hn[w.
c. \ne-hn-ep-ff Hcp kmln-Xy-IrXn tdUn-tbm, Sn.-hn. XpS-ßnb hyXykvX am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-ew-_n-t°- coXn-Iƒ.
d. ae-bm-f- `m-j-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-N-bs∏SpI. D®m-c-Ww, hymI-c-Ww, ]Z-tIm-iw,
hc-samgn F∂n-h-bn¬ hnhn-[-am-[y-a-cq-]-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \S-Øp-I.
(ae-bmf `mj-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI F∂ \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Xmsg
sImSp-°p∂ teJ-\-߃ hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.)
1. D®m-cWw ˛ G. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
({]-_-‘-kw-{K-lw, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an)
2. ae-bmf ssien (H∂mw A[ymbw am{Xw) ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿
(am-Xr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:˛
ae-bmf ssien ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿
kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
^o®¿ cN\ ˛ Fw.-]n. kptc-{μ≥ (H-eo-hv)
Zriy `mj ˛ sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬
]{X-`mj ˛ tIcf {] v A°m-Zan
ae-bmfw ssì ]pkvXIw ˛ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
s-am-Uyqƒ 3: ae-bm-fhpw P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw
P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-cw-˛-]-cky cN-\, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, hnhn[ P\-{]nb amkn-I-Iƒ, h\nXm
amkn-I-Iƒ, Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ, Ne-®n{X amkn-I-Iƒ, _me-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃, h¿Ø-am\
]{X߃, kvt]m¿Svkv amkn-I-Iƒ, F v.-Fw.-F v F∂o `mjm-hy-h-lmc coXn-I-fn¬ {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-
io-e\w t\Sp-I. (hn-hn[ P\-{]nb am[y-a-ß-fnse hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw Fgp-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-
Ifpw a\- n-em-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿t±-in-°mw.)
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v :
]c-kyhpw D]-t`m-K-Xz-cbpw ˛ kn. Kuco-Zmk≥ \mb¿
(am-[ya ]T-\-߃, Id‚v _pIvkv)
kmln-Xyhpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ tUm. jmPn tP°_v
(am-[ya ]T-\-߃, Id‚v _pIvkv)
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klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:˛
`mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-- n¬ ˛ Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥
am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬
Zriy-`mj ˛ sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥
]{X-temIw ˛ FUn.-Sn. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥
(`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw
ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw Iºyq-´-dn¬ (Encoding hyh-ÿ-Iƒ, ASC II, ISC II unicode) - ae-bmfw
tkm^v‰v shb-dp-Iƒ (kn. Um°ns‚ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ, cN-\, en]y-¥-cW t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ, hnh-c-hy-h-ÿ-
Iƒ, t^m- p-Iƒ)˛ ssl∏¿ sSIvÃns‚ (Xn-c-sam-gn) {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ˛ ae-bm-f-`mj C‚¿s\-‰n¬ D]-tbm-
Kn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-⁄m\w-˛ sh_v ssk‰p-Iƒ, C˛-tP¿W-ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ (_q-tem-Iw, tªmKv kmln-
Xyw, {]apJ ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ)˛ sh_v Unssk-\n-ßv, tªmKv \n¿Ωm-Ww F∂n-h-bn¬ ]cn-⁄m\w
({]m-tbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \n¿_-‘-an-√) ˛ ae-bmfw sh_v I- ‚v \n¿ΩnXn (a-e-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-b-
tbbpw A\p-_‘ kwcw-`-ß-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I)
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1) ae-bmfw Iºyq-´n-ßv ˛ Ncn-{XmhtemI\w ˛tUm. atljv awK-em´v
2) ae-bmfw sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ ˛tSmw. sP. aßm´v
3) Xnc-samgn ˛]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥
4) ae-bm-◊-bnse tªmKp-Imew ˛ cmPv \o´n-bØv
(\mep teJ-\-ßfpw "ssk_¿ ae-bmfw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v
FUn. kp\oX Sn. hn, Id‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿)
5) hn°n-]o-Unb ˛ P\-Iob hn⁄m-\-tImiw
6) sh_vam-K-kn-\p-Iƒ
( c- p teJ-\-ßfpw "C\n hmb\ C˛ hmb\'F∂ hn. sI. BZ¿ins‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v,
Un.-kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocn-kv)
7) {]Zqc At\z-jWw ˛sI. cho-{μ≥
("hn-h-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\‰n¬', Un.kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocn-kv)
8) ae-bmfw bqWn-tImUv ssS∏nßv
9) kzX{¥ bqWn-tImUv ssS∏nßv
(c- p teJ-\-ßfpw "Fßs\ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ tªmKmw' F∂ ]n. Fw. _m_p-cm-Pns‚ ]pkvX-I-
Øn¬ \n∂.v Un. kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocnkv)
(a-e-bm-fw Iºyq-´n-ßv˛ Ncn-{XmhtemI-\w, Xnc-sam-gn, sh_vam-K-kn-\p-Iƒ, aebmfw bqWn-tImUv
ssS∏nßv F∂o teJ-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv.)
11
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:˛
C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ tUm. ANypXv i¶¿ F v.-\m-b¿
(tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v)
B temIw apX¬ C˛-tem-Iw-hsc ˛ tUm. sP.-hn. hnf-\new
(tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v)
C‚¿s\‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-{μ≥
(Un.-kn. _pIvkv)
ssk_¿ ae-bmfw ˛ FUn. kp\oX Sn.-hn. Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿
C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fßns\ ˛ tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-{μ≥,
F¥n\v? Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿
*******************
12
Code. MA2A08(01)
ska-ÿ˛ II tImg-kv-˛8
hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃:
hnZym¿∞n-bpsS `mjm-ti-jnbpw kmln-Xy-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw hnkvXr-Xhpw kº-∂-hp-am-°p-I. hnh¿Ø\-
Øns‚ XmØzn-I-h-i-߃ a\- n-em-°p-I, {]mtbm-KnI hi-߃ ]cn-io-en-°p-I.
samUyqƒ ˛1
hnh¿Ø-\w˛ \n¿h-N\w, s]mXp-X-Øz-߃, hnh¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\w, kzX-{¥-hn-
h¿Ø-\w, hymJym-\w, ]cm-h¿Ø-\w, en]y-¥-cWw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kmwK-Xyw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS
km[n-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI [¿Ωw
hnh¿Ø-\hpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw
b{¥-X¿÷-a, B\n-ta-j≥, X¿÷-a-bpw C‚¿s\-‰pw, b{¥-X¿÷-a-bpsS km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
hnhn-[-Xcw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
1. kmlnXyw
2. kmln-tXy-Xcw
3. aoUn-b-{Sm≥kvtej≥
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
"hnh¿Ø-\w' ˛ tIc-fm-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v. ˛ Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse F≥. hn. IrjvW hmcy-cpsS
Ah-Xm-cn-I.
samUyqƒ 2
hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {][m\ kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fpw hnh¿Ø-\Øn¬ D¤-hn-°p∂ {]iv\-ßfpw a\- n-em-
°p-I, hnh¿Ø\ coXn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI F∂n-h-bmWv Cu samUyqƒsIm- v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ (te-J\ kam-lm-cw)
A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w ˛ sI.]n. i¶c≥
Imhy hnh¿Ø-\w-˛-Nne \nco-£-W-߃ ˛ tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥
hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX ---˛ tUm. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥ \mb¿
IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w˛-Nne kao-]-\-߃ ˛ hn.-Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym¿
]mThpw ]mcm-b-Whpw ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ (km-ln-Xy-temIw 99 sabv
Pq¨ e°w, kmlnXy A°m-U-an, Xr»q¿)
(A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w, Imhy hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Nne \nco-£-W-߃, hnh¿Ø-\-\-£-aX,
IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Nne kao-]-\-߃ F∂o-te-J-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv.)
13
{]tbm-K-am-XrI (hn-h¿Ø\Ønse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Is- -Øm≥ \n¿t±in°-
Ww.)
hm\-ºmSn (ssh-tem-∏n-f-fn) ˛ Ode to the Skylark (Shelly)
Cμp-te-J-bpsS H∂m-a-≤ymbw ˛ W. Dumergue, C.S‐ s‚ Cw•ojv ]cn-̀ mj
(am-Xr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)
KoXm-RvPen: PnbpsS hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w
`P\w ]qP\amcm-[-\bpw Leave this chanting and singing and
km[-\bpw tl \n¿ØpI kmt[m telling of beads ........................................................ ........................................................
tNcp th¿s∏mgpIs´ -˛ Meet him and stand by him in toil and
(Pn-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, 1999) ˛ Sweat of thy brow (Collected poems and
Plays of Rabindranath Tagore, Macmillan, 1967)
kzman hnth-Im-μs‚ Nn°mtKm {]kwKw ˛ Address at the Final Session (27 Sept. 1893)
kam-]\ ktΩ-f-\-Ønse {]kwKw Advaita Ashrama (Publication Department)
(1893 sk]vXw-_¿ 27) Kolkata
{iocm--a-IrjvW aTw, ]pd-\m-´p-I-c, Xr»q¿ -
{]hm-N-I≥ ˛ Jeo¬ Pn{_m≥ Bcw`w apX¬ Prophet‐Kahilil Gibran
""Ch-sb√mw D®-cn-°-s∏´ hm°p-I-fm-sW-¶nepw These things he said in words. But much in
Dcn-bm-SmØ hN-\-ß-fm¬ lrZbw \n`r-X-am- heart remained unsaid. For he himself could
bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ AKm[ \nKq-V-X-Iƒ Bhn-jv not speak his deeper secret‐ F∂-Xp-h-sc.
°-cn-°p-hm≥ Ah\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√'' F∂p (Greatest works of Kahlil Gibran, Jaico
hsc-bp-ff `mKw (J-eo¬ Pn{_m≥ IrXn-Iƒ, Publishing House, Bombay).
t]Pv 471-˛473, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)
samUyqƒ 3
Cw•o-jn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°pI
o ]Z-߃
o hmIy-߃
o ssien-Iƒ
o ]gw sNm√pIƒ
o ]c-ky-߃
o {]i-kvX-cpsS {]kw-K-߃
o teJ-\-߃ (km-lnXy imkv{X am\-hnI hnj-b-߃)
14
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI {KŸ-߃˛ s{]m^. kn. sI. aq Xv
("hn-h¿Ø\w' tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
samUyqƒ 4:
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jnte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°pI
o ]Z-߃
o hmIy-߃
o ssien-Iƒ
o ]gs©m√pIƒ
o ]c-ky-߃
o {]i-kvX-cpsS {]kw-K-߃
o teJ-\-߃
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
X¿÷-a-bn¬ hcm-hp∂ A]m-I-X-Iƒ -˛ s{]m^. hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn
("hn-h¿Ø\w' tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
1. X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ & kvIdnb
k°-dn-b)
2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T-\- kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4
3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-anI ˛tUm. hn.-B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥, tIcf
`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v
4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn. hmkp-tZh `´-Xn-cn, kvssI _p°v ]ªn-tjgvkv,
amth-en°c
6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm. F≥.C. hniz-\mY Aø¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
Assk≥sa‚v
o k¿§mflIhpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-hp-amb GsX-¶nepw IrXn-I-fpsS / ]T-\-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\w-˛-Cw-
•o-jn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-tet°m ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-tet°m
o GsX-¶nepw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp-ff Xmc-Xayw
o imkv{-X-km-t¶-XnI ]Z-߃°v XØp-ey-amb ae-bmf ]Z-߃ Is- -ØpI
o Cw•ojv kn\n-abv°v ae-bmfw k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-XpI
o ae-bmf kn\n-abv°v Cw•ojv k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
15
Code. MA3A09(01)
ska-ÿ˛ III tImg-kv-˛9
ae-bmf kmlnXyw
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
ae-bmf kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNøpI
hyXykvX kmlnXy cq]-߃, {]ÿm-\-߃ F∂n-hsb hnZym¿∞n°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
kmln-Xym-kzm-Z-\-tijn hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpI
ka-Im-eo\ kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw D- m-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
ae-bmf Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n-°p∂ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fmWv Cu `mKØv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-
Xv. CXn-lm-kw, alm-Im-hyw, JWvU-Im-hyw, `mh-KoXn F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw {]ÿm-\-ß-
sf-°p-dn®pw ]cnNb-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m- mbn-cn-°Ww hni-Z-]-T\w \S-tØ-- -Xv.
F) sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥ \ºym¿, ]q¥m-\w, cma-]p-cØv hmcy¿, DÆmbn hmcy¿ XpS-ßn-
b-h-cpsS cN-\m-co-Xn-Isf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Ihn-Xm-`m-K-߃ hni-Z-ambn
]Tn-°p-I.
1. tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw (Ir-jvW-Km-Y) ˛ sNdp-t»cn
Xs∂-bp-h∂p-tff--msc√m-cp-an-ß-s\.....
.............. B\-μ-Km\w XpS-ßn-\m-t\....)
2. Km‘m-co-hn-em]w (kv{Xo-]¿Δw) ˛ Fgp-Ø-—≥
3. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw ˛ Ip©≥ \ºym¿
AXp-I-- p-l-\p-am-\p-a-Xp-ew.......
............ hoWp-h-Wßn ]Zm-t¥..........)
_n) Bim≥, Df-fq¿, hf-f-tØmƒ F∂n-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Øn-ep-- m-°nb `mhp-I-Xz-
hy-Xn-bm\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. Ch-cpsS Hcp JWvU-Im-hytam Ihn-Xm-`m-Ktam hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw
A°m-e-sØ-gp-Xnb a‰p Ihn-I-fpsS cN-\-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
16
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
NWvUm-e-`n-£pIn (c-- mw-J-WvUw) ˛ Ipam-c-\m-im≥
ae-tI-d¬ (X-]vX-lr-Z-bw) ˛ Df-fq¿
Hc tXmWn-bm{X ˛ hf-f-tØmƒ
kn) \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØpw AXn-\p-ti-j-hp-ap-ff IhnXmNcn{Xw kmam-\y-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I.
]pXnb Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I. Bdp Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-cØn¬ aqs∂Æw
hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°p-I.
.1 k¿∏-°mSv ˛ sshtem-∏n-ffn
2. Idp-Ø-sN-´n-®n-Iƒ ˛ CS-t»cn
3. _m°n-h-√-Xp-apt- m ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
4. ]mhw am\-h-lr-Zbw ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
5. amº-g-°mew ˛ ]n.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥
6. Ae-™p-Xn-cn-bp∂ IhnX ˛ d^o°v Al-ΩZv
(C-S-t»-cn, F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cy¿, ]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬
]Tn-t°-- -Xv)
samUyqƒ 2
ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn-{Xw, hnIm-kw, ]cn-Wmaw F∂nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. 6 IY-I-
fn¬\n∂v 3 FÆw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-Ww. Hcp t\mhepw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-Ww.
sNdp-IY
1. ssSK¿ ˛ _jo¿
2. Hcp \{km-Wn-bp-hmhpw Kufn-im-kv{Xhpw ˛ k°-dnb
3. hf¿Øp-ar-K-߃ ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
4. aq∂m-a-sXmcmƒ ˛ ap- q¿ IrjvW≥Ip´n
5. LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw ˛ kp`m-jvN-{μ≥
6. taml-a™v ˛ sI.-B¿. aoc
(_jo¿, ap- q¿ IrjvW≥Ip-´n, kp`mjv N{μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-I-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬
]Tn-t°-- -Xv)
t\mh¬
hr≤-k-Z\w ˛ Sn.-hn. sIm®p_mh
samUyqƒ 3
F. KZy-km-ln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v kmam\y ]cn-Nbw D- m-°-Ww. D]-\ym-kw, hna¿i-\w, kmln-Xy-
17
kw-kvImc ]T-\-߃ apX-emb taJ-e-I-fn¬\n-∂p-ff 6 teJ-\-ß-fn¬ 2 FÆw hni-Z-ambn
]Tn-°-Ww.
1. [¿Ω-cmP (ssZ-h-\o-Xn°v Zm£n-Wy-an-√) ˛ sI. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿
2. ac-°p-cnipw hnip≤ inc pw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥
(sI.-]n. A∏s‚ sXc-s™-SpØ teJ-\-߃ hmfyw-˛1)
3. A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Zcn-{Z-am-°p∂ hyh-kmb kwkvImcw -˛ Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥
(h¿Æ-ß-fpsS kwKo-Xw)
4. kmln-Xy-hnZy (km-ln-Xy-hn-Zy) ˛ Ip´n-IrjvW amcm¿
5. Imhy-tl-Xp-°ƒ ˛ Fw.-sI. km\p
(Im-hy-XØz {]th-in-I) Un.-kn. _pIvkv
6. Zn hm°¿ (th-dn´ ImgvN-Iƒ) ˛ hn.-sI. {iocm-a≥
(Ip-´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, Fw. sI. km\p F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv)
samUyqƒ ˛4
\mS-Iw, Xnc-°Y F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw D- m-°Ww. Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ c- p-
Ir-Xn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv (G-Im¶ \mS-Iw) ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff
2. ImgvN (Xn-c-°-Y) ˛ ª n
***********
18
Code. MA4A10(01)
ska-ÿ˛ IV
tImg-kv-˛10
kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m- v C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p-ff {][m\ hkvXp-X-Ifpw kao-]-\-co-Xn-Ifpw
hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p-ff k¶¬]-\-߃ a\- n-em-°pI
C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°p-I. hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-]n-°p-hm-
\p-ff Ignhv hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI
tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw \mK-cn-I-X-sb-Ip-dn®pw kmam-\y-amb Adn-hp-- m-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
{]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIm-c-hpw, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-߃, kwkvImc ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tSbpw ]cn-
Wm-a-Øn-s‚bpw L´-߃ ˛ hn`-P-\w-˛-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ am\-Z-WvU-߃, kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-ß-fpsS
BZm\ {]Zm-\-߃, imkv{Xhpw kwkvImc-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-X-bpw, \mK-cn-I-Xbpw \K-c-
h¬°-c-W-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw-˛-kw-kvImcw Hcp {]{Inb F∂ \nebv°pw D¬]-∂-sa∂
\ne-bv°pw, kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ-˛-h-tc-Wy-kw-kvIm-chpw P\-Iob kwkvIm-
c-hpw-˛-sXmgnemfn h¿§ kwkvIm-cw-˛-km-am\y kwkvIm-cw-˛-kw-kvImc hyh-km-bw-˛-kw-kvIm-chpw BtKm-
fo-I-cWhpw˛-hn-h-c-ß-fpsS {]hm-lw, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-Ww.
samUyqƒ 2
C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cw-˛-hn-hn[ kao-]-\-߃-˛-sImtfmWn-b¬, km{am-Py-Xz, anj-\dn kao-]-\-߃-˛-Hm-dn-
b‚-en-Ãp-I-fp-sSbpw tZio-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw kzman hnth-Im-\-μ≥, Ac-hnμvtLmjv, cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿
XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-sSbpw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, aX-\n-c-t]£ kao-]-\-߃-˛-{_m-
“-W-ta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t£m-`-W-ßfpw ZfnXv apt∂-‰-ß-fpw.
taml≥P-Zm-tcm-˛-lm-c-∏≥ kwkvIm-cw-˛-ssP-\n-kw-˛-_p-≤n-kw-˛-C-h-bpsS kmaq-ly-{]-k-‡n, apKf cmP-
kw-`m-h-\-˛-`‡n {]ÿm-\w, Iebpw kmln-Xy-hpw-˛-{_n-´ojv A[n-\n-th-ihpw kmwkvIm-cnI kzm[o-\-
19
hpw, kmap-Zm-bnI aX ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-߃, Km‘n-Pn-bpsS {Kma-kz-cm-Pv, C¥y≥ aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-
sb-°p-dn-®p-ff s\lvdp-hns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ.
samUyqƒ 3
{Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-cw-˛-tI-c-f-Ønse {]mMv Ncn{X kaq-lhpw kwkvIm-chpw tIc-f-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bp-
sSbpw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw kzm[o\w kwkvIm-c-Øn¬, ss{Xh¿ÆnI kwkvIm-cw-˛-hn-hn[ aX-
ßfpw tIcf kwkvIm-chpw (C-…mw-˛-{In-kvXy≥-˛-_p-≤-˛-ssP\ apX-em-b-h) ae-bmf kmln-Xyw-˛-cm-a-N-cn-
X-Im-c≥, IÆ-i≥, sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥\-ºym¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ-˛-`mjm hnIm-
kw-˛-\m-S≥I-e-Ifpw ¢mkn-°¬ Ie-I-fpw-˛-a-e-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®.
samUyqƒ 4
kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-߃-˛-]-{X-am-knI {]h¿Ø-\-߃-˛-tZ-iob {]ÿm-\w˛ tZiob
{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬-˛-sFIytI-cf {]ÿm-\w, tIcf cq]o-I-c-Ww,
Im¿jnI ]cn-jn-I-c-Ww, tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I, km£-cXm {]h¿Ø-\w, A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-I-cW
{]h¿Ø-\-߃, B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-kw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw tIc-f-hpw-˛-\-h-km-aq-ly-{]-ÿm-\-߃-
˛-tI-c-fhpw {]hm-kn-I-fpw.
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:
kwkvImc ]T\w: Ncn-{Xw, kn≤m-¥w, {]tbmKw ˛ ae-bmf ]T\w kwLw, Id‚v
_pIvkv, tIm´-bw.
P\-{]nb kwkvIm-cw-˛-N-cn-{Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ jmPn tP°-_v, amXr-`qan _pIvkv,
tImgn-t°mSv
tIcf Ncn{Xw ˛ cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿
(hf-f-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, FS-∏mƒ)
tIcf kwkvImcw ˛ F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥
tIcf Ncn{Xw ˛ F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥
tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ ˛ sI.-F≥. KtWjv
tIc-fo-b-X-˛-N-cn-{X-am-\-߃ ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿
lnμp kzcmPv ˛ alm-flm-Km‘n
C¥ysb Is- -ج ˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp
C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew ˛ F.-B¿. tZimbn (`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)
tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn{Xw ˛ ]n.-sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
a[y-Ime tIc-fw-˛-k-º-Øv, kaq-lw, kwkvImcw ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cy¿
(Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv)
kwkvIm-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw ˛ tUm. sI.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿
Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿
20
tZio-b-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, Un.-kn. _pIvkv,
tIm´bw
ka-\z-bhpw kwL¿jhpw ˛ hn. Ac-hn-μm-£≥, Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv
Culture - Raymond Williams
Composite Culture in a Multi Cultural Society - Ed: Bipin Chandra & Sucheta Mahajan
The idea of Culture - Terry Eagleton
Interpreting Early India - Romila Thapar
Culture and Civilisation of India - D.D. Kosambi
Ancient Indian Social History - Romila Thapar
************
21
Code. MA1A07(02)
ska-ÿ˛ I tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛7
ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw
k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jn-bpw
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
hmWnPy imkv{X hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-]-chpw kmln-tXy-X-c-hp-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab coXn-Iƒ
]cn-N-bs∏-SpØn Ahsc Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v {]m]vX-cm-°p-I.
k¿§m-flI cN-\-I-fn¬ Xm¬]cyw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I. teJ-\w-˛-IØv F∂nh Fgp-Xp-hm\pw X¿÷-a-
Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm-\p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI
hmWnPy imkv{X-]-c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1: kvac-W-Iƒ
(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)
\mS-I-Øn\p ]n∂nse \mSIw (I¿a-hn-]m-Iw) ˛ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv
\nd-IpSw (Po-hn-X-∏m-X) ˛ sNdp-ImSv
hntZ-im-\p-`-h-߃ (Hm¿Øm¬ hnkva-bw) ˛ Iem-a-WvUew sslZ-cen
Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xnsc (Fs‚ Pohn-X-I-Y) ˛ F.-sI.-Pn.
B a\p-jy≥ \o Xs∂ (C-h≥ Fs‚ {]nb kn.-sP)˛ tdmkn tXmakv
AºXv cq] iº-f-ap-ff DtZym-K-ÿ≥ ˛ Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb¿
(B-tcmSpw ]cn-`-h-an-√m-sX)
(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, sNdp-Im-Sv, F.-sI.-Pn,- tdmkn tXmakv F∂n-h-cpsS cN-\-IfmWv
]Tn-t°-- -Xv).
samUyqƒ 2: hnNm-c-km-lnXn (te-J\ kam-lm-cw)
(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)
ae-bmfw ad-°p-∂-h¿ (In-fn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS) ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
kv{Xo {]mXn-\n-[yhpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw ˛ Aa¿Xym-sk≥, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2004
(hnIk\w Xs∂ kzmX-{¥yw)
ASp-°f Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°pI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v
tIc-fo-b-Xbpw kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-N-c-Whpw ˛ Pn.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥, NBS tIm´-bw, 1998
22
(kn\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-hpw)
^mkn-k-Øns‚ a\:imkv{Xw ˛ Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿
(_p-≤s‚ Nncn)
Ie-bnse kztZin {]ÿm-\hpw ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw ˛ hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tat\m≥
(`m-c-Xo-b-Ie 20-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬)
(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, Pn.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥, hnP-bvIp-am¿ tat\m≥
F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).
samUyqƒ 3:
F) hmWn-Py-°-Øp-Iƒ
1. hmWn-Py-]-c-amb hnhn[ Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS kz`mhw
2. hnhn-[-Xcw IØp-I-fpsS amXrI (Hu-tZym-Kn-Iw)
3. ]c-ky-`mj (Z¿Lm-kp-Iƒ, Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, Fkv.-Fw.-F-kv., a‰p-]-c-ky-߃)
4. _nkn-\ v tP¿W-enkw (hn-hn[ B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØWw. Ah-bnse `mjbpw
ssienbpw a\- n-em-°-Ww)
_n) ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-IXbpw
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
1. "C\n hmb\ C˛-hm-b-\' ˛ hn. sI. BZ¿iv (C\n hmb\ C˛ hmb\ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Ønse
teJ-\w, Un. kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn koco--kv)
2. ae-bmfw sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ-˛-tSmw. sP. aßm´v
("ssk-_¿ ae-bmfw' ˛ FUn. Sn. hn. kp\oX , Id‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿)
klm-bI {KŸ-߃
hmWn-Py-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ 12-˛mw A[ymbw hsc (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
samUyqƒ 4: hnh¿Ø\w
hnh¿Ø-\w- -̨\n¿Δ-N-\-߃-˛-t{km-X-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language) hnh¿Ø-
\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-I-fpw-˛-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw- -̨km-lnXy
hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-߃-˛-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]tXyI {]iv\-߃-˛-{]-kw-K-]-cn-
`m-j-˛-]-{Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-߃°p-th-- n-bp-ff hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬
{i≤n-t°- Imcy-߃-˛-]-c-ky-߃, HutZym-KnI dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh¿Ø-
\w. b{¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y-¥-c-Ww (Transliteration) hnh¿Ø\ ]p\:krjvSn
(Transcreation) F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnhn-[-X-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-
W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tØ- XmWv).
23
klm-bI {KŸ-߃
1. X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (F-Un) Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ &
kvIdnb k°-dn-b)
2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4
3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-anI ˛ tUm.-hn.-B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn. hmkp-tZh `´-Xncn
kvssI _p°v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-
en-°c
6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm. F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
7. `mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw.-]n. kZm-in-h≥
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
***************
24
Code. MA2A09(02)
ska-ÿ˛ II tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛9
ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±iye-£y-߃
ae-bmf `mj, kmlnXyw kwkvImcw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v s]mXp[m-c-W-Iƒ cp]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
`mj-bnse hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI
k¿§m-flI cN-\-bn-te¿s∏-Sm-\p-ff hnZym¿∞n-bpsS tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°pI
samUyqƒ 1: IY-Iƒ
(Bdv IY-I-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)
Bcm-[\ ˛ Ddq_v
lmbv, F¥p-c-k-ap-ff Ifn-Iƒ ˛ AIv_¿ I°-´n¬
Xcn-ip-\new ˛ am[-hn-°p´n
£pc-ky-[mc ˛ kn.-hn. {iocm-a≥
hnhm-l-∏n-t‰∂v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥
U¬ln 1981 ˛ Fw. apIp-μ≥
(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Ddq-_v, am[-hn-°p-´n, hn.-sI.F≥., apIp-μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).
samUyqƒ 2: IhnX-Iƒ
(Bdv IhnXI-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)
Fs‚ `mj ˛ hf-f-tØmƒ
Du™men¬ ˛ sshtem-∏n-ffn
\nanjw ˛ Pn. i¶c-°p-dp∏v
am™p-a-d™ ]q°mew ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿
ag-°mew ˛ A≥h¿ Aen
arKin£-I≥ ˛ hnP-b-e£van
(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ hf-f-tØmƒ, sshtem-∏n-f-fn, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿, A≥h¿ Aen F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-
X-I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv)
samUyqƒ 3: t\mh¬
thcp-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥
samUyqƒ 4: Xnc-°Y/\mSIw
s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew (Xn-c-°-Y) ˛ ]Zva-cm-P≥
25
Code. MA1A07(03) ska-ÿ˛ I
tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛7
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w
k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±iye-£y-߃
]c-º-cm-K-X-a-√mØ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ°v ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI taJ-e-
bn¬ Xm¬]cyw hf¿Øp-I.
hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°pI
imkv{X-hn-j-b-߃ amXr-`m-j-bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- m-°pI
hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-ff _me]mT߃ ]Tn-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1: ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXy cN\
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hnI-kn-®p-sIm- ncn-°p∂ Hcp kmln-Xy-im-J-bmWv imkv{X-km-ln-Xyw. imkv{X kmt¶-
XnI hnZy-Iƒ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w hºn-®-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm- v Xs∂ imkv{X
Imcy-߃ efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ff Ignhv imkv{X-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v D- m-th- Xv AXym-h-iy-
am-Wv. AØcw cN-\-I-fpsS {]iv\-ßfpw {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu samUyq-fns‚
e£yw.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ÿm\w, ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-Øn\pw k¿Km-flI
kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Dff hyXym-k-߃ -˛-ssh-⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bpsS {]iv\-߃-˛-`m-j-˛-ssi-en-˛-
km-t¶-XnI ]Z-߃-˛-{]-Xn-]m-Z\ coXn-bpsS {]m[m\yw. imkv{X-hn-j-b-߃ k¿Km-flI cN-\bv°v hnj-
b-am-°p-tºmƒ D- m-Ip∂ {]iv\-߃.
samUyqƒ 2: imkv{X-km-lnXn (imkv{X teJ-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-cw)
1. Nne-¥n-he ˛ sI. `mkv°-c≥ \mb¿
2. BcpsSbmWo `qan ˛ B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥
3. \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn-s°mcmapJw ˛ Sn. {]Zo]v
(Ip™p-I-W-߃°v hk-¥w) Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw
4. hwi-ß-fpsS AXn-Po-h\w ˛ Poh≥ tPm_v tXmakv
(hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ico-c-im-kv{Xw) Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw
5. Pem-h-Imiw: `c-W-Iq-Sw, Itºm-fw, kaq-lw-˛-h-μ\ inh, amXr-`qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t°mSv
(Pe-bp-≤-߃)
(sI. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿, B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥, Sn. {]Zo-]v, hμ-\-inh F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-
fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).
26
samUyq-ƒ 3: Hcp imkv{X-⁄s‚ Poh-N-cn{Xw
bqdn-K-Km-dn≥ ˛ kn.-Pn. im¥-Ip-am¿
tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Xr»q¿
samUyq-ƒ 4: hnh¿Ø\w
hnh¿Ø-\w- -̨\n¿Δ-N-\-߃-˛-t{km-X-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language) hnh¿Ø-
\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-I-fpw-˛-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw-˛-km-lnXy
hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-߃-˛-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]tXyI {]iv\-߃-˛-{]-kw-K-]-cn-
`m-j-˛-]-{Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-߃°p-th-- n-bp-ff hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬
{i≤n-t°- Imcy-߃ ˛ ]c-ky-߃, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS
hnh¿Ø-\w. b{¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y-¥-cWw (Transliteraton) hnh¿Ø\
]p\:krjvSn (Transcreation) F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-
ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-- -Xm-Wv.)
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. imkv{X hn⁄m-\-]-T-\-Øn\v C˛ hmb\ ˛ hn. sI. BZ¿iv
("C\n hmb\ C˛-hm-b-\' ˛ Un. kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocnkv)
2. imkv{Xw, aXw, aqey-kr-jvSn, hnZym-`ymkw (hn-Zym-`ymkw k¿§-fl-I Pohn-X-Øn\v ˛ FUn.sUbv¬
Fw. _tY≥˛ Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse teJ-\w, {]km: imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øv)
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:
1. X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (F-Un. Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ &
kvIdnb k°-dn-b)
2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 14
3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-anI ˛ tUm. hn.-B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥
tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn. hmkp-tZh `´-Xncn
kvssI _p°v ]ªn-tjgvkv amth-en-°c
6. hnh¿Ø-\-hn-Nmcw ˛ tUm. F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿
(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
**********
27
Code. MA2A09(03)
ska-ÿ˛ II tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛9
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃:
ae-bmf `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw Xmev]cyw hf¿Øp-I, Bkzm-Z-\-tijn hf¿ØpI
ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI
hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI
amXr-`m-j-bpsS sshIm-cn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-®-dn-bm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-samcp°pI
hnhn[ ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-Iƒ kz¥w `mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- m-°p-I. k¿Km-fl-I-
tijn ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1: t\mh¬
BSp-Po-hnXw ˛ _\ym-an≥ ({Ko≥ _pIvkv, Xr»q¿)
samUyqƒ 2: IYm-k-am-lmcw
(6 IY-I-fn¬ 4 FÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)
sabn¬ dÆ¿ ˛ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰°mSv
PmPz-ey-am\w ˛ {]nb F.-Fkv
h- n-th-j-߃ ˛ sshim-J≥
aI≥ ˛ Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥
tNme-a-c-߃°n-S-bn¬ ˛ hn.-B¿. kp[ojv
s]e-a-dpX ˛ \mcm-b≥
(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰°m-Sv, sshim-J≥, Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥, hn.-B¿. kp[ojv F∂n-h-cpsS IY-
I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).
samUyqƒ 3: \mSIw
A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ Bkp-c-h-gn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-Fw. cmL-h≥ \ºym¿
(kzm-X{¥yw Xs∂ Pohn-Xw) ˛ (tI-cf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an)
samUyqƒ 4 : IhnX
]pØ≥ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw ˛ CS-t»cn
************
28
Code. MA1B01 sk-a-ÿ I
tImgvkv˛ 1
]T\kabw : 108 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
kaqlw, kwkv°m-cw, kmln-Xyw, `mj, F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ [mcW hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ D- m-°p-
Ibpw a‰p imkv{X-ß-fpsS ]T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p `mjm-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw Fßs\
hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-amWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw
samUyqƒ-˛1
imkv{Xhpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xhpw kmln-Xy-hpw˛ imkv{X-]-T-\-hpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T-\hpw , kmln-
Xyhpw kaq-l-hpw, kmln-Xy-hpw Ncn-{X-hpw, kmln-Xy-Øns‚ auen-I-X,
Bkzm-Z\w, [¿a-t_m-[-\w, am\-hn-I-X, aqey-߃, {]Xy-bimkv{Xw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® kmln-Xy-
Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ
klm-b-I-{KŸ-߃
Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- km-ln-Xy-hnZy
tUm. eoem-hXn Fw ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛˛ imkv{Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw
tUm. jmPn-tP-°-_v. Fw.˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛ t\mhepw Ncn-{X-hpw-˛-t\m-h¬ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]mT-t`Zw
Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛- im-kv{Xhpw imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-hpw˛ ae-bmfimkv{X-km-ln-Xy-{]-
ÿm\w Hcp ]T\w
tUm. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ kw-kv°m-cw, kmwkv°m-cn-I-hm-Zw, kmwkv°m-cn-I-`u-Xn-I-hmZw
kwkv°m-c-]-T\w
tUm. sI. F≥. ]Wn-°¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- kw-kv°m-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw
samUyqƒ-˛2
`mj˛ \n¿h-N\w, ImgvN∏m-Sp-Iƒ, hy‡n-I-fpsS Bi-b-hy-h-lm-c-am-≤y-a-sa∂ \ne-bnepw kmaq-ly-amb
\n¿ΩnXn F∂-\n-e-bnepw `mj-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏v. `mjm-Nn-”-ßfpw CX-c-Nn-”-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw. a\p-jy-`m-
j-bp-sSbpw a\p-tjy-X-c-`m-j-bp-sSbpw hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ, A¿∞-\n¿W-b-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ˛ A`n[, e£-W,
hyRvP\, enwKw, h¿Æw, PmXn F∂o kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-`m-k-ßfpw `mjbpw, kmln-Xy-`m-jbpw kmln-
tXyXc-`m-j-bpw˛ Ae-¶mcw, hrØw F∂n-h-bn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kmln-Xy-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
29
klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-߃
tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\p-Æn-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛Im-hy-Nn¥
tUm.-]n. sI. \mc-b-W-]n-≈-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛ssI-c-fo-[z\n
tUm. Djm-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv-̨ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- km-aq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw
tUm. sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- B-[p-\n-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw
tUm. ]n. Fw. Knco-jv-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ -B-Nm-c-`mj
˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛ `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw
tUm. Fw. Fkv. tamt\m≥ ˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛˛ ]uckvXy-km-ln-Xy Z¿i\w
s\√n-°¬ apc-fo-[-c≥ ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- km-ln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-߃
samUyqƒ-˛3
kmln-Xyw-˛-hy-Xy-kvX-Im-gvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ. Bkzm-Z-I≥, Ir-Xn, I¿Ømhv ˛ ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ-˛-[¿Ω-hm-Z-]-cw,
a\-»m-kv{X-]cw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-cw, Poh-N-cn-{X-]-cw, kmln-Xyw kaq-l-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-sa-∂-\n-e-
bn-epw, {]Xn-\n-[m-\Iw F∂ \ne-bn-epw, kmwkv°m-cn-tIm¬∏-∂-sa∂ \ne-bnepw
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃- -
Fw. ANyp-X≥˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛ ]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w
tUm. sI. Fw. Xc-I≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- ]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-X-Xz-imkv{Xw
tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ -\-h-X-cwKw
sI. k®n-Zm-\-μ≥ (FUn-‰¿)-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨ -]p-Xp-I-hnX Hcp N¿® tIc-f-I-hnX 2010
samUyqƒ-˛4
kwkv°mcw ˛ \n¿Δ-N-\w, kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-߃, A[n-\n-thi kwkv°m-cw, kmwkv°m-
cn-Im-[n-\n-th-ihpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
tUm. sI. F≥. ]Wn-°¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- kw-kv°m-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw
jmPn-tP-°_v Fw.-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- t\m-h¬ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]mT-t`Zw
tUm. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ -kw-kv°m-c-]-T\w
kw-kv°m-c-]-T\w -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- Hcp-kw-Lw-te-J-I¿-
(ae-bmf ]T-\-kw-Lw, ImeSn, -hn-X-cWw Id‚v
_p°vkv Xr»q¿)
***************
30
Code. MA2B02
ska-ÿ˛ II tImg-kv-˛2
IYm kmln-Xy-w
]T-\-k-abw : 108 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃:
t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam-\ym-h-t_m[w D- m-°pI
ae-bmf t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®sb a\- n-em-°pI
ka-Im-eo\ t\mh-en-s‚bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bpI
Ncn-{Xhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp D¬]-∂-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu kmlnXy cq]-ßsf Dƒs°mffp-I.
samUyqƒ 1:
t\mh¬˛]m-›mXy ]uckvXy \n¿h-N-\-߃-˛-t\m-h¬ apt∂m-Sn-Iƒ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬-˛-sdmam≥kp-
Ifpw t\msh-√-I-fpw-˛-]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-hn-iz-{]-kn-≤-ß-fmb t\mh-ep-
Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fpw-˛-hn-t\m-Zhpw hn⁄m-\-hpw-˛-a-\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn, Pohn-Xw kwkvIm-c-߃ F∂n-h-sb-
°p-dn-®p-ff ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temIw apgp-h≥ ]c-°p-∂Xv t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS. `mc-Xob t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-
B-Zy-Ime t\mh-ep-Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fpw-˛-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬-˛-ap-t∂m-Sn-Iƒ-˛-B-ZysØ ae-bmf
t\mh¬-˛-hy-Xy-kvXm-`n-{]m-b-߃-˛19mw \q‰m-- nse t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-C-μp-te-Jbpw A\p-I-c-W-ß-fpw-˛-C-μp-
te-J-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb {]m[m-\yw.
Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ -˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n-f-f-bpsS Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ-˛-{]m-[m-\yw.
X¿÷a t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS X¿÷-a-Iƒ, tSmƒtÃm-bv, hnIvS¿ lyqtKm, Nmƒkv
Un°≥kv, slanMvth XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS IrXn-Itfm cho-{μ-\m-Y-Sm-tKm¿, _¶nw-N-{μ-Nm-‰¿Pn, Xmcm-i-¶¿
_tμym-]m-[ym-b, ic-®-{μ-Nm-‰m¿Pn, Bim-]q¿Æm-tZhn XpS-ßnb C¥y≥km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS t\mh-
ep-Itfm BImw.
tIc-fob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co£w {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-t\m-h-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-
am{Xw A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏´, AXp-hsc ]pdw-temIw Adn-bm-Xn-cp∂ Pohn-X-߃-˛-km-[m-c-W-°m-cp-
sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ h¿§-Øn-t‚bpw Pohn-Xw-˛-]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o-\hpw
t\mh-en¬ ˛ t\mh¬ km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ Iem-cq-]-ambn amdnb kml-Ncyw XI-gn, tIi-tZ-hv, _jo¿,
Fkv.-sI., Ddq_,v apØn-cn-tßmSv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿.
31
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. imcZ ˛ N¥p-ta-t\m≥
2. [¿ΩcmP ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]-ff
3. c- n-S-ßgn ˛ XIgn
samUyqƒ 2:
kmaq-lnI am‰-߃ ˛ hy‡nsb tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm- pff ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ a\-»m-kv{X-Øns‚
kzm[o-\w-˛-hy-‡nbpw kaq-lhpw ˛ s]mcpØ-ßfpw s]mcpØ-t°-Sp-Ifpw ˛ hy‡nbpw am\-knI {]iv\-
ßfpw ˛ `mj-bp-tSbpw cN-\-bp-tSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
cmP-e-£van, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p-´n, sI. kptc-{μ≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, sNdp-Im-Sv, ]md-∏p-d-Øv, ae-bm-
‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥, kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, h’-e, F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ. t\mh-en¬
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o-\-ßfpw, Bhn-jv°-cW coXn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ ˛ hy‡nbpw
kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep-ff s]mcpØ-t°-Sp-Iƒ ˛ hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃-˛-im-kv{X-Øns‚
kzm[o-\w-˛-hn-izm-k-Ø-I¿®-Iƒ-˛-aq-ey-Nyq-Xn-Iƒ-˛-A¥¿apJ-Xzw-˛-A-kvXn-Xz-kw-_-‘n-bmb {]iv\-߃-˛-
cm-jv{Sob k¶¬]-ß-fn¬h∂ am‰w-˛-kz-]v\-ß-fpsS \jvSw-˛-{]-Xo-£-I-fpsS ssItam-iw-˛-am-\-knI hn{`m-
¥n-Iƒ, Bi-b-°p-g-∏-߃/A\y-h¬°-c-Ww.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw ˛ ]md-∏p-dØv
am‰mØn ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v
klm-b-{K-Ÿ-߃
t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ
t\mh¬ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ s{]m^. sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥
ae-bmf t\mh¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬ ˛ tUm. tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw
BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ s{]m^. Xpº-a¨ tXmakv
Ncn-{X-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ I¬∏‰ _me-Ir-jvW≥
kn.-hn. Ncn{XmJym-bn-I-I-fn-eqsS ˛ Fw.-sI. IrjvW≥
{]Xn-]m{Xw `mj-W-t`Zw ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n-ff
ssZh \oXn°p Zm£nWyan√ ˛ tUm. sI. `mkvI-c≥\m-b¿
t\mh¬ \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw ˛ Pn.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿
t\mhepw cmjv{So-bhpw ˛ F.-Fw. hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]nff
samUyqƒ 3
sNdp-I-Y-˛-\n¿Δ-N-\-߃ hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃-˛-hn-iz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬-˛-]m-›m-Xy-kmln-Xy-Ønse sNdp-I-
YIƒ ˛ hniz-{]-kn-≤-cmb sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-°ƒ-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-sb∂ kmlnXy cq]-Øns‚ hf¿®-˛
32
-bq-tdm-]y≥ `mj-I-fn¬-˛-em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥-˛-B-{^n-°≥ `mj-I-fn¬-˛-a-\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS kq£va-km-
£m¬°m-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ÿm\w.
sNdp-IY `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬-˛-h-f¿®-˛-sN-dp-IY ae-bm-f-Øn¬-˛-ssh-tZ-in-I-kzm-[o\w BZy-Im-e-sN-dp-I-
Y-Iƒ˛]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w-˛-]-{X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS {]Nm-cw- -̨A-\p-I-c-W-߃-˛-tI-c-fo-bm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ \S-Ønb
]p\:krjvSn, BZy-I-Ym-Im-c≥ ˛-BZy sNdp-I-Y-˛19-˛mw \q‰m-- ns‚ Ah-km-\w.
Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-- ns‚ XpS°w ˛ 1930-˛-I-tfmsS cq]-s∏´ \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmbn h∂ XI-gn,
tZhv, _jo¿, Ddq-_v, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, Imcq¿, hn.-Sn., Fw.-B¿.-_n., efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P-\w, sI.
kc-kz-Xn-bΩ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-Iƒ ˛ bYm-X-Y-k-t¶-Xw-˛-km-[m-c-W-a-\p-jy-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb IYm-
]m-{X-߃, kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-]-›m-Ø-ew-˛-tI-cfØnse CS-Xp-]£ cmjv{Sob kzm[o-\w-˛-{]-Xyb imkv{X-
]-c-amb kzm[o-\w-˛-]p-tcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ {]`m-h-Imew sNdp-I-Y-bpsS aWvU-e-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb
am‰-߃.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
hmk-\m-hn-IrXn ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿
ac-∏m-h-Iƒ ˛ Imcq¿
a\p-jy-]p{Xn ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w
samUyqƒ-˛4
F) sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ h∂ `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-a-߃-˛1950-I-tfmsS IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS am\-knI temI-ßsf
Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ coXn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p. hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-kzXzw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂p amdn
B¥-c-kz-XzsØ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p {]m[m-\yw, Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p-´n, F≥. taml-
\≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Ccp-´ns‚ Bflmhv ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿
]£n-bpsS aWw ˛ am[-hn-°p´n
sN´n-∏q-°ƒ ˛ tImhn-e≥
_n) B[p\n-IXm {]ÿm-\w-˛-]p-Xnb `mhp-IXzw ˛bm-Ym¿∞ysØ A]-cn-NnXh¬°-cn-°p-I-˛-B-[p-\n-
IXm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cN-\m-X-{¥w-˛-hy-XykvX BJym\ coXn-Iƒ-˛-bq-tdm-∏nse AkvXn-Xz-hm-Zw, iq\y-
Xm-hmZw apX-emb Bi-b-K-Xn-I-fpsS kzm[o-\w-˛(-km¿{Xv, Im^vI, Iayp F∂n-h-cpsS Z¿i-\-ß-tfm-Sp-ff
ASp-∏w)-˛-]-c-º-cm-K-X-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-Isf XI¿°p∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°¬-˛-Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-f-f,
H.-hn. hnP-b≥, Fw. apIp-μ≥, ]fl-cm-P≥, tkXp, ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp-f-f, hn.-sI.-F≥., Im°-\m-S≥,
k°-dn-b, B\-μv, kn.-hn. {iocm-a≥, ]´-Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb IYm-Ir-Øp-°ƒ
33
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
{]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ ˛ k°-dnb
apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºm´n ˛ Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-ff
e©v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥.
kn) sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ka-Im-enI apJw ˛ Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚
hgn-I-tfmSv Htc kabw ASp-∏hpw AI-ehpw ]pe¿Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h¿ ˛]m-c-Un, ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘w,
arKIY-I-fp-sSbpw sFXnlyßfpsSbpw LS-\-˛-B-Jym\cq]-߃-˛-B-[p-\n-I-X-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp-ff Ielw
˛ ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xz-Øns‚ At\z-jWw ˛ kv{Xohm-Zw, ]mcn-ÿn-X-Im-h-t_m-[w, {]m¥-h¬°-cn-s∏-´-h-
cpsS kzXzm-hn-jvIm-cw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS {]Xn-tcm-[w ˛ kmaq-
lnI Pm{K-X, kq£a cmjv{Sob ss\Xn-I-[m-cW
F≥. Fkv. am[-h≥, F≥ {]`m-I-c≥, kn. hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥, hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿, sshim-J≥,
AIv_¿ I°-´n-¬, Atim-I≥ sNcp-hn¬, sI. ]n. \n¿a¬ Ipam¿, t{Kkn, taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥,
inlm-_p-±o≥ s]mbvØpw-I-S-hv, hn. B¿. kp[o-jv, kmdm tPmk^v, KoXm lnc-Wy≥, Ajn-X, N{μ-a-Xn,
knXmc Fkv, kp[oc, sI. B¿. aoc, sI. ]n. cma-\p-Æn, _n. apc-fn, kt¥mjv F®n-°m-\w, ]n. kptc-
{μ≥, kp`mjv N{μ≥, B¿. DÆn, Cμp-ta-t\m≥, sI. tcJ, [\y-cm-Pv, kn. A\p]v XpS-ßnb ]pXnb
Fgp-Øp-Im¿.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
H‰ ˛ hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿
Cu `qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb- ˛ kn. hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥
]¥n-t`m-P\w ˛ kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
sNdp-IYm kmlnXyw ˛ Fw. ]n. t]mƒ
sNdp-IYm kmlnXyw ˛ Fw. ANyq-X≥
IYm-]-T-\-߃ ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ {KŸm-hen
IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw ˛ sI. ]n. A∏≥
sN-dp-I-Y-bpsS Oμ v ˛ tUm. hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥
\n»-_vZ-Xbpw \n¿Ωm-Whpw ˛ C. ]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
IY-bpsS IY ˛ tUm. sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-am¿
ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ ˛ ” ”
100 h¿jw 100 IY ˛ ” ”
sN-dp-IY hm°pw hgnbpw ˛ ” ”
IYbpw `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-ahpw ˛ ” ”
*********************
34
Code. MA3B03
sk-a-ÿ III tImgvkv˛ 3
am[y-a-]-T\w ]T\kabw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
Bib hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. hnhn[ Bib hn\nab taJ-e-I-fpsS
km[yX Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
_lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\w (mass communication) ]›m-Ø-ew, am[y-a-]-T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw F∂nhsb-
°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-- m-°pI
am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ am\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw (Dimensions) XXz-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kmam\y t_m[-ap-- m-
°pI
B[p-\n-I-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-tbm-
Sp≈ A`n-cpNn hf¿ØpI
Ne-®n{X Bkzm-Z-\w, ]T-\w, Ne-®n{X \ncq-]Ww F∂n-h-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-°pI
A®Sn˛-Zr-iy-˛-{im-hy-˛-C‚¿s\‰v taJ-e-I-fn¬ `mj-bpsS {]tbm-K-ssh-hn-≤y-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
kmaq-ln-I-˛-cm-jv{So-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]cn-k-c-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-
tbmsS ]Tn-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw {]m]vX-cm-°p-I.
samUyqƒ-˛1
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-߃˛ ]e-Xcw Bi-b-hn-\nab߃, _lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\ (mass
communication) Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-ew, A®-SnbpsS Bhn¿`mhw, hnIm-kw, A®Sn am[y-a-Øns‚ khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ, C¥y-bnse ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw (km-am-\y-]-cn-N-bw) C¥y≥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-
cwKw kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw˛ ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w , anj-Wdn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\, ]{X-{]-
h¿Ø-\hpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\hpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-
WnIv am[y-a-ßfpsS Bhn¿`m-hw˛ hnIm-kw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
A[n-Im-chpw am[y-a-ß-fpw˛ _n. B¿. ]n. `mkvI¿
("am-[y-a-]-T-\-߃' ˛ FUn. ]∑-\-cm-a-N-{μ≥ \mb¿, Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿)
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
tIcf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ Ncn{Xw ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n cmLh≥, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan
hrØm¥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈
am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw ˛ Fw hn. tXma-kv, kmwkvIm-cnI
35
{]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v
]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w `n∂-ap-J-߃ ˛ tIcf {] v A°m-Zan
\m\m \mZw Htc temIw ˛ ko≥amIv ss{_Uv, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
hm¿Ø˛ ]{Xhpw hm¿Øbpw ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
dnt∏m¿´nwKv ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
kºq¿Æ ]{X-kw-hn-[m\w ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
hm¿Ø-bpsS inev]-ime ˛ F≥. F≥. kXy-{h-X≥
]{X-`mj ˛ tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan
]{X temIw ˛ Sn. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
sam-Uyqƒ ˛ 2
Zriy-˛-{imhy am[y-a-߃ ˛ {]t£-]-W-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw ˛ {]t£-]-W-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛
tdUn-tbm-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ hnImkw tIc-f-Øn¬ tdUntbm {]t£-]W-Øns‚ Bcw`w tdUn-tbm-
bv°p-th- n cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°- Imcy-߃, P\-Iob am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
tdUn-tbm-bpsS {]k-‡n, ae-bmf kmln-Xy˛ kwkvImc {]Nm-c-W-Øn¬ tdUntbm hln® ]¶v.
sSen-hn-j≥ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ hnImkw ˛ Sn. hn. C≥Uy-bn¬ ˛ tIc-f-Øn¬ ˛ hnhn[ Nm\-ep-Iƒ sSen-hn-
j≥ ˛ P\-{]nb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ hn⁄m-\-hn-t\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ P\m-[n-]Xy kaq-l-Øn¬ Zriy-am-
[y-a-߃ hln-°p∂ ]¶v
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
tdmUntbm \mSIw ˛ Sn. F≥. tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ ("\m-SIw Hcp ]T-\w'˛kn. sP. kvamcI {]kwK
kanXn, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw)
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
Zriy-˛-{imhy am[y-a-߃ ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
Zriy-`mj ˛ sI. Fkv cmP-ti-J-c≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
sS-en-hn-j≥ tPW-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬, Id‚v _pIvkv
B temIw apX¬ "C' temIw hsc ˛ tUm. sP. hn. hnf-\new
sam-Uyqƒ 3
kn\n-a˛ Bhn¿`mhw , hf¿®, kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-߃, temI-kn-\na, C≥Uy≥ kn\n-a, ae-bmf
kn\na (km-am\y ]cn-N-bw) tUmIyq-sa‚dn kn\n-a-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ tUmIyq-sa‚dn ˛ ^o®¿ kn\n-a-
I-fpsS -hy-Xym-kw, kn\n-abpw kmln-Xy-hpw, Xnc-°Ym \n¿Ωm-Ww˛ Ne-®n-{Xhpw t{]£-I-\pw, Bkzm-
Z\w, \ncq-]-Ww, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-߃ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn¬ hcp-∂-sX-ßn-s\,
{]mtZ-in-I-kz-Xz-t_m[w (tI-c-fo-b-X) kn\na Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-sX-ßs\ ˛kn\nam]T\w kmwkvIm-cnI
]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ
36
klm-bI {KŸ-߃
Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
tem-I-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv
ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥ amXr-`qan _pIvkv
ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶-c, Un. kn. _pIvkv
Hcp kn\na Fß-s\-bp-- m-Ip∂p ˛ sI. sI. N{μ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv
temI kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv
kn\na hoUntbm sSIv\n°v -˛ tUm. apc-fo-Ir-j-W, Un. kn. _pIvkv
IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw ˛ tUm. B¿. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv
Xnc-°Ym cN\ Iebpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ tPmkv. sI. am\p-h¬
kn\n-abpw {]Xy-b-imkv{Xhpw ˛ hn. sI. tPmk^v
Aen-hns‚ aμm-c-߃ ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶c
kn\n-abpw kaq-lhpw ˛ sI. the-∏≥
cm{Xnbpw aqS¬a™pw ˛ hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥
Nn{Xw Ne-®n{Xw ˛ a¶S chn-h¿Ω
ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp-tºmƒ ˛ sF. j¨ap-J-Zmkv
^nenw Ub-d-£≥ ˛ kmP≥ sXcp-h-∏pg
sam-Uyqƒ 4
ssk_¿ am[y-a-߃ : \h-am-[y-a-߃, khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, C≥^¿ta-j≥ bpKw ˛ hnhc kmt¶-XnI
hnZy Bi-b-hn-\n-ab cwK-Øp-- m-°nb hnπ-h-߃ ˛ Iºyq-´¿, C‚¿s\‰v ˛ C˛kmln-Xyw, C‚¿s\‰v
Broadcasting, C‚¿s\‰v tdUn-tbm, C˛ sabn¬, thƒUv sshUv sh_v (W.W.W) hm¿Øm-[n-jvTnX
sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, C˛ _p°v, tªmKv, Web {]km-[\w, hnhn[ sh_v t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ kmam\y ]cn-Nbw
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
ssl-∏¿ sSIvÃpw aƒ´o-ao-Un-bbpw
("C‚¿s\‰pw C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw' ˛ sI. cho-{μ≥ & tUm. _n. CIv_m¬ Un. kn. _pIvkv)
klm-bI {KŸ-߃
C‚¿s\‰v ˛ ANyp-Xvi¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ ANyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿,
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
C‚¿s\‰v Hcp ]T\w ˛ ]n. tkXp-am-[-h≥, en]n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv
37
C‚¿s\‰pw C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ sI. cho-{μ≥ &tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, Un. kn _pIvkv
B temIw apX¬ "C' temIw hsc ˛ tUm.sP. hn. hnf-\n-ew, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
ssk-_¿ kmlnXyw ˛ kp\oX Sn. hn. (F-Un.), Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿
sam-Uyqƒ˛ 5
am[ya hna¿i\w : am[y-a-ß-fpsS [m¿Ωn-IX ˛ kaq-lsØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-߃, H∏o-\n-b≥
eoU¿ ˛ ka-hm-b-Øn-s‚bpw kΩ-X-Øn-s‚bpw D¬∏m-Z\w ˛ am[y-a-ßfpsS A[n-\n-thiw˛ P\{]nb
kwkvIm-chpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ kmwkvIm-c-Øns‚ _lp-kz-c-Xbpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw hn]-
Wnbpw
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ teJ-\-߃:
a\ pw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ Fw. F≥ hnP-b≥
am[ya [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw s]cp-am-‰-®-´hpw ˛ F≥. ]n. cmP-t{μ≥
(t^m¿Øv FtÃ-‰ns‚ acWw) amXr-`qan _pIvkv ˛ F∂ ]pkvI-X-Ønse teJ\w
ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm. Sn. sI.-cm-a-N-{μ≥
am[y-a-ß-fpsS {]Xn-tema {]IrXw ˛ cho-{μ≥
A[n-\n-th-ihpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ tUm. sk_m-Ãy≥ t]mƒ
(am[y-a-]-T-\-߃) Un. kn. _pIvkv ˛ FUn. ]∑\-cm-a-N-{μ≥\m-b¿
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm. Sn.-sI. cma-N-{μ≥, amXr-`qan
GIm-¥-\-K-c-߃ ˛ ]n. sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ kn . _n. kp[m-I-c≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv
t_m[-Xo-c-ß-fn¬ Imew-an-Sn-°p-tºmƒ ˛ F. N{μ-ti-J¿, sdbn≥t_m _pIvkv
kn\n-a, kaq-lw, {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw ˛ cho-{μ≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv
am[y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-thiw ˛ FUn-‰¿ : {^m≥knkv Imc-bv°m´v
{]km: tP¿W-enkw Un∏m¿´vsa‚v
tUm¨t_mkvtIm tImtfPv
IÆq¿ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n
P\-{]nb kwkvImcw ˛ jmPn tP°∫v
********************
38
Code. MA3B04
ska-ÿ˛III tImgvkv ˛4
\mSIw ]T\ kabw : 72 aWn-°q¿
s{IUn‰v : 4
Dt±iy-e-£y-߃
1. ae-bmf \mS-I-sØ-°p-dn®v Ncn-Xm-h-t_m-[-ap-- m-IWw
2. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaqly cmjv{Sob kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \mSIw sNep-Ønb
kzm[o\w t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
3. \mSI Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ LS\-- ˛ Bhn-jv°m-c-X-eßfnep≈ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t_m[y-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww.
4. \mS-I-Øn-s‚ cwK-`m-j, ico-c-`m-j, kmln-Xy-`m-j-bnse `mjm-t`-Z-hn-kva-b-߃, i_vZ-\n-
b-{¥-Ww, \mS-I-Z¿i\w F∂nh a\- n-em-°Ww
5. Ac-ßv, kwhn-[m-\w, Na-bw, ]›m-Ø-e-kw-Ko-Xw, i_vZ-{I-ao-I-c-Ww, shfn-®-hn-Xm\w
F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ kmam-\y-⁄m\w t\SWw
6. \mSIkmln-Xy-]-T-\-Ønepw \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-Ønepw XpS¿]-T-\-Ønepw Kth-j-W-Ønepw
A`n-cpNn hf¿Ø-Ww.
samUyqƒ:1
F) cwK-I-e-I-fpsS s]mXpkz-`m-h-߃-˛-A-\p-jvTm-\m-fl-Ihpw A\p-jvTm-t\-X-c-hp-amb cwKm-hn-jv°-c-
Ww-˛-\m-tSm-Sn-˛-¢m-knIv \mS-I-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ {]am-W-߃. sXøw-˛-ap-Sn-tb-‰v, s]mdm´v, Im°m-
c-in, ]qX\pw Xndbpw apX-emb \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃. {Ia-Zo-]n-I, B´-{]-Im-c-߃, B´-°-Y-Iƒ, IqØ-
º-ew, IqØv IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-߃ XpSßn ¢mknIv ]mc-º-cyw.
_n) ]q¿h-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂v \mSIw F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øn-te-°p-ff ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb
\mSI k¶¬]-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-ff hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃-˛-\m-S-I-Øns‚ LS-I-߃:IrXn-˛-\m-S-I-Ir-Øv-˛-th-
Zn, cwK-]m-Tw, cwK-Ønse hkvXp-°ƒ-˛-sk‰v, t{]m∏v XpS-ßn-b-h. A`n-\bw:A`n-t\-Xm-hv-˛-t{]-£-I≥.
\mS-I-{]-tbm-P\w: \mS-Im-\p-`q-Xn, Zm¿i-\n-Im-\p-`-hw.
]uc-kvXy-\m-SI k¶¬∏w:˛ `c-Xs‚ \mSy-imkv{Xw B[m-c-am-°n-˛-\m-Sy-[¿an-˛-tem-I-[¿an-˛-A-`n-\-b-co-Xn-
Iƒ (N-Xp¿hn-[m-`n-\-bw) hrØn-Iƒ-˛-\m-S-I-L-S-\- -̨]-©-k-‘n-Iƒ-˛-k-‘n-I-fpsS LS-I-ß-fpsS ckm-\p-
`q-Xn-˛-c-k-\n¿h-N-\w-˛-hn-`m-hw-˛-A\p`m-hw-˛-k-©m-co-`m-h-߃-˛-c-k-\n-jv]-Øn-˛-hym-Jym-\-t`-Z߃. \mSI
hn`m-K-߃-˛-Z-i-cq-]-I-߃-˛-cw-Kw-˛-Acßnse LS-I-߃˛hnhn-[-Xcw thZn-Iƒ-˛-\m-S-I-c-N\m X{¥-߃-˛-
\m-μn-˛-{]-th-i-Iw-˛-hn-jv°w-`w-˛-B-fl-K-Xw-˛-A]hmcn-Xw-˛-\m-S-I-kw-hn-[m-\w-˛-kq-{X-[m-c≥.
39
]m›m-Xy-\m-S-I-k-¶¬∏w-˛-A-cn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ t]mb-‰n-Ivkns\ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-˛-{Sm-P-Un-˛-tIm-a-
Un-˛-\m-S-Ihpw CXc BJym-\-cq-]-ßfpw ˛C-Xn-lmkw Ncn-{Xw. {SmP-Un-bpsS LS-I-߃-˛-\m-S-IØns‚
^e-{ip-Xn-˛-I-Ym¿kn-kv-˛-hym-Jym-\-߃-˛-{Ko-°v\m-S-IthZnbpsS {]tXy-I-X.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
CuUn-∏kv cmPmhv ˛tkmt^m-¢nkv (]-cn-`mj: kn.-sP. tXmakv)
Ducp-`wKw ˛`m-k≥ (]-cn-`mj: hf-f-tØmƒ)
ae-bm-f-Ønse {Ko°v ˛kwkvIrX \mSI hnh¿Ø-\-ßsf-°p-dn®v GI-tZ-i-[m-cW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
Cu samUyqfn¬ \¬I-Ww.
samUyqƒ:2
B[p-\nI \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-te-°p-ff hnIm-kw. ]m›m-Xy-k-º¿°w-˛-an-Ã-dn-tπ-bvkv-˛-]m-j≥ tπbvkv-˛tj-
Ivkv]o-cn-b≥\mS-I-th-Zn-˛-t•m-_vXn-b-‰¿-˛-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ C_vk\pw Ãn≥_¿Kn-\p-ap-
ff ]¶v-˛-kp-L-Sn-X-\m-S-I-߃ (Wellmade Drama) {]iv\-\m-S-I-߃ (Problem plays)˛\mS-IØns‚ ]nc-
an-U¬LS-\-˛-Xm-Zm-flo-I-c-Ww-˛-b-Ym-X-Y-th-Zn-˛-]p-Xp-{]-ta-b-߃-˛-km-aqlnIw˛ -cm-jv{So-bw-˛ F-]nIv Xntb-
‰¿-˛-A-\y-h¬°-c-Ww-˛-A_vtk¿Uv Xnb-‰¿-˛-]p-h¿ Xnb-‰¿-˛-sX-cp-hp-\m-S-Iw-˛-{`-am-fl-I-\m-S-I-߃-˛-
{Uowtπ˛
]p-Xp-]-co-£-W-߃-˛-Cw-{]-j-Wn-Ãv-˛-F-Ivkv{]-j-WnÃv˛{]Xo-Im-fl-I-\m-S-I-߃.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
I\yI ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n-ff
Cuiz-c≥ Ad-Ãn¬ ˛ F≥.-F≥. ]nff
samUyqƒ:3
tIc-f-Øns‚ {]mtZ-in-I-\m-S-I-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-X-an-gvkzm-[o-\w-˛-kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I߃˛-{]-l-k-\-߃-˛-lm-ky-\m-
S-I-߃-˛-h-St° ae-_m-dnse hnhn-[-\m-S-Im-h-X-c-W-k-`-Iƒ-˛-Ip-´-a-Øv, tZiob t_m[-Øns‚ kzm[o\w
cwK-th-Zn-bn¬-˛-km-aq-lnI cmjv{So-b-{]-iv\-߃-˛-tbm-K-t£-a-k-`-bpsS \mS-hm-X-c-W-]-cn-{i-a-߃-˛-]p-tcm-
K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\hpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bpw-˛-Im¿jn-I-{]-iv\-ßfpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bpw-˛-
]m-´-_m-°n, Iq-´p-Irjn XpS-ßnb \mS-I-ß-fpsS {]k-‡n-˛-a-e-_m¿ tI{μ Iem-k-an-Xn-˛-]o-∏nƒkv Xnb-
‰¿ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥-˛-sI.-]n.-G.-kn.- -̨tI-c-f-Ønse \mSI Iem-k-an-Xn-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:
Aiz-ta[w ˛ tXm∏n¬`mkn
CXp `qan-bmW v ˛ sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv
samUyqƒ: 4
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃-˛-s{]m^j-W¬, Ata-Nz¿ hn`-P-\w˛ {Kmao-W-I-em-k-an-Xn-Iƒ-˛-\m-
S-Im-h-X-c-W-߃-˛-Ip-´n-I-fpsS cwK-th-Zn-˛-Ip-´n-I-fpsS thZnbpw apXn¿∂-h-cpw-˛-kv{Xo-]-£-th-Zn-˛-a-e-bm-f-cw-
40
K-th-Znbpw kv{XoI-fpw-˛-td-Un-tbm-\m-S-I-߃-˛-{]-t£-]-W-I-e-˛-kv{In]v‰n¬ {i≤n-t°- Imcy-߃-˛-A-h-
X-c-W-co-Xn-˛-kvIn-‰p-Iƒ-˛-tam-tWm-BIvSv˛an-an-{In-˛-Im-ºkv Xnb-‰¿-˛-{]-Nm-c-W-\m-S-I-thZn
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
cmhpÆn ˛ ]n.-Fw. XmPv
A∏-acw ˛ Un. ]mWn. tIc-f-_m-e-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
sXmgn¬tI-{μ-Øn-te°v ˛ FUn-‰¿. F≥.-B¿. {Kma-{]-Imiv
tImgn-t°mSv k¿Δ-I-em-ime ]ªn-t°-j≥
Unhn-j≥
ka-Xew ˛ ap√-t\-gn-˛-tI-c-f- imkv{Xkmln-Xy-]-cn-jØv
Xr»q¿
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:
\mSy-imkv{Xw H∂mw `mKw hnh¿Ø\w ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn
tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃ ˛ tUm. Fkv.-sI. \mb¿
kwKo-X-\m-S-I-N-cn{Xw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv. tat\m≥
ae-bmf \mS-I-N-cn{Xw ˛ s{]m^k¿. Pn. i¶-c-]n-ff
Db-cp∂ bh-\nI ˛ kn.-sP. tXmakv
\mSI {]th-inI ˛ G.-Un. lcn-i¿a
]uc-kvXy-\m-S-I-Z¿i\w ˛ ]pØ≥Imhv amØ≥X-c-I≥
Zi-cq-]-I-߃ ˛ hn.-F-kv. i¿a
th\¬Xp-ºn-Iƒ ˛ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
cwK-`mj ˛ hbem hmkp-tZ-h≥]n-ff
ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-{]-ÿm\w ˛ Im´p-amSw \mcm-b-W≥
tI{μ-I-em-k-an-Xnbpw Iem-k-an-Xn-{]-ÿm-\-hpw˛ ]h-\≥˛" tIfn' Pq¨-˛1976
\mS-I-Z¿∏Ww ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n-ff
I¿´≥ ˛ F≥.-F≥. ]nff
A`n-\-b-Øns‚ ck-X{¥w ˛ apcfn
hnZzm≥. ]n. tIfp-\m-b-cpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ˛ FUn.-C.-]n.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e≥
t_m[-\-\m-S-I-thZn -˛ F≥.-B¿. {Kma-{]-Imiv
\mS-I-Z¿i\w ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff
\mS-I-°-fcn ˛ kn.-sP.-kvam-cI {]kw-K-k-anXn
cwKm-h-X-cWw ˛ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
\mSIw Hcp ]T\w ˛ kn.-sP. knwt]m-knbw
O{Xhpw Nma-chpw ˛ Fw.-]n. i¶pÆn \mb¿
41
\mS-I-Øn-te-s°mcp \S-∏mX ˛ F.-]n.-]n. \ºq-Xncn
\mSIw IÆns‚ Ie ˛ Sn.-]n. kpIp-am-c≥
Acßpw s]mcpfpw ˛ B¿. \tc-{μ-{]-kmZv
\mS-Iobw ˛ ssI\n-°c
I\¬ ˛ amkn-I-˛-{]-Y-a-e°w
cwK-`mj ˛ apΩm-k-{]-kn-≤o-I-cWw
{_lv‰ns‚ Ie ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥
_¿tØmƒUv {_lv‰v ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff
kq{X-[mcm FXnte FXnte ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥]n-ff
Dramatic Experience - J.L. Styan
Introduction to study of Literature - Hudson (Chapter On Drama only)
Theatre of the Absurd - Martin Esslin
Theory of the Modern stage - Eric Bendtly
Theatre as Sign System - Elania Astom and George Savona
Right to perform - Sefdentiashi
Third Theatre - Badel Sarcar
***********************
42
Code MA4B05
ska-ÿ˛IV tImgvkv ˛5
ae-bmf IhnX ˛ ]q¿Δ-L´w
]T\ kabw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{IUn‰v : 4
Dt±iy-e-£y-߃
ae-bmf Imhy-im-J-bpsS D¬]Øn apX¬ 18˛mw \q‰m-- p-h-sc-bp≈ hyXykvX Imhy-k-{º-Zmbßsf
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
{]mNo\ a≤y-Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm- Imhy-im-J-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. ae-bm-f-`m-
jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-
Iƒ cq]w-sIm- kmwkvIm-cnI tIc-fo-b-Xsb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu IrXn-Iƒ°p≈ ]¶pw
]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
{]mNn-\-km-lnXyw --˛ ]m´v, ]m´ns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, eoem-Xn-eIw \¬Ip∂ \n¿Δ-N-\w, e£-W-bp-‡-
amb cma-N-cn-Xw, ]m´n\v ]n¬°m-e-Øp-- mb ]cn-Wm-aw, \ncWw IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-Km-Y, Fgp-Ø-—≥
IrXn-Iƒ, `‡n-{]-ÿm-\w, CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\w, _rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w,
_rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ka-\z-bw, \nc-Ww IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-Km-Y,
IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ {]I-S-am-Ip∂ kzXz-t_m-[w, tIc-fo-bX ˛ Oμ- n¬, `mj-bn¬, PohnX kμ¿`-ß-
fn¬ . Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ ˛ `mj, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w, kmaqly {]k-‡n, kmaqly ]cn-k-cw,
{_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw, {]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-chpw _rlXv ]mc-º-cy-hpw, Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-I-fnse ka-\zb
kwkvIm-cw, tIc-fob Ncn-{Xhpw Fgp-Ø-—≥Ir-Xn-I-fpw, kwkvIm-chpw [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn\v Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ hln® ]¶v.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
cma-N-cnXw ˛ 3˛mw ]Sew
IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw kpμ-c-Imfiw ˛ BZysØ 11 ]m´p-Iƒ
IrjvW-KmY ˛ tla-¥-h¿Æ\w (sN-dp-t»-cn)
A[ymfl cmam-bWw Infn-∏m´v ˛ Injv°n-‘m-Imfiw (F-gp-Ø-—≥)
kya-¥Iw Xp≈¬ ˛ Ip©≥\ºym¿
43
samUyqƒ 2
aWn-{]-hmf kmln-Xyw, aWn-{]-hmf `mj, eoem-Xn-eI \n¿Δ-N-\w, aWn-{]-hm-fsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ 1˛mw
inev]-Øns‚ khn-tij ]T-\w, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w, kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fpsS ae-bmf amXr-
I-Iƒ, Nºp, ktμ-i-Im-hyw, kvt{Xm{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, ÿe-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
DÆp-\oen ktμiw ˛ {]kvXm-h\ Hgn-hm°n BZysØ 10 t«mI-߃
`mjm cmam-bWw Nºp ˛ koXm-kz-bw-hcw 26-˛36 t»mI-ßfpw
36˛mw t»mI-Øn-\vtijw hcp∂ H∂mw KZyhpw
(“lc-l-c-inh inh anYn-e-bn-en-b-en-\---˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛
-{]-l-kn-X-eo-em tem-fn-X-sam-cnSw-” F∂v hsc)
samUyqƒ 3
17, 18 \q‰m-- p-Iƒ, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, ]m›mXy anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w, kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS
{InkvXo-b-amb \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ, [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-t_m-[-hpw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
⁄m\-∏m\ ˛ ]q¥m\w
IptN-h-hrØw h©n-∏m´v (Zzm-c-Im-h¿Æ-\hpw ˛ cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿
IrjvW-Ip-tNe kwK-ahpw am{Xw)
“C∏m-cn-en-∂n-√o-h-Æ-sam-cp-a-lm-cm-P-[m-\n ..
-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛
am{Xw t]mepw [\-lo-\-\mb hn{]≥ apIp-μs\
am\kw sIms- -Sp-Øn´v IqsS sIm- p-t]mbv” ˛ F∂p-hsc
]pØ≥]m\ 12-˛mw ]mZw ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚
hymIp-e-{]-em]w (AΩ I\ym-a-Wn-X-s‚.. ˛ A¿tÆmkv ]mXn-cn, (km≥tPmkv
`hn-°-X-kvam¬ F∂p-h-sc) _pIvÃmƒ, am∂m\w 1992)
\f-N-cnXw 4˛mw Znhkw \f-Z-a-b¥o kwKaw ˛ DÆmbn hmcy¿
(“hm-tXmlw irWp-\-f`qX-hrμ km£n ”F∂
t«mIw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ `mKw am{Xw)
samUyqƒ 4
\mtSmSn kwkvIm-csØ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ ]m´p-Ifpw \mtSmSn Km\ßfpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. Ah-
bpsS `mjm-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°-Ww.
44
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
hS-°≥ ]m´v
DÆn-bm¿® IqØv ImWm≥ t]mb IY
(“B-‰p-Ω-W-Ωte DÆn-bm¿®” apX¬
Im‰Øp]™n-]-d°pw t]mse
hn´n´p Xs∂bpw t]mIp-∂p-- v. ˛ F∂-Xp-h-sc)
am∏n-f-∏m´v
_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿ lpkv\p¬P-am¬ ˛ tambn≥Ip´n sshZy¿
(“]q-a-I-fms\” apX¬
“aXn-a-d-∂n≥km-seØpw” Km\w hsc)
ssIs°m-´n-I-fn-∏m´v
imIp-¥fw ˛ hnZzm≥a-®m-s´-bXv
\memw-Jfiw (“I-eymWn If-hmWo sNm√q ˛ kn. ]n. IrjvW-s\-f-bXv
\obm-sc-∂Xpw” apX¬ “AXp-e-hn-{I-a≥ (km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿)
]mWn-{K-lWw sNbvXp. ” hsc)
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:
kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS ˛ FUn. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv NBS tIm´bw
]Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ Sn. Fw. NpΩm¿
ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈
tIcf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ D≈q¿
ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw \q‰m-- p-I-fn-eqsS ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI {KŸm-hen
***********************
45
Code. MA4B06
ska-ÿ˛IV tImgvkv ˛6
`mjm-im-kv{Xhpw `mjm-N-cn-{Xhpw
]T\ kabw : 72 aWn-°q¿
s{IUn‰v : 4
Dt±iy-e-£y-߃
B[p-\nI `mjimkv{X kn≤m-¥-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam\y ⁄m\w hnZym¿∞n°v D- m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-
I.
B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Øns‚ kmam\y]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. Ahsb ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS
hyXykvX hyh-lm-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn a\- n-em-°p-I.
`mjbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶o¿Æ _‘-ßsf tIc-fob kμ¿`-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p≈
tijn t\SpI
`mjbpw A[n-Im-c-hpw, enwK-hn-th-N-\w, `mjm-a-t\m-`mhw XpS-ßnb am\-߃ ae-bmf kμ¿`-Øn¬ a\-
n-em-°p-I.
ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-sf-∏‰n Ah-t_m[w P\n-∏n-°pI
ae-bmf `mj-bpsS Ncn-{Xhpw hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI
samUyqƒ 1: `mjm-im-kv{X-]-T\w: BapJw
1. `mj ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hy-hÿ ˛ `mjm Nn”w ˛ kpNIw/kqNnXw
2. `mjm-ssh-hn-[y-߃: amXr-`m-j, {]Y-a-`m-j, ZznXo-b-`m-j, HutZym-KnI `mj, hyh-lmc `mj,
hmsam-gn, hc-samgn, am\-I-`m-j, am\-tI-X-c-`m-j, Poh¬`m-j, arX-`mj
3. `mjm-imkv{X kao-]-\-߃ : Ncn-{Xm-flIw, Xmc-X-aym-flIw, hnh-c-Wm-fl-Iw, hyXn-tc-Im-fl-Iw,
LS-\m-fl-Iw.
4. `mjm-hn-`-P-\-co-Xn-Iƒ: B\p-hw-in-Iw, I£ym-]cw
5. {]bp-‡-`m-jm-imkv{Xw: ZznXob `mjm-t_m-[-\w, \nL-- p-\n¿Ωm-Ww, hnh¿Ø-\w, Iºyq-t´-j-
W¬ `mjm-im-kv{Xw, {]mKvam-‰nIvkv
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
B[p-\nI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, im¥ AK-Ãn≥
`mjm-h-tem-I\w ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
`mjm imkv{X-hn-thIw ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
`mjm-K-th-jWw ˛ sI. Ip©p-Æn-cmPm
A course in Modern Linguistics - C. F. Hockett
46
Modern Linguistics - S. K. Verma & Krishnamurti
samUyqƒ 2 : `mjm-L-S\
1. kz\-hn-⁄m\w : kz\w/kz\naw/D]-kz\w, hyXn-tcIw/]qc-I-hn-X-cWw; ae-bm-f-Ønse
i_vtZm¬∏m-Z\w: kzcw, hyRvP-\w, Nn√v ˛ hn`-P\w, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse h¿Æ-߃°v
]e-am-Xncn {ipXn-t`Zw hcp-∂Xv F∂ `mKw, A£-cw, A£-c-am-e, (tI-c-f-]m-Wo-\nb N¿®-Iƒ)
h¿Æw ˛ en]n ˛ A£cw Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw, hrØ-im-kv{X-Ønse k¶ev]w˛ en]n,
en]n-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]tXy-I-Xbpw {]iv\-ßfpw , en]n-]-cn-jv°-c-W-{i-a-߃
2. cq]n-a-hn-⁄m-\w, ae-bm-f-Ønse cq]n-a-߃, {]IrXn/{]Xy-bw, kzX{¥w /_≤w
3. hmIy-hn-Nm-cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ, cN-\m-¥c hymI-cWw ae-bmf `mj-bpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°pI
4. A¿∞-hn-Nm-cw, ]cym-bw, \m\m¿∞w, hn]-coXw, B¿∞n-I-t£-{Xw, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-\n¿ΩmWw
5. ]Z-tImiw
samUyqƒ 3
1. kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw ˛ kmam-\ym-htem-I\w
2. `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw
3. `mjm-kq-{XWw : B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww, am\-Io-I-c-Ww, en]n-h¬°-cWw (a-e-bmf kμ¿`-Øn¬)
4. `mjm-a-t\m-`mhw , `mjm-kw-c-£-Ww, `mjm-]-Z-hn, `c-W-`mj A[y-b-\-am-[yaw ˛ {]iv\-߃
5 ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, LS-\m-X-e-Ønepw ]Z-X-e-Øn-ep-ap≈ kzm[o-\-߃
6. `mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m-\w, tIc-f-Ønse `mjm-t`-Z-߃, s]mXp-a-e-bm-fw, am\-I-a-e-bmfw XpS-ßnb
]cn-I-ev]-\-߃
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
kmaq-lnI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ Djm-\-ºq-X-cn-∏mSv
eoem-Xn-eIw kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ ˛ hn. Fkv. j◊pJw
hm°ns‚ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿
A[n-Im-chpw `mjbpw ˛ ]n. Fw. Kncojv
`mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m\w ˛ ]n. tkma-ti-J-c≥ \mb¿
`mjm-temIw ˛ Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿
ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bmfw ˛ Fkv. cmP-ti-J-c≥
\ΩpsS `mj ˛ C. Fw. Fkv.
hwio-b-Xbpw `mjbpw ˛ sI. sI. _m_p-cmPv (`m-j, kzXzw,
A[n-Imcw ]n. Fw. Knco-jns‚ ]T-\w)
hmIy-L-S\ ˛ C. hn. F≥. \ºq-Xncn
tIc-f-Ønse BNm-c-`mj ˛ ]n. Fw. Kncojv
47
Language planning - E. Annamalai
Language Movements in India - E. Annamalai
Sociolinguistics An Introuction - Peter Trudgill
samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS Ncn{Xw
1. `mj-bpsS Ncn-{X-]p-\¿\n¿ΩmWw ˛ B¥-cnI / _mly-]p-\¿krjvSn, {]mKv`m-jm-k-¶¬]w
2. ae-bmf `mjm-cq-]o-I-cW kn≤m-¥-߃ :kwkvIr-X-P-\yw, kzX-{¥-hm-Zw, D]-im-Jm-hm-Zw, ]q¿Δ
˛ Xangv ae-bmf hmZw, `mjm-kw-{I-a-W-hmZw
3. ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ]oTn-I-bnse N¿®-Iƒ, hna¿i-\m-
flI ]T\w
4. `mj-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\m-hÿ
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈
`mjm-N-cn{Xw ˛ Fkv. hn. thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿
]q¿Δ-tI-c-f-`mj ˛ sI . Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
ae-bm-f-`mjm ]cn-Wmaw: kn≤m-¥-ß-fpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥
tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
ssIcfo i_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI. kpIp-am-c-∏n≈
ae-bmf `mjm Ncn{Xw ˛ C. hn. F≥. \ºq-Xncn
ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
**********************
48
Code. MA5B07
ska-ÿ˛ V
tImg-kv-˛7
ae-bmf hymI-cWw
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
`mjsb hni-I-e\w sNbvXv `mjm-kz-cq]w \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\p≈ {]m]vXn-bp-- m-°p-I.
ae-bmf `mjsb A]-{K-Yn®v {]tbm-K-ßsf a\- n-em-°pI
`mjm ˛hym-I-cW ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf kzcq-]n-°pI
At\z-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS e`n® hkvXp-X-Isf tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-b-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøpI.
`mjm {]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw \nb-a-ß-tfbpw kw_-‘n®v kz¥-amb A`n-{]mbw cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI
samUyqƒ 1 [z\n, h¿Æw
1. A£-cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-am-e, A£-c-kwJy kw_-‘n® hnhn[ A`n-{]m-b-߃, A[n-
Im£-c-߃, kwhr-tXm-Imcw/tI{μ-kzcw/AIm-c-߃, -kz\w/kz\n-aw, ]ZmwKw F∂o ]cn-I-
ev]-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I.
2. k‘n ˛ ]e-Xcw hn`-P-\-߃, kwln-Xbpw k‘n-bpw, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse Imcn-I-Iƒ,
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS k‘n-hn-Nm-csØ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I, eoem-Xn-e-I-Ønse
k‘n-k-¶-ev]-ß-fp-ambn tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse hn[n-Iƒ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
3. KZyw, ]Zyw, ]{X-`mj XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse k‘n-Im-cy-߃ hne-bn-cp-ØpI. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-
Øn-ep≈ kwkvIr-X-k-‘n-cq-]-߃.
4. h¿Æ--hn-Im-c-߃: ae-bm-f-Ønse h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-ß-fpw Ahbv°v tIc-f-]m-Wn\n \nc-Øp∂ Imc-
W-ßfpw ˛ `mjm ]cn-Wm-a-tl-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-N-bw, i_vZ-X-e-Ønepw A¿∞-X-e-
Ønepw kw`-hn-°p∂ ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fpsS `mjm-_m-ly-amb Imc-W-ßsf Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°pI
5. `mj-bnse Nn”-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃, enJn-X-`m-j-bn¬ Nn”-߃°p≈ ÿm\w, ]Zw
]ncn-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ CS (Spacing) bpsS A¿∞-X-e-߃ .
49
samUypƒ 2: i_vZ hn`m-K-߃
1. ]Z-ßfpsS hn`-P\w: [¿Ωw, cq]w, D¬]Øn Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Z-ßsf A]-{K-Yn-°p-
I. {]Ir-Xn, {]Xy-bw, CS-\ne Ch tNcp-tºm-gp≈ k‘n-Im-cy-߃ a\- n-em-°p-I.
2. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS i_vZhn-`-P\w hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈
Kp- ¿´v, amØ≥, tij-Kn-cn-{]`p F¬. hn. B¿, kn. F¬. B‚-Wn, sI. kpIp-am-c-]n≈ F∂n-
h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-߃ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
3. \maw, IrXn, t`ZIw F∂o hI-t`-Z-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hn`-P-\-ßfpw tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw
i_vtZm¬]Øn {]I-c-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n a\- n-em-°p-I.
4. hnh¿Ø\ {]{In-b, AXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ, aqe-{]-IrXn GIm-£-c-am-bn-cp-s∂∂ k¶-ev]w, Ncn-
{X-]-c-amb hne-bn-cp-ج, `mjm-hn-I-k-\-k-¶-e-]hpw hnh¿Ø\ {]{In-b-bpw, h¿Ø-am-\-Ime
`mjm-hn-I-k-\hpw F. Bdns‚ k¶-ev]-ß-fpsS km[p-Xbpw
5. tZymX-I-߃ ˛ G Bdns‚ \nK-a-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw. t`ZIw ˛
ae-bm-f-Ønse t`Z-I-߃
samUypƒ 3 : \ma-hn-`m-Kw.
1. \ma-hn-`m-K-߃, hn`-P-\-{I-aw, hn`-P-\-Øn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm-\w, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ
2. enwKw: ae-bm-f-Ønse enwK-K-W-\, {]Xyb-߃, kam-k-cq-]-߃, \]pw-k-I-cq-]-krjvSn
3. hN\w: hN-\-\n¿Æ-bw, {]Xy-b-߃, {]Xy-b-\n-cm-k-Øn-\p≈ kμ¿`-߃
4. hn`-‡nbpw Imc-Ihpw: hmIy-Ønse ]Z-_-‘w, hn`-‡n \n¿Δ-N-\w, {]Xyb-߃, hn`-‡ym-`m-
kw, Imc-I-_-‘w, G. Bdn-s‚bpw a‰p sshbm-I-c-W-∑m-cp-sSbpw aX-߃
5. \njv]-∂-\m-a-߃: \njv]m-Z-\-{]-Xyb-߃, X≤n-X-߃, cq]-\n-jv]m-Z-\hpw `mj-bpsS {]tbm-K-
£-a-X-bpw.
samUypƒ 4: {Inbm-hn-`mKw
1. {Inb: {Inbm-hn-`-P\w D]m-[n-Iƒ, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse N¿®
2. Imew: {]Xy-b-ßfpw hnX-c-Whpw, h¿Ø-am-\-Ime {]Xy-bw, \nKo¿ÆI¿Xr-Iw, {]Im-cw,
{]tbmKw , {]Ir-Xn, \ma-[m-Xp, Jne-[m-Xp, A\p-{]-tbm-Kw, \ntj[w XpS-ßn-bh
3. AwK-{Inb: ]q¿Æ-{In-bbpw A]q¿Æ-{In-b-bpw, ]‰p-hn-\-I-fpsS hn`-P\w, t]sc-®-ß-fpsS hyt]-
£-I-hmIy[¿Ωw, hn\-sb-®-ß-fpsS hn[-ßfpw coXn-I-fpw, {Inbm \njv]∂ \ma-߃, IrØp-
°ƒ, IrXnIr-Øv, Imc-I-IrØv XpS-ßn-b-h. Ah-bpsS [¿Ωw, coXn, hn`-P-\w.
samUypƒ 5: hmIy-hn-Nmcw
1. hmIy-\n¿h-N-\-߃, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-L-S-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, hmIy-hn-`m-K-߃,
eLp-hm-Iy-߃, k¶o¿Æ-hm-Iyw, alm-hmIyw
50
2. BImw£ F∂ k¶-ev]w, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]Z-{I-aw, hmIymw-i-߃ XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Øw, ]pcp-
j-t`-Z-\n-cmk N¿®
3. kam-k-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hmIy-[¿Ω-hpw, ka-kvX-]-Z-ß-fpw `mj-bpsS {]tbm-K-£-aXbpw, Ah-
kw-_-‘n® \nb-a-߃
4. hymt£-]-I--ß-fpsS hmIy-[¿Ωw
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
i_vZ-tim-[n\n ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\nbw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob`mjyw ˛ kn. F¬. B‚Wn
`mjm-]-T-\-߃ ˛ kn. F¬. B‚Wn
ssI-c-foi-_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI. kpIp-am-c-]n≈
kmln-Xy-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v
]q¿Δ-tI-cf `mj ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
ae-bm-gva-bpsS hymI-cWw ˛ tPm¿÷v amØ≥
`mjm-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿
hymI-c-W-]-T-\-߃ ˛ Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-]-Wn-°¿ ( FUn.)
tIc-f-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw ˛ C. hn. F≥. \ºq-Xncn
`mjm-im-kv{X-Ønse tNmwkv°n-b≥ hnπhw ̨ sI. F≥. B\-μ≥
********************
51
Code. MA5B08
ska-ÿ˛ V
tImg-kv-˛8
ae-bmf IhnX ˛ \thm-∞m-\-L´w
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±iye£y-߃
20-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-cw-`n® hnhn[ Imhy-c-N\m kt¶-X-ß-tfbpw Ihn-I-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-
s∏-Sp-I.
kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\w Ihn-X-bn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p a\- n-em-°pI
Ihn-X-bn¬ kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
\thm-∞m\ Ihn-X-Isf h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ hyXykvX hmb-\m-co-Xn-I-fn-eqsS A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw
Ah-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
samUyƒ-˛1
IhnX Ihn-{X-b-Øn-\p-apºv ˛ sh◊Wn {]ÿm-\w, ]®-a-e-bmf {]ÿm-\w, sImSp-ß-√q¿ If-cn,
tIc-f-h¿Ω {]ÿm-\w, aWn-{]-hmf ]mc-ºcyw BJym-\-I-hn-X-bn¬, kmwkvIrX \mS-I-X¿÷-a-Iƒ,
alm-Im-hyw, {]mk-hm-Zw, {]mk-hm-Z-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\yw.
tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-›m-Øew ˛ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw , A®-Sn, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w
Ch ˛ tIc-fob \thm-∞m\w ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-®p. ˛ tZiob t_m[hpw kmaq-
ln-I-]-cn-jvI-c-tWm-Zy-a-ßfpw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w.
B[p-\nI Ihn-{X-bw ˛ {]ta-b-ß-fpsS ]pXp-a, Bhn-jvIm-c-Ønse \ho\ {]h-W-X-Iƒ, ae-bmf
Imev]-\nI Ihn-X, hnem-]-Im-hy-{]-ÿm-\w, `mh-Ko-X-߃, IYm-Im-hy-߃, `mh-\m-fl-I-X, hnIm-c-
]-c-X, hy‡n-]-c-X, BZ¿im-fl-I-X, kzIo-b-tem-I-kr-jvSn, kz]v\m-S-\-Iu-Xp-Iw, Krlm-Xp-c-Xzw, KX-
Im-e-`-‡n, {]Ir-Xym-`n-ap-Jyw, ]pXp-a-tbm-Sp≈ Bk-‡n, kzmX-{¥y-hm-RvO, CS-∏-≈nbpw Nß-ºp-
gbpw ˛ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\yw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
eoe ˛ Ipam-c-\m-i≥
A—\pw aIfpw ˛ h≈-tØmƒ
t{]a-kw-KoXw ˛ D≈q¿
aWn-\mZw ˛ CS-∏≈n
bh-\nI ˛ Nß-ºpg
52
samUypƒ ˛ 2
IhnX Ihn-{X-b-Øn\pw CS-∏≈n {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw tijw, Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS Im¥n ˛ ]pXp-tem-I-
Øns‚ {]h-W-X-Iƒ, hntZim-[n-]-Xy-tØm-Sp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, tZio-b-X, kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-≤X
Ip‰n-∏p-dØp tIi-h≥ \mb¿, shÆn-°p-fw, Fw. ]n. A∏≥, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏v, ]n.
Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm Ihn-X.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
{Kmao-W-I-\yI ˛ Ip‰n-∏p-d-Øp-tI-i-h≥ \mb¿
kqcy-Im¥n ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v
If-¶-a-‰ssI ˛ _mem-a-Wn-bΩ
\c-_en ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿
samUypƒ 3
tZiob {]ÿm-\hpw a‰p kmaq-lnI cmjv{Sob kw`-h-ßfpw Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w,
t_mt[-iz-c≥, ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{μ≥, Sn. Fkv. Xncp-ap-ºv, Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-
fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm Ihn-X.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
kln-°-tbm-Zmkyw ˛ t_mt[-iz-c≥
hnj-∏-£n-tbmSv ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{μ≥
Ime-h¿jw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥
Fs‚ bphXzw ˛ Sn. Fkv. Xncp-ap-ºv.
samUypƒ ˛ 4
Imev]-\n-Im-\¥c Ihn-Iƒ ˛ Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw AXns‚ {]Xn-tcm-[-hpw, ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xyw, ae-
bmf Ihn-X-bpsS ]pXp-∏n-d-hn, ]mem \mcm-b-W≥ \mb¿, ]n. `mkv°-c≥, hb-em¿, H. F≥. hn, Hf-
∏-a-Æ, A°n-Øw, t{]wPn XpS-ßnb Ihn-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Hm¿°pI h√-t∏mgpw ˛ ]n. `mkv°-c≥
l\p-a¬tkh Xp©≥ ]d-ºn¬ ˛ CSt»cn
bpK-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n
B{^n° ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
****************
53
Code. MA5B09
ska-ÿ˛ V
tImg-kv-˛9
kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃ ]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
kmln-XysØ Hcp km¿Δ-eu-InI {]Xn-`m-k-ambn I- v hyXykvX {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Ime-ß-fnepw
D- m-bn-´p≈ hna¿i\ kn≤m-¥ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw hna¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw
kn≤n-Iƒ hn]p-e-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
samUyqƒ ˛1
Ihn, IhnX F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® `mc-Xob \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ. ckw, [z\n, coXn, KpWw, Ae-¶m-cw,
HuNn-Xyw, ht{Im‡n F∂o kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Chsb kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI.
hni-Z-amb ]T\w Bh-iy-an-√.
hni-Z-]T-\-Øn\v:
1. kmlnXy \n¿Δ-N\w ˛ NmØ-\Øv ANyp-X-\pÆn ˛ Imhy-Nn¥
2. `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ `mK-߃:˛
KpW-{]-I-c-Ww, i_vZm¿∞-{]-I-c-Ww, [z\n {]I-c-Ww, ck-{]-I-cWw (D-]-hn-`m-K-߃ th- . \n¿Δ-
N-\hpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw am{Xw aXn.)
samUyqƒ ˛2
hyØhpw Ae-¶m-chpw: `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Ae-¶mc \n¿Δ-N-\hpw hn`-P-\-hpw, `mjm-`q-j-W-
Ønse Ae-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW thWw. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h
am{Xw aXn.
kmtaym‡n hn`mKw ˛ D]-a, Zo]-Iw, cq]-Iw, D¬t{]-£, {]Xn-h-kvXp-]-a, ZrjvSm-¥w, A{]-kvXpX
{]iwk (A-e-¶m-c-ß-fpsS kmay hyXym-k-߃ A]-{K-Yn®v Imhy-`m-j-bpsS cq]o-I-c-WsØ kw_-
‘n® `mc-Xo-b-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \nco-£n®-dn-bWw)
AXn-i-tbm‡n hn`mKw:˛ cq]m-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n, Dt√-Jw, hntcm-[m-`mkw
hmkvX-thm‡n hn`mKw:˛ kz`m-thm-‡n, A¿∞m-]-Øn, Imhy-enw-Kw, A¿∞m-¥-c-\ymkw
t«tjm‡n hn`mKw :˛ t«-jw, kam-tkm‡n
i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam\y [mcW thWw. Imhy-Øns‚ `mh-cq] inev]-ßsf cq]-s∏-Sp-
Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ i_vZm-e-¶m-c-߃°p≈ ]¶v ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v ba-
Iw, ZznXo-b-£-c-{]mkw F∂nh am{Xw aXn. hrØw:˛ hyØhpw Ihn-Xbpw, {][m-\-s∏´ kwkvIrX
54
hrØ-ßfpw `mjm-hy-Ø-ßfpw am{Xw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-®m¬ aXn. hrØ-a-RvP-cn-bnse hrØ-ßsf
kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-cn-°-Ww.
hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v kwkvIrX hrØ-ß-fn¬ A\p-jvSp-∏v, C{μ-h-{P, ctYm-≤-X, {ZpX-hn-fw-_n-Xw,
hk-¥-Xn-e-Iw, im¿Zq-e-hn-{Io-Un-Xw, {kKv≤-c, IpkpaaRvP-cn, hntbm-Kn-\n, ]pjv]]nXm{K F∂nh
am{Xw aXn. `mjm hrØ-ß-fn¬ Infn-∏m´p hrØ-߃, Xp≈¬∏m-´p-hr-Ø-߃, KmY, k¿∏n-Wn,
\tXm-∂X F∂nh am{Xw aXn
{ZmhnU kuμcy imkv{Xw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
XnW k¶ev]w (C-¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w ˛ {]k-‡nbpw km[y-Xbpw ) ˛ sI. Aø-∏-Wn-°¿
samUyqƒ 3
]m›mXy kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃ B[p-\nI Ime-L-´w-h-sc. tπt‰m, Acn-tÃm-´n¬ XpS-
ßnbhcpsS kn≤m-¥-߃. tπt‰m-bpsS A\p-I-c-W-hm-Zw, Imhy {]tNm-Z-\sØ kw_-‘n® A`n-
{]mbw, Iem-Im-c-∑msc Ipdn®v tπt‰m, tπmt‰m-bpsS Ncn-{X-{]m-[m\yw
Acn-tÃm-´n¬ :˛A-\p-I-c-W-hm-Zw, {SmP-UnbpsS \n¿Δ-N-\w, Bdp-L-S-I-߃, CXn-hr-Ø-sØ-°p-dn-
®p≈ A`n-{]m-b-߃, hyXykvX kmlnXy cq]-߃, tIma-Unbpw F∏n°pw {SmP-Un-bpw.
IYm¿knkv
sdmam‚nIv bpKw-˛ th¿Uvkvh¿Øv, endn-°¬ _me-Uvkns‚ Bap-J-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw. th¿Uvkv
h¿Øns‚ Imhy-\n¿Δ-N-\w, `mh-\bv°v sImSpØ {]m[m-\yw, Imhy-`m-j-sb-°p-dn®v th¿Uvkv
h¿Øv ˛ tImƒdnUvPv Ihn {]Xn-`-sb-°p-dn®v ˛ Cam-Pn-t\-j\pw ^m‚-kn-bpw.
Imhy-`m-h-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tImƒdn-UvPns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ.
klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-߃
]m›m-Xy-km-lnXy XXz-imkv{Xw ˛ sI. Fw. Xc-I≥
]m›mXy kmlnXy Z¿i\w ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥
\h-c-X-cwKw ˛ Fw. eoem-hXn
samUypƒ ˛4
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. ssieo-\njvT \ncq-]Ww ˛ tUm. hn. B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥ \mb¿,
(k-a-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-߃) ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ kvamcI {KŸm-hen
2. LS-\m-hm-Zhpw Nn”-im-kv{Xhpw ˛ tUm. kn. cmtP-{μ≥
3. am¿IvknÃv \ncq-]Ww ˛ ]n. tKmhn-μ-]n≈
(k-a-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-߃)
4. A]-\n¿ΩmWw ˛ XØzhpw {]tbm-Khpw ˛ hn. kn. {ioP≥
(B-[p-\n-Im\¥c kmlnXy kao-]-\-߃)
5. s^an-\nÃv kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ F≥. sI. cho-{μ≥
(B-[p-\n-Im\¥c kmlnXy kao-]-\-߃)
*********************
55
Code. MA5B10
ska-ÿ˛ V
tImg-kv-˛10
KZy-km-lnXyw
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
GI-tZiw Bbncw h¿j߃°v apºv Bcw-`n®v H´-[nIw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS cq]w {]m]n® ae-
bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Imen-I-amb hnImk {]{In-b-Isf Ipdn®v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øn-sIm-Sp-°p-I.
KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ kmam\y hnh-c-Whpw {]mNo\ a≤y-Ime B[p-\nI KZy-cq-]-ß-fpsS amXr-
Ibpw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm- v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-XysØ Ipdn®v kmam\y ]cn-⁄m\w
t\Sm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
a. KZyw - ˛K-Zy-km-lnXyw ˛ KZy-Øn-s‚bpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Ncn{Xw ˛ ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Ah-tem-I\w
imk-\-Im-ew˛ imk-\-ß-fpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, en]n-hn-\ym-kw, `mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ, imk-\-`mj ka-Im-eo\ `mjsb F{X-am{Xw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p, sIm√-h¿jm-cw-`-Ønse
`mj imk-\-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n a\- n-em-°p-I. hm°p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, k‘n, h¿Æ-]-cn-Wmaw
F∂o `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬I-Ww.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. hmg-∏n≈n imk\w \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-cWw ˛ tIcf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃
2. `mjm IuS-eobw \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-cWw ˛ tIcf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃
b. a≤y-Ime KZyw ˛aWn-{]-hm-fhpw KZy-km-ln-Xyhpw. a≤y-Im-esØ KZy-cq-]-߃, IqØpw IqSn-bm-
´hpw KZy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w. B´ {]Im-c-ßfpw {Ia-Zo-]n-I-I-fpw, \ºym¿
Xangv ˛ `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛ a[y-Ime KZy-sØ-°p-dn®v eoem-Xn-eIw \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-
Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Aw_-co-tjm-]m-Jym\w: ˛ tUm. ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈
“{io]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥.---˛˛-˛˛Pz-en-°n‚nXp” D≤-cWw : {]mNo\ ae-bm-f-K-Zy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ
iq¿∏-W-Jm¶w \º¿ 1 ˛ D≤-cWw: tIcf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃
56
samUypƒ 2
sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w ˛ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w, ae-bmf `mj-bv°p-- mb hf¿®, DZbw t]cq¿
kp\-l-tZm-kns‚ Imew, A®-Sn, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, kwt£-]-th-Zm¿∞w, ]pt√en°p©p XpS-ßnb
IrXn-Iƒ. ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam IØ-\m¿, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, Kp- ¿´v, B¿®v Uo°≥ tImin XpS-
ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ. ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, B[p-\nI KZy-Øn-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø\w, ]mT-]p-kvX-
I-߃ ˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥, F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, A∏≥ Xºp-cm≥, kztZ-im-`n-
am\n cma-Ir-jvW-∏n≈ XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime KZy-Im-c-∑m¿, KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hn`n∂ imJ-Iƒ,
k¿§m-fl-Ihpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hp-am-b `mj, D]-\ym-kw, IY, t\mh¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS D¤-hw.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw (B-Zy-]m-Zw) ˛ ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam-°-Ø-\m¿
Fs‚ arK-bm-kva-c-W-Iƒ -˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω-h-en-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥
\ms´-gp-Ø-»≥am¿ ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿
`mh-\m-i‡n ˛ aq¿t°m-Øp-Ip-am-c≥
samUypƒ 3
ka-Im-eo\ KZyw ˛ B[p-\nI KZy-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃, KZy-c-N-\-bnse ]pXnb kao-]-\-
߃ . ka-Im-eo\ KZy-`mj ˛ ]pXnb hm°p-Ifpw `mjm-L-S-\bpw
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. B\bpw A¬]w sXep¶pw ˛ F. ]n. DZ-b-`m\p (D-Z-b-`m-\p-hns‚ sXc-s™-SpØ
D]-\ym-k-߃, Un. kn. _pIvkv)
2. \mS-Im-`n-\bw Nne Nn¥-Ifpw ˛ ssI\n-°c Ipam-c-]n≈ (ssI-\n-°cbpsS {]_-‘-߃,
kvac-W-Ifpw en‰n¬ {]n≥kv {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)
3. Nn¥n-t∏mb HtcSv ˛ Fw. B¿. _n. (ap-J-—m-b-Iƒ)
4. A∂-hn-Nmcw ˛ Ip™pÆn (Ip-™pÆn amjpw Ipt´ym-fpw)
samUypƒ ˛ 4
Poh-N-cn-{Xw, Bfl-I-Y, kvac-W-Iƒ, bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃ F∂o kmlnXy imJ-I-fn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-
j-°p-- mb hf¿®.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
{_m“-Wy-Øn-\p-t\sc (B-fl-I-Y) ˛ C. Fw. Fkv. (Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv)
taa\ (a-\-km-kva-cm-an) ˛ s{]m^. Fkv. Kp]vX≥ \mb¿
Hm¿a-bn¬ `oXn-Z-amb Hcp bm{X ˛ Fw. ]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿, amXr-`qan _pIvkv
(ssl-a-h-X-`q-hn¬)
alm-Ihn (Nn-Zw-_-c-kva-c-W) ˛ _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°mSv
57
klm-bI {KŸ-߃
tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥ ]n≈
tIcf kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ D≈q¿
ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈
KZyw ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿
{]mNo\ ae-bmfw ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{μ≥
{]mNo-\-a-e-bmf KZy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ ˛ tUm. ]n.sI \mcm-b-W-]n≈
sXcs™-SpØ {]_-‘-߃ ˛ tUm. sI. F≥. Fgp-Ø—≥
ae-bm-f-ssien ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿
ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n. sP. tXma v
a[y-Im-e-a-e-bmfw ˛ tUm. ]n. hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈
amkn-Im-]-T-\-߃ ˛ Pn. {]nb-Z¿i≥
kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
*****************
58
Code. MA6B11 ska-ÿ˛ VI tImg-kv-˛1
\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
\mtSm-Sn-kw-km-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\w kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzXz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-
t_m[w krjvSn-°pI.
\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-im-Jsb AXn-ep-- m-bn-´p≈ ]pXnb Nn¥-I-fpsS shfn-®-
Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-I.
tIcf kwkvImc ]T-\-Øn\v A\p-_-‘-amb [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.
t^mIvtemdns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ka-{K-amb [mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
tIc-fob kaq-l-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bpw hnIm-khpw cq]-s∏-Sepw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-
\ob Nn¥-Isf {]tbm-P-\s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ {]m]vXn-t\-Sp-I.
t^mIvtem¿ tiJ-c-W-Øn-\p≈ imkv{Xo-b-amb {]tbmK sshZKv[yw t\Sp-I.
tiJ-cn® t^mIvtemdp-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn ]T-\-߃ Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ {]m]vXn t\Sp-I.
PmXn-˛-aX \nc-t]-£-amb tIc-fob s]mXp-Po-hnX kwkvIm-csØ Dƒs°m-≈pI
\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬ Zen-Xv, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kv{XohmZ Nn¥-Isf
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
ae-bmf `mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw A¥ v Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw kzXzm-`n-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-
∂-Xn\pw {ian-°p-I.
\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ D∂-X-]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw th- ASn-ÿm\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-
I.
samUypƒ 1.: \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw (Folkloristics)
1. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-imJ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cyhpw Ncn-{Xhpw
2. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ e£yhpw hym]vXnbpw ]T-\-co-Xnbpw
3. ^o¬Uv kb≥kv (Field Science) F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw.
{]km-c-I≥, Bth-Z-I≥, afi-ehr-Øn, (Field work) A`n-ap-Jw, tNmZym-h-en Xøm-dm-°¬
4. ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Iƒ˛t^mIvtemdn-kw, {]bp‡ t^mIvtem¿, \mK-cnIt^mIvtem¿
5. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ka-Ime ]cn-kcw ˛P\-{]n-b-I-e-Iƒ, am[y-a-߃, ]c-ky-߃,
kvt]m¿Svkv F∂n-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\-]-c-amb hymJym-\-߃
6. t^mIvtem¿ h¿§o-I-cWw ˛ km¿h-eu-InI h¿§o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
59
7. ae-bm-f-Ønse t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-ßfpw tIc-f-Ønse t^mIvtem¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
8. t^mIvtem¿ kwc-£-Whpw t^mIvtem¿ ayqkn-bhpw
klm-bI {KŸ-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]mTy-`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v
kmam-\y-amb [mcW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w: C∂se C∂v ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mS,v F^v. F^v. Fw.
(t^mIvtem¿ kt¶-X-ßfpw k¶-ev]-\-ß-fpw) ]ªn-t°-j≥kv ]ø-∂q¿, 1999
t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-Øns‚ cmjv{Sobw ˛ F®v. sI. kt¥mjv
(t^mIvtem¿ hgnbpw s]mcp-fpw.)
samUypƒ ˛2: hmsam-gn-h-g°w
1. \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ
a. \mtSmSn CXn-lm-k-߃
b \mtSmSn IYm-Km-\-߃
c sXmgn¬ ]m´p-Iƒ
d Ip´n-I-fpsS ]m´p-Iƒ
e hnt\m-Z-Km-\-߃
f A\p-jvTm\ Km\-߃
2. \mtSmSn KZy-I-Ym-Jym-\-߃
a \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ
b ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃
c sFXn-ly-߃
d ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ
e ISw-I-Y-Iƒ
f \mtSm-Sn-`m-jWw
Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw DZm-l-c-W-߃ tIc-f-Ønse hmsam-gnhg° t^mIvtemdp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Is- -
tØ-- -Xm-Wv. klm-bI {KŸ-߃ {]tbm-P-\s∏-SpØn Hmtcm C\-Øn-epw-s]´ t^mIvtemdp-I-sf-°p-
dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
Btcm-ap-Æn-bpsS A¶-∏p-d-∏mSv ˛ tUm. Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cy¿,
(tI-c-f- t^mIvtem¿) ˛ FUn-. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv ]ø-∂q¿, 1997
hb-\m-´p-Ip-e-h≥ (tI-c-f- t^mIvtem¿) ˛ Fw. F. dlv-am≥
FUn-. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
60
F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]ø-∂q¿, 1997.
samUyqƒ 3: \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ
1. \mtSm-Sn-\rØw ˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-߃, kwL-\r-Ø-߃
2. \mtSmSn-\m-SIw ˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-߃, kwL-\r-Ø-߃
3. \mtSmSn kwKoXw ˛ klm-bI {KŸ-߃ {]tbm-P-\s∏-SpØn tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-I-
sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.
tIcØnse \mtSmSn \rØ-ß-fmb sXøw, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, tIma-cw, k¿∏wXp≈¬, Ifw-]m-´v,
Imf-I-fn, BZn-hm-kn-\r-Øw, Xncp-hm-Xnc Ifn, H∏-\, am¿Kw-I-fn F∂n-hsb Ipdn®pw \mtSmSn
\mS-I-ß-fmb apSn-tb-‰v, Im°-c»n \mS-Iw, IWym¿I-fn, ]qdm-´v, NmØn-cm¶w F∂n-hsb
Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
\mtSmSnkwKoXw (tI-c-f-Ønse \mS≥I-e-Iƒ) ˛ tUm. F. sI. \ºym¿
F≥. _n. Fkv, tIm´bw 1989
the-h-chv (tKm-{X-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ) ˛ tUm. kn. B¿. cmP-tKm-]me≥
\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tI-{μw, IWn-aw-Kew
samUyqƒ 4 : \mtSmSn `uXn-I-kw-kvIm-cw, kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ßfpw \m´-dn-hp-I-fpw.
1. \mtSmSnssIth-e-Iƒ ˛ a¨]m-{Xw, ssIØdn
2. \mtSmSn kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy ˛ Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-߃, DuØm-e-Iƒ
3. \mtSmSn hmkvXp-hnZy ˛ tIc-fob Krl-\n¿ΩmWw
4. \mtSm-Sn-sshZyw ˛ AΩqΩ sshZyw Huj-[-k-ky-߃
5. \m´p-`-£Ww ˛ `£-W-ssh-hn-[y-߃, ]mN-I-hnZy
6. \m´m-Nm-c-߃ ˛ hnhm-lm-Nm-c-߃, ac-Wm\-¥c BNm-c-߃
7. \mtSmSn hmZy-߃ ˛ ]p≈ph hoW, ]p≈p-h-°p-Sw, \¥pWn, ]d
8. \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Irjn, a’y-_-‘-\w, kky-k-ºØv
klm-bI {KŸ-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn F√m-hn-`m-K-ßsf Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW
t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
tKm{X-h¿§ kky-hn-⁄m\w (k-ky-ß-fpsS ˛ tUm. C. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥
\m´-dnhv) Un. kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw 2004
DuØme ˛ hn. F®v Zncm¿, kwkvIrXn, IÆq¿
Un. kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2009
61
{]h¿Ø-\-߃
1. Hmtcm samUyq--fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp skan-\m¿ F¶nepw Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-- -Xm-Wv.
2. Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw Hcp t^mIvtem¿ C\-sa-¶nepw imkv{Xo-b-ambn tiJ-cn®v {]_-‘-cq-]-
Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-- -Xm-Wv.
3. t^mIvtem¿ ayqknbw Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbv Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw ]cn-{i-an-t°-- -Xm-Wv.
4. GsX-¶nepw Hcp t^mIvtemdns‚ Ah-X-c-W-k-μ¿`-Øn¬ sN∂v t\cn-´p≈ \nco-£W ]cn-Nbw
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.
5. arXhpw A⁄m-X-hp-amb t^mIvtemdp-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-hm\pw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ {]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\hpw Xmev]-cyhpw ]pe¿tØ-- -Xm-Wv.
6. t^mIvtem¿ Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-- -Xm-Wv.
7. HmUntbm hnjz¬ km[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-- -Xm-Wv.
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
t^mIvtem¿ ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1992
t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w˛ kn≤m-¥-X-ew ˛ F≥. `‡-h-’e sdÕn
\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw ˛ tUm. Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn
Un. kn. _pIvkv tIm´bw
t^mIvtem¿ kmt¶-X-ßfpw ]cn-I-ev]-\-Ifpw ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]ø-∂q¿
t^mIvtem¿ \nL- p ˛ tUm. Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn
Un. kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw
tIcf t^mIvtem¿ ˛ FUn-. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv
F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]ø-∂q¿
t{Km{X-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ ˛ tUm. kn. B¿ cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tI{μw , IWn-aw-Kew
t^mIv tem¿ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ tUm. kn. B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥
tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2007
tI-c-f-Ønse \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ ˛ tUm. F. sI. \ºym¿, F≥. _n. Fkv.
tUm. kn. B¿ cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ FUn‰v sNbvXv Un. kn. _pIvkv {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Xmsg ]d-bp∂
]pkvX-I-߃.
1) \mtSmSn ssIthe 2) Irjn-bpsS \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ
3) kky-ß-fpsS \m´-dnhv 4) \m´p-`-£Ww
*******************
62
Code. MA6B12
ska-ÿ˛ VI tImg-kv-˛12
ae-bmfIhnX ˛ DØ-c-L´w
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
ka-Im-eo\ ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI
\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´ ]pXnb {]h-W-X-I-sf-Ip-dn®p ]Tn-°p-I.
Ihn-{X-b-Øn\pw sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»cn, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿, i¶-c-°p-dp∏v XpSßnbh¿ Ah-
X-cn-∏n® Ihn-Xm-[m-c-Iƒ°pw tijw ae-bmf IhnX k©-cn® hgn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. ka-Im-enI
Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]chpw `mh-]-c-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw Imev]-\n-I-amb `mhp-I-Xz-tØmSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ ˛ ¢mknIv
B`n-apJyw ˛ ]mc-º-cy-O-μ- p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw ˛ B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te°v Xpd-∂n-Sp∂ am¿§-߃ ˛ H.
F≥. hn. Ipdp-∏v, kpK-X-Ip-amcn, hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, B¿. cma-N-{μ≥, Fw. F≥. ]meq¿,
Pn. Ipamc-]n≈, ap√-t\gn XpS-ßnb Ihn--I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
tNmdqWv ˛ H. F≥. hn. Ipdp∏v
IrjvWm, \osbs∂ Adn-bn√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
D÷-bn-\nbnse cm∏-I-ep-Iƒ ˛ hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn
H∂p-an√ ˛ B¿. cma-N-{μ≥
samUyqƒ 2
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS BZy-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-IX ˛ Cd-°p-aXn sNø-
s∏´ B[p-\n-IX F∂ hna¿i\w t\cn-tS-- n-h∂ kml-Ncyw ˛ ]m›mXy B[p-\n-I-X-bp-am-bp≈
kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃, Imev]-\n-I-X-tbm-Sp≈ Ielw F∂ \ne-bn¬ B[p-\n-I-X, F≥. F≥. I°m-
Sv, F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, A°n-Øw, Aø-∏-∏Wn-°¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
]m¿°n¬ ˛ F≥. F≥. I°mSv
]- sØ taim¥n ˛ A°nØw
aZn-cm-in-bn¬ Hcp kmbm”w ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
arXyp-]qP ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
63
samUyqƒ 3
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse DØ-c-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-I-Xbv°v tijw cq]-s∏´ cmjv{Sob B[p-\n-
I-X, B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Nph∂ hm¬ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ cmjv{Sob Ahÿ ˛ CS-Xp-]£
Xo{hhmZw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mhp-I-XzsØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n®p F∂ ]T\w. IS-Ω\n-´, sI. Pn.
i¶-c-∏n-≈, k®n-Zm-\-μ≥, B‰q¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
IpdØn ˛ IS-Ω-\n´
kw{I-aWw ˛ B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω
_wKmƒ ˛ sI. Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈
]\n ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥
samUyqƒ 4
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-L-´-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw cq]-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb B[p\nIX-
bpsS hgn-I-fn¬ \n∂v amdn k©-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w. F.
Aø-∏≥, Un. hn\-b-N-{μ≥, _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sv, tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥, Ipco-∏pg {ioIp-am¿
XpS-ßnb Ihn--I-fpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w.
_p≤\pw B´n≥Ip-´nbpw ˛ F. Aø-∏≥
Imbn-°-c-bnse IS¬ ˛ Un. hn\-b-N-{μ≥
FhnsS tPm¨ ˛ _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°mSv
Nm¿hm-I≥ ˛ Iqco-∏pg {ioIp-am¿
samUyqƒ 5
ka-Im-enI Ihn-X-bnse hnhn[ {]h-W-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. ]cn-ÿnXn ˛ kv{Xo ˛ ZenXv {]Xn-\n-[m-
\-߃ Ihn-X-bn¬ Fßs\ {]I-S-am-Ip∂p F∂ ]T-\w. ]pXnb Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ. ]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥, d^oIv Al-Ω-Zv, cmhqÆn, sI. hn. t__n, ]n. cma≥, sI. B¿
tSmWn, Fkv. tPmk^v, taml\IrjvW≥ Ime-Sn, hn. Fw. KncnP, A\nX Xºn, kmhn{Xn cmPo-
h≥, at\mPv Ipdq¿, A≥h¿ Aen, hn. Pn. Xºn, AarX, hocm≥Ip´n XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-
I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
efnXw ˛ ]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥
inh-KwK ˛ AarX
ag-s∏m-´≥ ˛ taml-\-Ir-jvW≥ ImeSn
]qh-c-ins‚ tNm´n¬ ˛ Fkv. tPmk^v
64
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
B[p-\nI kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ FUn. sI. Fw. tPm¿÷v
{]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS
ae-bmf IhnXm kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn
B[p-\n-IX ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ ˛ tUm. F≥. AP-b-Ip-am¿
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cmjv{Sob kuμcyw ˛ tUm. ]n. tkma≥
F¥mWv B[p-\n-IX ˛ Fw . apIp-μ≥
Ihn-Xbpw ]mc-º-cyhpw ˛ F≥. F≥. I°mSv
B[p-\n-Im-\¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-߃ ˛ FUn. kn. sP. tPm¿÷v
DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX: h¿Ø-am-\hpw hwim-h-enbpw ˛ sI. ]n. A-∏≥
Ihn-Xm-cXn ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn
h¿W-cmPn ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn
***************
65
Code. MA6B13
ska-ÿ˛ VI tImg-kv-˛13
ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
ae-bmf hna¿i\ kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. Ime-L-´-ßfneqsS-bp≈ hf¿® a\-
n-em-°p-I. hnhn[ hna¿i\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Fßs\ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®p-sh∂v a\-
n-em-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
Ah-Xm-cnI (a-e-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ Fkv Kp]vX≥\mb¿
{]mk-hmZw (km-lnXy ka-c-߃) ˛ sI. `mkv°c ]n≈, NBS tIm´bw
abq-c-k-tμiw (a-e-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ kn. ]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥
\f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-bv°p≈ ˛ F. B¿. cmP-cmP h¿Ω
Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw Ah-Xm-cnI
sNdp-t»cn (]-©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-{X-bw) ˛ kmlnXy ]©m-\-\≥ ]n.sI.\mcm-b-W-]n≈
Ihn-Xbpw ]Zyhpw (a-e-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ kn. A¥-∏mbn
samUyqƒ 2
I∂n-s°m-bvØns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿
_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Fw. ]n. t]mƒ
Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-Øns‚ Zmk≥ ˛ ap- t»cn
\nXy-X-bn¬ Aen-bp∂ \nanjw ˛ Fw. sI. km\p
(A-im-¥n-bn¬ \n∂v im¥n-bn-te-°v)
DZ-b-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw (E-Xp-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w) ˛ sI. ]n. i¶-c≥
samUyqƒ 3
hmg-°p-ebpw ]n≥ap-d-°mcpw ˛ Xmbm-´p-i-¶-c≥
(sX-c-s™-SpØ {]_-‘-߃)
IÆo¿∏mSw (Im-hy-hyq¬∏-Øn) ˛ Fw. ]n. i¶pÆn \mb¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)
h≈-tØmƒ Ihnbpw a\p-jy\pw (\-h-X-cw-Kw) ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn
klys‚ aI≥ (io¿jm-k-\w) ˛ Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥
IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬ (A-h-Xm-cn-I) ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
66
samUyqƒ 4
{]W-b-Øns‚ A[-c-kn-μqcw sIms- -gp-Xnb IY ˛ sI. ]n. A∏≥
(I-Y, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Ø-bpw)
F≥. hn. Ihn-X-bnse tZiob ]cn-t{]£yw ˛ Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿
(hm-b-\-bpsS hgn-Iƒ)
h≈-tØm-fns\ hos- -Sp-°¬ (ho-s- -Sp-∏p-Iƒ) ˛ ]n. ]n. cho-{μ≥
]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw (]n-Xr-L-Sn-Im-cw) ˛ ]n. sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥
Ihn-X-bpsS Ipcp-Ø-t°-Sv, hmb-\-bp-sSbpw ˛ hn. kn. lmcnkv
(F-gpØpw hmb-\-bpw)
kml-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:
ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww C∂se ˛ FUn. Fkv Kp]vX≥ \mb¿
tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°mSv
ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww {]mcw-`-L´w ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen
ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: a[y-L´w ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen
ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: B[p-\nI L´w ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen
ka-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXykvX apJ-߃ ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen
********************
67
Code. MA6B14 ska-ÿ˛ VI tImg-kv-˛14
tIc-fob cwK-I-e-Iƒ
]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
\mtSmSn A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ apX¬ ssieo-\njvT Ie-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ Ie-I-tfbpw ]m›mXy
kzm[o-\-Øn-eqsS kz¥-ambn cq]w sImSpØ Ie-I-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Ch-bpsS Kth-j-Wm-fl-I-amb ]T-\-Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-°pI
`mc-Xo-bhpw hntZ-io-b-hp-amb \mSy-k-¶¬]-߃°-Xo-X-amb Hcp \mSy-]m-c-ºcyw tIcfw Fßs\
t\Sn-sb-SpØp F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv D- m-°p-I.
hniz-{]-kn-≤-amb Hcp ]c-º-cm-K-X-ssien Zriy Ie-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\p-- v. Ch-sb-°p-dn®p kmam-\y-
⁄m\w t\Sn-bn-cn-°p-I.
cwK-]m-T-sØ-°qSn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m- v Zriy kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS ]T\w \n¿Δ-ln-°m≥
{]m]vX-\m-°p-I.
kmln-Xy-]-T\w kmwkv°m-cnI ]T-\-am-sW∂ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu Ie-I-fpsS
kwkv°mc ]cn-k-chpw Ch-bn¬ D≈-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ kmwkv°m-cn-Imw-i-ßfpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-t°-
- -Xns‚ A\n-hm-cyX t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
B[p-\nI cwK-k-¶¬∏-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd Awi-߃ Cu Ie-I-fn¬ kzcq-]n-°-s∏-´n-
´p- v. Chsb Is- -Øm≥ hnZym¿∞nsb {]m]vX-\m-°p-I.
P\-Io-bhpw P\-{]n-b-hp-amb B[p-\nI Ie-I-fpsS kwkvImc ]cn-kcw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
samUyqƒ 1: cwK-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ BZym-¶p-c-߃
]T-\-ta-Je
cwK-I-e-Ifpw Bhn-jv°m-chpw tIc-fob ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬
tIc-f-Øn¬ kz¥-amb cwK-Iem ]mc-ºcyw . A\p-jvTm\/ \mtSmSn cwK-I-e-Iƒ, cwK ]mc-º-cy-
Øns‚ BZym-¶p-c-߃ -˛ G‰hpw efn-Xhpw {]mNo-\-hp-amb cq]w ˛ shfn-®-∏mSv Xp≈¬. thj-∏-
I¿®bpw `mh-∏-I¿®-bpw. cwK-I-e-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kz`mhw Gdnbpw Ipd™pw hcp∂ a‰p-I-e-Iƒ
tImXm-Ωq-cn, sIt{¥m≥]m-´v, Xoøm-´v, ]mt\-¶-fn, ]m\, IWn-bm¿I-fn, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, If-sa-gp-
Øv, ]mºn≥ Xp≈¬, tht´-°m-c≥ ]m´v, Aø-∏≥]m-´v, ]qc-°-fn, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn, X´n-t∑¬I-fn,
h´-°-fn, Z^v ap´v, H∏-\, Ad-_-\-ap-´v, IpØvdm-Øo-_v, am¿§w-I-fn, apSn-bm-´w, tafw, taf-]m-c-º-cy-
Øns‚ Zriy{ihy kwkv°mcw ˛ sN- tafw, ]©-hm-Zyw, in¶m-cnta-fw, in¶m-cnta-f-Øns‚ P\-
{]nb kwkv°m-cw.
68
Cu Ie-I-fpsS kmwkv°m-cnI]cn-kcw ˛ Dt±iye-£y-߃ (Cu Ie-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-
⁄m\w am{Xw aXn. hnti-j-]-T\w Bhiyan√.)
Ie-bpsS hnI-kn-X-cq-]-߃ ˛ sXøw, Xnd, ]S-b-Wn, apSn-tb‰v apX-em-bh
apSn-tb‰v ˛ Hcp \mS-I-Øns‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb ]q¿Æ-X. Imhp-h-´-Øns‚ hnim-e-amb cwK-ÿen
k¶¬∏w tÃPns‚ ]cn-[n-te°v. cwK-k-¶¬∏w, Blm-cyw, Bkzm-Z-I≥.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃ ˛ tUm. F. sI. \ºym¿
2. \mSy-th-Zn-bn¬ \S≥ ˛ Imhmew\mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿(F≥. IrjvW]n≈bpw
`mc-Xob \mS-I-th-Znbpw ˛]n. hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈)
3. apSn-tb‰v ˛ Fkv. sI. \mb¿ (tI-c-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃)
4. tIc-fob hmZy-I-e-I-fpsS D¤-hhpw hnIm-khpw ˛ F. Fkv. F≥. \ºo-i≥
(Xm-f-߃. Xmf-hm-Zy-߃)
5. am∏nfIeIƒ Hc-htem-I\w ˛ F≥. ImXn-cn-t°m-b amÿ
(am-∏nf Iem Z¿i-\w) tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿, 2009
samUyqƒ 2: IqSn-bm´w
]T-\-ta-Je
kwkvIrX\mS-I-ß-fpsS tIc-fob A`n-\b k{º-Zm-bw, IqSn-bm-´-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw hf¿®-bpw, sXfn-
hp-Iƒ, Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, DÆp-\o-en-k-tμiw Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\yw, `‡n-{]-ÿm-\w, {_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw,
t£{X-tI{μnXkwkv°mcw, Ipe-ti-Jc h¿Ω-bpsS Imew, tXme≥, IqSn-bm-´-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
{][m\ \mS-I-߃. A`n-t\-Xm-°ƒ, IqØ-º-ew, {]mtZ-inI kwkv°m-c-Øn-\p-ta¬ _rl-Xv]m-c-ºcyw,
hnZq-j-I≥. {]mtZ-in-I-kw-kv°m-chpw `mjbpw {]m[m\yw t\Sp-∂p. NmIym¿Iq-Øv. IqSn-bm-´hpw
IqØpw, kmaq-ly-hn-a¿i\w, t]°-Y-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-{]-k-‡n, ]pcp-jm¿∞-°q-Øv, NXp¿Δn-[m-`n-\b
k{º-Zm-b-߃, ss]¶p-fw-cm-a-®m-Iym-cpsS kw`m-h-\
kv{Xo{]m-Xn-\n[yw ˛ \ßym¿IqØv
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1) IqØ-º-e-ß-fpsS kw`m-h\ ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-jm-cSn
(IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬)
2) A`n-\bw ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v
(cw-Km-h-X-cWw `mKw aq∂v JWvUw c- v)
3) IqSn-bm-´w, kp`{Zm [\-RvPbw H∂m-a¶w ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn
(Iq-Ø-º-e-ß-fn¬)
4) IqSn-bm-´-Ønse hnZq-j-I-∑m¿ ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn
(AtX ]pkvX-Iw)
5) `K-h-Z-÷pIw ˛ ]cn-`mj :sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn
69
klm-b-I- {K-Ÿ-߃
IqØqw IqSn-bm-´hpw ˛ AΩma≥ Xºp-cm≥
\mSy-I-ev]-{Zpaw ˛ amWn-am-[-h-®m-Iym¿
]pcp-jm¿∞-°qØv ˛ IrjvW-N-{μ≥
\ßym¿IqØv (Cw-•o-jv) ˛ \n¿Ωem ]Wn-°¿
IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬ ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn
samUyqƒ 3 : IY-Ifn
{]tbm-Kw, Ncn-{Xw, hnIm-kw, kwkv°mcw
]T-\ta-Je
17-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬ sIm´m-c°cX-ºp-cm≥ cq]w sImSpØ cma-\m-´w, IY-I-fn-bpsS {]m{Kq]w, cm-amb-
WsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n F´p-Zn-h-ksØ IY-Iƒ, sIm´m-c-°-c-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ, B´-°-Y-I-fpsS LS-\,
hnImkw
tIm´bw Xºp-cm≥, alm-`m-csØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ \mep IrXn-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb ]q¿Æ-X,
]m{X k¶¬∏w, CXn-hrØw, ]n¬°me kzm[o\w, I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ k{º-Zm-bw.
DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b-cpsS \f-N-cnXw. kmln-Xy-]-c-amb Hu∂-Xyw, CXn-hr-Øw, IYm-]m-{Xw, `mj, -cw-Km-hn-
jv°m-c-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, \√-km-ln-Xy-a√ \√ cwK-km-ln-Xy-sa∂ {]am-Ww. DÆmbn Bhn-jv°-
cn® A¿∞-{]-]-©sØ IY-I-fn-bpsS Zriy-`m-j-bn-eqsS kwth-Z\w sNøp-hm≥ km[y-a-s√∂ hmZw ˛
DØ-c-cm-a-b-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n cNn-°-s∏´ It√-°p-f-ßc cmL-h-]n-jm-c-Sn-bpsS cmh-tWm-¤hw
IY-I-fn-bpsS kuμcy k¶¬∏-Øn-ep-- m-°nb {]I-S-amb am‰w, {]Xn-\mbI≥am¿°v e`n® {]m[m-
\yw.
IoN-I-h-[w, DØ-cm-kz-bw-hcw (C-c-bn-Ω≥X-ºn) \c-Im-kp-c-h-[w, cmP-kqbw (Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-\mƒ),
_men-hn-Pbw (I-√q¿ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv) F∂n-ßs\ {]Xn-\m-bI {][m-\-amb IrXn-Iƒ. IØn-th-
jßfpsS Ah-X-c-W-Ønse kmwkv°m-cnI LS-I-߃.
cmP-k-{]-[m-\-ß-fmb IØn-th-j-ß-fpsS Bhn-jv°-c-WsØ CØcw IY-I-fn-eqsS Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-
°¬, Iπn-ßm´v \ºq-Xncn ˛ Iπn-ßm´v cq]w-sIm-SpØ Iπn-ßm-S≥ k{º-Zmbw ˛ hS-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-
fnse I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ k{º-Zmbw ˛ `‡n kwh¿≤-I-ß-fmb IptN-e-hrØw t]mep≈ P\-{]nb IY-Iƒ
IY-I-fn-bqsS cwK-tim-`sb \ne-\n¿Øp-∂n-√ F∂ hmZw, I√p-hgn k{º-Zmbw Ipbn¬sØm-Sn-bn¬
C´n-cm-cn-®-ta-t\m\pw injy≥ ]´n-°m-s¥mSn cmhp-Æn-ta-t\m-\pw, I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-
Wm-aw, I√p-hgn k{º-Zm-bw, kuμ-cy-k-¶-ev]w, ico-c-`m-jbv°pw \mSy-[¿Ωn°pw h∂ {]m[m\yw,
I√p-hgn k{º-Zm-b-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ IY-I-fn-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-Xn, Iem-a-fiew B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww,
{]Nm-c-Ww, {]mtZ-in-I-X-bv°-Xo-X-amb kmam-\y-h-ev°-cWw, P\-{]nb IY-Iƒ, amen-bpsS I¿Æ-i-
]Yw, Cu IY-bpsS kmaqly cmjv{Sob {]k-‡n, IY-Ifn A`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\-hpw, If-cn-∏-b‰pw
IY-I-fn-bpw.
70
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS cm{Xn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥
(a-e-bm-fn-I-fpsS cm{Xn-Iƒ)
2. I¿Øy-]mTw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv,
(I-Y-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mTw Ncn-{Xw) Iem-a-fiew Fw. ]n. Fkv. \ºq-Xncn
3. cma-\m´w apX¬ IY-I-fn-hsc (I-Y-Ifn kzcq-]w) ˛as¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈, kn. sI. inh-cm-a-∏n≈
4. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw (“Imte IZm-Nn-ZY” F∂ t«mIw apX¬ B cwKw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-hsc)
5. \f-N-cnXw c- mw Znhkw BZy-cwKw (\-f-N-cn-Xw B´-{]-Imcw, Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿)
klm-bI {KŸ-߃
IY-I-fn-cwKw ˛ sI. ]n. Fkv. tat\m≥
sNm√nbm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿ (c- p hmey-߃)
IY-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mT Ncn{Xw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
Iem-a-fiew Fw. ]n. Fkv. \ºq-Xncn
IY-Ifn kzcq]w ˛ as¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, kn. sI. inh-cm-a-∏n≈
Iem-a-fiew Ncn{Xw ˛ eoem \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
tIm´bw IY-Ifn ˛ B‰q¿ IrjvW-]n-jm-cSn
\f-N-cnXw Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw hymJym\w ˛ F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω
\f-N-cnXw B´-{]-Imcw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿
DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b¿ ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈
(ssI-c-fn-bpsS IY {]k-‡-`m-K-߃)
\mSym-Nm-cys‚ Pohn-X-ap-{Z-Iƒ ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿, RmbØv _me≥
Fs‚ PohnXw Ac-ßnepw AWn-b-d-bnepw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥\m-b¿
Xnc-t\m´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew cma≥Ip´n \mb¿
Hm¿Øm¬ hnkvabw ˛ Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cen
IY-I-fn-thjw ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿
]pd-∏mSv ˛ IpΩnWn
IY-Ifn ˛ ]n. hn. IrjvW≥\m-b¿
knUn/. UnhnUn -
tIm´bw IY-Iƒ ˛ thZnI Xriq¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)
cmP-kqbw
samUyqƒ 4 : ]n¬°me cwK-I-e-Iƒ
Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ Xp≈¬, D¤-h-hn-Im-k-߃, A`n-\-b-k-{º-Zm-bw, hI-t`-Z-߃
71
tamln-\n-bm´w ˛ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃
ssZh-tZ-inI kzm[o-\w, Nhn-´p-\m-S-Iw, {][m\ \mS-I-߃, Ah-X-cW coXn-Iƒ, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w,
Xangv kzm[o\w kwKoX \mS-I-߃, B[p-\nI \mS-I-k-¶-ev]-߃. kn\n-a, sSen-^n-enw, IYm-{]-kw-
Kw, anan{In, Imcn-t°-®¿ XpS-ßnb P\-{]nb Ie-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ. ]cn-k-chpw kzm[o-\hpw am{Xw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bm¬ aXn. hni-Z-]-T\w Bh-iy-an-√.
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ kmlnXy ]©m-\-\≥ ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈
2. Hm´≥Xp-≈¬ (ta-f-∏-Zw) ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥Ip´n s]mXp-hmƒ
3. tamln-\n-bm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew Ieym-Wn-°p-´n-bΩ
4. Nhn-´p-\m-SI kzcq]w (N-hn-´p-\m-S-Iw) ˛ k_o-\-dm-^n, (\m-j-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ, tIm-´bw 1964)
5. kwKoX \mSIw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈
(a-e-bmf \mS-I-km-lnXy Ncn-{Xw)
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
tIc-f-km-lnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ D≈q¿
ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n. sP. tXmakv
Iem-a-fiew Ncn{Xw ˛ eoem-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
ssI-c-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈
tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃ ˛ Fkv. sI. \mb¿
Nhn-´p-\m-SIw ˛ k_o-\m-dm^n
Assk≥sa‚pw t{]mPIvSpw
t^mt´m kn. Un. tiJ-cWw
Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, {]K¤ Bkzm-Z-I¿ F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw
Iem-tI-{μ-ß-fpsS kμ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´v
a‰p Ie-I-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw
Ie-I-sftbm, IYm-]m-{X-ß-tf-tbm, IrXn-I-tf-tbm, ssien-I-tf-tbm, Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ. Hcp
Ah-X-cWw I- v Bkzm-Z\w \n¿_-‘-ambpw Xøm-dm-°Ww
P\-{]nb Ie-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]T\w Xøm-dm-°¬
*******************
72
Code. MA6B15(E)01
ska-ÿ 6
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv
ssk_¿ ae-bmfw
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
s{IUn‰v : 2
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
hnh-c-km-t¶-XnIXsb-∏‰n kmam-\y-ambpw ae-bmfw Iºyq-´-nw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-∏‰n
khn-ti-j-ambpw a\- n-em°n AXv {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-Xm-°sf
{]m]vX-cm-°p-I.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw taJ-e-I-fn¬
ssk_¿temIw sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb
kmam-\y-⁄m\w D- m-°p-I.
ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kn-s‚bpw ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-
∏‰n kmam\y [mcW \¬Ip-I.
ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kn¬ {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI
C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bmfw D≈-S° \n¿Ωn°v (Web content making) hnZym¿∞n-Isf {]m]vX-cm-°p-
Ibpw Ah-cpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd--∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
ae-bmf `mj-sbbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw ssk_¿temIw Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂psh∂v
Is- -Øp-I.
ta¬]-d™ taJ-e-I-fnse Kth-j-W-]-T-\-߃°v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
`mjmkmt¶XnI hnZy˛A-Xns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw hnIm-khpw (km-am-\y-ambn am{Xw) ae-bmfw A®-Sn-
bpsS Bcw-`w-˛-tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv ˛_-©-an≥ s_bven-˛-Kp- ¿´v....-ssS∏v ssd‰dns‚ IS-∂p-h-c-
hv-˛-ae-bmfw en]n ]cn-jvI-c-Ww˛ ]g-b-en-]nbpw ]pXnb en]n-bpw. Iºyq-´¿˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃, a-e-
bmf Iºyq-´nw-Kns‚ XpS-°w, hnhn[ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-߃, DS-a-ÿXm tkm^v‰vshbdpw kzX-{¥-
tkm^v‰v shb-dpw, sUkvIvtSm∏v ]ªn-jnw-Kv, hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v sh-b-dp-Iƒ
(Input Tools), cN-\, hnhn[ ae-bmfw t^m- p-Iƒ˛ bq\n-tIm-Uv F≥tIm-UnwKv F∂m-se¥v? bq\n-
tImUv t^m- p-Iƒ, ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-apJw ˛ OCR, Text to speech, Speech to Text,
Spell checker F∂n-h-bpsS ae-bm-f-Ønse km[y-X-Iƒ.
samUyqƒ- 2
73
F¥mWv C -kmlnXyw? C -kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn[ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-߃, ae-bmfw sh_vssk-
‰p-Iƒ, sh_vt]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, Hm¨sse≥ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃ -ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw ktlm-Z-c-kw-
cw-`-ß-fmb hn°n-{K-Ÿ-im-e, hn°n-\n-L-- p, hn°n-sNm-√p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw -- - k¿Δ-hn-⁄m\ tImiw
sh_v-F-Un-j≥, kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-I-amb sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ/t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, C- -_p°v, C-sse{_-dn,
UnkvIIw XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-߃, tªmKp-Iƒ F∂ Aa-Nz¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cW taJ-e. _q temIw
(Malayalam blogosphere), kn‰n-k¨ tP¿W-enkw, tªmKvkm-ln-Xyw.
samUyqƒ 3
F¥mWv ssk_¿ kmlnXyw? ssk_¿ imkv{X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ, ssk_¿ ]¶p-Iƒ (Punk) XpS-
ßn-bh ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿I-Y-Iƒ, ssk_¿ hnj-b-I-amb t\mh-ep-Iƒ (Fw.-ap-Ip-μs‚
\rØw), ssk_¿ hnj-b-I-amb kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-߃/]T-\-߃ (]n.sI cmP-ti-J-c≥.-Pn.-a-[p-kq-Z-
\≥), Xnc-samgn (hyper text) bpw hmb-\-bpw, bmYm¿∞yhpw {]XoXn bmYm¿∞yhpw (Virtual Reality)
ssk_¿ kzXzw, ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿_-‘-ap≈ ]Z-ßfpw {]tbm-K-ß-fpw.
samUyqƒ 4: ({]m-tbm-KnI ]co-io-e-\w)
a. ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nwKv
hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Isfbpw H∏w en]y-¥-cW (Transliteration) tkm^v‰vshb-dp-
Isfbpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw bq\n-tImUv t^m- v D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp ae-bmfw ssS∏nwKv
tkm^v‰vshb¿ F¶nepw ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]co-io-en-°p-Ibpw thWw. t\m´v]mUv t]mep≈ Hcp
t_knIv FUn-‰¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Um‰m-F≥{Sn ]co-io-en-∏n-®m¬ aXn. (ssS-∏nw-Kns‚ thKX ]co-£n-t°-
- -Xn-√). en]y-¥-cW tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fmb hc-sam-gn, samgn Ioam≥, kz\-teJ F∂n-h-bp-ambn ]cn-N-
b-s∏-S-Ww.
b. ae-bmfw D≈-S-°-\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw t]mjWhpw
ae-bmfw D≈-S° \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ {]mtbm-KnI ]co-io-e\w \¬I-Ww,
hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw A\p-_‘ kwcw-`-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬, hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn¬ teJ-\-߃ Fgp-
X¬, FUn‰p sNø¬, tªmKv \n¿Ωn-°¬, tªmKnw-Kv F∂nh {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]co-io-en-°-Ww.
(Hmtcm tImtfPpw/Un∏m¿´vsa‚pw Hcp ae-bmfw sh_vsskt‰m As√-¶n¬ ae-bmfw tªmtKm
\n¿Ωn®v AXv ÿnc-ambn A]vtU‰v sNbvXv \ne-\n¿Øn ]cnio-en-°-Ww. sh_vssk‰v ]cn-]m-e-\-
sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]co-io-e-\hpw \¬In-bm¬ \∂v. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]{X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬
teJ-\-߃ Fgp-Xp-hm\pw ]cnio-en-°mw.)
74
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
1. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-f-Pn˛ -tUm. ANyp-Xvi-¶¿.F-kv.-\m-b¿ (tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2000)
2. B temIw apX¬ C˛temIw hsc: tUm. sP.hn hnf-\new (tI-cf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v, 2000)
3. C‚¿s\-‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw : tUm. ._n CIv_m¬, sI.-c-ho-{μ≥ (Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv,
tIm´-bw, 1999, 6maXv FUn-j≥)
4. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fß-s\, F¥n\v? : tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-{μ≥, (I-
d‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿,2003)
5. ssk_¿ ae-bmfw : FUn-‰¿ : kp\oX Sn.hn (I-d‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿,2009)
6. `mh-\m-XoXw (a-e-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿ IY-Iƒ): tUm. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv,
tIm´-bw)
7. GIm¥ \K-c-߃: tUm. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)
8. `mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-- n¬: Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)
9. \rØw (t\m-h¬): Fw. apIp-μ≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)
10. Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-- nse ae-bmfw (te-J-\w): ]n.-hn. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥, C.-Fw. {io[-c≥ (am-
Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 1999 k]vXw-_¿ 5, ]p.8)
11. Xnc-samgn (te-J-\w): ]n.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jn-Wn, 2008 sabv, Pq¨)
12. C‚¿s\‰pw bqWn-tImUpw ae-bm-f-`mjm {]iv\-ßfpw (te-J-\w): tUm. atljv awK-em´v (am-Xr-
`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2006 s^{_p-hcn 17, ]p.85, e°w 51)
13. tªmKnwKv: am[y-a-tem-IsØ hnπ-h-h-gn-Iƒ (te-J-\w): hn.-sI. BZ¿iv (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v,
2007 HIvtSm_¿ 7, ]p.85 e°w 32)
14. C ˛kmlnXyw (te-J-\w): tUm. Fw.-F≥. Imc-t»cn (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ 7,
]p.85, e°w 32)
15. ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ: km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw (te-J-\w): kp\oX Sn.-hn. (`m-jm-km-ln-Xn,
2007 Unkw-_¿ ]p. 23,- e°w 2)
16. Cyberspace: First steps (Article)-Micheal Benedict (in Cyber Culture Reader - Ed. David Bell)
Routledge, London, 2000.
17. How Cyberculture Delete Nature (Article), Jerry Mander, The Ecologist, Vol. 29, No.3, March/April
1999)
18. China working paper, CWP, 2005 (Article-Available online-google search)
19. Blogging: Personal participation in public knowledge building in the web (Article-available online-
google search)
20. ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb (http://ml.wikipedia.org)
75
21. hn°n {KŸ-ime (http://ml.wikisource.org)
22. hn°n \nL- p (http://ml.wiktionary.org)
23. hn°n ]mT-ime (http://ml.wikibooks.org)
24. hn°n sNm√pIƒ (http://ml.wikiquotes.org)
25. k¿Δ-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw sh_vFUn-j≥
26. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]{X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ
27. hnhn[ ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ
˛ (_qtemI-I-Y, _qtemI Ihn-X, _qtemI ImcpWyw F∂nh Dƒs∏sS)
28. amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏n¬ hcp∂ tªmK\
************************
76
Code. MA6B15 (E)02 ska-ÿ˛ 6 Ce-IvSohv tImg-kv-
hnh¿Ø\w
]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿
s{I-Un‰v : 2
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
hyXy-kvX-kw-kvIm-c-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS kwkvIm-csØ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.
hnh¿Ø\ kmln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp s]mXp-[m-c-W-bp-- m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\hpw Hcp k¿§-ky-jvSn-
bm-sW∂ Ah-t_m-[-ap-- m-°pI. hnh¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam\y t_m[-ap-- m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\-
Øns‚ {]tbm-KnI ]mT-߃ ]cn-io-en-°pI
samUyqƒ 1
hnh¿Ø\w F∂m-se¥v? F¥n\v? hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kam-\-cq-]-߃ ˛ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `n∂-cq-]-
߃ ˛ ]Zm-\p-]Zw, kzX-{¥w, ]p\x-krjvSn ˛ Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø-\w, kw{K-l-hn-h¿Ø-\w, A\p-I-
cWw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ aqeyw, hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ ˛ hnh¿Ø-Is‚ tbmKy-X-Iƒ
samUyqƒ 2
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb am\-߃. aqe-`mj ˛ e£y-`mjm kwkvIm-c-
߃ ˛ ]Zy-km-ln-Xyw, KZy-km-ln-Xyw, imkv{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, imkvt{X-Xc IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃ ˛ ssien-I-fp-sSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-I-fp-sSbpw \m´p-`m-jm-]-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw
hnh¿Ø-\w.
samUyqƒ 3
hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. `mc-Xob t\mh¬ X¿÷-a-Iƒ ˛ Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥
2. _jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w Nne-Nn-¥-Iƒ ˛ hnh. tUm. Fkv. them-bp-[≥
3. X¿P-a-]-T-\-Ønse ]pØ≥]p-Xp-a-Iƒ ˛ tUm. kvIdn-b-k-°-dnb
4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
(`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
5. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]k‡n ˛ s{]m^. kn. am[-h≥]n≈
samUyqƒ 4
{]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°pw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-te-
bv°p-ap≈ ]cn-`mj. Ihn-Xm-Jfiw/IYm-Jfiw/KZy-`mKw; ssien/]g-s©m√v/]Z-߃
77
klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃
hnh¿Ø-\-hn-Nmcw ˛ tUm. F≥. C. hniz-\m-Y-A-ø¿
(tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm imkv{X-`qanI ˛ tUm. hn. B¿. {]t_m-[--N-{μ≥
(tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
hnh¿Ø\w ˛ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
`mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw. ]n. kZm-in-h≥ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn. hn. hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xncn
kvssI_p°v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en-°-c)
X¿÷a kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ FUn. Pb-kp-Ip-am-c≥, kvIdnb kv°dnb
Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXy ]oTnI ˛ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)
Xmc-X-ay-km-lXy ]cn-Nbw ˛ FUn.tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANypX-\pÆn
`mjbpw `mjm-¥-c-Whpw ˛ sI. Fw. tImin
hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ ˛ FUn. tUm. hn. B¿ {]t_m-[-N{μ≥
********************
78
Code. MA6B15 (E) 03
ska-ÿ VI
Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv
\h-kw-kvImc ]T-\-߃ ]T\ kabw : 54 aWn-°q¿
s{IUn‰v : 2
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c]T\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ {]mNo-\hpw \ho-\-hp-amb k¶¬]-
ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
\h-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w `uXnI Xe-Ønepw _u≤nI Xe-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse kzm[o\w sNep-
Øp∂ hyh-lm-c-ta-J-e-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. A°m-Z-an-Iv X-e-ß-fn¬ Ch Gsd {]k-‡-am-Wv.
\ΩpsS cmjv{Sob˛km-aqly ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ch Fßs\ k∂n-th-in-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p F∂p≈
\nco-£-Whpw kmam-\y-amb Ah-t_m-[-ap-- m-°epw Cu tImgvkns‚ e£y-am-Wv.
samUyqƒ 1
]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw, Zen-X-\pw, kv{Xo°pw, th- n-bp≈ i_vZ-߃ kam-\-X-tbmsS kaq-l-Øns‚
s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂p-b-tc-- -Xm-Wv. Ch-bpsS aqeyw BXy-¥n-I-ambn am\-hn-I-Xsb Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-
∂p. AtX-k-abw hnI-k-\-Øns‚ sX‰mb \b-ßsf hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
sske‚v hmen {]t£m`w ˛ Nn]vtIm {]ÿm\w ˛ \¿ΩZ _®mthm Bt¥m-f≥-˛-{]-Ir-Xn-kw-c-
£W kanXn ˛ πm®n-aS ka-c-k-anXn XpSßn hnhn[ Iq´m-bva-Iƒ.
]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw kv{Xosbbpw Ahn-`-‡-ambn I- ]q¿Δn-I-cpsS Bi-b-߃, {]m¥-h-ev°-cn-
°-s∏-´-h-cpsS \oXn-°p-th- n i_vZn® {]Xy-b-imkv{X kwln-X-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS hni-I-e\w
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CØcw hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn® \h-kn-≤m-¥-߃-, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kulrZw
]pe¿Øp∂ hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-Po-h\w˛ {]Ir-Xn-Ir-jn˛ ]-c-º-cm-KX Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-I-fpsS
]p\-cp-÷o-h\w˛\m-´-dn-hp-I-fpsS tiJ-cWhpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw ]p\:{]tbm-Khpw ˛kv{Xo-]p-cpj
kaXzw hn`m-h\w sNbvX ]pXnb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ, Ch-bpsS kmln-Xy-Ønse {]Xn-^-e-\w.
A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v
]md-Iƒ ˛ H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥
thcp-Iƒ hnev]-\bv°v ˛ kn.hn {iocm-a≥
s]m¥≥amS ˛ kn.hn {iocm-a≥
tKm]n-ImZ-WvUIw ˛ Aø-∏-]-Wn-°¿
Ib‰w ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥
abn-eΩ Hcp PohnXw ˛ Bfl-IY
ssZh-Øns‚ IÆv ˛ F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv
79
Imem-Xo-X-amb ⁄m\w ˛ kp[m-aq¿Øn
I- ¬°m-Sp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Fs‚ PohnXw ˛ s]m°p-S≥
\¿Ω-Z-bvs°mcp ]m´v ˛ Ip™-∏-]-´m-∂q¿
samUyqƒ 2
]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ ssPh-ssh-hn[yw F∂o kw⁄-I-fpsS A¿∞hpw
hym]vXnbpw a\- n-em-°-Ww.
hnhn[ ]cn-ÿnXn kao-]-\-߃ : ]cn-ÿnXn kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw˛l-cn-X-cm-jv{So-bw-˛-]-cn-ÿnXn
B[ym-fln-I-hm-Zw-˛-]m-cn-ÿn-XnI kv{Xohm-Zw-˛-`u-a--k-Zm-Nmcw F∂o {]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw kn≤m-¥-ß-
sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m[w \m´-dn-hp-Isf ]cn-]p-jvS-am-°p-∂p˛\m-´-dn-hp-Ifpw \mS≥
kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpw-˛-]-cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-chpw ˛]-cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-hpw.
hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v
Imhp-Xo-- t√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn
Im‰p-]-d™ IY ˛ H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥
]cn-ÿnXn kuμ-cy-im-kv{X-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ Sn.-]n.-kp-Ip-am-c≥
sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ ˛ sI.-Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈
`mc-X-∏pj ˛ ]n.-F≥.hn-P-b≥
samUyqƒ 3
Zen-X≥ F∂ kw⁄ ˛ ZenXv k¶¬]-\w-˛-Z-enXv kmln-Xyw˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ZenXv kmln-Xyw.
kzXzm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ \q\-X-ta-Je, {]m¥-h-evIrX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Bfl-{]-Im-i-\-߃-˛-B-fl-I-Y-˛-
Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse ZenXvkmln-Xy-Øns‚ hmsam-gn-h-g-°w˛ \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fnse Zen-XvPo-
hn-Xw-˛-Z-en-XvPo-hn-Xhpw cwK-th-Zn-bpw.
hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v
PmXn-°pΩn ˛ sI.-]n.-I-d-∏≥
Nmshmen (t\m-h¬) ˛ ]n.G DØ-a≥
ZenXv ]Z-ßfpw {]tbm-K-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw ˛ Ihn-bq¿ apc-fn, Id‚v _pIvkv, tIm´bw
(Z-enXv `mj Bdmw A≤ym-bw)
Idp-∏ns‚ kuμcy imkv{Xw ˛ sI.-C.-F≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv
(I-dp-∏ns‚ kuμcy imkv{Xw) Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
Zen-X¿ BcmWv? ZenXv kmlnXyw F¥v? ˛ sI.-kn.-]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥
F¥n\v? F∂o A≤ym-b-߃ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, 2008
(Z-enX kmlnXy {]ÿm-\w)
samUyqƒ 4
80
kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃, kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-
Øn\pw ka-Xz-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ kv{Xo apt∂-‰-߃-˛-hn-Zym-`ymkw, sXmgn¬, Ie-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬
\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]mX-Iƒ ]n∂n´ kv{Xoi‡n˛B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ em‰n-\-ta-cn-°,-{^m≥kv, Cw•-- v,
B{^n° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ s^an-\n-k-Øn-\p-- mb DZbhpw hf¿®-bpw˛ kmam\ymh-tem-I-\w.
hnhn[ s^an-\nÃv hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ
DZm-c-kv{Xo-hm-Zw, kmaqlykv{Xohm-Zw, Ct°m-s^-an-\n-kw, ªm°vs^an-\n-kw, ae-bm-f-Ønse
kv{Xo]£kmln-Xyw-˛-B-Zy-Ime Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ tXm´-°m´v C°m-h-Ω,-e-fn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\w, sI.-
k-c-kz-Xn-bΩ XpS-ßn-b-hsc Ipdn®v kmam-\y-[m-c-W, _u≤n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hn`n-∂-ambn
kv{Xosb Hcp \h-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS ]p\:krjvSn-bpsS ]pXnb {]iv\-]-cn-k-cw.
hni-Z-am-b-]-T-\-Øn\v
1. kp`-{Zm¿÷p\w \mS-I-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v (s{]m-^. ]n.-i-¶c≥-
\ºym¿ ^ut- -j≥, Xr»q¿)
2. PmK-cqI ˛ {]nb.-F.-Fkv
3. sNdnb Icn-]p-c- temIsØ kv{XobpsS
kz]v\-߃ ˛ hn.-Fw.-Kn-cnP
4. apSn-sØøw Dd-bp-tºmƒ (km-dm-tPm-k-^ns‚
]m]-Ød F∂ IrXn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I) ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥
5. kv{Xobpw kwkvIm-chpw:
⁄m\-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp At\z-jWw ˛ efnXm se\n≥ ( hnth-N-\-
Øns‚ `n∂ ap-J-߃, tIcf imkv{X-km-
lnXy ]cn-j-Øv)
**************
81
Code. MA5D01
ska-ÿ V
Hm∏¨ tImgvkv
Ne-®n-{X-]-T\w ]T\ kabw : 54 aWn-°q¿
s{IUn‰v : 4
Dt±iy-e-£y-߃
B[p-\n-I-Im-e-L-´-ß-fnse i‡-amb Hcp am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ne-®n-{X-I-esb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Øp-I.
kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw, Ncn{Xw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kma-\y-
⁄m\w D- m-hp-I.
Xnc-°-Ym-c-N-\, kn\n-am-t´m-{Km^n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, kwhn[m\w XpS-ßnb kn\n-a-
bpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-X-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.
Hcp eLp-kn-\n-a/Imw-]kv ^nenw/tUmIyp-sa‚dn \n¿Ωn-°m-\p≈ Xmev]cyw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬
D- m-°p-I. Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\w, Ne-®n{X \ncq-]Ww F∂o cq]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw hni-I-e\w
sNøm\pw Fgp-Xm-\p-ap≈ tijn hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ D- m-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 1
bqWn‰v 1
kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw-˛kn-\n-a-bpsS imkv{Xob XXzw-˛-s]-gvkn-Ã≥kv Hm^v
hnj≥: Hcp sk°‚n¬ 24 s{^bn-ap-Iƒ F∂ XØzw. kn\na: kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Iem-cq-
]w. kn\na F∂ P\-Iob am[yaw
bqWn‰v 2
kn\n-a-bnse Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-I-ƒ ^o®¿kn-\n-a-Iƒ-˛-{lkz kn\n-a-Iƒ-˛-tUm-Iyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-Iƒ-
B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ shtè kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ Un‰-IvSohv kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ slmd¿ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ ayqkn-
°¬ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ tImaUn kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ ªm°v B‚v ssh‰v kn\n-a-Iƒ-˛-\n-»_vZ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ cmjv{Sob
kn\n-a-Iƒ-˛kv{Xo {]tabw apJy-amb kn\n-a-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ kn\n-a-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ Xcw-Xn-cp-hp-
Isf Ipdn®v kmam-\y-amb [mc-W-bp-- m-I-Ww
bqWn‰v 3
kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn{Xw hf¿®-˛-B-Zy-Ime kwhn-[m-b-I¿, eqan-b¿ {_tZ-gvkv, tkmhn-b‰v kn\n-a-
Iƒ-˛-P¿Ω≥ FIvkv{]-j-\n-kw-˛-\n-tbm-dn-b-en-kw-˛-{^©v \yq thhv kn\n-a-˛-k-a-Im-enI temI kn\n-a-
bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
82
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SWw
_m‰n¬ jn∏vt]m-Sw-In≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w : sk¿Pn sFk≥Ão≥
ss_kn-°nƒ Xohvkv ˛ kwhn-[m\w : hnt´m-dnb Unkn°
Nn¬{U≥ Hm^v slh≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w : aPoZv aPoZn
Xmsg sImSpØ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS CjvSm-\p-k-cWw ImWm≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw. Ah-
bn¬\n∂v ¢mkv, skan-\m¿, t{]mPIvSv F∂nh Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw.
aZ¿ ˛ ]ptUm-hv°n≥
]mj≥ Hm^v tPm¨ Hm^v B¿°v
kn‰n-k¨ sIbv≥ ˛ Hm¿k¨sh-√kv
emkv{SmU ˛ s^√n\n
Hm∏¨ kn‰n ˛ tdmk-en\n
\k-dn≥ ˛ eqbn-_p-\p-h¬
sh¬Uv kvt{Sm_-dokv ˛ CwKvam¿ _¿‹m≥
dmj-tam¨ ˛ Ipdm-tkmh
^mc≥lo‰v ˛ {^mt¶m-{Sqt^m
kn\na ]mc-ssUtkm ˛ Guiseppe Tornatort
ssk¢nÃv ˛ samlvkn≥ aIva¬_^v
kv{]nwKv kΩ¿ ^mƒ & kv{]nwKv ˛ Inw.-In.-Up°v
Zn dnt´¨ ˛ Andrei zyadinstar
d¨ teme-d¨ ˛ tSmw-ssSIvh¿
Hm^vsskUv ˛ Pm^¿ ]\mln
F tjm´v ^nenw F_u´v In√nwKv ˛ Iok temhvkv°n
AKznsd Z dmØv Hm^v tKmUv ˛ sh¿W¿ sl¿ tkmKv
Z emÃv s{Sbn≥
]m≥kv em_-dn¥v ˛ Gillermo Del Toro Gomez
Z t{K‰v UnIvvtS-‰¿ ˛ Nm¿fn Nmπn≥
bqWn‰v 4
C¥y≥ kn\na: BZy-Ime kn\n-a-Iƒ- kXy-Pn-Xvtd, EXzn-IvL-´Iv, arWmƒsk≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿
\S-Ønb _wKmfn kn\n-a-bnse ]co-£-W-߃. Kncojv Imk-d-h-≈n, iymw s_\-K¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS
kn\n-a-Iƒ, kn\n-a-bnse kv{Xo {]Xn-\n-[m-\-߃- aocm-\m-b¿, A]¿Wm-sk≥, Zo]-taØ XpS-ßn-b-h-
cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ. ka-Im-enI Xangv kn\n-a-bnse ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S-Ww.
taLm-[mt° Xmcm ˛ EXznIv L´°v
83
anÿ B‚v an nkv Aø¿ ˛ A]¿Wm-sk≥
kp{_-“-Wy-]pcw ˛ iin-Ip-am¿
C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-hßpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw a\- n-em-°m≥ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-co-
°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSv \n¿t±-in-°mw. Assk≥sa‚v, t{]mP-
IvSv, ¢mkv, skan-\m¿ F∂nh {]kvXpX kn\n-a-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øn-sIm- v Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw.
Nmcp-eX ˛ kXy-Pn-Xvtd
`qh≥tjmw ˛ arWmƒ sk≥
LS-{im≤ ˛ Kncojv Imk-d-h≈n
hm´¿ ˛ Zo]-taØ
`qanI ˛ iymws_-\-K¬
A{K-lm-c-Øn¬ IgpssX ˛ iymws_-\-K¬
]cp-Øn-ho-c≥ ˛ Aao¿ kp¬Øm≥
Hmt´m-{Km^v ˛ tNc≥
ªm°v ˛ kRvPbv eoem _≥kmen
Iº\n ˛ cmwtKm-]m¬ h¿Ω
sam-Uyqƒ 2
bqWn‰v 1
Ne-®n{X kt¶-X-߃ : kmam\y ]cn-Nbw - s{^bnw, tjm´v, ko≥, koIz≥kv, sam- mjv F∂nh-
sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W.
bqWn‰v 2
kwhn-[m-\w, kn\n-am-t´m-{Km-^n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, U∫nßv F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-
\y-[m-cW
bqWn‰v 3
Xnc-°-Y, Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ \n∂v kn\n-a-bn-te-°p≈ am‰w -hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬,
C¥y≥ Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ -aebmfw Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ, t\mh¬, IY, \mSIw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ A\p-h¿Ø-\-
߃ (Adaptation)
bqWn‰v 4
tUmIyp-sa‚n kn\n-a-Iƒ, {lkz-kn-\n-a-Iƒ, (Short films) ayqknIv B¬_-߃, \yqkv do¬, B\n-
ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ, ]cky Nn{X-߃, BZy-Ime tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ, tdmt_m¿´v ^vfml¿´n-bpsS
\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv, s_¿´v lm≥kv{S-bpsS •mkv-hm¿´vUn-kv\n-bpsS B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ,
B\-μv]Svh¿≤≥, Fw.F. dlvam≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-co-°p∂ tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifpw hoUn-tbm-Ifpw hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
84
\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv ˛ tdm_¿´v ^vfml¿´n
•mkv ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kv{S
kq ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kv{S
t_mws_ Ah¿ kn‰n ˛ B\-μv]Svh¿≤≥
]I¿∂m´w ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmP≥
Ipa-c-\-√q-cnse Ipf-߃ ˛ Fw.F dlvam≥
]Xn-s\-´m-asØ B\ ˛ ]n.-_m-e≥
]o˛-jn‰v ˛ Aap-Z≥
F¿Øv tkmßv ˛ ssa°¬ PmIvk¨
^mc≥ lo‰v 9/11 ˛ ssa°¬ aq¿
B\n-ta-j≥ ^nen-ap-Iƒ
{]n‚vUv sdbv≥t_m ˛ KoXm-RvPen dmhp
^‚m-knb 2000˛ knUv\n ÃpUntbm
]cky Nn{X-߃
]mt°Pv ˛ \yqtbm¿°v ^nenw s^Ãn-h¬
samUyqƒ 3
bqWn‰v 1
ae-bmf kn\na Bcw-`w˛ hnK-X-Ip-am-c≥, _me≥, \yqkv t]∏¿ t_mbv XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime
kn\n-a-Ifpw kwhn-[m-b-Icpw- kmam\y ]cn-N-bw.
bqWn‰v 2
]n.-F≥. tat\m≥, cmap-Im-cym-´v, ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, Ac-hn-μ≥, sI.Pn tPm¿÷v XpS-ßnb
kwhn-[m-b-I¿ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-߃.
tPm¨ F{_-lmw, ]fl-cm-P≥, `c-X≥, Sn.hn N{μ≥, se\n≥ cmtP-{μ≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-b-I-
cpsS kn\n-a-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 3
P\-{]nb kn\n-a-Iƒ, kwhn-[m-b-I¿˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°m-Sv, {io\n-hm-k≥, sª n XpS-ßnb kwhn-
[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. ]pXp-\nc kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ.
bqWn‰v 4
ae-bmf kn\nam \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ D¤-hw. {][m-\-\n-cq-]-I¿. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse Zfn-Xv-
˛kv{Xo˛kh¿W {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpsS cmjv{So-bsØ Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\w. A`n-t\-Xm-°sf Ipdn-®p≈
]T\w.
hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ
Hmfhpw Xochpw ˛ ]n.-F≥. tat\m≥
85
sImSn-tb‰w ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
hmkvXp-lmc ˛ Ac-hn-μ≥
ImgvN ˛ sª n
A[n-I-hm-b\ ImgvN-˛-¢m v/skan-\m¿/Assk≥sa‚v F∂n-h-bv°mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ
Hcn-SØv ˛ Ac-hn-μ≥
Fen-∏-Ømbw ˛ ASq¿
Xqhm-\-Øp-ºn-Iƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥
\n¿Ωmeyw ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
I≈≥ ]hn-{X≥ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥
hS-°p-t\m-°n-b{¥w ˛ {io\n-hm-k≥
sshimen ˛ `c-X≥
ssZh-Øns‚ hnIr-Xn-Iƒ ˛ se\n≥ cmtP-{μ≥
IYm-h-ti-j-≥ ˛ Sn.hn N{μ≥
\mtSm-Sn-°m‰v ˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°mSv
klm-bI {KŸ-߃
temI-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥
C¥y≥ kn\na ˛ Fw.-F^v tXmakv
ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-IrjvW≥
25 temI-kn-\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn.-]n.-cm-a-N-{μ≥ (Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv)
kn\n-a-bpsS CS-߃ ˛ kn.hn _me-Ir-jvW≥
ImgvN-bpsS Aim¥n ˛ hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW≥
Ne-®n-{X-Øn‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥
kn\n-a-bpsS temIw ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥
kn\n-a-bpsS hgn-bn¬ ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv
ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp∂p ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv
kn\n-abpw kwkvIm-chpw ˛ sI. tKm]n-\m-Y≥
k©m-cn-bpsS hoSv ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv
kn\n-a-bnse ico-c-`mj ˛ tPmkv. sI.-am-\p-h¬ (I-d‚v _pIvkv)
ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶c
P\-{]nb kn\n-a-bpsS cmP-in-ev]n-Iƒ-------˛
]fl-cm-P≥ , `c-X≥ ˛ Imhn¬ cmPv
Ac-hn-μs‚ Ie ˛ H.-sI. tPmWn (t_m-[n)
^pSvt_mƒ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImgvNbpw
86
{]Xn-\n-[m-\hpw ˛ a[p-P-\m¿±-\≥ (Un.-kn.-_n)
Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-߃ ˛ FUn: ]∑\ cma-N-{μ≥ \mb¿, ]n.sI
]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI {KŸm-hen
75 Years of Malayalam Cinema DVD
A history of the cinema from its origin to 1970 - Eric Rhod (Penguin Books)
How to read a film James Monaco
Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿
Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥
hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Un.kn _pIvkv
kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ frame film south
******************
87
Code. MA2C01
ska-ÿ II
tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv
Kerala Culture (tIcf kwkvImcw-): -{]mNo-\-˛-a[y-Ime tIcfw
]T\ kabw : 108 aWn-°q¿
s{IUn‰v : 4
Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃
2 ska-Ãp-I-fn-embn 2 tImgvkp-I-fm-bn-´mWv tIc-f-]-T\w hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-
Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v
D- m-°p-I-bmWv e£yw. Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-I-tfm-sSm∏w kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-w-kvIm-cn-
I-˛-km-ln-Xy-˛-cm-jv{Sob {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS Bfl-I-Y-Ifpw Poh-N-cn-{X-ßfpw Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw
]T-\-Øn\v klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-ß-fmbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
samUyqƒ 1: Ncn{Xw ˛kwkv°mcw˛\n¿h-N-\-߃˛ km[y-X-Iƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, _‘-߃. hnhn[
Ncn-{X-c-N\m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ tIcfw : `qan-imkv{Xw ˛ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-˛-kw-kv°m-c-˛-N-cn{X
cN-\-bpsS D]m-Z-m\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ: D¬]Øn IY-Iƒ ˛ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃ ˛ kmlnXy
IrXn-Iƒ ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ Ch-sb-Ip-dn®v kmam\y ]cn-N-bw.
samUyqƒ 2: kwL-Imew :˛ Ime-\n¿Wbw ˛ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ˛ aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb
kmaqly PohnXw ˛ XnW-Iƒ˛ {][m-\-cm-Pm-°≥am¿ ˛ Ipe-ti-J-c-Imew : hnhn[ aX-
߃ Bcy-{Zm-hnU k¶-e\w ˛ {][m\ cmPm-°≥am¿ ˛ P∑nk{º-Zm-bw-˛-a-cp-a-°-Ømbw
˛ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-˛-{_m-“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw˛ hmWn-Py-_-‘-߃ ˛ Ch-sb-‰n kmam-\ym-h-tem-I-
\w.
samUyqƒ 3: GIo-IrX km{am-Py-Ø-I¿® ˛ \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS hf¿® ˛ {][m\ \m´p-cm-Py-߃˛
thWm-Sv, s]cp-º-S-∏v, s\Sn-bn-cn-∏v, tIme-Øn-cn, Ad-bv°¬ XpS-ßnb kzcq-]-ß-fp-sSbpw
cmP-hw-i-ß-fp-sSbpw hf¿®bpw InS-a-’-c-ßfpw ˛ hntZ-in-I-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ˛
Ip™men ]c-ºc ˛ ama-¶a-tlm-’hw
samUyqƒ 4: Iebpw kwkv°m-chpw : tIc-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fp-sSbpw Bhn¿`m-
hw-˛-kz-Xz-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ sXøw, Xnd, apSn-tb-‰v, IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, Xp≈¬.....
]m´v, aWn-{]-hm-fw, KmY, B´-°Y XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-Ip-dn®v kmam-\y-]-T-\w.
**********
88
Code. MA3C02
ska-ÿ III
tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv
Kerala Culture (tIcf kwkvImcw-):A[n-\n-thi-˛B-[p-\nItIcfw
]T\ kabw : 108 aWn-°q¿
s{IUn‰v : 4
samUyqƒ 1: hntZim-[n-]Xyw C¥y-bn¬-˛-tI-c-f-Øn¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv U®v {^©v {_n´ojv A[n-\n-th-i-
߃, hnhn-[-bp-≤-߃, Iem-]-߃, B{I-a-W-߃, ˛ B[n-]-Xyhpw XI¿®bpw
ssakq¿ B[n-]Xyw tIc-f-Øn¬-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn-Øw, \m´p-cm-Py-߃˛ XI¿®.
samUyqƒ 2: anj-Wdn {]h¿Ø-\-߃ : DZbw t]cq¿ kp\-l-tZmkv ˛ Iq\≥Ip-cn-iv kXyw, A®-Sn,
]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, `mjm-{]-h¿Ø-\w, `mjm-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃,˛ tlm¿Øpkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv
tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-߃ ˛ tlmwdqƒ {]ÿm-\w, I¿j-I-{]-ÿm-\w, Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm\w
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-a-e-_m¿ tIm¨{Kkv apt∂-‰-߃ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-h¬°-cWw
sFIy-tI-c-fw.
samUyqƒ 3: \thm-∞m\w : ]m›mXyw, ]uckvXyw ˛ kmln-Xyw, Ie, Ncn-{Xm-h-t_m[w, \nb-a-
\n¿ΩmWw, \oXn-\n¿Δ-lWw F∂o-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \mSp-hmgn aqey-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kaqlw
knhn-en-b≥ aqey-ß-fn-te°v ˛ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-߃˛ Nm∂m¿ el-f,
]menbw ka-cw, t£{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_-cw˛ hy‡n-Iƒ : Aø-¶m-fn, N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ,
{io\m-cm-bW Kpcp, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv, a∂Øv ]fl-\m-`≥˛ kwL-
S-\-Iƒ: tbmK t£a-k`, Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-tbm-Kw, F≥.-F-kv.-F-kv, km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e\
kwLw.
samUyqƒ 4: apt∂-‰-߃: satΩm-dn-b-ep-Iƒ-˛-I¿jI Iem-]-߃-˛-tIm¨{K v, IΩyq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-
߃, {]h¿Ø-\-߃˛ {KŸ-imem {]ÿm-\-߃-˛-I-em-km-lnXy cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-
Iƒ, -ÿm-]-\-߃, sFIy-tI-c-f-Øns‚ Bkq-{XnX hnIk\w˛ `q]-cn-jvI-c-W, Im¿jn-
I, hnZym-`ymk ]cn-jvI-cW _n√p-Iƒ-˛-hy-h-km-b-h¬°-c-Ww-˛-ap-∂-Wn-`-c-W-Iq-S-߃-
˛]©h-’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ km£-cXm {]kvYm-\w-˛-A-[n-Imc hntI-{μo-I-c-Ww˛ ZfnXv,
kv{Xo im‡o-I-c-Ww-˛-Ip-Sn-tb-‰w-˛-{]-hm-kw.
***********
89
klm-b-{K-Ÿ-߃
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿-˛-cm-P≥ Kpcp-°ƒ ˛ tIcf Ncn{Xw
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥.]n.sI ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn{Xw
Zmtam-Z-c≥.sI ˛ tIcf Ncn{Xw
{io[-c-ta-t\m≥.F ˛ tIcf Ncn-{Xw, kwkvImcw
KtWjv sI.-F≥ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ
cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.-Fw.-B¿ ˛ a≤y-Ime tIc-fw, kº-Øv, kaqlw
kwkvImcw
_me-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.sI ˛ PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tIcf Ncn-{Xhpw
C.-Fw.-Fkv ˛ tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`qan
˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ tZiob {]ÿm\w
Ip™≥ ]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ \mgn-I°-√p-Iƒ
DÆp-\oen ktμiw Ncn{X ZrjvSnbn¬
P∑n k{º-Zmbw tIc-f-Øn¬
DÆp-\oen ktμiw Ah-Xm-cnI
emem-Xn-e-Iw, BapJ ]T\w
tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv ˛ tIcf ]T\w
tKmhn-μ-]n-≈.]n ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ kthm-∞m\w
tXmakv ]n.sP ˛ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw
tXmakv sFkIv ˛ tIcfw aÆpw a\p-jy\pw
\ºq-Xn-cn F≥.Fw ˛ tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ IY
kmaq-Xncn Ncn-{X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-߃
\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv ˛ tIcf Ncn-{X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ ine-Iƒ
hk-¥≥ Fkv.sI ˛ \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ
tIcf Ncn{X hn⁄m-\-tImiw
them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»cn ˛ k©m-cn-Ifpw tIcf Ncn-{Xhpw
hmWn-bw-Ipfw {]mtZ-inI Ncn{Xw
IS-Ø-\m´v {]mtZ-inI Ncn{Xw
s]cp-º-S∏v/ht∂cn tZi-N-cn{Xw
tIc-f-Ønse {KŸ-imem {]ÿm\w ˛ sÃ]vkv
tIcf Iem-a-WvUew Ncn{Xw ˛ eoe \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
\ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan
Bfl-I-Y-Iƒ
90
Ign™ Imew ˛ sI.-]n. tIi-h-tam-t\m≥
Jnem-^Øv kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ samgn-Ip∂w
Fs‚ \mSp-I-S-ج ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n
hymg-h´ kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ _n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ
Ac-\q-‰m- v ˛ ]n.-\m-cm-b-W≥ \mb¿
Bfl-IY ˛ C.-Fw.-Fkv
Fs‚ PohnX IY ˛ G.-sI.Pn
Fs‚ IpXn∏pw InX∏pw ˛ ^mZ¿ hS-°≥
IÆocpw In\mhpw ˛ hn.Sn
Pohn-X-∏mX ˛ sNdp-ImSv
sImgn™ Ce-Iƒ ˛ tPmk^v ap- -t»cn
Hfn-hnse Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ˛ tXm∏n¬ `mkn
]pXp-∏≈n cmL-hs‚ Bfl-IY ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n
hnhn[ Poh Ncn-{X-߃
ta¬]-d™ IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xøm-dm-°Ww.
kne-_ v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Xo¿°p-∂-Xn\v Assk≥sa‚v, skan-\m¿ F∂nh {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
skan-\m¿/Assk≥sa‚v
tIc-f-Øns‚ Imem-hÿ ˛Irjn˛kmaqly PohnXw˛ Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w ˛Irjn˛-tXm-´-hn-f-
Iƒ˛km-aqly PohnXw ˛kz`mhw ˛\mWy-hn-f-Iƒ˛`-t£ym-ev]m-Z\w ˛ hyh-kmb hev°-c-Whpw
Irjnbpw
kwL-km-lnXyw˛ IrXn-Iƒ, Fgp-Øp-Im¿, XnW-k-¶-ev]hpw Imhy Pohn-Xhpw kmlnXy IrXn Ncn-{X-
Øns‚ D]m-Zm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬.
a≤y-Ime tIcfw ˛temI-N-co-{X-Ønse a≤y-Im-e-L´ k¶¬]w, Ccp-f-S™ Imew F∂ \nK-a\w icn-
tbm, atlm-Z-b-]pcw ˛sImSp-ß-√q¿.
tImf-\o-I-cWw˛ ]gb k¶-ev]-߃, PohnX bmYm¿∞y-߃, ]pXnb ImgvN-Iƒ˛ kmln-Xy-Øn¬,
Ncn-{X-Øn¬, kmaq-lnI t_m[-Øn¬.
A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww˛ Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-߃, kzm[o-\-߃
{]mtZ-inI Ncn-{X-c-N\˛ {]mtZ-InI Ie-Iƒ, D¬k-hw, BNm-c-\p-jvTm-\-߃˛]-T\w
****************