malting barley in north america · mixtures of many lines ... craft brew alliance deschutes brewery...

American Malting Barley Association, Inc.

Malting Barley in North America

Scott E. Heisel

Champlain’s Garden - 1610

Newfoundland -1617

Martha’s Vineyard - 1602

Jamestown -1611

Spanish Introduction - 1494

1701

Land Races

Mixtures of many lines Change when grown in new area

First pure varieties were from selections out of land races Chevalier – 1824 selection

“hybrid” barley originating in the late 1800’s

August 10, 1788

“Should this letter get to your hands in time for the

Sailing of Captn. Ellwood, and you can readily

procure 25 bushls. of the best kind of Winter Barley I

beg you to send it by him that I may try the success

of it. The continual rains destroyed my Crop of spring

Barley this year, but, if it had been otherwise, the

Barley which you sent me the year before was so

mixed with Oats (a circumstances I did not know till

this Summer, as it was harvested while I was in

Philadelphia) that it would no longer do to sow it.

Could I be supplied with a quantity of that (spring

Barley) which is really good from your City? Could I

get it upon better terms from Rhode Island? and at

what price (delivered here) might it be received from

either place?”

September 16, 1788

………… “If you have not already purchased the

Winter Barley I would not wish you to do it, for I think

it is very probable that I may be able to get the

quantity which I shall want of the Brewer in

Alexandria in exchange for Spring Barley, or if I

should be disappointed there, that I can obtain it

upon better terms and perhaps of a better quality

upon James River than at Philadelphia, as you

observe that the crops of it have generally failed, and

none has yet been seen that is fit for seed.”

Transportation

• Barley produced locally

• Barge transportation

• Railroads opened new production areas

> 50,000

20,000-50,000

10,000-20,000

5,000-10,000

2,000-5,000

1,000-2,000

500-1,000

200-500

100-200

1-100

Undisclosed*

2012 Harvested Barley Acres By County 2012 USDA Census of Agriculture

*Data not disclosed to avoid identifying an individual operation. Typically means only a single barley farm in the county.

CANADIAN BARLEY GROWING AREA

ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN

MANITOBA

2012 Harvested Barley Acres By County Midwest US

2012 USDA Census of Agriculture

> 50,000

20,000-50,000

10,000-20,000

5,000-10,000

2,000-5,000

1,000-2,000

500-1,000

200-500

100-200

1-100

Undisclosed*

*Data not disclosed to avoid identifying an individual operation. Typically means only a single barley farm in the county.

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

US Barley Acreage Million Acres

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

Canadian Barley Acreage

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1986 2012

US Barley Use

Malting

Feed

Exports

Seed

Food

21.8% Malting 57.3% 51.1% Feed 30.7% 22.7% Exports 4.6% 3.1% Seed 3.8% 1.3% Food 3.6%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1986 2012

US Barley Production & Malt Use CO, ID, MN, MT, ND, WY

Total

Malting

Use

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

Other

Two-Row

Six-Row

US Barley Variety Types Malting as a % of Total

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Two-Row

Six-Row

US Barley Variety Types Head Type as a % of Total Malt

Note: 1986-2012 based on USDA Variety Surveys and 2013-2015 based on Industry contracting survey.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Production

Consumption

Stocks

World Barley Production & Consumption Millions of Metric Tons

Why Has Barley Acreage Declined?

Static domestic malt use, limited barley & malt exports

Decline in use for feed = primary secondary use Competition from abundant supplies of corn and dried distillers grain (DDGs)

Static & limited food use – although has FDA Healthy Heart Claim USDA Barley Health Benefits Project – AMBA/NBIC lobbying

High risk crop – many chances for failure in making malting grade Good return as malting, low or no return as feed Risks: - Fusarium head blight (scab), other diseases, drought & heat stress, quality requirements

Competition with other crops – GROWERS HAVE OTHER OPTIONS Corn, soybeans, canola = large and growing markets Substantial investment by biotech seed companies, including GM variety development, in these crops and now wheat

Why Has Barley Acreage Declined?

Barley research & variety development primarily in public sector State and provincial universities; USDA-ARS and Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada

Limited and declining public sector investment

Limited variety development by companies US = Two brewers, one maltster, one private sector company – all traditional breeding - minor part of their business, driven to meet needs, not profit - depend on public sector for other research needs

Little or no interest by biotech seed companies in barley Low acreage compared to other major crops

Substantial cost to commercialize a GM variety

Biotech Crops with improved traits, including GM, have pushed barley out of higher rainfall areas into more marginal, dry ones

What happens to barley when it faces competition from GM drought tolerant corn, wheat and other crops that are being developed?

Barley Development

GM Barley Conclusions

No commercial GM barley expected in foreseeable future

Cost of commercialization precludes public sector university or federal

research agency commercialization

Would require Biotech seed company to commercialize – none appear

interested at this time

If work was initiated now, and gene discovery & construction, gene

transfer, and utility already demonstrated, it would still take an

estimated 10 years+ to complete the process to a commercially

approved GM barley

US Malting Barley Variety Development Programs (breeding, genetics, supporting and other research)

Montana State University AB-InBev

North Dakota State University Malteurop

Oregon State University MillerCoors

University of California – Davis Limagrain

University of Minnesota

University of Nebraska

USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID

USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC

Utah State University

Virginia Polytech & State University

Washington State University

AMBA member

Funded by AMBA

US Breeding Programs

MSU NDSU

ARS

ARS

UM MillerCoors

ABI

OSU

UN

WSU

ARS VT

UC

Canadian Malting Barley Variety Development Programs

Primary

AAFC, Brandon, MB

University of Saskatchewan

Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development

Secondary

Sapporo Breweries Ltd.

Syngenta

US Varieties are entered into Canadian testing system for

potential registration and production

Brewing & Malting Barley Research Institute (BMBRI) – AMBA’s

Canadian Counterpart

Adequate & Effective National Public Sector

Barley Research Infrastructure

Facilities

Direction Funding AMBA, Federal, State, Growers, Brewers, Maltsters

Personnel

Coordination of US Malting Barley Research

Lobbying Congress, Federal Agencies, and State Universities to positively impact all these research infrastructure components

The industry also lobbies with barley growers for favorable federal farm program provisions (e.g. crop insurance)

10 – 12 Years to develop a new malting barley

variety.

Year 1 (winter): Crossing in Greenhouse. Often

one parent of good quality and another with

good agronomic characters.

Year 1 (summer): Grow 600 plants per cross

grown in field.

Years 2- 4: Agronomic selection with summer

nurseries and winter nurseries. Yield, height,

plumpness, color, protein….

Traditional Breeding

Year 5: Advanced yield trials at several

locations.

Years 6-10: Varietal and regional yield at many

locations.

Traditional Breeding

Years 3-5: Early generation pilot scale testing at

the USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit.

Years 6-7: AMBA pilot scale trials testing. Two

nurseries at two locations evaluated by four

collaborators. Five lines per breeding program.

Years 8-9: Commercial malting and brewing

trials

Barley Biotechnology Toolbox

Gene tracking Technology (genotyping) Initial methodology = one gene

Current technology = tens of thousands of genes at one time

Current major genotyping technology Based on Single Nucletotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Illumina BeadXpress system (old) – Illumina iSelect system (new)

Exome capture sequencing

Next generation technology for genotyping Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS)

Gene tracking applications Marker Assisted Selection (MAS)

Track introgression of one or a few genes

Genomic Selection (GS)

Track thousands of genes to develop lines with desired agronomic & quality traits

Barley Biotechnology Tool Box

X - No GM variety development

Targeted genetic improvements without being transgenic (GM)

Induce base pair gene changes by the plant not through gene

transformation technology

Rapid Trait Development System (RTDS) - Cibus

(considered mutagenesis technology by USDA)

Doubled Haploid (DH) Barley Line Development

Rapid development of genetically homozygous varieties

Keeping Barley Competitive With Other Crops

Barley biotechnology research in of itself is not enough to keep barley

competitive with biotech seed crops

Coordinated research in many disciples is needed Breeding, genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, pathology, management

Adequate & effective national public sector barley research infrastructure

Stakeholder funding, direction, and collaboration American Malting Barley Association (AMBA)

Brewing & Malting Barley Research Institute (BMBRI, Canada)

Brewers Association (BA)

Individual malting & brewing companies

State barley grower organizations

GM Barley?

Current Status & Considerations

Growing consumer resistance and concerns about GM

Mixed views of malting, brewing, distilling, and food end-users Strongly opposed - to neutral - to supportive

Thus no clear signal to biotech seed companies to pursue

Developmental costs of GM barley too high to recover investment Low acreage compared to major crops and thus limited seed sale potential

A unique trait, with exclusive IP rights, and substantial economic

benefits (e.g. drought tolerance, major disease resistance) that could be used

worldwide, may provide viable market

Agricultural Policy

Players • American Malting Barley Association

• National Barley Growers Association & Individual State Grower Organizations

• Federal Agencies – RMA, FSA, FDA, EPA, DOE, FGIS

Farm Bill • Pre 1996 Farm Bill (Freedom to Farm), USDA programs encouraged stable base acre

• Current programs uncoupled to production and based on historic plantings

• Congress unlikely to implement programs that impact planting decisions

Crop Insurance • USDA Risk Management Agency (RMA)

• Critical to mitigate risk of growing malting barley

• Coverage per acre relative to other crops


Anheuser-Busch, Inc.

Miller Brewing Company

Sierra Nevada Brewing Company

Briess Malting Company

Cargill Malt

Froedtert Malt

Great Western Malting Company

Rahr Malting Company

AB-InBev

Bell’s Brewery

Boston Beer

Briess Malt & Ingredients

Brooklyn Brewery

Brown-Forman

Cargill Malt

Craft Brew Alliance

Deschutes Brewery

Dogfish Head Craft Brewery

Gambrinus Company

Great Western Malting

Heineken Mexico

InteGrow Malt

Malteurop North America

MillerCoors

New Belgium Brewing

New Glarus Brewing

Oskar Blues Brewery

Rahr Malting

Schell’s Brewing

Sierra Nevada Brewing

Stone Brewing

Summit Brewing

REGULAR MEMBERS (24)


Abita Brewing

Alaskan Brewing

Allagash Brewing

Anchor Brewing

Ballast Point Brewery & Spirits

Bear Republic Brewing

Big Sky Malts

Blacklands Malt

Blue Ox Malthouse

Boulevard Brewing

Cigar City Brewing

C’N’C Malting Company

Cold Spring Brewing

Colorado Malting

Deer Creek Malthouse

Epiphany Craft Malt

Farm Boy Farms

Firestone Walker Brewing

Flying Dog Brewery

Founders Brewing

Full Sail Brewing

Georgetown Brewing

Gold Rush Malt

Harpoon Brewery

Langunitas Brewing

Lakefront Brewery

Left Hand Brewing

Leopold Bros Distillery


ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (56)

Long Trail Brewing

Lost Coast Brewery

Malterie Frontenac

Matt Brewing

New Holland Brewing

Odell Brewing

Oran Station Brewing Supplies

Penns Mault

Pilot Malt House

Rahr & Sons Brewing

Real Ale Brewing

Riverbend Malt House

Rogue Ales

Russian River Brewing

Saint Arnold Brewing

Schlafly Beer

Smuttynose Brewing

Southern Tier Brewing

Sprecher Brewing

Straub Brewery

Sun King Brewing

Troegs Brewing

Uinta Brewing

Urban Chestnut Brewing

Utah Brewers Cooperative

Valley Malt

Victory Brewing

Wachusett Brewing

American Malting Barley Association, Inc. ASSOCIATE MEMBERS (56)

1994 1999 2006 2012 2014

MIDWEST

Spring 6-Row 59.5% 55.5% 48.1% 34.3% 14.3%

Spring 2-Row 7.1% 10.0% 0.0%* 14.0% 34.3%

Winter 6-Row 1.4% 0.6%


Subtotal 66.6% 65.5% 59.8% 56.6% 54.7%

*Funding for Midwest 2-Row eliminated for 2006.

WEST

Spring 6-Row 14.3% 15.6% 14.3% 2.1% 0.1%

Spring 2-Row 13.1% 15.6% 13.1% 26.3% 26.9%


Winter 2-Row 11.2% 15.1%

Winter 6.0% 3.3% 9.7%

East

Winter 6-Row 0.8%

Winter 2-Row 2.3%

AMBA Strategic Plan Development Allocation Goals

Six-Row Adjunct Two-Row All Malt Two-Row

AMBA Member Interest* 20% 55% 25%

Barley Factors

Plump Kernels (on 6/64) > 80% > 90% > 90%

Thin Kernels (thru 5/64) < 3% < 3% < 3%

Germination (4ml 72 hr. GE) > 98% > 98% > 98%

Protein 13.0% 13.0% 12.0%

Skinned & Broken Kernels < 5% < 5% < 5%

Malt Factors

Total Protein 12.8% 12.8% 11.8%

on 7/64 screen > 60% > 70% > 75%

MALTING BARLEY BREEDING GUIDELINES

IDEAL COMMERCIAL MALT CRITERIA

*Based on a survey of AMBA's regular members.

June, 2014

Six-Row Adjunct Two-Row All Malt Two-Row

Measures of Malt Modification

Beta-Glucan (ppm) < 120 < 100 < 100

F/C Difference < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2

Soluble/Total Protein 42-47% 40-47% 38-45%

Turbidity (NTU) < 10 < 10 < 10

Viscosity (absolute cp) < 1.50 < 1.50 < 1.50

Congress Wort

Soluble Protein 5.2-5.7% 4.8-5.6% < 5.3%

Extract (FG db) > 79.0% > 81.0% > 81.0%

Color (°ASBC) 1.8-2.5 1.6-2.5 1.6-2.8

FAN > 210 > 210 140-190

Malt Enzymes

Diastatic Power (°ASBC) > 150 > 120 110-150

Alpha Amylase (DU) > 50 > 50 40-70

MALTING BARLEY BREEDING GUIDELINES

IDEAL COMMERCIAL MALT CRITERIA

General Comments

• Barley should mature rapidly, break dormancy quickly without pregermination and germinate uniformly.

• The hull should be thin, bright and adhere tightly during harvesting, cleaning and malting.

• Malted barley should exhibit a well-balanced, modification in a conventional malting schedule with four

day germination.

• Malted barley must provide desired beer flavor.

Pilot Malting Trials

BARLEY

Skinned & Broken Kernels (%) 4.8 8.1 7.8

3-Day Germination (%) 98.6 98.8 98.4

On 7/64 (%) 67.2 61.3 65.5

Plump (On 6/64 + 7/64) (%) 97.2 97.6 97.3

Moisture (%) 9.3 9.1 9.2

Total Protein (% d.b.) 11.1 11.7 12.4

MALT

Moisture at Steep-out (%) 45.6 44.6 45.2

On 7/64 (%) 87.5 85.6 88.5

Extract, Fine Grind (% d.b.) 81.1 81.1 81.4

F-C Difference 1.0 1.5 0.8

Wort Viscosity 1.50 1.52 1.47

Wort Color (Deg. Lov.) 1.88 1.88 1.94

Wort Turbidity (Hach NTU) 4.7 5.3 3.7

Diastatic Power (Deg. L) 148 154 170

Alpha Amylase (D.U.) 72.3 73.9 80.7

Soluble Protein (% d.b.) 4.77 5.22 5.31

Total Protein (% d.b.) 11.0 11.3 12.1

Soluble/Total Protein (% d.b.) 44.8 47.2 44.6

Moisture (%) 4.0 4.0 4.0

Beta-Glucan (ppm) 157 203 110

Friability 89.1 87.2 81.6

Free Amino Nitrogen (FAN) 197 218 235

2Ab04-X01084-27 Harrington AC Metcalfe

Two-Row Two-Row Two-Row

2Ab04-X01084-27 (Aberdeen - S1)

AMBA Pilot Scale Malting Evaluation Program - Western Nursery

2010 & 2011 2010 & 2011 2010 & 2011

Pilot Malting Trials

AMBA Quality Evaluation Program

Step 3 – AMBA Plant Scale Evaluation Program

VARIETY/LINE PROGRAM

Western Winter Two-Row

02Ab669 USDA-ARS, ID



Western Spring Two-Row

Aberdeen-S1 (2Ab04-X01084-27) USDA-ARS, ID

Aberdeen-S2 (2Ab07-X31089-31) USDA-ARS, ID

Midwest Spring Two-Row

ND Genesis ND State University

Midwest Spring Six-Row

ND26891 ND State University

Step 2 - AMBA pilot scale malting evaluations by collaborating members - Average of 35+ lines/year

Step 1 - Micro malting evaluations @ USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI – 5,000 to 6,000 lines/year – AMBA provides supporting funds

Two-Rows

Six-Rows AAC Synergy (2015)

ABI Voyager (2014)

AC Metcalfe (2005)

CDC Copeland (2007)

CDC Meredith (2013)

Charles* (2009)

Conlon (2000)

Conrad (2007)

Endeavor* (2015)

Expedition (2013)

Harrington (1989)

Hockett (2010)

Merit (2000)

Merit 57 (2010)

Moravian 37 (2010)

Moravian 69 (2010)

Pinnacle (2011)

Scarlett (2008)

Wintmalt* (2013)

Celebration (2011)

Innovation (2014)

Lacey (2000)

Legacy (2001)

Quest (2011)

Stellar-ND (2006)

Thoroughbred* (2015)

Tradition (2004)

Variety name & year first recommended

*Winter American Malting Barley Association, Inc.

2015 AMBA Recommended Malting Barley Varieties

2015 MIDWEST CONTRACTED BARLEY VARIETIES (Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota & Wisconsin)

Lacey

20.7%

Other

4.2%

Pinnacle

7.2%

CDC Meredith

4.3%

Quest

1.9%

Tradition

59.5%

Innovation

1.5%

CDC Copeland

1.9%

2015 WESTERN CONTRACTED BARLEY VARIETIES

(Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Washington & Wyoming)

AC Metcalfe

14.8%

ABI Voyager

7.4%

CDC Copeland

3.6%

Hockett

9.8%

Other

8.1%

Moravian 69

8.1%

Conrad

7.0%

Moravian 115

5.0%

Merit 57

4.5%

Seeded Yield Production

2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015

----(000s acres)---- (bu/acre) --------------(000s bushels)------------

Minnesota 75 100 52.0 70.0 5,175 3,120 5,950

North Dakota 620 900 67.0 66.0 46,080 35,845 54,450

South Dakota 28 40 52.0 * 1,026 884 *

Three States 723 1,040 65.1 64.9 52,281 39,849 60,400

California 80 70 73.0 70.0 3,150 1,825 1,750

Colorado 57 65 124.0 134.0 7,714 6,696 8,308

Idaho 560 610 94.0 100.0 57,660 47,940 58,000

Montana 920 1,010 58.0 55.0 43,160 44,660 47,300

Oregon 40 65 50.0 59.0 3,500 1,500 3,245

Washington 115 115 60.0 57.0 14,040 6,300 5,985

Wyoming 80 85 107.0 107.0 6,052 6,741 6,955

Seven States 1,852 2,020 74.3 75.1 135,276 115,662 131,543

Other 400 353 77.7 74.9 29,188 21,283 17,747

Total U.S. 2,975 3,413 72.4 71.8 216,745 176,794 209,690

US Barley Production

Seeded Yield Production

2014 2015 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015

----(000s acres)---- (bu/acre) --------------(000s bushels)------------

Alberta 3,200 3,400 67.3 60.6 254,700 189,750 170,600

Saskatchewan 2,000 2,400 54.2 54.2 156,700 99,800 120,100

Manitoba 300 350 61.5 70.8 32,400 16,300 23,360

Other 380 361 59.8 62.9 26,388 21,123 21,466

Canada 5,880 6,511 61.9 58.8 470,188 326,973 335,526

Canadian Barley Production

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malting barley in north america · mixtures of many lines ... craft brew alliance deschutes brewery...

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