manageme today and yesterday
TRANSCRIPT
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Management Today and Yesterday
Chapter # 2
Instructor:Anita Laila
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Historical Background of Management
Ancient ManagementEgypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall)
Adam Smith
Published
The Wealth of Nationsin 1776
Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to
increase the productivity of workers
Industrial Revolution
Substituted machine power for human labor
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Major Approaches to Management
Scientific Management General Administrative Theory
Quantitative Management
Organizational Behavior Systems Approach
Contingency Approach
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Scientific Management
Fredrick Winslow TaylorThe father of scientific management
Published Principles of Scientific Management(1911)
The theory of scientific management:
Using scientific methods to define the one best way for a
job to be done
Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools
and equipment
Having a standardized method of doing the job Providing an economic incentive to the worker
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Scientific Management (contd)
Frank and Lillian GilbrethFocused on increasing worker productivity through
the reduction of wasted motion
Developed the microchronometer to time worker
motions and optimize performance.
How Do Todays Managers Use Scientific
Management?
Use time and motion studies to increase productivityHire the best qualified employees
Design incentive systems based on output
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General Administrative Theorists
Henri FayolBelieved that the practice of management was distinct
from other organizational functions
Developed fourteen principles of management that
applied to all organizational situations
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General Administrative Theorists
Max WeberDeveloped a theory of authority, structures and
relations based on an ideal type of organization(bureaucracy)
Bureaucracy is a form of organization having divisionof Labor, hierarchy, rules & regulations & impersonalrelationships
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Ideal Bureaucracy
Formal
Rules &Regulation
CareerOrientation
Impersonality
AuthorityHierarchy
Division ofLabor
A BureaucracyShould have
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Quantitative Approach
The use of quantitative techniques to improvedecision making
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Organizational Behavior
The study of actions (behavior) of people atwork
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Hawthorne Studies
A series of studies providing insight intoindividual & group studies.
Light Impact on productivity.
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The Systems Approach
System DefinedA set of interrelated and interdependent parts
arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.
Basic Types of Systems
Closed systems
Are not influenced by and do not interact with their
environment (all system input and output is internal)
Open systems
Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in
inputs and transforming them into outputs that are
distributed into their environments
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Implications of the Systems Approach
Coordinate the work activities of various partsof the organization and ensure that all theinterdependent parts of the organization areworking together so that the organizational
goals can be achieved Decisions and actions taken in one area of the
organization will have an effect on the otherareas of the organization
Organizations are not self-contained andtherefore, must adapt to changes in theirexternal environment
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The Contingency Approach
Contingency Approach Defined
Also sometimes called the situational approach.
There is no one universally applicable set of
management principles (rules) by which to manageorganizations.
Organizations are individually different, face different
situations (contingency variables), and require
different ways of managing.