management and optimization of solar power conversion to supplement terrestrial power systems. by...
TRANSCRIPT
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MANAGEMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR POWER CONVERSION TO SUPPLEMENT
TERRESTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS.
BY
Dr. P.S. Tiwari,Group Director & Faculty Mentor,TIT Group of Institutions, Bhopal.
& S.R. Awasthi, Consultant, CECL, Bhopal
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CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES
• FOSSIL FUELS
• HYDRO RESOURCES
• NUCLEAR RESOURCES USING FISSION
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ENERGY
• TRADE-OFF BETWEEN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
• ECOLOGICAL UNBALANCE
• GLOBAL WARMING
• RADIATION HAZARDS
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NON-CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES
• SOLAR ENERGY• WIND ENERGY• BIOMASS ENERGY• OCEAN WAVE ENERGY• OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION• GEOTHERMAL ENERGY• OCEAN TIDAL ENERGY
AND• NUCLEAR FUSION
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LIMITATIONS OF SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION INSTALLATIONS ON EARTH
• Effects of day/night cycles
• Shadowing due to clouds, fog, snow, precipitation etc.
• Weather effects
• Reduced solar-radiation intensity
• Overall variable and discontinuous power output
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LIMITATIONS OF SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION INSTALLATIONS ON EARTH
Contd….
HENCE:
SOLAR POWER SATELLITE CONCEIVED
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SALIENT ADVANTAGES OF SPS
• More intense (about eight times on average) solar radiation available
• Unaffected by weather, clouds etc.• SPS illuminated almost all the time (except
eclipse periods). Hence expensive storage not required
• Lack of gravity simplifies structure • Waste heat re-radiated back into space,
instead of warming the biosphere.
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SOLAR TO ELECTRIC CONVERSION
• THERMAL ELECTRIC CONVERSION
• SOLAR DYNAMIC CONVERSION
• DIRECT CONVERSION THROUGH PHOTOVOLTAICS
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SOLAR TO ELECTRIC CONVERSION
Contd….
POINTS FOR CHOICE:
• Energy conversion efficiency
• Cost effectiveness
• Material and system transportation convenience
• Technology status
• Specific feasibility problems
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MAIN PARAMETERS FOR CONSIDERATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION ON SPS
• Energy conversion efficiency
• Life-expectancy
• Tolerance to space-radiation environment
• Power-production capacity per unit area
• Production cost including material cost and processing cost
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MAIN PARAMETERS FOR CONSIDERATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION ON SPS
Contd…..
• Amenability to mass production
• Consideration for optimized mass
• Overall bulk and portability
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BRIEF HISTORICAL MILESTONES
• 1899-1900 NIKOLA TESLA Proposed use of radio waves power transmission
• 1930’s Use of microwaves proposed for power transmission
• 1945Clarke putforth the concept of geo-stationary satellite in Science-fiction
• 1962Satellite communication begins with Telstar I first rectenna build
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BRIEF HISTORICAL MILE-STONES
Contd….
•1963 First rectenna built•1964 W.C. BROWN succeeded in microwave powered helicopter using 2.45 GHz.•1964 IEEE Conference on Energy Sources organized session on Microwave Power Transmission•1965-66 Commercial Satellite Communication Service
Introduced•1968 PETER GLASER proposed Solar Power
Satellites•1973-74 Glaser was granted a patent for possible microwave power transmission from SPS to earth
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BRIEF HISTORICAL MILE-STONES
(Contd….)
• 197584% efficient microwave to DC conversion demonstrated
• 1983US Patent for a system for power transmission from SPS & direct conversion to 60 Hz, 3-Phase
• 1999-2000 SPS Exploratory Concept examined by NASA
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BRIEF HISTORICAL MILE-STONES
• 2001-2002 Technology Maturation program for SPS pursued by NASA
• 2004A Report on possible design of SPS prepared by NASA
• 2007-2010 many nations in the world considering such projects. Japan announced plans to have its first SPS in operation by 2040.
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POSSIBLE TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES
• MICROWAVES
• LASER BEAMS
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METHODOLOGY OF TRANSMISSION AND UTILIZATION
• DIRECT TRANSMISSION (OF MICROWAVE POWER) TO HOMES BY SMALLER ANTENNA FEEDING TO UTILITY SYSTEM/EQUIPMENT
• TRANSMISSION TO LARGE CENTRAL EARTH STATION & FEEDING TO TERRESTRIAL POWER SYSTEM (POWER GRID)
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MAIN SUBSYSTEMS OF SOLAR POWER SATELLITE
• SOLAR POWER COLLECTOR AND SUB-TRACKER SUB-SYSTEM
• POWER CONVERSION SUB-SYSTEM• POWER TRANSMISSION SUB-SYSTEM• TELEMETRY, TRACKING & COMMAND SUB-
SYSTEM• ANTENNA SUB-SYSTEM• PROPULSION & ATTITUDE STABILIZATION
SUB-SYSTEM
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SOLAR POWER SATTELLITE LOCATION OPTIONS
• GEO-SYNCHRONUS-STATIONARY ORBIT (3600 KM FROM EARCH)
• MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT (MEO: AROUND 10000 KM)
• LOW EARCH ORBIT (LEO: AROUND 800-1000 KM)
• HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORM (HAP: LESS THAN 100 KM)
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MICROWAVE VACUUM DEVICESV/S SOLID STATE DEVICES
VACUUM DEVICES – High Power
Capability– Higher Frequency
Capability– Large Bulk & High
Cost– Devices Level
Integration Difficulty
SOLID STATE DEVICES• Performance Superiority• Lower Voltage
Requirement• Small size and Rugged• Compatible with MIC• Flexibility in Circuit
Configurations• Easy portability• Robustness
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POWER COMBINING OPTIONS
• DEVICE LEVEL
• CIRCUIT LEVEL
• SYSTEM LEVEL
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POWER COMBINING OPTIONS
Contd….
CHOICE GOVERNED BY
• EFFICIENCY
• BAND WIDTH/SPECTRAL PURITY
• ISOLATION
• HIGHER ORDER MODES
• COMBINER LOSSES
• COMPLEXITIES
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IMPORTANT ANTENNA PARAMETERS
• Far Field
• Directivity and its controllability
• Efficiency
• Gain
• Impedance
• Bandwidth
• Beam width and spread
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IMPORTANT ANTENNA PARAMTERS
Contd…..
• Steerability
• Beams multiplicity
• Polarization
• Size
• Complexity
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SOME TYPICAL ENVISAGED DATA
• FOR ABOUT 5 TO 10 GW OF GENERATED POWER
• Solar Collectors 50 To 150 Sq.Km. depending on quality of PV Cells and sun-trackers design
• Satellite Transmitting Antenna Size Between 1 and 1.5 Km. diameter
• Ground Rectenna around 14 Km. by 10 Km
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SOME TYPICAL ENVISAGED DATA
(Contd…..)
• ACCORDING TO SUNSAT ENERGY COUNCIL (AFFILIATED TO UNO), THE MICROWAVE BEAM WOULD BE SO LOW IN DENSITY THAT PERSONS CAN WALK THROUGH IT; SAFE FOR AEROPLANES, BIRDS ETC.
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SOME TYPICAL ENVISAGED DATA
(Contd…..).
• ACCORDING TO A PHYSICIST AND VISIONARY GERARD O’ NEILL, (1992) OVER 99% OF MATERIAL FOR SPS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM LUNAR MATERIALS AND REDUCE THE COST OF SPS CONSTRUCTION BY 97%.
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CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION
• CROWDING OF GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
• LIMITS OF REDUCED ANGULAR SEPARATION
• ALIGNMENT AND HAND OVER PROBLEMS WITH MEO AND LEO
• SATELLITE DIMENSIONS
• NEEDS LARGE SPACE STATION
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CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION
(Contd….)• SOLAR SAILS DIMENSIONS• SATELLITE ECLIPSES• ANTENNA SIZE • FOLDING/UNFOLDING TECHNIQUES FOR
ANTENNA & SOLAR SAILS• EFFICIENT CONVERSION OF D.C. POWER
TO MICROWAVE POWER• OPTIMIZING SOLAR CELLS POWER
OUTPUT UNDER HARSH SPACE ENVIRONMENT.
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CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION
(Contd….)
• ACTIVE & PASSIVE DEVICES OF HUGE POWER CAPABILITY
• EFFECTS OF FREE SPACE ATTENUATION AND OTHER LOSSES ON TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY AND COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES
• MICROWAVE INTERFERENCE TO TERRESTRIAL SYSETMS
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CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION
(Contd…..)
• EXPLORING TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECT CONVERSION OF MICROWAVE ENERGY TO 50 HZ 3-PHASE SUPPLY
• ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY• TECHNOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY • RADIATION HAZARDS & SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS• EFFECTS ON SURROUNDINGS/ENVIRONMENT • SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS.
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SPECIAL FEATURES OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT FOR DESIGN AND DEPLOYMENT OF SOLAR CELLS
• MULTIPLE RADIATIONS MAY DAMAGE THE SOLAR CELLS. DAMAGE BY HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS AND PROTONS IS SERIOUS IN MEOs PASSING THROUGH VAN ALLEN’S BANDS. NEIGHBOURHOOD OF DIFFERRENT PLANETS AFFECTS DIFFERENTLY: e.g., NEIGHBOURHOOD OF JUPITER PROVIDES HIGH RADIATION ENVIRONMENT.
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SPECIAL FEATURES OF SPACE ENVIRONMNET FOR DESIGN AND DEPLOYMENT OF SOLAR CELLS
(Contd…)
• SUNLIGHT IN SPACE, UNFILTERED BY EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE HAS A DIFFERENT SPECTRUM, NEEDING DIFFERENT SOLAR CELL DESIGN AND MATERIALS
• SATTELITES IN HIGH EARTH ORBITS EXPERIENCE DRAMATIC CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE LEADING TO EXTREME THERMAL STRESSES AND IN TURN BIG POWER SURGES
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SPECIAL FEATURES OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT FOR DESIGN AND DEPLOYMENT OF SOLAR CELLS
(Contd…)
• MATERIAL PROPERTIES UNDER TYPICAL SPACE ENVIRONMENT NEED SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR CONSISTENT PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY.
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PROSPECTIVE CONTRIVANCES FOR FURTHER EXPLORATIONS
• USE OF LEO/MEO• HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORMS• META-MATERIALS FOR ANTENNAS• SUPER-DIRECTIVE FEATURES FOR
ANTENNAS• USE OF NANO-TECHNOLOGY FOR MORE
EFFICIENT PV CELLS
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PROSPECTIVE CONTRIVANCES FOR FURTHER EXPLORATIONS
(Contd….)• NEWER LAUNCHING TECHNOLOGIES LIKE SPACE
ELEVATORS• REPLENISHMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR SPS IN
ORBIT• USE OF LUNAR MATERIALS BY
TRANSPORTATION FROM MOON TO SPS
• EFFICIENT DIRECT TECHNIQUES FOR CONVERSION OF MICROWAVE POWER TO COMMERCIAL FREQUENCY POWER.
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EPILOGUE• SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF SUCH A
SCHEME IS STILL INDISTINCT• FURTHER RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION
REQUIRED FOR ANY REALISATION• APPEARS TO BE A PROMISING TECHNIQUE• MANY NATIONS HAVE ASSIGNED AND STARTED
EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS• IT IS WISHED THAT INDIA SHOULD ALSO
INITIATE WORK IN THIS DIRECTION• SPS COULD BE A SOLUTION FOR A COUPLE OF
CENTURIES UNTIL NUCLEAR FUSION ESTABLISHES ON A FIRM FOOTING.
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THANKS
ANY QUERIES?
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ENERGY SECTORS
• DOMESTIC SECTOR (HOUSE AND OFFICES)
• TRANSPORTATION SECTORS
• AGRICULTURE SECTOR
• INDUSTRY SECTOR