management information systems (mis)--introduction
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---- Introduction
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
The information systems generate information useful for managers in planning & control
Managerial Decision-making or action Structured & Unstructured Decisions Strategic, Tactical & Operational Decisions Lost Opportunity & Reaction Time
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Growth of Management Theory & Techniques
Growth of Management Accounting & its applications in business
Changes in the Production & Distribution methods & the consequent changes in the organizational structure
Development of Management Science (O.R.)
Introduction of Computer into Business data processing & the developments in IT
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
An integrated user machine system for providing information to support the operations management analysis & decision-making functions (Gordon B. Davis)
A system that aids management in making, carrying out and controlling decisions (Jerome Kanter)
MIS is defined as to provide information to support management decision-making (James A. O’Brien)
MIS is a strategy which provides the information for making decisions regarding the integration of the organization through the process of management (Robert G. Murdick)
A system which systematically collects information & provide useful information to management for decision-making
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Timeliness Accuracy Completeness Cost Reliability Decision Tree & Decision Table
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
System approach Takes Comprehensive view in the
light of its objective Management oriented
Top down approach followed Derived from the overall business
objectives Need based
Caters to info needs at different levels Exception based
Exception based reporting principle
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Futuristic On the basis of projections
Integrated Blends info from several operational
areas Common data flows
Should avoid data duplication and redundancy
Long term basis Strive to be futuristic
Divide and conquer Use partitioning into subsystems
Central database Let subsystems access the master data
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Data capturing Processing of data Storage Retrieval Dissemination of MI – finished product
of MIS
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Management
Koontz – Art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Planning Organizing Staffing Directing Control
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Planning Process of foreseeing the future What, when, who, how, where, why Setting goals and objectives Lay down policies, procedures,
budgets, strategies, programmes and schedules, to achieve the plans
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Organizing Process of identifying the entire job Dividing the job into convenient
subtasks Allocating subtasks to persons/groups Delegating authority, for effective
operation and achievement of goals
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Staffing Right person at the right job Define job requirements – people
perspective Select suitable person/s for the
positions Training and development (?) Organizing vis-à-vis Staffing (?) Job-orientation vs. person-orientation
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Directing Issuing commands – classical view Modern philosophy
▪ Communication▪ Motivation▪ Leadership
People have to be guided, motivated and led by the MANAGER
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Controlling Controlling and planning – two sides
of the same coin Ensures that activities are performed
as per plans▪ Fixing standards of work measurements▪ Measurement of actual performance▪ Taking corrective measures
Decision-making is the essence of management
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Robert Anthony – 3 levels of business activities
Strategic management (Top management) Exploring different markets, formulating
policies, plans and budgets Management control (Middle management)
Facilitator role; scheduling, monitoring Operational control (Operating management)
Process and control the basic products and services
Raw matl procurement, selling of products, physical recording and posting of cheques
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Policies, plans, objectives and budgets of Top management
Passed to middle mngt as Revenue, cost, profit goals
Review and agreement Middle mngt issues specific schedules
and operating goals along with yardsticks of measurement
Operating mngt – produce goods and services to meet the revenue and profit goals
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Processed data, presented in a form which assists decision-makers
May contain an element of surprise, reduce uncertainty
May provoke a manager to initiate action
Data and Info – relative concepts Recency Producer-consumer relationship
Often used interchangeably
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
According to J. Kanter (1996) Top Management
Unstructured Non-programmed Futuristic Approximate External
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Operating Management: Structured Programmed Historical Exact Internal
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
MIS about Computer Larger the volume of data, greater is
usefulness to the managers Greater the accuracy, greater its
usefulness
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
A matrix representation of the logic of a decision
Specifies the possible conditions and the resulting actions
Best used for complicated decision logic
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
1. Condition stubs Lists condition relevant to decision
2. Action stubs Actions that result from a given set of
conditions3. Rules
Specify which actions are to be followed for a given set of conditions
Indifferent Condition Condition whose value does not affect which
action is taken for two or more rules
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Name the condition and values each condition can assume
Name all possible actions that can occur List all rules Define the actions for each rule Simplify the table
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Note: for salaried employees the action stub chosen will always be the same…therefore hours worked is an indifferent condition
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Because of indifferent condition, the complete decision table can be reduced to one with fewer rules
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
A graphical representation of a decision situation
Decision situation points are connected together by arcs and terminate in ovals
Main components Decision points represented by nodes Actions represented by ovals Particular choices from a decision point
represented by arcs
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Read from left to right Each node corresponds to a numbered
choice on a legend All possible actions are listed on the far
right
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata
Prof. Dr. Subhasis Sen, EIILM Kolkata