ManagementManagement Good Management Practices Good Management Practices is ... is ...

SustainableSustainable

ProfitableProfitable

Environmentally friendEnvironmentally friend

Acceptable to farmer and communitiesAcceptable to farmer and communities

PP DD CC A A

พรหมวิ�หาร พรหมวิ�หาร 4 4 : : ฉันทะฉันทะ((พอใจในสิ่��งท��ท�าพอใจในสิ่��งท��ท�า ) ) วิ�ร�ยะวิ�ร�ยะ (( เพ�ยร พยายาม เพ�ยร พยายามท�าให�เต็�มท��ท�าให�เต็�มท�� ) ) จ�ต็ต็ะ จ�ต็ต็ะ ((ใสิ่�ใจในสิ่��งท��ท�าใสิ่�ใจในสิ่��งท��ท�า ) ) วิ�มงสิ่าวิ�มงสิ่า ((คิ�ดทบทวินให�คิ�ดทบทวินให�รอบคิอบรอบคิอบ))

ManagementManagement 3 M 3 M

- MaterialsMaterials

- MoneyMoney

- ManMan

as objectives or vision or strategic as objectives or vision or strategic planningplanning- Plan (data, experience & knowledge)Plan (data, experience & knowledge)

- DoDo

- CheckCheck

- ActAct

Pasture management Pasture management การจดการท �งหญ้�า การจดการท �งหญ้�า

What is pasture management ?What is pasture management ?- Pasture = land + forage for cattle Pasture = land + forage for cattle

productionproduction- Management = doing + systems (or Management = doing + systems (or

components) + productivitycomponents) + productivity- Economic concern = input - output = profitEconomic concern = input - output = profit

ObjectivesObjectives- High animal productionHigh animal production- Sustainability of the resources & systemSustainability of the resources & system

Land / soil

Plant / ForagesAnimal

AtmosphereCO2

N2

Minerals

Solar energy

Water

An

imal p

rod

uct

Animal productionAnimal production

animal production / area = animal produanimal production / area = animal production/ head X ction/ head X no. of animalno. of animal

animal production / head eg . milk/head/laanimal production / head eg . milk/head/lactation, live weight gain /head/day etc. ctation, live weight gain /head/day etc. depends on depends on - genetics or breedgenetics or breed- animal husbandary and hygineanimal husbandary and hygine- feed of optimum quantity & qualityfeed of optimum quantity & quality

no. of animal no. of animal vsvs carrying capacity carrying capacity

Agricultural systems for Agricultural systems for pasture in SE. Asiapasture in SE. Asia Paddy areasPaddy areas Field crop areasField crop areas Fruit plantationsFruit plantations Permanent trees Permanent trees eg. eg. rubber, oirubber, oi

l plam, coconutl plam, coconut Idle land or wastelandIdle land or wasteland BackyardBackyard

Land area suitable for pastureLand area suitable for pasture Typically less productive land will Typically less productive land will

be allocated to pasture be allocated to pasture TopographyTopography Water & climatic conditionsWater & climatic conditions Road or accessibilityRoad or accessibility Land use historyLand use history Soil fertilitySoil fertility Availability of labourAvailability of labour Market for animal & its productsMarket for animal & its products

Type of pasture and fodder cropsType of pasture and fodder crops Grass for permanent grazing pasture Grass for permanent grazing pasture : ruzi, para (: ruzi, para (

mauritius), guinea, cori, signal, humidicola etc.mauritius), guinea, cori, signal, humidicola etc. Grass for cut and carry system Grass for cut and carry system : napier, guatemal: napier, guatemal

a, hybrid napier, and sorghum etc.a, hybrid napier, and sorghum etc. Natural grasses Natural grasses : : Paspulum, AxonopusPaspulum, Axonopus, , PanicumPanicum rr

epensepens, , ChlorisChloris, Love grass (, Love grass (ChrysopogonChrysopogon)) Plant residues Plant residues : rice straw, corn stubble, sugar ca: rice straw, corn stubble, sugar ca

ne, pine apple, legume wines etc.ne, pine apple, legume wines etc. Legumes Legumes : leuacaena, verano stylo, centro, desmo: leuacaena, verano stylo, centro, desmo

diumdium Field crops Field crops :cassava, corn, sorghum, soybean:cassava, corn, sorghum, soybean Molasses and other industrial by-productsMolasses and other industrial by-products

Pasture establishmentPasture establishment planting materialsplanting materials

- vegetative propagation : cutting, tilleringvegetative propagation : cutting, tillering• nursery plot 1 : 10 -20 after grown for 4 - 5 nursery plot 1 : 10 -20 after grown for 4 - 5

monthsmonths

- seed propagationseed propagation• good seed quality good seed quality in handin hand

land and soil preparationland and soil preparation- seasonseason

Land preparationLand preparation whole project areawhole project area considered paddock and type of considered paddock and type of

enterpriseenterprise road and accessibilityroad and accessibility waterway and drinking waterwaterway and drinking water sheltershelter right seasonright season good soil preparation prevent soil good soil preparation prevent soil

erosionerosion

Seed sowingSeed sowing seed qualityseed quality

- % germination% germination- % purity% purity- % pure live seed (PLS)% pure live seed (PLS)- % moisture% moisture- seedling vigorseedling vigor- hardseedinesshardseediness

seed rateseed rate sowing methodssowing methods RhizobiumRhizobium inoculation inoculation

Sowing and plantingSowing and planting

right seasonright season- moisturemoisture- less weed competitionless weed competition

uniform distribution of seeduniform distribution of seed fertilizer requirement (basal fertilizer requirement (basal

fertilizer)fertilizer)

Botanical compositionBotanical composition GrassGrass

- sown grasssown grass- native or natural grassnative or natural grass

Weeds (broadleaf or narrow leaf)Weeds (broadleaf or narrow leaf) LegumesLegumes

- sown legumesown legume- native or natural legumenative or natural legume

livelive (green) (green) vsvs deaddead materials of plan materials of plant parts (leaf, stem, flower head ect. )t parts (leaf, stem, flower head ect. )

How to determine botanical How to determine botanical composition ?composition ?- weight, frequency, cover, weight, frequency, cover,

dominant indexdominant index

Why legumes ?Why legumes ?- good quality feedgood quality feed

- improve soil fertilityimprove soil fertility

- 10 - 40 % legumes + 90 - 60 % 10 - 40 % legumes + 90 - 60 % grasses grasses

Efficiency of pasture managementEfficiency of pasture management

amount of pasture grown / unit input amount of pasture grown / unit input eg. eg. lland, money, water, fertilizer ect.and, money, water, fertilizer ect.

amount of pasture eaten / unit of pasture amount of pasture eaten / unit of pasture growngrown

amount of animal product / unit of eaten pamount of animal product / unit of eaten pastureasture

1 X 2 X 3 = animal production from pastu1 X 2 X 3 = animal production from pasture re