management of challenging gerd...1 management of challenging gastroesophageal reflux disease kerry...
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Management of Challenging Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Kerry B. Dunbar, MD, PhDAssociate Professor of Medicine
Section Chief, VA Gastroenterology
Dallas VA Medical Center
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
February 2, 2020
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• Bothersome heartburn or regurgitation of acidic gastric contents
• 20‐30% of the US population has GERD every month
• 8 million outpatient visits per year
• $14 billion spent on heartburn medications each year
Vakil, AJG 2006:1900‐20. Camilleri CGH 2005:543‐52. Peery, Gastro 2012:1179‐87.
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GERD Symptoms
GI Symptoms
• Heartburn
• Regurgitation
• Chest pain
• Belching
• Epigastric pain
• Nausea
Extraesophageal
Symptoms• Throat‐clearing
• Cough
• Hoarseness
• Sore Throat
• Asthma
• Globus sensation
• Water brash
• Dental erosions
Initial Management of GERD
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Initial Treatment of GERD
Diet Modification
Lifestyle Changes
Medication
• Caffeine
• High‐fat foods
• Alcohol
• Chocolate
• Mint
• Acidic liquids and foods (citrus, tomato)
• Other foods (onion, garlic)
• Carbonated beverages
Foods Classically Associated with Reflux Symptoms
6 oz
16 oz
Why are these foods to blame?
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How Food Contributes to Reflux
Lower esophageal sphincter pressure
Kaltenbach, Arch Int Med 2006:965‐971. Dibley, Eur J Gastro&Hep 2009:1229‐1240. Johnson, APT 2010:607‐14. Austin, Dig Dis Sci 2006:1307‐12. Fox, Clin Gastro Hep 2007:439‐44.
Gastric Distension Research studies
show mixed resultsNo need to eliminate all foods possibly
related to reflux
Lifestyle Modification
• Small meal size
• Stay upright for several hours after eating
• Elevate head of the bed for sleeping
• Smoking cessation
Rey, Am J Gast 2006. Kahn, J Clin Gastro 2012. Fraser‐Moodie, Scand J Gast 1999. Ness‐Jensen, Clin Gastro Hep 2015
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• HUNT study ‐ Population‐based study in Norway
– ~30,000 patients, assessed weight and GERD symptoms at baseline and ~10 years later
– Weight loss Dose‐dependent improvement in GERD symptoms
• The Reflux Improvement and Monitoring (TRIM) program
– 6 month GI, nutrition, health education program for obese adults with GERD
• After 6 months
– GerdQ scores improved
– Some weight loss ‐ % excess body weight decreased from 41% to 36%
Fraser‐Moodie, Scand J Gast 1999:337‐40. Ness‐Jensen AJG 2013:376‐382. Yadlapati, AJG 2018:23‐30.
Weight Loss and GERD
Modest weight loss improves symptoms!
Medical Therapy of GERD
Onset Duration When to Use
Antacids minutes shortMild, intermittent
symptoms
Histamine‐2 Receptor Antagonists
intermediate 6‐10 hoursMild to moderate
symptoms
Proton Pump Inhibitors
long 24‐72 hours
Frequent symptoms, severe symptoms, erosive esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus
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Proton Pump Inhibitors• First introduced in the US in 1989
• Block the H+K+ ATPase in gastric parietal cells
• PPIs heal erosive esophagitis and control GERD better than H2RAs
• 7% of the US population take prescription PPIs
Everhart, Gastro 2009:376‐86. Wang, WJG 2005.
PPIs are FDA‐approved for daily dosing for GERD and erosive esophagitis
The PPI Test“If it responds to a PPI, then it must be GERD”
• Often the first test performed for evaluation of GERD
• Systematic review of 15 studies using normal or high‐dose PPI therapy for 1‐4 weeks to treat UGI symptoms reported:
– Sensitivity of 78% for GERD
– Specificity of only 54%
Numans ME. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 518‐527. Fass R. Gastroenterology 1998; 115: 42‐7.
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Treatment of GERD
Diet and lifestyle counseling for all!
mild, intermittent
moderate symptoms
erosive esophagitis, severe symptoms
antacids or H2RA PRN
8 weeks of daily PPI
Katz, ACG GERD guideline, AJG 2013:308‐328
BID PPITesting
8 weeks of daily H2RA or PPI
partial response
no response
Escalate therapy
partial response
use lowest effective dose
success
no response
Diet + Lifestyle + Medications = ?Relief?
Between 10% and 40% of patients have persistent, bothersome GERD
symptoms despite PPI use
Inadomi, AJG 2003. Dean, CGH 2004. Becker, APT 2007.
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Evaluation of Refractory GERD
What if Medications Aren’t Working?
• Verify medications being taken properly
– Study of patients with refractory GERD
– 68% took medications incorrectly
• After meals, at bedtime, PRN
• PPIs should be dosed 30 minutes before meals
• Consider testing
• Consider other diagnoses Guanaratnam, APT 2006:1473‐7. Fass, APT 2000:1595‐603. Fass CGH 2006:50‐6. Mainie, J Clin Gastro 2008:676‐9.
after meals
bedtime ‐onlyprn
true refractory GERD
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Endoscopy for Evaluation of GERD
• Endoscopy is commonly performed in patients with GERD
– 2.9 million upper endoscopies performed in 2010
– 24% of these had ‘reflux’ as the indication
• TOO MUCH ENDOSCOPY!
• Several sets of guidelines discuss use of endoscopy in GERD
Peery, Gastro 2012. Katz, AJG 2013. Kahrilas, Gastro 2008. Shaheen, Annals Int Med 2012.
Endoscopic Evaluation of GERD
• American College of Physicians Best Practice Advice for use of Upper Endoscopy in GERD
• EGD indicated in patients with GERD and alarm symptoms:– Dysphagia– Bleeding– Anemia – Weight loss– Vomiting
• EGD is indicated in patients with :– Typical GERD symptoms that persist despite 4‐8
weeks of BID PPI
Shaheen, Annals Int Med 2012.
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Endoscopic Appearance of GERD
Non‐Erosive Reflux Disease (NERD)
Erosive Reflux Disease (ERD)
• 60% of patients with GERD
• Common endoscopic appearance with use of PPIs
• 40% of patients with GERD
Robinson, Arch Int Med 1998. Modlin, Digestion 2009.
Other Endoscopic Findings in GERD
• Barrett’s esophagus– ~ 15% of patients with GERD
– Does not explain refractory GERD symptoms
– Risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma
• Esophageal stricture– Symptoms include dysphagia
• GERD can still be present even with a normal EGD
Robinson, Arch Int Med 1998. Modlin, Digestion 2009.
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pH Testing in GERD
• pH testing is important in the evaluation of GERD– Patients who are not responding to standard treatment
– Patients who are considering surgery for treatment of GERD
• Measures the amount of esophageal acid exposure over a defined time period
• Can help determine whether– Too much acid is still present
– The esophagus is hypersensitive
– GERD is not the cause of symptoms
Types of pH Testing• Wireless capsule testing
– Placed during EGD– Measures acid reflux for 48 hours
• Multichannel impedance/pH testing– Transnasal catheter, 24 hour study– Measure acid, weakly acidic, nonacid reflux
• Keep a symptom and food diary during test
• Can determine the association of symptoms and reflux events
hopkins‐gi.org
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Other Disorders that Cause Heartburn, Regurgitation, and Chest Pain
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
• Eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal mucosa leading to esophageal dysfunction
• EGD shows rings, furrows, white spots– Biopsies show > 15 eosinophils per high
power field
• Classic patient is a young man with seasonal allergies presenting with an esophageal food impaction– Occurs in children and adults, men and
women
• Heartburn symptoms are reported by half of patients with EoE
Dellon, CGH 2009. Prasad, AJG 2007. Liacouras, J All Clin Imm 2011. Dellon AJG 2013. Straumann, Gut 2014.
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Esophageal Motility Disorders
• Dysfunction of the smooth muscle of the esophagus
• Dysphagia is the main symptom –solids, liquids, pills
• Can also have chest pain, heartburn, regurgitation
• Testing includes high resolution esophageal manometry
Normal
Achalasia
Gastroparesis
• Delayed gastric emptying
• Nausea and vomiting common
• Heartburn and regurgitation can occur
• Assess with nuclear medicine solid phase gastric emptying study or motility capsule
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Dyspepsia
• Non‐ulcer dyspepsia
– Epigastric discomfort
– Post‐prandial fullness
– Early satiety
– Epigastric burning
• Not classic heartburn
• Endoscopy is normal
• Sometimes responds to PPI
Non‐GI Causes of Chest Pain
• Not all chest discomfort is gastrointestinal
• Consider cardiac evaluation in any patient with chest discomfort
– Coronary artery disease and GERD are both very common
• Pulmonary causes of chest discomfort
• Musculoskeletal chest pain
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Treatment of Challenging GERD
Management• PPIs taken correctly
• Evaluation for other disorders– Esophageal
– Other GI
– Non‐GI
• Other management options– Surgery
– Endoscopic therapy
– Other medications
– Alternative treatments?
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What if Medications Aren’t Working?
• Ask again ‐ PPIs should be dosed 30 minutes before meals
• Increase the dose of medication
– PPI twice daily
• Switch types of medication
– H2RA PPI
– Change to a different PPI• A few research studies have looked at this
• Frequently done in clinical practice
• Combination therapy
– PPI BID + H2RA at bedtime
Guanaratnam, APT 2006:1473‐7. Fass, APT 2000:1595‐603. Fass CGH 2006:50‐6. Mainie, J Clin Gastro 2008:676‐9.
Which Patients Consider Surgery for GERD?• Persistent or recurrent symptoms despite medical therapy
– Best surgical outcomes are seen in patients who have at least some improvement in GERD symptoms with PPIs
• Patients with complications from GERD
• Patients who do not want to take GERD medications
• Most patients do not need surgery for GERD!
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Laparoscopic Fundoplication
• Nissen Fundoplication – most often laparoscopic
• Effective ‐Most patients discontinue PPIs
• 10% ‐ 27% of patients have recurrence of GERD in 3‐5 years
• Benefit in patients with refractory GERD
– With abnormal pH testing
Anvari, Surg endo 2011. Lundell Gut 2008. Grant, BMJ 2013 Spechler, Dunbar… NEJM 2019
Gastric Bypass
• Very effective for weight loss
• 6 months after surgery, 70% of patients have significant improvement in GERD
– Decreased PPI use, fewer symptoms
El‐Hadi, Can J Surg 2014. Carabotti, Exp Rev Gastro Hep 2013
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Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation• Ring of magnetic beads placed around the esophagus
• Beads increase the pressure at the LES
– Reduces reflux, regurgitation
• At 5 years, 85% of patients are off PPI
• Studies mainly enroll pts with mild‐moderate GERD
– Some data now for use with larger hernias, more severe symptoms
Ganz, NEJM 2013. Ganz, Clin Gastro Hep 2016
Endoscopic Therapy – Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication
• Full‐thickness endoscopic fasteners used to create a fundoplication
• Reduces PPI use, GERD symptoms compared to PPI alone
• 89% of patients able to discontinue PPI
McCarty, Endoscopy 2018. Pandolfino, CGH 2014. Hopkins, WJGE 2015
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Endoscopic Therapy– Radiofrequency Treatment
• Causes thickening at LES
• Reduces transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation
• Studies results are mixed
– Some show improved symptoms and PPI use
– Others show no improvement in esophageal acid exposure
Pandolfino, CGH 2014. Hopkins, WJGE 2015
Endoscopic Therapies
• Most of the studies are performed in patients with
– mild to moderate GERD
– no Barrett’s esophagus
– small hiatal hernias
• Some long term follow up data is available
• Insurance issues
• Unclear what role these will have in the future
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Other Medications ‐ Baclofen
• Reduces transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation fewer reflux events
• Off label use
• Recent multicenter VA study of patients with heartburn refractory to PPIs– Patients with abnormal pH testing on omeprazole 20mg BID
• Randomized to:– Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication
– OR further medical therapy with omeprazole 20 mg BID and baclofen (up to 20 mg TID)
– OR omeprazole 20 mg BID and placebo baclofen
• Baclofen was no better than placebo
Spechler, Dunbar…. NEJM 2019
Other Medications ‐ Alginates
• Floats on top of the acid pocket / gastric contents in the stomach
• Good for mild or intermittent GERD symptoms
• Also good for add‐on therapy in refractory GERD
Wilkinson J, Eur J Gastro Hep 2019: 86‐93.
Acid pocket
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Alternative Therapies
*** not an endorsement, but patients ask about these
• Study of patients with ongoing heartburn on a daily PPI
• Randomized to double‐dose PPI or acupuncture twice a week
• Greater improvement in heartburn symptoms with PPI + acupuncture than double‐dose PPI
Acupuncture
Dickman, APT 2007:1333‐44.
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• May be helpful with persistent reflux– Particularly for belching and regurgitation
• Pts with GERD+belching were treated with a standardized diaphragmatic breathing exercise protocol
• 60% of treated patients had improved belching, compared to 0% controls
• GERD score decreased by 12 points in the treated group vs. 3 points for controls.
• Improvement persisted 4 months after therapy.
Diaphragmatic Breathing \ Breathing Exercises
Ong, CGH 2018:407‐416
Remedies from the Kitchen
Apple cider vinegar
• Very little evidence, but commonly recommended on the internet
• Gum with a proprietary blend of apple cider vinegar, licorice, papain
– Placebo RCT in 24 GERD patients, chew the gum after meals
– Post‐meal GERD symptoms improved with gum
Baking soda
• The original antacid
• Dosing is ½ tsp in 4 oz of water
• ~ 600 mg sodium in ½ tsp
Brown, J Diet Supp 2015:138‐45.
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But What About PPIs?
What to say when your patients, parents, and neighbors ask you
questions
How PPIs are Really Used
PPI
• Study of 168,727 outpatient adults with PPI prescriptions• 39% lack an appropriate UGI diagnosis requiring PPI
Heidelbaugh, Am J Man Care 2010.
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Reported Adverse Effects of PPI Treatment
Vaezi, Gastro 2017
PPI Risk • 17,598 patients > age 65 on rivaroxaban and/or aspirin for cardiovascular or peripheral arterial disease
• Randomized to pantoprazole or placebo
• Median follow up 3 years
• Comparing patients who got PPI vs. placebo– NO difference in mortality, cardiovascular disease, pneumonia, fractures, chronic kidney disease, dementia, cancer
– Enteric infections > with PPI use (1.4% vs. 1%)• C diff infections rare, but more common in PPI group
Moayyedi P, Gastro 2019
Be smart about PPI use lowest effective dose
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Bye‐Bye, PPI : Choosing Wisely in Canada
• Selection of initial therapy depends on symptom severity and frequency
• Remember diet and lifestyle changes– Reduce trigger foods, caffeine, fat, alcohol– Avoid smoking– Stay upright after eating– Smaller meals
• PPIs are the most effective therapy we have– Verify correct timing and dosing– Be smart about use lowest effective dose – PPI non‐responders should have testing to determine whether GERD is present
• Some patients may benefit from surgery
Management of Difficult GERD
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Questions?
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