management of nonpoint sources
DESCRIPTION
Management of Nonpoint Sources. Provided to Dr. G. Powell by Dr. D. Monreau, NCSU for this website. Problems Associated with Agriculture. Destruction of Riparian Buffers. Agricultural runoff directly into streams. application. export. uptake. Excess = application - uptake. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Management of Nonpoint Sources
Provided to Dr. G. Powell by Dr. D. Monreau, NCSU for this website
Problems Associated with Agriculture
Destruction of Riparian Buffers
Agricultural runoff directly into streams
application
uptake export
Excess = application - uptake
Runoff of nutrients from row crops and forage crops
Streambank erosion
Feedlot runoff
Access to streams by cattle
Best Management Practicesfor Management of
Erosion and Nutrient LossSources:
* Alberta Agriculture http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/agdex/500/72000003.html
* Chad M. Cook, Wisc. Dept. of Natural Resources, 1999.
* NC Dept of Environment and Natural Resources
Vegetated Buffers
A crop residue cover protects the soil.
Bare soils are very vulnerable to erosion.
Conservation Tillage
Maintain Crop Residue Cover
Wooded areas with poor soils and steep slopes can be managed as woodlots.
Proper Use of Land
Steeply sloped land can be used for forageproduction.
Proper Use of Land
Use No-Till or Direct Seeding
Both a disc drill (left) and an air drill (right) work well for direct seeding into sod.
Reduce Tillage
Conservation fallow maintains a crop residue cover to protect the soil.
Fallow fields with no residue cover are very erosion prone.
Grow Forages and Use Crop Rotations
Forage crops protect and improve the soil.
Legumes protect the soil andadd nitrogen and organic matter.
Eroded Gully
Installing erosion control matting to create a lined channel.
After seedingthe lined channel.
Stabilize Drainage Channels
Terraces intercept runoff.
Cross-section of one type of terrace.
Contouring
Management Agencies and Programs
Federal
• FIFRA – Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
• USDA - 1985 and 1990 Farm Bills– Conservation Reserve, Sodbuster,
Swampbuster, Conservation Easement, Wetland Reserve
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act - solid waste
• Clean Water Act - Section 404
Management of PesticidesFederal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
• All pesticides must be registered with the EPA• EPA decides whether there are unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment by taking into account economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of the pesticide use based on the data submitted by the manufacturer .
• a certified applicator to be present during the use of a restricted pesticide - records must be kept.
• Penalties: – $5,000 civil fine for modification of labeling required by FIFRA or by
failing to comply with recordkeeping, reporting and inspection requirements.
– Criminal penalties for knowing violations or submission of fraudulent
NPS Management Agencies in NC
• Div. of Water Quality, DENR for general water quality, urban runoff, wetlands and groundwater
– Classification of streams
– Water supply watershed protection
– Supplemental classifications of streams (High Quality Waters, Outstanding Resource Waters, Nutrient Sensitive Waters)
– Urban stormwater
• Soil and Water Conservation Commission
and related county Soil and Water Conservation Districts for agriculture
– Livestock operations
– Ag cost-share program
• Sedimentation Commission for construction;- sedimentation and erosion control plans
• Mining Commission for mining;• Division of Environmental Health for onsite
wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal;• Division of Forest Resources for forestry;
- Forest Practice Guidelines• Department of Transportation for transportation;• North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service for
education
NPS Management Agencies in NC (cont.)
Farm by Farm Accounting Model
• Developed by NRCS
• Adapted and implemented by a state if it choose to do so.
Nitrogen Loss Estimation Worksheet
Inputs Assignment or Calculation
Soil series Soil Management Group (drainage, soil depth, and texture)
Crops and acreage Realistic yield expectation (RYE)
Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Crop (see table on next slide)
Current N rate, Partition N between RYE source and timing and Excess
BMPs, acreages affected, and related efficiency Export of N to stream (values in table)
CROP Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency
Bermuda grass 75
Flue-cured tobacco 50
Burley tobacco 25
Soybeans (nodulated)
Corn 40-55
depending on location and management practices
Cotton 50
Wheat 40
Sweet potato 40
Cucumber 25
Source: Tar-Pamlico Accounting Method, NC Div. of Water Quality, 2002
Efficiencies of BMP’s
Wisconsin’s Agricultural BMP’s for Reducing Phosphorous
Phosphorous SedimentBMP Reduction Reduction Cost
Conservation Tillage 15-85% 15-90% $9-26/ac/yr4Contour farming similar 30-50% $4/ac/yrContour strip cropping to sediment 40-75% $5-6/ac/yrBarnyard diversions 9% potentially $373/yrRoof gutters 44% high $174/yrFilter strips 62% 74% $20-25/ac/yrCreated wetlands 15-99% 65-97% $467-2337/ac/yrSediment basins TP > SP 97% lowGrassed waterways 30% 80% $447/ac/yrStream fencing med-high 40% $0.15/ft/yrAnimal waste storage structures 90% low $12-117/cow/yrNutrient management strategies potentially high $4-13/ac/yr
Source: Chad M. Cook, Wisc. Dept. of Natural Resources, 1999.
BMP Efficiencies Established for Neuse Agricultural Rule
Percent NitrogenBest Management Practice Reduction
Filter strip 40Water Control Structure 40
Forested Buffers50 ft (30 tress + 20 grass) 8520 ft trees 7530 ft grass 65
Cover cropsrye and triticale 15oats and barley 10wheat 5