Welcome to our group presentation

Welcome to our group presentationManagement theories Applied BehaviourBehaviour Modification

B_H_V_O_R

O I E EE I A UE E U IE I O A0of30Management TheoriesSkinner, Wheldall and MerrettAshleigh Devonish, Chrystelle Decotter, Jackie Bartlam, Lesley McCarthy, Paula Butcher and Nicole Sceats

Skinners Operant Learning TheoryFunctional relationships between behaviours and factors in the environment.If we can change or control environment consequences that we can change or control childrens behaviour.

Skinners Theory cont...Skinner observed what he called contingencies of reinforcement.Reward or reinforcement is a key element and a reward is anything that strengthens the desired response.Negative reinforcers, which are stimuli that increase the frequency of a response when they are withdrawn.Skinners Theory cont...He believes behaviour is more likely to occur again if these conditions of reinforcement are followed:The reinforcer must follow the responseThe reinforcer must follow immediately The reinforcer must be contingent on the responseWheldall and Merretts theoryThe concern of psychology (and hence of teaching) is with the observable. For the most part, and certainly for most practical purposes, behaviour is learnedLearning means change in behaviour. Such changes in behaviour (that is, learning) are governed primarily by the law of effect. Behaviours are also governed by the contexts in which they occur. Wheldall and Merretts ABC ModelA refers to the antecedent conditionsB refers to the behaviour itselfC refers to the consequences of the behaviour

Before you decide which strategies to adopt...There is a deficit in behaviour, that it, the desired behaviour never occurs at allThe behaviour is acceptable but does not occur often enough; orThe behaviour is unacceptable and we wish to reduce it or eliminate its occurrence altogether.

Behavioural approaches have different remedies... Teaching new behaviour by shaping, fading, guiding, prompting and modellingIncreasing infrequent behaviour by cueing, social reinforcement, rules, tokens, contracting and self recordingReduce unwanted behaviour by extinction, punishment, incompatible behaviours, time-out, response cost

FREEZE

11DiscussionHaving just witnessed some of behaviour during that lecture, can you discuss in pairs which behaviour you would find acceptable as a teacher and which behaviour you would not.Listening to an ipod during class?Talking on a mobile phone?Eating in class?

Reading whilst you are teaching?

DiscussionAn example of situational behaviour:

A little girl in the post office clear case of mis-match in the definition of what is acceptable behaviour.

The mother thought the childs behaviour was inappropriate yet the child was not aware that she was being naughty.

This can happen in the classroom. Discuss!DiscussionAccording to Skinner we can change behaviour by changing the consequences.Children need to learn what are the appropriate behaviours for a given situation, the way in which they learn these is as a result of the consequences following the behaviour.

Do you agree?

YesNoAbstainAnswer NowDiscussionSkinners behaviourist approach observes what he called Contingencies of Reinforcement. Contingencies are actions taken in order to reinforce and shape responses.Can you explain how this could be implemented within the classroom?What did Skinner mean by Negative Reinforcement?

100 of 30The use of punishment.Ignoring undesirable behaviour. Removing disliked activity as a reward.In the ABC model discussed previously what does the A represent?

Alternative modelAntecedentAbsent reinforcement100of30DiscussionUsing your own experiences during your professional practice, how has the classroom organisation effected behaviour amongst the children?Strategies for the ClassroomAttention withdrawal Time Out Behaviour Contract Token Economy School Wide Incentives

Strategies for the ClassroomAttention withdrawal Time Out Behaviour Contract Token Economy School Wide Incentives

Behaviour Management PlanTemplate and example available from

www.det.wa.edu.au

Search for Student Behaviour Management Plan

Making the BMPWhat behaviours do I want to be improved? Why do I want a change in behaviour? What do I want that student to do instead? Can I teach this new behaviour in a process of steps? What will I do as the student reaches each step? What will I do if this student doesnt improve at all? How am I going to monitor this? What time scale will I give myself?

(Ref: Dhcs/ACT)

Possible ReinforcementsPraise verbal acknowledgement Prizes tangible things Activities something they are going to enjoy doing

Before You Make Your BMPKnow yourself Know your students Know your research

FREEZE

DiscussionOne of the main causes of unproductive behaviour, is a need for attention.The best way to resolve such a problem would be to ignore the student.

Do you believe that ignoring a child who is misbehaving as a cry for attention, is a good strategy to implement in your classroom?

YesNo100 of 30DiscussionOne of Skinners more recognised strategies is the token economy and Paula mentioned that in her prac class last semester that her mentor teacher used Pirate Bucks as a reward for good behaviour.She also used this system as a punishment, by reclaiming Pirate Bucks for bad behaviour.

What are your feelings about the Token Economy?

It is an effective and innovative strategy.It lacks educational value.Students would see it as a novelty and eventually will fail to respond.Encouraging reward systems distracts students from the educational environment they are supposed to have in the classroom.10The NegativesIgnores a person's individual personal historyCan cause problems in group settings such as classrooms

The NegativesOne behaviour or act is isolated out from all the persons other behaviours.Can lead to a loss of information about WHY the behaviour occurred in the first place

The NegativesLooks only at frequency of behaviourIgnores type and duration of behaviourThe NegativesHas been successful in managing complex disorders such as ADHDBUT........There are no specific models for teachers to follow in the classroom for these specific conditionsThe NegativesThese models follow the line that children do not have the capacity to choose how to behaveBUT .......Constructivism states all children build on prior experience and knowledge to develop new understandings and behavioursConclusionNot enough informationNot using the information appropriatelyCannot write behaviour modification theories to cater for every child/teacher/situation

YOU HAVE TO DECIDEResultsCommonly used in schoolsBut what are the effects in social and moral terms?

Results in schoolTurn learners off the task at handReduction in intrinsic motivationWork quality can decrease eyes on the prize onlyLack of problem solving skills or ability to think for themselvesResults the wider worldHome/social environmentUniversityWorkplaceVolunteer/community rolesResults - punishmentShould only be used when positive action has not been successfulDoes it work?Small group of repeat offendersDepend on perception

ConclusionWhether or not these shortcomings/negatives are relevant to you depends on your philosophy and beliefs about teachingQuestions can only be answered by you

FREEZE

If you were teaching Lesley, what actions would you take to stop the unproductive behaviour.

Reward Chrystelle for her wonderful work and behaviour.Place Lesley in time-out.Explain to Lesley that if she starts to behave and listen, she will not have to tidy the book shelves.:10In a year 3 class you have a young boy that continually stands up and moves around the room. He is often disrupting the other children in the room and he has been diagnosed with ADHD. There is a specific model on how to modify the behaviour of moving around the class, however the actions that are suggested in the model dont seem to be working on this child. How could you assist yourself in finding a way to modify this behaviour? You are unfamiliar with the characteristics of ADHD and there is no specific explanatory model for this complex problem. How could you assist yourself in finding a way to modify this behaviour?

Speak to his parents to see what he responds to at home.Speak to previous teachers to see what methods they have used.Maintain daily reflections to see when he acts out and what actions he has responded to.Attend PD days and learn more about ADHD and the characteristics associated.All of the above.0 of 30

QuizIs ignoring a child who is being unproductive a form of punishment according to these theories?

YesNoAnswer Now030Which of these is not a form of reinforcement?

PraiseRewards-tangibleActivitiesResponsibilityAll of above but it depends on how the student perceives it.10 SecondsRemaining0 of 30Should you discuss a Behaviour Management plan with your students before implementing it?

YesNo:100of30

Organising desks within the classroom in groups of 4 or more encourages.....

Individual work Group discussionNegative behaviourUntidy classrooms0of3010 SecondsRemainingReceiving a reward such as a sticker or prize is an example of positive reinforcement.

TrueFalse0 of 30Will you use behaviour management theories in your classrooms in the future?

TotallyNeverIn collaboration with other theories.100 of 30Thank-you