managing large projects that depend on new technology: the cern...

Managinglargeprojectsthatdependonnewtechnology:

theCERNapproach.

TomTaylorCERN

1Erice InternationalSeminarsonPlanetaryEmergengies,49thSession,August2016l

Introduction- 1• CERNwasfoundedin1954toprovide:

Aworld-classlaboratoryinEuropeforhighenergyphysicsexperimentation

Thiswasthedeclaredintention…

ButalsoatthetimetherewasaseriousbraindrainofEuropeanscientiststotheUS,attractedby

– Betteropportunities fordoingresearch, better salaries

– CERNwouldprovideanalternativepoleofattraction

• Thenewlaboratorywouldprovideandmaintainfacilities

2EriceInternationalSeminarsonPlanetaryEmergengies,49thSession,August2016l

Introduction- 2• Thefacilitieswouldbeparticleaccelerators

toreachthehighestpossibleenergies

– FirstacceleratorsatCERN:• Synchrocyclotron (SC)(1956)• Protonsynchrotron (PS)(1959)

– Theworld’sfirsthadroncollider:• Intersectingstoragerings(ISR)(1971)

– Thefollowingmainaccelerators• Superprotonsynchrotron (SPS)(1974)• p-pbar collider(SppS)(1984)• Largeelectronpositroncollider(LEP)(1987)• Largehadroncollider(LHC)(2008)

Fromthe1960stheaccelerators havebeenequalto,ormorepowerful than,equivalent facilitieselsewhere


Introduction- 3

Howdidthishappen?– Succeedingmachinesmadebestuseofaccumulatedinfrastructure

– StimulationcamefromaconstantinterplaybetweenResearchandTechnology• Requirementsoftheexperimentspushedtechnicalinnovationintheaccelerators• Technicalinnovationenabledexperimentaliststoenvisionbetterexperiments


Afewexamplesofnewtechnology• Magnetichorntoprovidedensebeamsof neutrinos• Developmentofstochasticcooling(alsotodensifybeams)• Productionandstudyofanti-particlesand anti-matter• Developmentofthetechnologyofultra-highvacuum• Pushingthelimits:superconductivityandcryogenics.• SuperconductingRFacceleration• Datahandlingandcommunications.WWWandgrid• Evolutionofdetectortechnology.:silicon,electronics• Largescaletechnologyforacceleratorsanddetectors– LHC“discoverymachine”


TheEssentialInterplayBetweenResearchandTechnology

Aremany,andacollectionisdescribedinaforthcomingbookTechnologymeetsResearch

8

examplesfromCERNof

EriceInternationalSeminarsonPlanetaryEmergengies,49thSession,August2016l

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Howisallthis“managed”?Atamacroscopic, intellectual, level:• Apull comesfromthedesiretoconfirm(ordisprove)theoreticalmodels• Apush comesfromexploitation ofnewconceptstoincreaseandmakeavailable

evergreatercentre-of-massenergyoftheinteractionsproducedinthe laboratory

Withinthegeneralframework,newdevicesappear,andolderonesareimproved.• Detectortechnologyevolvestoprovideincreased sensitivity andaccuracy• Technologyofacceleratorcomponentsevolvestoprovideincreases ofinteraction

rate,energy,andavailability

AstrengthofCERNhasbeenthebuilding upofcompetenceinthecoretechnologiescoupledwiththe judicioususeofinfrastructureassociatedwiththesequence ofincreasingly powerfulmachines

This includedtheestablishment ofwell-equippedworkshops,staffedwithhighlyskilled technicalpersonnel (withwhomtechnical solutions canbediscussed), formakingmodels andprototypes,aswellasfacilities formakingurgentrepairs

ThenatureofCERNencourages discussion between appliedandresearchscientistsEriceInternationalSeminarsonPlanetaryEmergengies,49thSession,August2016l

ThenatureofCERN

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Guidingprinciple:minimizebureaucracy!

Short,easytocomprehend,CERNConvention (constitution) - 32pagesLayingoutthewaytheorganizationisrun(Wisdomofthefoundingfathers…)

• Understandthecommongoal(InthecaseofCERN)

1. pushingthefrontierofknowledgeofparticlephysics2. Maintainingandimprovingtheacceleratorstobetterachieve1.

• Loyaltytotheorganization

• Createtherightatmospherewhereideascanflowupfromthebottom

• Accepttotakeontasksthat increaseanddevelopcompetenceofstaff


EriceInternationalSeminarsonPlanetaryEmergengies,49thSession,August2016l 11

"TellmeandIforget.TeachmeandIremember.InvolvemeandIlearn."

- BenjaminFranklin

Thewayitisorganized• CERNCouncil– SciencePolicyCommittee– FinanceCommittee

• DirectorGeneral• Sectors,headedbydirectors– Acceleratorsandtechnical– Researchandcomputing– Administration

• Departments• Groups


Generaladministration

• Clearpurchasingrules• Clearstaffrulesandregulations• Bureaucracydesignedtominimizeburdenonscientificandtechnicalstaff

• Administratorsencouragedtotakeinterestandprideintheresearchandtechnicalgoalsandachievements


Staffing

• About2500staffmembers.Virtuallycapped.• Contractsinitially3years• Indefinitecontractsforselectedpersonnel– Createsloyalty.Membersconsiderthemselves“Cernois”beforetheiroriginalnationality.

– Createsanatmosphereofresponsibility.Equipmenthastoworkreliably– designformaintainability


AcceleratorSector

• Classicalhierarchicalstructure,butorganizedinsuchawayastoallow(encourage)goodideastopermeateupandbeadopted

• Looselyorganizedcrossgroupanddepartmentteamsworkonlargeprojects

• Operationandmaintenanceofacceleratorsisaccordedprimeimportance


Largeexperiments-1

• CERNprovidesthebeams,butcanaffordtofinanceonlypartoftheexperiments.– InthecaseoftheLHCabout20%.

• Experimentsarerunascollaborations basedonmemorandaofunderstanding(MoUs)

• AnMoUisnotalegallybindingcontractItisanagreementbased“honour”tosupplyequipmentatagenerallyacceptedvalue• Thisworks,butpresenceofCERNisimportant


Largeexperiments-2

• CERNprovidestheframework– Officeandlaboratoryspace– Essentialtechnicalstaffforcoordination– Essentialadministrativestaff

• CERNmanagementadvisesonstrategicdecisions– Expertcommittees

• CERNCouncilhastoagree– Financecommittee


Facingdifficulties

• Performarapidanalysisonthefailure• Presenttherecoveryplantoallconcernedinitsexecution.Giveeveryonethechancetoimproveit.Geteveryoneonboard

• Engagethoseinvolvedinsolvingthefinancialconsequences

• Handledproperly,difficultiescanimprovethedeterminationoftheteamtosucceed


Technologytransfer

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Itisafactthatworkonacceleratorsanddetectors hasgenerated“useful”fallout,affectingeverydaylife.Thishasbeendocumented, anditdoesoffsetthehighcosttosocietyofthelargeinstallations.

Thishasmainlyhappenedthroughthepurchaseinindustryofequipmentbasedonnewconceptsordevelopments thathadbeenmodelled (andoftenprototyped)atCERNandthetransferofknowhowcamefromhelpingthecompanytofulfil thespecification. Manycompanies haveendorsedthisapproach.

Patentingwasnotpartofthemenu.

Fundingagencies nowexpectresearchorganizationstotakeoutpatents(unfortunately) .Thereturnsfromroyaltiesbarelycoverthecostofmaintaining atechnologytransfergroup,andthefilingofpatentsandthesecrecysurroundingthemusestimeandresources,anddetractsfromtheteambehaviour uponwhichsuccess depends.

CERNhasnotescaped thismovement.

(Arecentarticle intheEconomistwashighlycritical ofthewholeprocessofpatenting,citingfindingsfromserious studies thatsociety atlargedoesnotbenefit…)

Erice InternationalSeminarsonPlanetaryEmergengies,49thSession,August2016l

MaintaintheMagic• Appointrespectedscientistsasprojectleadersandcoordinators,abletoprovidetechnicalguidanceincaseofdifficulty

• Acknowledgeproductiveeffort• Encouragecooperationbetweendifferent“centres ofexcellence”

• Alwayskeepaneyeontheprimarygoal:avoidspendingtimeonnon-essentials

• Minimizethebureaucraticoverhead:gettheadministratorstoshareinthesenseofachievement,andimprovetheirefficiency.

• Reviewsshouldbefewandwellprepared.


Examplesofbreakthroughs• Theoriginalplanwastobuilda10GeVweakfocusingsynchrotron.Design

studieswereinterrupted followingthepublicationbyCourantandSnyderofthetheoryofstrongfocusing.Thedesignwaschanged toa25GeVstrongfocusingsynchrotron. (Question:couldsuchaquickchangehappentoday?)

– Itrequiredveryprecisemagneticfield:->punchedlaminationsandpoleface windings– AccelerationandbeamextractionbroughtmanychallengestothePSteam->newideas

• Howtoproduceausablebeamofneutrinos? Beforedecayingintoelectronsandneutrinos, thekaonsandpionsproduced intheinteractionoftheenergeticprotonbeamwiththeprotonsinthetargetarefocusedusinganewdevice inventedatCERN:amagnetichorn


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Magnetichorn(S.vanderMeer,1961)

Toroidalfieldfocusesthepions/kaonsproducedinthetargetPower:12kVcapacitordischarge(200µspulseofupto400kA)Environment:highlevelofinducedradioactivity


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SchematiclayoutoftheneutrinosourceforbeamtoCNGS


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Thankstothemagnetichorn,theexperimentwiththeGargamellebubblechamber⇒ evidenceforneutralcurrents(1973)

AneutralcurrenteventinGargamelle.Theneutrinobeamentersfromtheleft.Allthreetracksfromthecollisionvertexundergoeitherverylargeanglescatteringorinteraction,provingthatnomuonisproduced.(photoCERN) EriceInternationalSeminarsonPlanetary

Emergengies,49thSession,August2016l

Pushthroughaudaciousproposals:e.g.IntersectingStorageRings(ISR)• Highercentre-of-mass energies areclearlypossibleifbeamsarecollided

head-on• ThiswasfirstpointedoutbyWideröe inthe1930s.Itwasnotpursued then

forfear thattheinteractionratewouldbetoolow• Successfulexperiments wereconductedwithbeamofelectrons intheUS,

ItalyandCERNinthe1960s• Protonswouldprovide farhigherenergyofinteraction:thiswasthegoalof

theISR– thefirsthadron collider.


IntersectingStorageRings(ISR)• TheISRwastobethetestbedformanyoftheideastobe

exploitedlateron– Ultra-highvacuumtechnology– Applicationofsuperconductingmagnetsinanaccelerator– Method fordetermining luminosity(vanderMeerscan)– Romanpots– Gaseous detectors– Stochasticcooling– Precisioncalorimetry– 4π detector architecture

• BythistimeCERNhadbuiltupandtrainedstaffthatwasableandmotivatedtoinnovateonaevengranderscale

26Erice InternationalSeminarsonPlanetaryEmergengies,49thSession,August2016l

Ultra-highvacuumtechnology

• MeasurementHowtomeasureUHV?State-of-the-art->notpossibleattherequiredlevelImprovedunderstanding->newdesign

• Cryogenicvacuumpumping


Superconductinglow-betainsertion(toenhanceluminosity)

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1972.Practicalsuperconductivityyoung,butobviouslyimportant

Goodapplication:alow-betainsertion(toimproveluminosity)Alsotolearnabouthowtouseitforthefuture…

• Basicconceptsdeveloped.Mock-upsbuiltandtested• Understandingofmechanicalandelectricalconstraints• Understandingofcryogenicconstraints• Magnetsdesignedandorderedfromindustry

Magnetsintegratedintothecollider.Goodexperience!Teamtrainedforfutureapplications…


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CryogenicsfortheISRlow-betainsertion


Multi-WireProportionalChamber(MWPC)G.Charpak,1968


TheProton-AntiprotonCollider• SimonvanderMeerandcolleagueshadbeenexperimentingwith

stochasticcooling(anideaoriginatinginRussia)attheISR,anddevelopingamplifierswithsufficientbandwidth.Withthepossibilityofshrinkingthedimensionsofabeamofantiprotons,CarloRubbiaseizedupontheideatoproposeap-pbar colliderattheSPS.Thiswastobedone inparallelwiththeLEPeffort,asbeingafastwaytoestablish theexistenceoftheZandWbosonsthatwerebeingpredicted bythe“StandardModel”.Thiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthethoroughunderstandingofthetechnique, andthedevelopment ofthenecessary equipmentusingthelatestwide-band technology.TwolargeexperimentsweredesignedandinstalledintheSPS.

• Onceagain,theskillsavailableatCERNthankstotrainingwithpreviousprojects, togetherwiththeteamspirit,enabled theorganizationtorise totheoccasion.The finalresultwasthediscoveryofthebosons, leadingtotheNobelprizeforCarloRubbiaandSimonvanderMeer.


StochasticCooling

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Principlea

Pick-upmeasureshorizontalerror.Kickercorrectsangle

Spacedby¼λβ (+½nλβ )

Repeat forverticalerror

Amplifiermustbe wideband

aSee“Stochasticcoolingforbeginners“ byD.MöhlEriceInternationalSeminarsonPlanetaryEmergengies,49thSession,August2016l

LargeHadronCollider(LHC)

• LEPtunnelwasexcavatedwiththeideaofeventuallyre-usingitforprotons


SuperconductingdipolesPowerfulPreciseandPlenty



13kAcable strand detail

Superconductingmagnettechnology

Acceptandimproveonideasfromotherlaboratories

RAL->Fermilab ->SCC->LHC


Twinapertureconcept

BNL->CERN

HTScurrentleads

• Idea– Usenewtechnologytosavecryogenicpower

• Design,thenindustrializeprocess– Sothatanygoodmechanicalworkshopcantakeonthejob

–Morecompetitionreducescost


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HTSsectionofa13kAlead(0.5mlong).

JointbetweenHTSstacksandNb-Ti wires(leadingtothecoldbusbar system)

Complete 13kAHTScurrentlead(1.5mlong).


Computingclustersanddatastorage


Localareanetworks

WWW

MgB2 cableforcoldpowertransfer

41

Magnesium diboride (MgB2)roundwirehasbeendeveloped inacollaborationwithindustry.Thiscanbecabledfortransferringmulti kAcurrentsforconnectingmagnetstodistantpowerconverters.WillbeusedfortheLHCluminosity upgrade.A20mlong,20kAcablehasbeentested.Thistypeofcableisbeingconsideredforuse incommercialpowertransmission.


Thankyouforyourattention


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