managing people at work (mpw) - effects of napping vs. performance at work
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A group presentation touching base with Effects of Napping Vs. Performance At Work (MPW). Presentation design is uniquely designed on Keynote with animation.TRANSCRIPT
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hi !
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who are we?
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agenda .
i. what interests us
ii. what we have found
iii. what we want to know
iv. how we plan to find out
v. our direc6onal conclusion
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what interests us
what’s theT O P I C ?
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what interests us | the lessonwhat’s theT O P I C ?
Life
WORK.work.
WORK.work.
work.
WORK.work.
WORK.
work.work. WORK.
work.
work.
WORK.
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what interests us | the lessonwhat’s theT O P I C ?
Life
sad mana VERY
^
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e a t
happy
s l e e p
what interests us | the lessonwhat’s theT O P I C ?
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s l e e p
w o r k
what interests us | the lessonwhat’s theT O P I C ?
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what interests us | the lesson
Effects of Nappingvs. Performance at Work
what’s theT O P I C ?
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SO WHAT EXACTLY IS A NAP (AKA. SIESTA) ?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what interests us | definition
Most authors refer nap as a brief period of sleep within a 24-‐hr period. (Regardless of whether proper sleep was taken)
-‐-‐ (JOURNAL) Work & Stress, 1989, Vol 3, No 2, 129-‐141 by Gerald P.Krueger
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OUR BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what interests us | definition
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LARK OR OWL ?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what interests us | definition
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LARK OR OWL ?
LARK OWL
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what interests us | definition
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STAGES OF NAPS . .
5S T A G E S
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what interests us | definition
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STAGES OF NAPS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what interests us | definition
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STAGES OF NAPS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what interests us | definition
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STAGES OF NAPS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what interests us | definition
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what interests us
Is Napping GOODfor Work
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK
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| the final question
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what we have found
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK
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6r e s e a r c h
d o c u m e n t s
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
A. ABOUT
B. SUMMARY
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IS NAPPING AT WORK GOOD FOR THE ORGANIZATION / EMPLOYEE?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics September 2008, Vol 10, No 9: 589-593!Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD
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IS NAPPING AT WORK GOOD FOR THE ORGANIZATION / EMPLOYEE?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics September 2008, Vol 10, No 9: 589-593!Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD
1A. ABOUT
A liQle trivia, a firm opens a napping bou6que in Wall Street, pay $14 for 20-‐min nap.
NSF es6mates US$175 Bn/year losses in escalated levels of stress and ensuing loss of produc6vity due to sleep depriva6on.
NSF survey: 51% of adults admit sleep depriva6on, thus unable to think clearly and make bad judgment.
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IS NAPPING AT WORK GOOD FOR THE ORGANIZATION / EMPLOYEE?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics September 2008, Vol 10, No 9: 589-593!Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD
1A. ABOUT
Quotes Journal ‘Sleep and Alertness’: Chronobiological, Behavioural, and Medical Aspects of Napping by David F. Dinges, a consolida6on of results from 23 studies, 61% working adults take at least 1 nap a week for average of 1.2hrs/week, 30% nap 4 6mes a week.
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IS NAPPING AT WORK GOOD FOR THE ORGANIZATION / EMPLOYEE?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
American Medical Association Journal of Ethics September 2008, Vol 10, No 9: 589-593!Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD
1B. SUMMARY
This shows some general evidence of cost of sleepiness for the organiza6on/employee, but how?
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DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
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DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
22A. ABOUT
PARTICIPANTS: 20 test subjects.
AIM: Test if napping increases cogni6ve processing. Test how fast and accurately they can recall and recognize word pairs afer a nap.
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DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
22A. ABOUT
RESULTS: No sta6s6cal values, but results show that napping decreases cogni6ve processing such as recall, recogniVon and implicit word pairing.
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DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
22A. ABOUT
CONFOUNDING VARIABLE: Sleep inerVa
DEFINITION: Feeling of sluggishness and mental dullness commonly reported afer awakening.
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DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
22A. ABOUT
Quote findings from a research by Dinges et al, Orne, and Orne (1985):
1) The deeper the nap, the slower the reac6on 6me (r=0.6),
2) The amount of SWS is nega6vely correlated to cogni6ve task performance (r=-‐0.63).
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DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
22A. ABOUT
Rosekind et al, 1994 examined effects of nap opportunity, and found that napping helps maintain or even improve cogni6ve performance if there is prolonged wakefulness and allowed recovery 6me from sleep iner6a.
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DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
22A. ABOUT
Other studies (Stones, 1977; Tilley & Statham, 1989) show that it can take up to 20 min to recover from sleep iner6a, moderated by stage of sleep.
**Other confounding variables may include quality of sleep the previous night (sleepiness), health of par6cipants, sleep latency and varia6on of circadian cycle of each individual.
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DOES NAPPING IMPROVE COGNITIVE PROCESSING?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Human Performance 1994, 7(2), 119-139Steve Kroll-Smith, PhD!James K. Wyatt and Richard R. Bootzin
22B. SUMMARY
This shows that napping and cogni6ve processing is nega6vely related. However, presence of sleep iner6a confounds the conclusion. When isolated, we found posi6ve correla6on between napping and cogni6ve processing when recovery from sleep iner6a is present.
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DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
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DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
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A. ABOUT PARTICIPANTS: 3 groups, each consis6ng 10 healthy volunteers
AIM: To measure level of alertness through reac6on 6me and a 90-‐min English transcrip6on test.
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DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
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A. ABOUT RESULTS: Reac6on 6me was faster by 24ms afer 15min nap, while it slowed by 17ms and 65ms for 45min nap and no nap respec6vely, F(4,54)=3.10,p<0.05.
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DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
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A. ABOUT RESULTS: Less errors on transcrip6on test afer 15min nap compared to 45min nap and no nap, F(4,54)=2.76,p<0.05. The effects of napping on alertness were evident afer 7.3min of good sleep.
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DOES A POST-LUNCH NAP IMPROVE ALERTNESS?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998, 78: 93-98!Masaya Takahashi, Hideki Fukuda, Heihachiro Arito
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B. SUMMARY Therefore, napping improves alertness, subject to a good nap strategy.
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DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
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DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
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A. ABOUT PARTICIPANTS: 8 healthy par6cipants
AIM: Measure sleepiness and performance on the job.
RESULTS: Morning naps had shorter sleep latency [t(7)=6.09,p<0.001] and longer sleep dura6on [t(7)=-‐7.49,p<0.001] compared to evening naps.
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DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
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A. ABOUT RESULTS: There was significant improvement in driving simula6on (less error) when there is morning nap over evening nap and no nap fared the worst, F(1.66,11.61)=5.42,p<0.05. There was no significant effect on PVT test whether or not there was a nap, F(1.40,8.43)=0.31,p=0.66.
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DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
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B. SUMMARY This journal ar6cle somehow contradicts on the effects of napping on reacVon Vme through the PVT test, but holds true on the hypothesis that napping reduces errors. The contradic6on could be because the nap dura6on of 30-‐min is not a good napping strategy.
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DOES WHEN YOU NAP AFFECT YOUR PERFORMANCE AT WORK? (SHIFT WORK)
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Biological Rhythm Research, 2010, 41(2) 137-148!M.E. Howard, L. Radford, M.L. Jackson, P. Swann, G.A. Kennedy
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B. SUMMARY The effect of circadian rhythm is significant in this study in that the 6me of the day affects one’s alertness. A fairly large sample size may comprise subjects with varying circadian rhythms which confounds the hypothesis.
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OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Ergonomics, 2004, 47(9), 1003-1013!Masaya Takahashi, Akinori Nakata, Takashi Haratani, Yasutaka Ogawa, Heihachiro Arito
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OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Ergonomics, 2004, 47(9), 1003-1013!Masaya Takahashi, Akinori Nakata, Takashi Haratani, Yasutaka Ogawa, Heihachiro Arito
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A. ABOUT AIM: Study of post-‐lunch nap to promote alertness on the job.
RESULTS: Afernoon perceived alertness decreased over no nap week, whereas perceived alertness maintained at higher levels over nap week.
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OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Ergonomics, 2004, 47(9), 1003-1013!Masaya Takahashi, Akinori Nakata, Takashi Haratani, Yasutaka Ogawa, Heihachiro Arito
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A. ABOUT RESULTS: But when subjects were given the liberty to choose to nap, there was no significant difference in perceived alertness, F(2,14)=2.28,p=0.154. Napping also improves reac6on 6me and fewer errors made on the job.
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OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Ergonomics, 2004, 47(9), 1003-1013!Masaya Takahashi, Akinori Nakata, Takashi Haratani, Yasutaka Ogawa, Heihachiro Arito
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B. SUMMARY This shows that napping increases task performance; however, people are unable to realize their body is 6red.
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OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Biological Psychology 2006, 73, 141-156!Catherine E. Milner, Stuart M. Fogel, Kimberly A. Cote
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OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Biological Psychology 2006, 73, 141-156!Catherine E. Milner, Stuart M. Fogel, Kimberly A. Cote
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A. ABOUT AIM: Study if habitual nappers reap more benefits from afernoon naps.
RESULTS: Habitual nappers had less sleep iner6a effects (less reduc6on in reac6on 6me), t(16)=-‐2.89,p=0.01.
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OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Biological Psychology 2006, 73, 141-156!Catherine E. Milner, Stuart M. Fogel, Kimberly A. Cote
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A. ABOUT RESULTS: Non-‐habitual nappers had inhibited learning performance for a longer delayed dura6on, t(18)=-‐2.35,p<0.05.
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OTHER RESEARCH ABOUT NAPS
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we have found | research
Biological Psychology 2006, 73, 141-156!Catherine E. Milner, Stuart M. Fogel, Kimberly A. Cote
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B. SUMMARY The results reaffirm the confounding effect of circadian rhythms on the effects of nap on performance at work.
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what we want to know
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK
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WHAT WE KNOW . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we want to know | the “know”
Napping improves motor, reacVve and alertness performance in
general. However, it is not just any kind of nap. In par6cular, to reap
the full benefits of napping at work, a 15-‐minute a_ernoon nap in a
serene environment would be op6mal. Furthermore, one would not
realize when 6redness sets in.
It would be most beneficial if you start geung into the habit of
taking afernoon naps so that produc6vity is maximized in a world
where extended working hours is common fare.
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WHAT WE DO NOT KNOW . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we want to know | the “don’t know”
Do alertness and cogniVve processing improve performance at work?
Does the type of job moderate the rela6onship between napping and
performance at work? Confounding variables not isolated? Is there an
op6mal 6me to take an afernoon nap?
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napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we want to know | our hypothesis
Nap Qua l i t y
S leep Iner t i a
S leep La ten cy
=/
Unhea l th y Food
Hea l th y Food
Null Hypothesis: Healthy and unhealthy food eaten during lunch does not affect nap quality/sleep inerVa/sleep latency.
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Hea l th y Food
AlternaVve 1 Hypothesis: Healthy food eaten during lunch increases nap quality/ (decrease) sleep inertia/ (decrease) sleep latency.
Nap Qua l i t y
S leep Iner t i a
S leep La ten cy
=
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we want to know | our hypothesis
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Unhea l th y Food
Alterna6ve 2 Hypothesis: Unhealthy food eaten during lunch decreases nap quality/ (increase) sleep inerVa/ (increase) sleep latency.
Nap Qua l i t y
S leep Iner t i a
S leep La ten cy
=
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK what we want to know | our hypothesis
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how we plan to find out
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK
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COMPANIES GET QUALITY WORK DONE
ASSUMPTIONS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK how we plan to find out | the experiment
i. Companies only want to get work done; Increase efficiency (not quality work as not all companies require quality work)
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WORK ING HOURS 9 AM - 6 PM ; 1 Hour Break
ASSUMPTIONS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK how we plan to find out | the experiment
ii. Typical work day from 9AM -‐ 6PM where only an hour break is given
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PROCESS EAT -> NAP
ASSUMPTIONS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK how we plan to find out | the experiment
iii. We only consider eaVng before napping
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=EQUAL AMT OF SLEEP
SLEEP = SLEEP
ASSUMPTIONS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK how we plan to find out | the experiment
iv. All par6cipants have the same amount of sleep before taking the experiment
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Unhea l th y Food
Hea l th y Food
THE CONTROL . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK how we plan to find out | the experiment
Mix of healthy and unhealthy food.
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AverageHealthyUnhealthy
STEAMED
CATEGORIES OF FOOD . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK how we plan to find out | the experiment
BARBEQUED
FRIED BOILED MIX
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PARTICIPANTS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK how we plan to find out | the experiment
Ten healthy par6cipants (mixture of men and women) for each category of food.
Par6cipants should not have large varia6on in BMI and dietary preferences.
METHOD . .
Use lab techniques to measure calories in food.
Keep calories provided to each par6cipant constant. Have similar napping environments.
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STEPS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK how we plan to find out | the experiment
1) Randomly assign par6cipants to eat a type of food that has the calories count of their respec6ve food category during the 30-‐ min lunch break at 1200pm.
2) Ask all par6cipants to nap for half an hour from 1230pm siung on a chair in a darkened, electrically shielded chamber.
3) The (EEG), the horizontal and ver6cal (EOG), the (EMG), and the ECG were recorded.
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STEPS . .
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK how we plan to find out | the experiment
4) Afer each condi6on, all the subjects completed two tasks to test reac6on 6me.
5) The P300, subjec6ve sleepiness, and 5-‐min ECG were measured in the siung posi6on prior to each task. The electrophysiological signals were recorded (EEG-‐4217, Nihon Kohden, Japan) and stored on an FM tape recorder (XR-‐7000L, TEAC, Japan).
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our directional conclusion
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK
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Hea l th y Food
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK our directional conclusion | our verdict
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napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK our directional conclusion | our verdict
15 m inu tes
Hea l th y Food
+
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napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK our directional conclusion | our verdict
gives you
I n c reased S leep Qua l i t y
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napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK our directional conclusion | our verdict
gives you
I n c reased Per fo rmance a t Work
eventually
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hmm . .
THE S INGAPORE ARMED FORCES (SAF)
WHO’S THE IDEAL EXEMPLARY ORGANIZATION ?
napping vs.PERFORMANCE@WORK our directional conclusion | our verdict
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Q&AS E S S I O N
thank you .
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