managing urban expansion

Managing Urban Expansion

Rejeet Mathews,Manager, Integrated Urban PlanningWRI India

5th April, [email protected]

Municipal Boundary Urban Area (2005-06)Urban Area (2011-12)

Delhi NCR Mumbai Pune 54 sqkm/ year 5 sqkm/ year 42 sqkm/year

Inevitable Urban Expansion in Indian Cities…

• Rapid growth in satellite towns of Delhi (Gurgaon, Noida, Grt Noida, Faridabad etc) • Mumbai, little movement in peripheries, but witnessing inner city redevelopment • Pune capitalising on Mumbai’s slow down, attracting new economies like IT/ ITES

Source: Generated by WRI India using data from Bhuvan NRSC

Ahmedabad Chennai Bengaluru 13 sqkm/ year 18 sqkm/ year 39 sqkm/year

Inevitable Urban Expansion in Indian Cities…

• Chennai and Ahmedabad have moderate transport corridor oriented growth• Bangalore is witnessing high-tech and IT/ ITES offices proliferating and clustering at the peripheries


Municipal Boundary Urban Area (2005-06)Urban Area (2011-12)

While aiming for the benefits of compactness, and preventing the externalities of sprawl, the inevitability of urban expansion must be recognized and planned for by cities aiming to be smart…

Concern: ‘The country’s march to the city will then be merely demographic...’ KCS

Case: Bangalore

• Peripheries with over a 100% growth rate

• Core city starting to de-densify

Areas around Bangalore International Airport…

Disconnected, Dispersed and Un-serviced urbanisation near Bengaluru Airport…

Data Source: Open Street Map and Google Maps, Google Earth, Water bodies from LULC (50K) 2011-12 NRSC-ISRO

Large campuses with few roads in Whitefield…• EPIP - 500 acres

• ITPB - 70 acres

• Bagmane World Trade Centre – 50 acres

• GE - 36 acres

• Gopalan SEZ – 25 acres

• Divyasree Technopark – 22 acres

Density of Road Networks in periphery abysmal…

Jaynagar Vijaynagar Whitefield Data Source: Open Street Map and Google Maps, Google Earth,

Dead end streets…

Contrasting traditional settlements and newer developments…

Photo: Rejeet Mathews, WRI India

Private havens and public apathy…

Traditional and cultural public spaces accessible to all disappearing…

Self provisioning of basic services…

Environmental degradation…

1. Introducing Missing Scales of Plans…

Karnataka State

District/ Bengaluru

Metropolitan Region

Bengaluru Local Planning

Area

Municipal Zonal and Ward Area

State Five Year Plans Urban Vision 2020Annual Plans South Karnataka Region Plan

BMR Revised Structure Plan 2031 Interim Master Plans for local planning areas within Region Revised Master Plan for BMA JNNURM CDPJNNURM DPRSmart City / AMRUT Development projects for zones

Actual Situation Model Law

State Perspective Plan

Perspective Plan for Districts;Development Plan for Districts Perspective Plan for Metropolitan Area;Development Plan for Metropolitan Area

Perspective Plan for Local Planning Area Development Plan for Local Planning Area Development Scheme Land Pooling Scheme

KTCP Act, 1961

Outline Development Plan/ CDPs for LPAs within Region Master Plan / Outline Development Plan Town Planning Scheme

State Perspective Plan and Urban Vision Inter-Regional Development Strategy District / Bengaluru Metropolitan Region Perspective Strategy and Development Plan

Bengaluru Strategic Spatial Plan and Strategic Projects +Land Use and DCR oriented Development Plan City Development Plan and Strategic Projects for other Medium and Small Sized Urban Centres Municipal Zonal Plans Ward Plans Schemes and Projects

Proposed Karnataka Urban and Regional Planning and Development Act

2. Exploring Alternatives to Access Planned and

Serviced Land…

Land Owners - Public Agencies – Private Developers – Political Economy

Alternatives to Access Planned and Serviced Land…

Broad Public Purpose

• Strategic and defence purposes at national and state levels

• Social and physical infrastructure projects

• Large scale industrial corridors • Affordable housing • Emergency needs, natural calamities

Types of Land Accessed • Rural • Urban (Redevelopment – Renewal –

Retrofitting) • Combination (Rural + Urban)

Types of Stakeholders accessing land for public purposes

• Government • Private parties/ developers • Public private partnerships • NGOs/ Institutions • Owners themselves

Various mechanisms and methods used to access land • National Land Acquisition Act (RFCTLARR 2013) -

Employs eminent domain to compulsorily acquire land• Town Planning Scheme - Employs a land readjustment

technique• Land Pooling Scheme - Employs a land pooling technique

• Joint Development Model - Employs a public private partnership method

• NAINA Scheme - Employs a land pooling cum eminent domain technique

• Accommodation Reservation and Transferable Development Rights - Employs a built up area in lieu of land lost for public purpose technique

• Cluster Redevelopment Scheme - Employs a built up area and redeveloped building in lieu of urban renewal technique

• Market Price Negotiation - Employs a direct price negotiation for land purchase

• Informal Squatting - Use and occupation of land occurs informally without access to titles

• Land Lease - Payment of a lease amount (rent) to use the land for a specified period

3. Adopting Strategic Spatial Planning and

Projects…

Source: Generated by EMBARQ India using data from Bhuvan NRSC and Census data

One size fits all…!

• An urban centre with 8 million people follows an identical process of city master planning as one of 8 thousand people as per current Town and Country Planning Acts

• Settlements vary in population size, spatial spread and complexity, but yet follow a one size fits all policy

Image and Data Source: One New York, Mayor Bill de Blasio


Strategic Spatial Planning | New York


Strategic Spatial Planning | New York

Strategic Spatial Planning | Greater London

4. Leveraging Coalitions and Civic

Networks…

• Capacity and capability of urban local bodies remains low

• Long range critical decisions and sustained follow up are hindered by election cycles, administrative boundaries etc.

• The scale and pace of urbanisation in India is resulting in several efforts at restructuring municipal and development authorities to face new challenges.

• BBMP Restructuring Committee and DDA Act Restructuring Committee are examples…

• The coming in of a non partisan, evidence driven organisation/ think tank that sits outside of political and administrative pressures and time lines has seen good results in some global cities

• One such example is the Regional Planning Association of the New York tri state region.

http://www.rpa.org/

http://www.rpa.org/

Thank You.

managing urban expansion

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