manual_de_apoio-lingua inglesa-técnicas de escrita

8/13/2019 MANUAL_DE_APOIO-Lingua Inglesa-Tcnicas de escrita

1/33

1 / 33

MANUAL DE APOIO

CURSO /MDULO: 0628 - Lngua inglesa - tcnicas deescrita

FORMADOR: Filipa Joaquim

HORAS DE FORMAO: 25h


2/33

2 / 33

Contents

OBJECTIVO GERAL: ............................................... ......................................................... ............................................ 3

OBJECTIVOS ESPECFICOS: .................................................... ......................................................... ........................ 3

CONTEDOS PROGRAMTICOS: .................................................. ....................................................... ................. 3

Introduo ......................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... 3

Recruitment ................................................... ......................................................... ...................................................... 4

The Interview ................................................ ......................................................... ................................................... 12

Management Styles ............................................... ......................................................... ......................................... 19

Advertising & Marketing ......................................................... ......................................................... ..................... 23

Advert ........................................................ ....................................................... ........................................................ .... 24

Accounting & Banking .................................................... ......................................................... ............................... 27

Banking ..................................................... ....................................................... ........................................................ .... 29

Concluso ........................................................... ...................................................... ................................................... 32

Bibliografia ........................................................ ...................................................... ................................................... 32

REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS: .................................................................. ................................................... 33


3/33

3 / 33

OBJECTIVO GERAL:

Aplicar as tcnicas de elaborao de documentos comerciais lngua inglesa

OBJECTIVOS ESPECFICOS:

Aplicar as tcnicas de elaborao de documentos comerciais lngua inglesa

CONTEDOS PROGRAMTICOS:

Documentos comerciais em lngua inglesa

Documentos comerciais e contabilsticos

Documentos bancrios

Frases comerciais tipo

INTRODUO

No limite as suas relaes empresariais ao idioma. As barreiras lingusticas no deveriam ser um

problema na sua vida.

Muitos sustentam que a possibilidade de falar ingls no tem preo j que as possibilidades de crescimento

de saber a lngua so infinitas

Saber mais de um idioma melhora a memria e as habilidades cognitivas no relacionadas linguagem das

pessoas, segundo um estudo. E saber especificamente ingls, ir permitir ampliar o seu mundo e rede de

contatos. Anime-se a ampliar as suas capacidades idiomticas e os seus horizontes.


4/33

4 / 33

RECRUITMENT

KEY VOCABULARY

When a company needs to recruit or employ new people, it usually advertises the job orpositioninthe recruitment sectionof a newspaper or magazine. People who are interested can then applyforthe job by sending a letter of applicationand acurriculum vitaecontaining details of their educationand experience to the company. The company will then draw up a shortlistof candidates, who arethen invited to attend an interview.

Reading Read the following job advertisements, and then answer the questions.

A) JOB ADVERTISEMENTS

St. Mary's Junior SchoolHeath Drive, Ware,HertsSG12 ORL

TEACHING ASSISTANT

Required from: November 2002 - Term time only, four mornings weeklyWe are looking for a caring and enthusiastic teaching assistant to work in a Y3 classroom towork alongside children who require extra support. Experience of working with children isessential. You will be part of a friendly and committed staff team and we shall offeropportunities to help you develop professionally.

Please telephone Jane Hannibal, School Secretary for further details. Visits are welcomed.Letters of application and CV with the details of 2 referees should be sent to Liz Neville, Headteacher by October 14.


5/33

5 / 33

B) JOB ADVERTISEMENTS

CONTRACTS MANAGER

Diamond PLC has been providing a quality service for over 25 years, specialising in refurbishment andmajor alterations for Local Authorities & Housing Associations in the London area.

Our continued success is due to the commitment of our dedicated team of professionals. We arelooking for an experienced Contracts Manager, able to demonstrate the drive necessary to lead a teamof Surveyors, Site Managers and Trades, reporting to the Contracts Director.

You will be responsible for controlling projects of all sizes up to 3m using the company'smanagement control process and our fully computerised ICT system.

This is a great opportunity for an individual with a proven track record of delivering projects on time& within budget whilst able to maintain our mission statement of 'Building Quality on Time'.

If you feel this is the challenge for you, please apply in writing with a full CV to:

Sarah CurryHR DepartmentDiamond Plc52

Stamford RoadLondonN15 4PZ

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. Read through the advertisements again and make a list of all the words and expressions used todescribe:

a) The job requirementsb) The benefits offered by the job.


6/33

6 / 33

2. Look at the job advertisement labelled (B) and answer the questions.


7/33

7 / 33

JOB ADS: READING BETWEEN THE LINES

Checking out job advertisements is popular with executives worldwide. But though the activity is universal,

is the same true of the advertisements? Are executive positions in different countries advertised in the

same way? A comparison of the jobs pages of The Times of London, Le Monde of Paris and Germany's

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung suggests not.

First, what UK job seekers consider an essential piece of information -what the post pays- is absent from

French and German adverts. It is often left to applicants to raise this themselves. In contrast, most British

advertisements mention not only salary, but also other material incentives including a car and fringe

benefits. French or German advertisements rarely refer to these.

The attention given to rewards in the UK indicates the importance of the job and its responsibility. In

Germany and France, that information is given by the level of experience and qualifications demanded.

Salary can be assumed to correspond with this.

If French and German adverts are vague about material rewards, they are precise about qualifications. Theyusually demand "a degree in ...", not simply "a degree". In Germany, for example, a technical director for a

machine tool company will be expected to have a Dipl.-Ing degree in Mechanical Engineering.

French advertisements go further. They may specify not just the type of grande cole degree, but

sometimes a particular set of institutions (Formation suprieure X, Centrale, Mines, HEC, ESSEC), these

being the most famous grandes coles.

All this contrasts with the vague call for "graduates" (or "graduate preferred"), which is found in the UK.

British companies often give the impression that they have a particular type of applicant in mind, but are

not sure about the supply and will consider others. Their wording suggests hope and uncertainty, as in this

advertisement from The Times: "Whilst educational standards are obviously important, a large measure ofpersonal enthusiasm is likely to secure the success of your application."

In the UK, qualifications beyond degree level make employers nervous, but in France or Germany it is

difficult to be "overqualified". Many people on German executive boards have doctorates and the French

regard five or six years of intensive post-bacealaurat study at a grand cole as ideal training. British

managers are not selected primarily fortheirintelligence, as managers are in France or for their expertknowledge, as in Germany. Instead the British give importance to social, political and leadership skills.

This difference also shows in the personal qualities mentioned. British advertisements stress energy,ability to communicate and motivate. German advertisements like achievement, but it tends to be less

personality-driven. German companies want candidates with sound knowledge, experience and


8/33

8 / 33

competence in their field. They rarely recruit novices, as do British employers. French advertisementsrefer more to intellectual qualities like analytical aptitude and independence.

Even the tone of the job advertisements is different in the three countries. By French and German

standards, British advertisements are very audacious: They attract young executives with challengessuch as: "Are you reaching your potential?" whereas French and German advertisements are boringlydirect, aiming to give information about the job rather than to sell it.

All this points to three different conceptions of management. The French regard it as intellectuallycomplex, the Germans as technically complex, and the British as interpersonally complex. But theyagree on one thing: it's complex.

QUESTIONS

THE CURRICULUM VITAE

Study the following CV and decide where each of the following headings should be placed.

ReferencesInterests & AchievementsPersonal DetailsEmploymentEducation & QualificationsAdditional Skills


9/33

9 / 33

1.- ________________________________

DATE OF BIRTH: 15th June 1977MARITAL STATUS: SingleNATIONALITY: BritishDRIVING LICENCE: Full UK Driving Licence (Sep 1994)

2.- ________________________________

1995 - 1999 UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND, Bristol

BA (Hons) Modern Languages & European Studies (2i)

1989 - 1995 GOFFS LANGUAGE COLLEGE, Cheshunt

A-Levels: German (C) French (E)AS-Levels: Religious Instruction (E) General Studies (D)

3.- ________________________________

- Computer, Internet and E-Mail literate.- Proficient in the use of Windows 95, 98; experience of Windows NT.- Detailed knowledge of Microsoft Word, Excel, Access and PowerPoint.- Fully conversant with Microsoft Outlook and Netscape Messenger.- Accurate keyboard skills and the ability to type 50 w.p.m.

4.- ________________________________

Jun 2000 - present SDRC UK Limited, Hitchin, Hertfordshire

Position: Training Co-ordinator

At SDRC, my role is to support the Automotive Team in the processing and marketing of training for allUK-based Ford and Jaguar approved Suppliers. I am responsible forco-ordinating all training orders,acting as the sole point of contact for Automotive Suppliers.

Sep 1999 - Jan 2000 Trade Mark Consultants Co, Harrow, Middlesex


10/33

10 / 33

Position: Trade Mark Agent

As a Trade Mark Agent, my time was spent performing an array of tasks, including: conducting searchreports; reporting to the client; filing U.K. and Community Trade Mark Applications; answering clients'

Trade Mark enquiries and updating the company's Trade Mark Database.

5.- ________________________________

- I take great pleasure from the cinema, especially contemporary foreign cinema.- I am a sports enthusiast and especially enjoy playing badminton, tennis, golf and football.

6.- ________________________________

Employment

Mr Mark ParrySDRC UK LimitedMilford HousePriory End

Academic

Mrs Ann KennardFaculty of Languages andEuropean StudiesUniversity of the West of England

EXPRESSING CONTRAST

Despite, in spite of, althoughand even thoughare all used to express contrast between two ideas.

Look at the following sentences:

Despite her lack of hard work, she was promoted.

This sentence means that she didn't work very hard, but she was still promoted.

Despite promises by the government to cut working hours, the average Brit works 38 hours a week.

This sentence means that the British government has promised to reduce working hours, but the Britsstill continue to work very hard.

PRACTICE

Finish each of the following sentences so that it has the same meaning as the sentence printed before it.


11/33

11 / 33

1. Although he is the boss, he does not find solutions to problems very easily.

In spite of _______________________________________________

2. In spite of his hard work, he could not finish the job.

Although ________________________________________________

3. Despite the increase in their salaries, many French employees spend Saturday at work.

Even though _____________________________________________

4. Although they are dedicated to their companies, many German employees want more leisure time.

In spite of _______________________________________________

5. Despite the fact that some German and British management styles are similar, there are manydifferences between them.

Even though _____________________________________________

Shortlist Lista de candidatos finales

Staff Empleados

To apply for Solicitar

To be in charge of Estar a cargo de

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

Find a word from the vocabulary section (above) which corresponds to the following definitions:


12/33


13/33

13 / 33

Dear Ms Swan,

I am writing to 1.___________ for the position of Public Affairs Associate, which was 2.__________ last weekin The Guardian.

Although I am presently 3.________ by a non-profit making organisation, it has always been my intentionto work in a commercial environment. I would particularly 4.________ the chance to work for yourcompany and as you will 5.___________ on my enclosed Curriculum Vitae, the job you are offering6.____________ both my personal and professional interests.

My work experience has familiarised me with many of the challenges 7._________ in Public Relationstoday. I am sure that this, together with my understanding of the needs and expectations of sport andnature enthusiasts, would be extremely relevant to the position. Moreover, as my mother is Spanish, Iam fluent in this language and would definitely 8._______________ working in a Spanish-speakingenvironment.

I would be pleased to 9.___________ my curriculum vitae with you in more detail at an interview. In themeantime, please do not hesitate to 10.___________ me if you require further information.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely

Sarah Brown

Job interviewscan be some of the most stressful situationswe have to face. From the moment youenter the potential employer's building to the time you are back outside, you are on show - andpreparing to give a good performanceis what can guarantee success or at least give your best.

POSSIBLE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

WARM-UP QUESTIONS:

What made you apply for this position?

How did you hear about this job opening?

Briefly, would you summarize your work history & education for me?

WORK HISTORY:

What special aspects of your work experience have prepared you for this job?

Describe for me one or two of the biggest disappointments in your work history?


14/33

14 / 33

Why are you leaving your present job? (Or, why did you leave your last job?)

What is important to you in a company?

What things do you look for in an organization?

JOB PERFORMANCE:

Everyone has strengths & weaknesses as workers. What are your strong points for this job?

What areas do you consider need improving?

Do you prefer working alone or in a team?

What kind of people do you find it most difficult to work with? Why?

What are some things you would like to avoid in a job? Why?

In your previous job what kind of pressures did you encounter?

What would you say is the most important thing you are looking for in a job?

What are some things you particularly liked about your last job?

EDUCATION:

What special aspects of your education or training have prepared you for this job?

What courses in school have been of most help in doing your job?

CAREER GOALS:

What is your long-term employment or career objective?

What kind of job do you see yourself holding five years from now?

What do you feel you need to develop in terms of skill & knowledge in order to be ready for thatopportunity?

Why might you be successful in such a job?

What might make you leave this job?

SELF-ASSESSMENT:

What kind of things do you feel most confident in doing?

Can you describe for me a difficult obstacle you have had to overcome?,How did you handle it?, Howdo you feel this experience affected your personality or ability?


15/33

15 / 33

How would you describe yourself as a person?

What do you think are the most important characteristics & abilities a person must possess to becomea successful (............... )? How do you rate yourself in these areas?

What do you consider to be your greatest achievements to date? Why?

DECISIVENESS:

Do you consider yourself to be thoughtful, analytical or do you usually make up your mind fast? Givean example. (Watch time taken to respond)

What was your most difficult decision in the last six months? What made it difficult?

How do you go about making an important decision affecting your career?

What was the last major problem that you were confronted with? What action did you take on it?

MOTIVATION:

What is your professional goal?

Can you give me examples of experience on the job that you felt were satisfying?

LEADERSHIP:

What specifically do you do to set an example for your employees?

What sort of leader do your people feel you are? Are you satisfied?

How do you get people who do not want to work together to establish a common approach to aproblem?

How would you describe your basic leadership style? Give specific examples of how you practice this?

Do you feel you work more effectively on a one to one basis or in a group situation?

ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS:

Have you ever done any public or group speaking? Recently? Why? How did it go?

Have you made any individual presentations recently? How did you prepare?

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION SKILLS:

Would you rather write a report or give a verbal report? Why?

What kind of writing have you done? For a group? For an individual?


16/33

16 / 33

FLEXIBILITY:

What was the most important idea or suggestion you received recently from your employees? Whathappened as a result?

What do you think about the continuous changes in company operating policies & procedures?

How effective has your company been in adapting its policies to fit a changing environment?

What was the most significant change made in your company in the last six months, which directlyaffected you, & how successfully do you think you implemented this change?

STRESS TOLERANCE:

Do you feel pressure in your job? Tell me about it.

What has been the highest-pressure situation you have been under in recent years? How did you copewith it?

STABILITY & MATURITY:

Describe your most significant success & failure in the last two years.

What do you like to do best?

What do you like to do-least?

What in your last review did your supervisor suggest needed improvement?

What have you done about it?

THE WAYS IN WHICH YOU ANSWER INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ARE VERY IMPORTANT.

9 times out of 10 the same types of interview questions come up time and time again.

"Be Prepared!"Before you go to the interview prepare your answers carefully.

ANSWERING INTERIEW QUESTIONS

Write the answers to the following interview questions , including the vocabulary given in brownin your answer.

1. Why are you leaving your present job? (Or, why did you leave your last job?)


17/33

17 / 33

Firstly...... / in the long term...... / besides......

2. What is important to you in a company? What things do you look for in an organization?

From my point of view...... / it is extremely important that.......

3. Everyone has strengths & weaknesses as workers. What are your strong points for this job?

As far as I know...... / having said that......... / what's more.........

4. What is your long-term employment or career objective? What is your professional goal?

My one ambition is to...... / to aim high.....

5. What has been the highest-pressure situation you have been under in recent years? How did youcope with it?

At first ........ / to face up to the situation........

WHAT IS WRONG?

Listen to an interviewer interviewing a candidate for a Secretarial Position within a company. Thesecretary will answer questions 1, 2 and 3.

1. Why are you leaving your present job?

2. What is important to you in a company?

3. What are your strong points for this job?

What does she say wrong?

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Look at the following sentences. The relative clause is in bold:


18/33

18 / 33

Mc Donald's is a place which sells hamburgers. Sally Jones is the manager of the McDonalds onOxford Street, which was one of the first fast food restaurants opened.

The relative clause in the first sentence is a defining clause. It tells us what type of restaurant Mc

Donald's is and is therefore essential to the meaning of the sentence.

The relative clause in the second sentence is a non-defining clause. It gives us extra informationabout Mc Donald's.

-------- ooo O ooo --------

PRACTICE

(Haga click sobre las oraciones para ver las respuestas; doble click vuelve a posicin original)

1.- Look at the following sentences and decide whether they are defining or non-defining relativeclauses.

2.- Join each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun


19/33

19 / 33

MANAGEMENT STYLES

Key Vocabulary

The amount of responsibilityof any individual in a company depends on the position that he or sheoccupies in its hierarchy. Managers, for example, are responsible for leading the people directly underthem, who are called subordinates. To do this successfully, they must use their authority, which isthe right to take the decisions and give the orders that will allow their subordinates to reach certainobjectives. Managers often delegateauthority. This means that employees at lower levels of thecompany hierarchy can participate in decision-making.

MANAGEMENT STYLES

The characteristics of managementoften varyaccording to national culture, which can determinehow managers are trained, how they lead people and how they approach their jobs.

Below you will find five brief portraits of managers in five different countries: the United States, theUnited Kingdom, France, Germany and Sweden.

Managers from the United States...

Generally attend business schools.

Communicate easily and informally at work.

Admire the qualities of a leader.


20/33

20 / 33

Expect everyone to work hard.

Individual performance is measured and initiative is rewarded.

Have competitive and sometimes aggressive attitudes towards work.

Often accept innovation and change.

Managers from the United Kingdom...

Receive a general education.

Delegate authority.

Take a practical approach to management.

Have relatively formal relationship at work.

Encourage their employees to work individually.

Believe it is important to continue education and training at work.

Managers from Germany...

Consider professional and technical skills to be very important.

Have a strong sense of authority.

Respect the different positions in the hierarchy of their companies.

Clearly define how jobs should be done.

Are very loyal to their companies and expect their subordinates to obey them.

Are often older than in other countries.

Managers from France...

Go through an elitist educational system.

Have a strong sense of hierarchy and power.

Often have impersonal relationships at work.

Analyze problems in great detail before taking decisions.

Consider speaking skills to be particularly important.

Move easily between state and private sectors.


21/33

21 / 33

Managers from Sweden...

Consider social qualities to be as important as education.

Encourage their employees to take an interest in their work.

Pay close attention to the quality of working life.

Do not use as much authority as in other countries.

Appreciate low-level decision-making.

Are often women.

QUESTIONS

1.- Decide which country the following statements refer to:

2.- Find synonyms in the text for the following words:

OBLIGATIONS


22/33

22 / 33

Obligation is expressed using must, shouldand have to.

Must and Have to

Must and have to is used to express a strong obligation

1. You must do this exercise again. (obligation)

2. You musnt smoke in the hotel. (prohibition)

3. Every night you have to do your homework. (obligation)

Should

Should is used to express a mild obligation of a suggestion

1. You should apologize to him. (mild obligation)

2. You should go to bed before 11pm if you feel tired. (suggestion)

Past obligation

Must does not have a past tense form. We use had to to express a past obligation

1. We had to wake up early in order to take the exam.

Asking about obligation

Must is rarely found in the question form We normally use have to to ask about obligation

1. Do we have to go to the extra class?

2. Do I have to get up early on Sunday?

QUESTIONS

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of obligation, according to the rules.


23/33

23 / 33

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

Match a word from the vocabulary section above to the definition.

1. A system of training regulated by law or custom which combines on-the-job training and workexperience while in paid employment with formal off-the-job training.

2. To Monitor: keep tabs on; keep an eye on; keep under surveillance

3. A competent person in charge of a workplace or who has authority over a worker

4. The amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour.

ADVERTISING & MARKETING

KEY VOCABULARY


24/33

24 / 33

Advertisingis very important and is used to expand salesby making the product or service known toa wider audience. The advertthat a company uses is its personal message. It has to be received loudand clear. If not customers do not understand why they should buy from the company or what it isthey are getting. Knowledgeof thetarget marketis needed to help refine the message and to select

the most useful way to communicating the message to the particular group. Advertising can be donethrough various different ways:

Writing the message - direct mail, web sites, brochures, local newspapers, etc.

Speaking the message - telephone selling, television, local radio, etc.

ADVERT

In what other ways can we advertise?

Many adverts contain a slogan (a short phrase to attract the customer's attention).Effective slogansare usually short, easy to remember and easy to repeat. Here are some authentic slogans from advertsused in the United Kingdom.

- I'm lovin it

- We rent a lot more than a car

- The web's favourite airline

- Once you pop you can't stop

- Connecting people

- Where good food costs less

1. What type of product do you think each slogan is advertising?

2. Do you think they are effective?

Endorsementis an advertising technique that leading companies use in which a celebrity is used toadvertise a certain product.

1.- Give examples of famous people endorsing a product in your country.

HOLLYWOOD STARS COME TO SPAIN


25/33

25 / 33

2006: Claudia Schiffer (Mango)

2005: Gisele Bundchen (El Corte Ingls)

2004: Nicole Kidman, George Clooney (El Corte Ingls)

2003: Sylvester Stallone (El Corte Ingls)

These are just a few of the Hollywood Celebrities that have recently taken to advertising Spanishbrands and shops.

In 2005, the world-famous Super Model Gisele Bundchen could be seen on thousands of billboards inthe Iberian Peninsula advertising clothes, bikinis and accessories for Spain's leading department store,'El Corte Ingls' (The English Cut).

El Corte Ingls is Spain's best-known and best-loved store. El Corte Ingls is to Spain as Selfridges is toLondon and Macy's to New York. Whatever you need, an MP3 player, a CD, a Burberry bag or a Papaya,

El Corte Ingls has it.

But why do these rich and famous superstars come to Spain?

According to Juan Morales*, Director of El Corte Ingls, "many Hollywood stars have holiday homeseither in mainland Spain (Alicante, Marbella, etc) or in the Balearic or Canary Islands, therefore ElCorte Ingls is their favourite department store. We pay them a lot of money and promise to run theirads only within the confines of the Iberian Peninsula".

The Superstars Agents protect their clients' reputation by demanding that "Spain only" clauses bewritten into advertising contracts. The clauses impose heavy penalties if the ad somehow gets shown

in the U.S.

In the past, American stars confined their endorsement exploits to Japan. However, according to BrianDubin, senior vice-president at the William Morris Agency, stars can get between $1 million and $5million for a single overseas campaign.

US stars wish to be seen by their home fans endorsing only products that boost their image. Forexample, in the US, Arnold Schwarzenegger is seen advertising the off-road vehicle, the Hummer andSarah Jessica Parker fashionable Gap Clothes.

For many years now celebrities have been known to stoop pretty low to make some extra cash, but

now they don't mind if we see it. In the near future we can expect more Hollywood embarrassingendorsements, coming soon whatever the country.


26/33

26 / 33

*Fictitious name

Katherine Mansfield - Queens English College

QUESTIONS

Synonyms(click sobre las preguntas para ver las respuestas)

Find synonyms for these words in the text:

1. a couple of

2. make (noun)

3. sign

4. merchandise

5. fine (noun)

6. confined

7. rather


27/33

27 / 33

ACCOUNTING & BANKING

KEY VOCABULARY

Accounting deals with recording, summarizing and reporting a company's transactions. There arevarious types of accounting:

Financial accounting

Cost accounting

Managerial accounting

A statementis a copy of the bank's account with you. It contains a recordof the money paid into youraccount, money withdrawn, etc.

The balanceis the total amount of money in your account.

A balance sheetis a vital part of accounting. It shows your company's financial position at a particular

point in time. It could indicate one business to be in a strong financial position and another to be inserious financial difficulties. By comparing balance sheets at different periods it is possible to find outthe profit made.

Profit generationis the objective of a business and this requires the preparation ofprofit statements.

Resources, debts and owner's interests are known correspondingly as assets, liabilitiesand capital:

Assets- anything of value owned by a company.

Liabilities- financial obligations to outside parties such as a loan repayable to the bank.


28/33

28 / 33

Capital- the sum of money invested in a business by the owners / partners / shareholders, etc. Capitalrepresents the rights of owners to the assets after the prior claims of outside parties (liabilities) havebeen satisfied in the event of the business closing.

E.g.

You set up a businesswith 1000. This money (Cash) is known as anAsset(1000). The proprietorhas introduced 1000 Capital.

The two are equal: Assets = Capital

One month later the owner buys a photocopier for 300. The business now has two assets:

Cash 700 + Photocopier 300 =Total: 1000 (Assets)

Capital introduced 1000 =Total: 1000 (Capital)

Six months later the owner decides to borrow 500 from the bank. The asset is increased. However,the company now owes the bank money.

Cash 1200 + Photocopier 300 =Total: 1500 (Assets)

This money owed to the bank is called a Liability:

Capital 1000 + Loan 500 = Total 1500 (Capital + Liabilities)

Therefore the Accounting Equation is:

Assets = Liabilities + Capital

Cost- money that is spent on maintaining a business. This includes wages, equipment, etc.

Expense- is a cost that benefits the company in an accounting period.

QUESTIONS


29/33

29 / 33

BANKING

BANKING

The pictures below show some of the everyday items and documents used in banking. Match each ofthese with the appropriate word from the following list.


30/33

30 / 33

DON'T BANK ON IT!

The banking sector has been radically affected by technological change, especially automation, to theextent that the industry is nearly unrecognisable compared to twenty years ago. People are beginningto ask themselves, "What is a bank?"

The branch

Customers are now far more likely to transact business using a cashpoint machine than facing a telleracross the counter. Speed, efficiency and convenience seem to be the key factors in retail banking thesedays. As competition between banks increases, the ability to provide new and more flexible productsand services distinguishes winners from losers in the market. Banking by telephone is set to becomethe norm for most personal clients within the next decade; the customer need never enter his or herlocal branch.

However, there is a price to be paid for these changes. Thousands of jobs have been lost in the bankingsector, and more are likely to go. The image of banking has become tarnished; along with manycomplaints about impersonal service and computer error, many people dislike the more obvious salesrole of banking staff. So, have banks allowed themselves to be seduced too quickly by the promise oftechnology? Or, do we customers expect too much of our bank these days? Do we need to change ourthinking and accustom ourselves to a different view of what banks can and cannot do?

Globalization


31/33

31 / 33

Another issue in banking is the question of globalization. It is not so many years ago that the term"global player" was on the lips of bankers in many countries across Europe, a proud boast in the facesof less adventurous provincial rivals. European banks made expensive purchases in the United Statesand elsewhere, some more successful than others. Cultural differences and ill-considered strategies

have since shown that there is more to the process than simply putting a logo on a letterhead. While itis certainly true that banks need to follow their customers and to be present in emerging markets,some have felt that they would prefer to be national banks with an international presence, rather thantruly multinational institutions.

So where does banking go from here? The industry is changing so rapidly that it would need a braveman to answer that question with any degree of confidence. Two things are, however, certain. Firstly,the information revolution that is taking place in all sectors of the industry will continue to have far-reaching effects within financial institutions. Secondly, as a result of those changes, a bank of thetwenty-first century will bear little resemblance to its historical forebears founded six hundred yearsago.

QUESTIONS

True or False

Please correct the false statements


32/33

32 / 33

Vocabulary

Find synonyms for the following words in the text.

CONCLUSO

Conhecer uma lngua estrangeira dar-lhe- inmeras possibilidades, tais como:

1. Ampliar negcios. As transaes internacionais realizam-se maioritariamente em ingls.

2. Ter mais oportunidades no mercado de trabalho.

3. Ampliar o conhecimento de novas culturas.

Espero que este manual o tenha ajudado.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Gramtica de Ingls Nvel A1/A2

Texto Editora

http://www.aulafacil.com/Inglesnegocio
http://www.aulafacil.com/Inglesnegociohttp://www.aulafacil.com/Inglesnegociohttp://www.aulafacil.com/Inglesnegocio


33/33

REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS:

Aula Fcil Ingls - website

manual_de_apoio-lingua inglesa-técnicas de escrita

Documents