manufactured substances in industry2

8/4/2019 Manufactured Substances in Industry2

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MANUFACTURE

D SUBSTANCESIN INDUSTRY



A) Sulphuric Acid(H2SO4)

Uses of sulphuric acid

Manufacture of detergents

Production of fertilizer

Manufacture of artificial fibres

Manufacture of paint

Leather tanning As electrolyte in car batteries

Sulphuric acid is also used to remove sulphur

compound In crude oil and to produce other

chemicals



Manufactured of sulphuric acid

Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 IS manufactured in industry

through Contact Process. The raw material used aresulphur, air, and water. This process consist of three

stages

STAGE 1

In the furnace, molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to

produce sulphur dioxide, SO2 . The gas produced is

purified and cooled.

S(I)+O2(g) SO2(g)

STAGE 2

In the converter, sulphur dioxide, SO2 and excess oxygen

gas,O2 are passed over a few plates of vanadium(V)

oxide,V2O5 catalyst at 450°C to produce sulphur trioxide,

SO3

2SO2(g)+O2(g)⇋2SO3(g)



STAGE3

In the absorber, the sulphur trioxide, SO3 is first reacted

with concentrated sulphuric acid,H2SO4 to from a productcalled oleum H2S2O7

SO3(g)+H4SO4(l) H2S2O7

The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produce

concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large quantities.

H2S2O7(l)+H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l)

The two reaction n the third stage are equivalent to adding

sulphur trioxide, SO3 directly to water

SO3(g)+H2O(l) H2SO4(l)

However, this is not done in industry because sulphurtrioxide SO3 reacts too violently with water. This produce

a lot of heat and a large cloud of sulphuric acid, H2SO4

mist. The mist is corrosive, pollutes the air and is difficult

to condense.



SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIROMENT

POLLUTION

Sulphur Dioxide may cause acid rain. Natural rainwaterhas a pH of about 5.4.acid rain occur when pH of the rain

is between 2.4 and 5.0.this is due to the reaction of

sulphur dioxide, SO4 with rain water.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq)



Ammonia and its salts

Uses of ammonia

Manufactured of fertilisers

Manufactured of synthetic fibres

Manufactured of explosion

The properties of ammoniaAmmonia, NH3

Is alkaline

Is colourless gas

Has a pungent smell

Is less dense than air

Burns in oxygen gas O2 but not in air

Is very soluble in water

Gives a white fume when react with hydrogen

chloride gas, HCL.



Manufactured of ammonia

Ammonia, NH3 is manufactured in industries through

Haber Process. This process combine nitrogen gas,N2 from the air with hydrogen gas ,H2 derived mainly from

natural gas to form ammonia, NH3.the ratio of one

volume of nitrogen gas,N2 to three volume of hydrogen

gas,H2.

The mixture is compressed to a high pressure of 200

atmosphere at temperature of about 450°C. It is then

passed through layer of iron catalyst to speed up the rate

of reaction.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇋ 2NH3(g)

Ammonia, NH3 formed is then liquefied and separate toget a better yield. The production of ammonia, NH3 gives

out heat

The unreacted nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas H2

are recycled and passed back into reactor together with

the new source of nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas, H2.

About 98% of nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas, H2 are

converted into ammonia, NH3.



ALLOYS

Arrangement of atom in metals

The arrangement of the atoms in metals is ductile and

malleable. The layers of atoms to slide on one another

when force is applied. As shown in Figure 1. Thus ,

metals are ductile or can be stretched.

Layer of atom slide

Force

Figure 1 Metal are ductile

The shape of the metal changes

Force

Figure 2 Metals are malleable.



WHAT ARE ALLOY?

Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a

certain fixed composition in which the major component

is a metal. Most pure metals are weak and soft. The

properties of pure metals can be improved by making

them into alloys. The aim of making alloys is to make

them stronger, harder, resistance to corrosive, have a

better furnish and lustre.



The composite, properties and uses of some alloys

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Bronze

90% copper 10% tin

Hard and

strong

Does not

corrode

easily

Has shiny

surface

In the building o

statues or

monuments

In the making of

medals, swords

and artistic

materials

Brass

70% copper

30% zinc

Harder

than

copper

In the making of

musical

instruments and

kitchenware

Steel

99% iron

1% carbon

Hard and

strong

In the constructio

of buildings and

bridges

In the building o

the body of car

and railway track

Stainless

steel

74% iron

8% carbon

18% chromium

Shiny

Strong

Does not

rust

In the making of

cutlery

In the making of

surgical

instruments

Duralumin

93% aluminium

3% copper

3% magnesium

1% manganese

Light

Strong

In the building o

the body of

aeroplanes and

bullet trains

Pewter

96% tin

3% copper

1% antimony

Lustre

Shiny

Strong

In the making of

sourvenirs



The arrangement of atoms in alloys

Pure metal A

Pure metal B

Alloy



SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

What are polymers?

Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical

repeating sub-units called monomers which are joined

together by covalent bonds. Monomers are joined into

chains by a process of repeated linking known as

polymerisation.

Polymerization

Formation of polymer

A polymer may consist of thousands of monomers.

Some polymers may occur naturally. Starch, cellulose,

wool, protein, silk and natural rubber are some examples

of naturally occurring polymers.

On the other hand, synthetic polymers are man-made

polymers. The monomers used are usually obtained from

petroleum after going through the refining and cracking

process.



Monomers in synthetic polymers

synthetic

polymers

Monomers Uses

polythene Ethane Plastic bags, shopping bags,

plastic containers and

insulation for electrical

wiring Polypropene propene Piping, bottle crates, carpets,

car batteries and ropes

Polyvinylchloride,

PVC

Chloroethene Artificial leather, waterpipes and records

perspex Methylmethacrylate Safety glass, reflectors,

traffic signs and lens

Terylene Hexane-1,6-diol

Benzene-1,4-

dicarboxylic acid

Clothing, sails and ropes

Nylon Hexane-1,6-

diamine

Hexane-1,6-dioic

acid

Ropes, clothing and carpets



GLASS AND CERAMICS

GLASS

The major component of glass is silica, SiO2. Among all

different types of glass used in our daily lives, fused glass

is the simplest glass. It is mainly silica, SiO2. Fused glass

is a highly heat-resistance glass. It can be plunged into

icy, cold water without cracking. It is expensive, yet it is

still widely used because of its great purity, opticaltransparency, high temperature and chemical durability as

well as resistance to thermal shock. These properties

make it appropriate to be used as laboratory glassware,

lenses, telescope mirrors and optical fibres.

The most common glass found around the house is the

soda-lime glass.it is made by heating sand with lime

stone, Na2CO3. Soda-lime glass can be melted at the

relative low temperature. It also has thermal expension

coefficient. However, it does not withstand heat. Soda-

lime glass is used to make flat glass, electrical bulbs,

mirrors and all kinds of glass containers.



When boron oxide, B2O3 is added to soda-glass,

borosilicate glass is formed. Borosilicate glass has a

lower thermal expansion coefficient. It is about three

times as heat-resistance as soda-lime glass. It is also more

resistance to chemical attacks compare to soda-lime glass

because it contain less alkali. It Is also used in glass

pipelines and applications which require superior

resistance to thermal shock and greater chemical

durability.Lead crystal glass is normally called crystal or lead

glass. It is made by substituting lead oxide, PbO for

calcium oxide, CaO and often for pat of silica,SiO2 used

in soda-lime glass. Lead crystal is soft and easy to melt.

Lead crystal glass is suitable for fine crystal because it is

optically transparent and contains much more lead.



CERAMICS

Ceramics are made from clay, for kaolin, a hydrated

aluminiumsilicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. when the clay isheated to a very high temperature, they undergo a series

of chemical reactions and are hardened permanently to

form ceramics.

Ceramics can withstand high temperature and do not

melt easily. There are also very hard, brittle, chemically

inert, do not corrode and have a very high melting point.

They are good insulators of electric and heat. Their

properties make them suitable for making abrasive,

construction materials, tableware, insulator electrical

equipments and refractories.



PENDIDIKAN SIVIK DAN

KERWARGANEGARAAN

TAJUK PROJEK

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCE IN

INDUSTRY

NAMA MURID:T.PRAKASHAM PILLAY

ABDUL HALIM BIN ISMAIL

KISHOK KUMAR

MUHD HAFIZ

TINGKATAN:4 WAWASAN

NAMA GURU: PUAN LAIZINAH



COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Many of modern technologies require materials with

unusual combinations of properties that cannot be met by

the conventional metal alloys , ceramics and polymeric

materials .Therefore , continuous research and

development have been done building materials musthave properties like low density , strong and resistance to

heat and corrosion .Today, many of such materials are

created and used for various fields.

A composite materials is a structural materials that is

formed by combining two or more different substancessuch as metal, alloys , glass , ceramics and polymers. The

resulting material has properties that are superior than

those of the original components .Composite materials are

created for specific application.



CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite material which consist of a

mixture of stones , chips and sand bound together bycement .It is strong but brittle and weak in tension .Steel

is strong in tension. When concrete is reinforced with

steel wires, steel bars or any polymer fibres , The

resulting combination is very tough material with more

tensile strength. This material is known as the reinforced

expansion.They make very good composites and areessential for the construction of large structures like high-

rise buildings, bridges and oil platforms. Reinforced

concrete is also relatively cheap and can be moulded into

any shape.



SUPERCONDUCTORS

Superconductors are capable of conducting electricity

without any electrical resistance when they are cooled toextremely low temperature. Most of them are alloys of

metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides. However,

some superconductors are used in the bullet trains in

japan and medical magnetic-imaging devices like

magnetic resonance imaging, MRI. They are also used in

magnetic energy-storage system, generators, transformersand computer parts. Devices made from superconductors

have low power dissipation, high-speed operation and

high sensitivity.

manufactured substances in industry2

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