Many issues in society involve science and technology.

A physical change occurs when the fundamental entities remain unchanged at a molecular level.

e.g. change in phase, shape, or dissolving

A chemical change involves some kind of change in the chemical bonds. At least one new substance is formed.

A nuclear change involves changes in the nucleus, resulting in new elements.

2(g) 2(l)H H

2(g) 2(g) 2 (l)2 H + O 2 H O

(g) (g) (g)H H He

The Kinetic Molecular Theory

The smallest particles of a substance are in constant random motion.

If a collision between different entities occurs with enough energy and in the right orientation, a chemical reaction will occur.

A Balanced Chemical Equation

The number of each kind of atom is the same on each side of the arrow (mass is conserved).

Read pgs. 44 – 45

pg. 45 Section 2.1 Questions #’s 1 – 3

Read pgs. 46 – 49 pg. 50 Section 2.2 Questions #’s 1 – 10

A mole is the unit of chemical amount of substance.

Balance this equationBalance this equation

KI(aq) + Cl2(g) KCl(aq) + I2(s)

2 KI(aq) + Cl2(g) 2 KCl(aq) + I2(s)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

NH3(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + H2O(l)

4 NH3(g) + 3 O2(g) 2 N2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

KClO3(aq) → KCl(aq) + O2(g)

2 KClO3(aq) → 2 KCl(aq) + 3 O2(g)

Al(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + H2(g)

2 Al(s)+ 3 H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

Hg(OH)2(s) + H3PO4(aq) Hg3(PO4)2(s) + H2O(l)

3 Hg(OH)2(s) + 2 H3PO4(aq) Hg3(PO4)2(s) + 6 H2O(l)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

CuO(s) + NH3(g) Cu(s) + H2O(l) + N2(g)

3 CuO(s) + 2 NH3(g) 3 Cu(s)+ 3 H2O(l) + N2(g)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

NH3(g) + O2(g) N2O4(g) + H2O(g)

4 NH3(g) + 7 O2(g) 2 N2O4(g) + 6 H2O(g)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

chlorine + magnesium iodide magnesium chloride + iodine

Cl2(g) + MgI2(aq) MgCl2(aq) + I2(s)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

sodium chloride + sulfuric acid hydrochloric acid + sodium sulfate

2 NaCl(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 2 HCl(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

potassium nitrate decomposes into potassium nitrite and oxygen

2 KNO3(aq) 2 KNO2(aq) + O2(g)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

bismuth (III) nitrate + calcium iodide bismuth (III) iodide + calcium nitrate

2 Bi(NO3)3(aq) + 3 CaI2(aq) 2 BiI3(aq) + 3 Ca(NO3)2(aq)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

iron (III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to produce iron and carbon

dioxide

Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

Balance this equationBalance this equation

Read pgs. 51 – 53

pgs. 53 – 54 Section 2.3 Questions #’s 1 – 6

The molar mass, M, of a substance is the mass of one mole of a substance.

m = mass (g)

n = number of moles (mol)

M = molar mass (g/mol)

mn

M

Molar masses are always to two decimal

places!

Mass-Amount Conversions

Examples

1) Calcium carbonate helps to neutralize acidic soil under spruce trees. Convert a mass of 1500 g of calcium carbonate to a chemical amount.

14.99 mol

2) Sodium sulfate is mined from lakes and deposits along the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. Convert a reacting amount of 3.46 mmol of sodium sulfate into mass in grams.

0.491 g

Read pgs. 55 – 57

pg. 57 Section 2.4 Questions #’s 1 – 7

elements → compound

Formation Reactions

(s) 2 (g) (s)2 Mg + O 2 MgO

magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide

compound → elements

Simple Decomposition Reactions

2 (l) 2 (g) 2 (g)2 H O 2 H + O

water → hydrogen + oxygen

Combustion Reactionssubstance + oxygen → most common oxides

Substance Oxide

carbon

hydrogen

sulfur

nitrogen

a metaloxide with the most common ion charge

2(g)CO

2 (g)H O

2(g)SO

2(g)NO

4 10(g) 2 (g) 2 (g) 2 (g)2 C H + 13 O 8 CO + 10 H Obutane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

element + compound → compound + element

Single Replacement Reactions

(s) 3(aq) (s) 3 2(aq)Cu + 2 AgNO 2 Ag + Cu NO

copper + silver nitrate → silver + copper (II) nitrate

compound + compound → compound + compound

Double Replacement Reactions

2(aq) 2 3(aq) 3(s) (aq)CaCl + Na CO CaCO + NaCl

calcium chloride + sodium carbonate → calcium carbonate + sodium chloride

acid + base → water + ionic compound (a salt)

(aq) (aq) 2 (aq) (aq)HCl + KOH H O + KCl

Neutralization

Read pgs. 58 – 59

pgs. 59 – 60 Section 2.5 Questions #’s 1 – 6

Read pgs. 61 – 63

pg. 64 Section 2.6 Questions #’s 1 – 5