MAPPING 17th CENTURY ENGLAND: DERBYSHIRE AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE

G. Scurfield

Statistical data and/or contemporary maps of private estates are available for thousands of acres of land in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and many other English counties surveyed in the early 17th century. They can be used as a basis for the construction of original or revised maps of the estates on a uniform scale which may often be conjoined. The sort of data available is indicated here, along with an outline of the mapping methods used, and examples of the results .

Introduction A project to assess how far it might be possible to recon­

struct the early 17th century landscape of various Northern and Midland counties in England ( 1600-1660) cartographi­cally was begun in 1984. The resulting maps were to provide the scenario for a study of the inter-relationship between physical environment and the social conditions of people at that time.

The results of two pilot studies dealing with areas centred upon Sheffield and Worksop were published in 1986 (1, 2). The work was extended to cover much of the Peak District National Park, NE Derbyshire, and NW Not­tinghamshire between Worksop and Nottingham. However, the logistic difficulties created by a necessary transfer of research interest to Victoria, Australia, led to a large part of this work being placed on ice. In an effort to unfreeze it, and perhaps generate additional warmth amongst professional cartographers towards the overall project, an indication of the sort of data with which one has to cope, and the cartographic methods used in dealing with it, is given here.

17th Century Surveys Seventeenth century land surveys were carried out for a variety of reasons. These included, for example, the determination of the extent and location of estates subject to wardship (3) or to inheritance under the terms of wills (4); the evaluation or re-evaluation ofland for rent, lease, exchange, or sale (5) ; the provision of visual evidence of ownership in cases of litigation over land boundaries, on­going or anticipated (6); and, less important, the desire for an emblem of social status or political power (7).

Such surveys, if they have survived intact, consist of cadastral data ("terriers") and "platts" or "plottes" (maps) of private estates, ranging in area from a few acres in a single parish (8) to large areas, perhaps totalling thousands of acres, located in several counties (9). Terriers

Dr. Gordon Scurfield (died 24/9!96) wasfonner research scientist with CSIRO, Australia., had a continuing interest in the historical geography of land use. Recent work (in collaboration with J. M. Scurfield) includes The Hoddle Years: Surveying in Victoria, 1836-1853, published by the Institution of Surveyors, Australia; and Plan of the Township of Hamilton, 1853, published by Bellcourt Books, Hamilton, Victoria. 'phone 03 9669 9954 fax +61 3 9669 9012. /~-mail: .IUD/THS@ s/v.vic.Rov.m1

SUC BULLETIN Vol 29 No 2

and their associated map(s) have sometimes become sepa­rated, the map(s) surviving in one archive and the terrier in another. The terrier of William Hayward's survey in 1615 of Hartington, Derbyshire, for example, is part of the Arun­del MSS held at Sheffield City Archives Office ( 10), while the associated map is at Chats worth House, Derbyshire, part of the Devonshire Collection. The separation may be less permanent in the sense that a terrier and its related map may have been catalogued as unrelated items within an archival collection. For example, the terrier for the survey of Not­tingham (Sherwood Forest) made by an anonymous surveyor in 1609 is bound up with unrelated documents at the Public Record Oftice, London (11). Its relationship to two maps unsigned, but also dated 1609 ( 12), went unrec­ognised for some time.

Comparisons of cartographic style in the case of maps, or format and calligraphy in the case of terriers, may be needed to reunite map with terrier, or terrier with map, previously divorced from one another. William Hayward was surveyor of the the Barony of Gilsland, Cumberland, in 1603 , for example, but maps believed to be part of the survey are not dated or signed ( 13). Comparison of the style of the maps, however, with others undoubtedly his (maps ofFulstow and Marshchapel, Lincolnshire, dated 1595 (14) and of Hartington , for example) leave no doubt that he was both surveyor and cartographer of the Barony of Gilsland.

The problem of uniting map and terrier does not arise, of course, if they are combined in one document, the terrier being included as part of the map. One example is the map of the Manor of Sudbury, Derbyshire, made by surveyor W. Fowler for George Vemon Esquire in 1659 (Figure 1) (15).

Intact surveys apart, there are also numerous terri­ers, relicts of surveys of estates for which the maps have been lost or destroyed; and conversely, numerous maps, relicts of surveys for which the terriers have been lost or destroyed. For example, the terriers for the surveys of the Worksop and Sheffield estates of the Earl of Arundel and Surrey made by John Harrison in 163617 have survived (16). The associated maps have not. Conversely, the 67 maps made by William Senior between 1629 and 1640 of estates (total area 103111 acres) belonging to Wm. Earl of Newcastle have survived ( 17), but the terriers have not.

As to the quality and quantity of the historical and other information they provide, terriers vary widely. Take, for example, the terrier for the survey of Hartington men­tioned above (loc.cit.). Badly discoloured, fos. 3-18,9-25,

17

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18 SUC BULLETIN Vol 29 No 2

as demesne, freehold, and copyhold. Each parcel of the demesne is registered and sometimes named; its acreage 'according to statute' is assigned and mention usually made of its use as arable, pasture, meadow, woodland, or com­mon; and its location is given relative to neighbouring pieces of land or some topographical feature, such as a hill, lane, or stream. In contrast, the register of freehold and copyhold lands gives their location in a way sometimes vague; provides estimates of acreages rather than precise figures; says little about form of use; and mentions but a few field names. A sample page from the survey is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Page from William Hayward's Survey of the manor of Hartington in 1615.

The terriers of John Harrison's surveys of the manors of Sheffield and Worksop (loc. cit.) provide similar, but more substantial, information. Harrison gives a general description of the manors followed by the manorial ac­counts for one year. He then enumerates the pieces of land held by each tenant-at-will; notes the character of some of their tenements and cottages; allocates the names of fields, woodlands, moors, commons, and greens, and assessess their areas; often specifies form of land use; and, most important, gives directions for the location of the enumer­ated items relative to one another or to some feature of landscape, such as a river, brook, hill, building, lane, street, or highway. A sample page from the Worksop terrier is shown in Figure 3,

SUC BULLETIN Vol 29 No 2

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At the other extreme, there are terriers which merely consist of a list of the names of the tenants-at-will on an estate and the acreages of the parcels of land held by each. Others may include somewhat more information, but all are alike in omitting directions which would enable the various parcels of land to be located relative to one another, or to topographical features. The important "Booke of the Survey of the forest of Sherwood in the countie of Notting­ham taken and made in anno domini 1609" is of this type. So too are the" Book of Surveys" of the estates of William, Earl of Devonshire, made by William Senior between 1609-1627 (9), and the "Surveie Booke of some of the lordships belonging to the right worshipfull Sr. John Harpur knight", made by him in 1632 and 1633 (18). Sample pages are shown in Figures 4 and 5.

Turning to 17th century maps, they are often faded or damaged so that line-work is indistinct or broken; distorted as a result of non-uniform, two-dimensional shrinkage (see Figures I for example); or inaccurate to the extent that the surveyor lacked the ski ll or means to represent a 3-dimen­sionallandscape. The maps may also be difficult to handle, being large. For example, the two maps of Hartington, made by William Hayward (loc. cit.) are on joined sheets of paper backed with cloth of irregular shape, their combined

19

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Figures 4 and 5. Sample pages from the terriers for William Senior's survey of Alstonefield, Staffordshire, in 1633, and the manor of Ashford, Derbyshire, in 1616.

length 580 cm and maximum breadth 160 cm. The two maps of the Sherwood Forest survey dated 1609 are even larger: each measures 419 cm x 221 cm. Apart from all this, the cadastral, topographical, and other information included in such maps varies widely. Nevertheless, such information may be all that is extant for substantial estates if the maps are relicts of surveys for which the terriers are missing, The likelihood that this includes all the informa­tion recorded in the lost terriers is not to be anticipated, however, judging from a comparison of maps and terriers for intact surveys,

Mapping Procedures There are two mapping procedures. Mapping proce­

dure (i) aims to recreate maps of 17th century surveys which have been lost, using as a basis the information in an associated relict terrier. Procedure (ii) aims to redraw ex­isting 17th century maps to provide a less distorted, hopefully more realistic, representation of the landscape, perhaps with the addition of information derived from other contemporary documents such as rentals.

20

Both procedures involve using, as base maps or tem­plates, the earliest maps of the estates being considered which, by comparison with Ordnance Survey maps, scale 6 in. to 1 mile ( 1: 10560), can be deemed sufficiently accu­rate for a description of the landscape. The names and acreages of the land subdivisions, recorded on the template map or registered in an accompanying terrier (as is often the case in an enclosure or tithe award, for example) are essential for the success of procedure (i), but can also be of considerable value in procedure (ii).

Procedure (i) involves adding, subtracting, or chang­ing, the boundaries in the template map to secure the best possible fit with the data in the relict terrier regarding the locations, abutments, areas, and names, of each of its con­stituent parts, be they fields, woodlands, commons, highways, or waterways, for example. For recreating the map of Sheffield manor (55606 acres) in 1637 from the data in John Harrison 's terrier, for example, appropriate template maps and land registers are to be found in the Frurbank Collection, largely the work of Wm. Fairbank in the latter half of the eighteenth century (19), plus a plan of Sheffield

SUC BULLETIN Vol29 No 2

itself engraved by Thomas Jeffreys in 1771 (20). In like manner, a combination of an anonymous map dated 1775 (21) and one by William Fairbank dated 1773 (22) provided the template for recreating a map of Worksop and Priory manors best in accord with the data in the relict terrier of the survey made by Harrison in 1636 (1,2).

Procedure (ii) likewise involves adding to, subtracting from, changing, or confirming the boundaries in a template map, usually reduced in scale, but here the aim is to achieve

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the best fit with an existing 17th century map of equivalent scale by overlay comparison with a tracing or photographic negative of the latter. The amended template is then re­drawn to provide a "reconditioned" map of the 17th century countryside. In the case of the map of the Manor of Sudbury, (Figure 1), the template was a map ofthe manor made in 1720 by John Billington (Figure 6) (23). The "reconditioned" map of the manor in 1659, derived from the amended template, is reproduced in Figure 7.

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SUC BULLETIN Vol 29 No 2 21

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22 SUC BULLETIN Vol 29 No 2

The next step might be to conjoin redrawn maps of adjacent estates, the maps bearing the same date. For example, the Derbyshire parish of Stanton-by-Bridge was

surveyed by William Caldecott in 1608. The map of the neighbouring parish of Melbourne (Figure 8) is unsigned and undated, but stylistically is the same (24). Assuming

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SUC BULLETIN Vol 29 No 2 23

that it too was drawn in 1608, then it can be conjoined with that of Stanton-by-Bridge. The resulting composite map shown in Figure 9.

The question then arises as to how far it is reasonable to conjoin early 17th maps of adjacent areas, the dates of the maps being close, but not the same. For example, Senior's maps of the Cavendish estates and the Earl of Newcastle's estates are complementary in so far as many of them are of adjacent properties: Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Nottingham­shire, mapped in 1629, is next to Sutton-in-Ashfield, mapped in 1610, and Wetton, Staffordshire, mapped in 1617, is next to Grindon, Blore Park, and Cauldron/Water­fall, mapped in 1631. The same situation can arise when the mapping of adjacent estates is the work of different surveyors. Senior, for example, made seven maps of his

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survey in 1627 of Hope Woodlands (20538 acres), west of the upper Derwent River in the Derbyshire Peak Dis­trict(25). Adjacent land, east of the Derwent, formed part of the "Exact & Perfect Survey & View of the Manor of Sheffield" surveyed by John Harrison in 1637.

By conjoining maps of adjacent properties made at nearly related times, the continuity of the view of the landscape and richness of its content increases. The date of the composite map can be regarded as the average of the dates of the individual maps which have been conjoined. Any conclusions drawn from it must, therefore, be tempered with an awareness of this fact. Their validity will obvi­ously be related to the length of the time gap between the component maps, especially in areas where field and other boundaries were subject to frequent alteration. This, how-

17TH CENT U RY DERBYSHIRE

MELBOURNE & STANTON BY BRIDGE

ABOUT 1615

Figure 9. The maps of Stanton-by-Bridge, surveyed by Wm. Caldecott in 1608, and of Melbourne combined and redrawn.

24 SUC BULLETIN Vol 29 No 2

ever, is not the case in the Derbyshire Peak District, for example, where boundaries cunsist of substantial dry stone walls, more or less permanent in time once built. As to what the acceptable time gap should be, given the fact that we are considering a landscape about 350 years gone, a difference of about 20 years between the maps conjoined does not seem untoward.

The result may be judged from the following example, a reconstruction of the landscape of part of the Peak District centred upon Ashford, Derbyshire. William Senior sur­veyed Little Longstone and Monsal Dale in 161 0; Ashford in 1616; Sheldon, Wardlow, and Gt Longstone in 1617; Stoke in 1630; and Gt Hucklow and Green low, 1631. Two examples of his maps are shown in Figures 10 and 11 (9).

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Figures 10. One of William Senior's maps of parts of the manor of Ashford, Derbyshire, surveyed in 1616.

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Figures 11. Another of William Senior's maps of parts of the manor of Ashford, Derbyshire, surveyed in 1616.

An unsigned map of Brushfield dated 1630 also exists (26). Between first and last, therefore, the time span is 21 years. No early 17th century maps of the parishes of Eyam, Foolow, Stony Middleton, Calver, Hassop, Bubnell, Pilsley, Bakewell, Litton, and Taddington, have so far come to light. All the extant 17th century maps were redrawn using

26

procedure (ii) with various maps of later date as templates. For example, the template for redrawing Ashford was the map of a survey made by Samuel Brailsford in 1758. (Figure, 12) (27) . Contours were taken from the earliest edition of O.S. maps, 6 in to a mile. The composite map is shown in Figure 13.

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Figure 12. Map of the manor of Ashford by Samuel Brailsford made in 1758 used as template for redrawing Senior's maps.

SUC BULLETIN Vol 29 No 2 27

CENTURY DERBYSHIRE

THE PEAK DISTR I CT ABOUT 1625

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28 SUC BULLETIN Vol29 No 2

However, the fact that a dozen or so maps on this scale covering much of the Peak District National Park, NW Derbyshire, and NE Nottinghamshire have been con­structed is still a far cry from mapping the whole of the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Indeed, the question of how far it might be possible to achieve continu­ity in mapping the early 17th century landscape of either of these counties in toto has yet to be determined. One difficulty here, not before mentioned, is that important untapped sources of information exist in private archives not at present open for research.

Conclusion There is no doubt that data available for estates surveyed in the early 17th century enable us to reconstruct, with reasonable and improved accuracy, maps of the landscape, if not of whole counties, then of many thousands of acres within individual counties. William Senior, for example, but one of the many surveyors working at that time, sur­veyed estates comprising over 285000 acres in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, Northumberland, and anum­ber of other counties. By combining individual maps of adjacent or nearby estates made by one surveyor, or by a number of surveyors working independently, an enlarged and continuous perspective of considerable areas can be achieved. Where the dates of the individual surveys are separated by a span of years, albeit a relatively short span, such composite maps become impressions of reality. Their interpretation calls for knowledge of the climate, geology, soil, topography, and other environmental factors, in the district selected, and insight into their likely effects upon early 17th century landscapes bearing the imprint of past, and ongoing, human intervention.

Bibliography 1. Scurfield, G. (1986a) Seventeenth century

Sheffield and its environs. Yorks. Archaeol. Soc.J. 58, 147-171.

2. Scurfield, G. (1986b) Early 17th century Worksop and its environs. Trans. Thoroton Soc. Nottinghamshire, 90 , 46-56.

3. Eden, P. (1983) Three Elizabethan estate surveyors: Peter Kempe, Thomas Clerke, and Thomas Langdon. In English Map-making 1500-1650. S. Tyacke (ed,), British Library, 1983.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Scurfield, G & Scurfield, JM ( 1996) To be as a looking glass to their estates: the early 17th century surveys of William Senior (in press).

Hayward, W (1615) Survey of the Manor of Hartington. D.99. Arundel Castle MSS. Sheffield City Archives Office.

Bendall, AS. Maps, Land, and Society. Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Harley, JB (1983) Meaning and ambiguity in Tudor cartography. In English Map-making 1500-1650. S. Tyacke (ed.), British Library, 1983.

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8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Senior, W ( 1621) Parkhall. Map of the estate of Sir Francis Leeke. Salt Public Library, Stafford.

Fowkes, DV & Potter, GR (eds.) (1988) William Senior's Survey. Derbyshire Record Soc. xm. Hayward, W (1614) Survey of the Manor of Hartington. D.99. Arundel Castle MSS., Sheffield City Record Office.

Anonymous (1609). A Booke of the Survey of the Forest of Sherwood in the Countie of Nottingham. LR 2/201. pp.289-355. Public Record Office, London.

Anonymous (1609). The Soothe part ofthe Plot of Sherwood Forest in the Countie of Nottingham. Maps MR 1142. Public Record Office, Chancery Lane, London.

W. Hayward. (1603). Feild-Booke that explaines all the Map Booke for Gilsland. Howard of Naworth MS. C 188/1. Univ. of Durham. Transcript by THB Graham (1934) Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiq. and Archaeol. Soc.]. Extra Series XVI. Maps C713/15. Univ. of Durham.

Hayward, W. (1595) Survey of Fulstowe and Marshchapel.. Revesby Abbey MS. MCD 748 (map) and 2/B/1 and 2 (survey). Linconshire County Record Office, Lincoln

Fowler, W (1659) The Mannor of Sudbury in the County of Derby. The inheritance of George Vemon Esquire. Sudbury Hall, Derbyshire.

Harrison, J ( 1637) Exact and Perfect Survey and View of the Manor of Sheffield. Arundel Castle MS. S75176; Harrison, J (1636) Exact and Perfect Survey and View of the Manors of Workesoppe and the Priory. Arundel Castle MS. W26. Sheffield City Record Office.

Senior, W (1629-40). Maps of the estates of William, Earl of Newcastle. Pivate collection.

Senior, W (1632/3). A Surveie Booke of some of the lordships belongiong to the right worshipful Sr. John Harpur, knight. D2375M, 63/5. Derbys. County Record Office, Matlock.

19. Fairbank, W. Maps too numerous to cite by date and number. Part of the Arundel Castle MSS. Sheffield City Record Office.

20. Jeffreys, T (1771) Map of Sheffield. Sheffield City Record Office,

21. Anonymous, (1775)) Map for Worksop. Private collection.

22. Fairbank, W. (1773) Map ofGaitforth and other commons. W.35s. Sheffield City Record Office.

23. Billington, J ( 1720) A Mapp of the Mannor or Lordship of Sudbury in the County of Derby,

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24.

25.

26.

27.

the estate of George Venables Vemon Esq. Sudbury Hall, Derbyshire, c/o National Trust.

Caldecott, W. (1608) The Survey of Stanton in the County of Derby being parcell of the possessions of the Worsh. Richarde Francis Esquire. D2375 M/33. Derbyshire Record Office, Matlock.

Senior, W (1627) Maps (7) of Woodlands estate. Devonshire Collection, Chatsworth, Derbyshire.

Anonymous, (1630). Map ofBrushfield. Devonshire Collection, Chatsworth, Derbyshire.

Brailsford, S ( 1752). Ashford Lordship belonging to the most noble Earl William, Duke of Devonshire. D 504. Derbyshire County Record Office, Matlock.

Acknowledgements For permission to reproduce Figures 5, 10, and 11, part of the Devonshire Collection, the author is grateful to the Trustees of the Chatsworth Settlement; for Figures 1 and 6, to the National Trust, c/o Sudbury Hall, Derbyshire; for Figures 4, 8, and 12, to the Principal Archivist, Derbyshire County Record Office, Matlock; and for Figures 2 and 3, part of the Arundel Castle MSS, to His Grace, the Duke of Norfolk, and the Principal Archivist, City of Sheffield .

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