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International Journal of Library & Information Science (IJLIS)
Volume 7, Issue 1, January-February 2018, pp. 102-116, Article ID: IJLIS_07_01_013
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/issues.asp?JType=IJLIS&VType=7&IType=1
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ISSN Print: 2277-3533 and ISSN Online: 2277-3584
© IAEME Publication
MAPPING OF HORTICULTURE SCHOLARLY
COMMUNICATION IN INDIA: A
SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS
D.Ravi
Research Scholar, Dept of Library and Information Science, Annamalai University,
Annamalainagar, South India, 608002
P.Sivaraman
Research Supervisor, Professor and Coordinator, Dept of Library and Information
Science,DDE, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, South India, 608002
M. Sadik Batcha
Professor and University Librarian, Department of Library and Information Science,
Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, South India, 608002
ABSTRACT
Horticulture is that the space of farming including the art of developing and thinking
about plants. Horticulture is socially indispensable because of it improves anyway we
will in general use plants, for nourishment and other human purposes, just as fixing the
earth and individual style. Plants are additionally vital in natural security. They are
utilized to re-vegetate and reestablish land exasperates by human or characteristic
exercises, they control disintegration, and they help to clean the air and water. Plants
even include an essential job inside the difference in condition of urban and country
scenes and diversion regions. Instances of Horticulture incorporate the accompanying
Key words: Horticulture, farming
Cite this Article: D.Ravi, P.Sivaraman and M. Sadik Batcha, Mapping of Horticulture
Scholarly Communication in India: A Scientometric Analysis, International Journal of
Library & Information Science, 7(1), 2018, pp. 102-116.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/issues.asp?JType=IJLIS&VType=7&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
Horticulture is a science on the bleeding edge of biotechnology, a craftsmanship, calling,
business, industry, side interest, lifestyle, and treatment for many individuals. Everybody comes
associated with cultivating item and callings consistently of our lives. Agriculture bolsters
North American country, improves our condition, and, through science, is helping discover
answers to tomorrow's issues.
D.Ravi, P.Sivaraman and M. Sadik Batcha
http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/index.asp 103 [email protected]
Horticulture is that the space of farming including the art of developing and thinking about
plants. Horticulture is socially indispensable because of it improves anyway we will in general
use plants, for nourishment and other human purposes, just as fixing the earth and individual
style. Plants are additionally vital in natural security. They are utilized to re-vegetate and
reestablish land exasperates by human or characteristic exercises, they control disintegration,
and they help to clean the air and water. Plants even include an essential job inside the difference
in condition of urban and country scenes and diversion regions. Instances of Horticulture
incorporate the accompanying:
• landscaping
• gardening
• Growing crops for food, fiber, and fuel
• Horticultural therapy—using horticultural methods to treat patients
• Arboriculture—the care of trees
Significance of Horticulture lies in the way that it produces much salary per hectare of land
when contrasted with other farming yields encourages work, sustenance and nourishing security
and industrialization as well. (Nabi, Tawheed ; Bagalkoti, 2017). (Mcculloch & Ota, 2002)
expressed that the advancement of fare agriculture has regularly been proposed as an expert
poor improvement methodology because of its escalated utilization of land and untalented
work. (Dolan & Humphrey, 2000) on an investigation of agriculture underpins that, ''huge
retailers in Europe assume a conclusive job in organizing the generation and handling of crisp
vegetables traded from Africa on account of Horticulture''. A substantial amount of writing can
be seen on the rose zone of agriculture and its development. (Bhat, 1990)
The present work depends on scientometric investigation of research pattern of Horticulture
on Indian Research yield for the years 2000– 2018. Scientometrics has commonly been
characterized as the quantitative investigation of science and innovation. Scientometrics
incorporates every quantitative part of the exploration of science, correspondence in science
and science arrangement (Wilson 2001). Mapping logical fields is a significant normal task in
bibliometric thinks about, so as to envision organizes expressly or verifiably conveyed by
articles (coordinated effort, reference). Mapping is an investigation of relationship interfaces
between the over a wide span of time look into work utilizing reference examination or it is a
helpful realistic procedure done by full scale and miniaturized scale levels. Mapping is a system
used to break down huge writing and shaped in a specific structure. This specific data
arrangement can be utilized by specialist viably. Diverse components of a bibliographic record
may use to produce a guide structure. Every component uncovers a particular structure, one of
a kind it might be said, however constantly identified with the structures dependent on other
component (Mithal et al. 2005).
The present investigation plans to catch the general productions at full scale dimension of
the field among top 10 nations and the smaller scale level identifies with examination of Indian
commitments regarding the matter. The measurements fluctuate as indicated by the specific
techniques utilized. In this investigation the different proportions of coordinated effort and the
records like relative quality index, h-index, g- index, p- index were utilized to discover the
author cooperation, nature of the writing dependent on the example of origin and reference.
2. TREND IN INDIA
Agriculture assumes a crucial job in the Indian economy. More than 70 percent of the rural
family units rely upon farming as their foremost methods for work. The all out Share of
Agriculture and partnered Sectors as far as level of GDP is 13.9 percent amid 2013-14 and
2004-05 costs. (Assessments discharged by Central Statistics Office). Horticulture is a piece of
Mapping of Horticulture Scholarly Communication in India: A Scientometric Analysis
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agribusiness, which is worried about the development of "garden crops" and can be
characterized as the part of horticulture worried about seriously refined plants straightforwardly
utilized by people groups for sustenance, for therapeutic reason or for stylish pleasure (Singh
2012). Horticulture includes cultivation of fruits, nuts, vegetables, medicinal and aromatic
plants, flowers, etc. Significance of Horticulture lies in the way that it creates much income per
hectare of land when contrasted with other farming yields encourages business, nourishment
and wholesome security and industrialization as well. The growth in the production of fruits
and vegetables assumes critical importance nowadays due to the increase in the demand
generated by the rapid increase in population and has been accelerated by the rise in the levels
of income of the people and the consequent changes in the pattern of consumption. Fruits play
a unique role in developing countries like India both in economic and social sphere for
improving income and nutritional status particularly of rural masses. India is the second largest
producer of vegetables and fruits after China and is popularly known as Fruits and Vegetable
Basket of the world (Gandhi & Nambordiri, 2002).
India has begun putting greater driving force on the development of horticultural sector after
sixties in order to utilize the country’s vast potential and to generate the much needed value
addition. In 2010-11 horticultural yields put together covered approximately 11.35% of the total
cropped area with an annual production of about 114 million tons accounting for more than
18% of agricultural output of India (Das, Gogoi and Borah, 2013). The significance of
horticulture in improving the productivity of the land, creating employment, improving
economic conditions of the farmers and entrepreneurs, enhancing exports and above all,
providing dietary security to the desert inhabitants, can hardly be overemphasized (Bhandari et
al., 2014) .
3. RELATED REVIEWS
An extensive literature has developed studying patterns of publication in the field of
Horticulture. These studies have challenged to gain a deeper under- standing of topics such as,
how horticulture research is performed, how horticulture
Table 1 Symbol Used and their Descriptions
Symbols Descriptions
ACPP Average citation per paper
CC Collaborative coefficient
CI Collaborative index
CPP Citation per paper
DC Degree of collaboration
Dt Doubling time
ICP International collaborative papers
D.Ravi, P.Sivaraman and M. Sadik Batcha
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MCC Modified collaborative coefficient
NC Number of citations
NHQ Number of high quality papers
NP Number of papers
RGR Relative growth rate
RQI Relative quality index
TNC Total number of citations
TNP Total number of papers
relates to more established field of research, how and where horticulture are being
developed, and their potential economic impacts.(Suresh, Hema, & Sankarasubramaniam,
2015) did a scientometric study on Indian Journal of Horticulture during 2010-2014 and found
that the highest number of contributors are belong to India with 688 articles out of 714 total
articles published. (Ranganathan, 2015) studied analysis of authorship trends and collaborative
research in horticulture and found that the author productivity in terms of Lotka’s law are
positively related with author productivity in Horticulture research output is identified as
invalidated. It is evident that the number of single author contributed papers is less than sixty
percent. (Raimbault, Cointet, & Joly, 2016) analysed in their study of mapping the emergence
of synthetic biology to a corpus comprising synthetic biology (SynBio) publications in
Thomson Reuters Web of Science to characterize the emergence of this new scientific field.
They resulted that the central and influential scientists act as “boundary spanners,” meaning
that their importance to the field lies not only in their academic contributions, but also in their
capacity to interact with other social spaces that are outside the academic sphere.
Hirsch (2005) introduced a single index h-index to quantify a scientist’s published research
impact created an unprecedented response from the scientometric community. Improvement of
the h-index, Egghe (2006) proposed the g-index and Prathap (2010) proposed the p-index.
Alonso et al. (2010) presented a new index called hg-index in order to reduce the disadvantages
of using h-index (Hirsch 2005) and g-index (Egghe 2006) without affecting the advantages of
both the measures. h-index is now used as a tool for research assessment of individuals, research
faculties and institutions and even for com- paring performance of journals and countries
(Prathap 2010).
4. OBJECTIVES
The prime objective of the present study is to ascertain the trends of Indian research articles
related to horticulture research. The database wraps all relevant documents with at least one
Indian author which has been in print during the period 2000–2018. The other objectives are to
examine the Indian research output, position, publication share and growth among top 10
countries, to learn the pattern of author collaboration by using various scientific measures, to
study the contribution of Indian authors, contributions by various scientometric measures and
to find the pattern of scholarly research communication in most productive journals. The
Mapping of Horticulture Scholarly Communication in India: A Scientometric Analysis
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outcome of the present study will be used to know the strength and weakness of the horticulture
research in India.
5. METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of the study, the Web of Science an international database (All Database
collection) was looked for all records of papers published by scientists/academicians from the
part of the research and development activity that has resulted in publication in peer-reviewed
journals. Data were downloaded from Web of Science database, (presently Web of Knowledge)
from 2000 to 2018. The wide-ranging search strings were used to draw out records pertinent to
horticulture for this study.
It can be found that nearly 11,412 bibliographic records of Indian contribution in
horticulture over the period of 19 years (i.e.) 2000–2018. The publication progress and author
collaboration on horticulture is measured using scientometric tools such as collaborative index
(CI), collaborative coefficient, modified collaborative coefficient, h-index, g-index, hg-index,
p-index. Further based on citation per paper, number of high quality papers, relative quality
index also applied to find out the quality of the research output. The findings of the study will
reveal the coherent dynamic nature of the subject. Further it will be enable to understand the
institutional and temporal dimensions of spread of horticulture which is crucial factor in
application areas and research directions. Symbols and descriptions used in this study are
mentioned in Table 1.
6. ANALYSIS
Out of 1, 58,738 publications, 26.17% of publication are from USA and ranks to the top first,
China has given its contribution with 10.01% and ranks second top in the position. It is followed
by India with 7.19% of publication output. India is ranked to the third top country in publishing
on Horticulture. The countries Spain (5.95%) and Brazil (5.79%) are placed to fourth and fifth
rank while analyzing the total output (Table 2). Out of the top 10 countries India maintains 3rd
and 4th rank with its contribution in the field of Horticulture during the period from 2000 to
2018. USA and China stamp at the 1st and 2nd places in all the period of study. Less
productivity of Japan, Italy, Canada, France and Germany may be due to the policy of
publishing their research output in their respective native languages largely.
Table 2: India leader in Horticulture publications among the competitor countries
Country No of Publications Rank
2000 2018 Total 2000 2018 2000-2018
USA 2550 7885 41,543 1 1 1
Peoples R China 52 2292 15,895 10 2 2
India 276 784 11,412 3 4 3
Spain 202 605 9,444 5 5 4
Brazil 94 800 9,186 9 3 5
Japan 353 394 8,400 2 9 6
Italy 133 569 7,126 8 6 7
Canada 229 362 6,509 4 10 8
France 156 426 6,246 7 7 9
Germany 161 422 5,862 6 8 10
Other Countries 1155 3309 37,115
Total 5361 17,848 1,58,738
D.Ravi, P.Sivaraman and M. Sadik Batcha
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Indian publication output in Horticulture during the period 2000–2018 consists of 11,412
records, with an average publication per year as 601. Of the total publications in horticulture,
11,401 appeared as articles. The cumulative output of India in horticulture increased from 276
papers in the year 2000 to 823 papers in the year 2015 and then a slight decrease accounted to
784 in 2018 (i.e.) during 19 years of period the growth ratio is 1:3 and holds the 3 and 4th
positions on both the starting and the ending period of the study (Fig. 1).
Figure. 1 Publication and Citation growth of Indian research
The growth of Indian research output were analysed by Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and
Doubling time (Dt). RGR is a measure to anlyse the increase in number of articles of time
(Mahapatra 1985) and the Dt is directly related to RGR. It is the time required for articles to
become double of the existing amount. The following Table 3 represents the yearwise
distribution, RGR, Dt, and mean of RGR and Dt of Indian publications in the field of
horticulture during the period 2000–2018.
From the Table 3 it is observed that the mean RGR for the first block is 1.031 and the Dt is
0.708, for the second block it is 1.712 and 0.414 respectively, for the third block it is 2.341 and
0.296 and in the last block it is 2.574 and 0.270 respectively. Dt is the period of time required
for a quantity to double in size or value. Yet it can be seen that the Dt is not doubled during the
second, third and final block. When the RGR is constant, the quantity undergoes exponential
growth and has a constant Dt or period which can be calculated directly from the growth rate.
Table 3 Indian’s research output and relative growth rate and doubling time of Horticulture
Year TNP Cum.
Output Loge1 Loge2 RGR
Mean
RGR Dt
Mean
Dt
2000 276 276 5.6204 5.620 0.000
2001 274 550 5.6131 6.310 0.697 0.995
2002 316 866 5.7557 6.764 1.008 0.687
2003 404 1270 6.0014 7.147 1.145 0.605
2004 494 1764 6.2025 7.475 1.273 1.031 0.544 0.708
2005 592 2356 6.3835 7.765 1.381 0.502
2006 605 2961 6.4052 7.993 1.588 0.436
2007 723 3684 6.5834 8.212 1.628 0.426
2008 747 4431 6.6161 8.396 1.780 0.389
2009 564 4995 6.3351 8.516 2.181 1.712 0.318 0.414
2010 571 5566 6.3474 8.624 2.277 0.304
2011 599 6165 6.3953 8.727 2.331 0.297
2012 653 6818 6.4816 8.827 2.346 0.295
2013 759 7577 6.6320 8.933 2.301 0.301
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2014 714 8291 6.5709 9.023 2.452 2.341 0.283 0.296
2015 823 9114 6.7130 9.118 2.405 0.288
2016 778 9892 6.6567 9.199 2.543 0.273
2017 736 10628 6.6012 9.271 2.670 0.260
2018 784 11412 6.6644 9.342 2.678 2.574 0.259 0.270
RGR increased from the rate of 0.697 in 2001 to 2.678 in 2018. The mean relative growth
for the first 5 years (i.e. 2000–2004) showed a growth rate of 1.031 and the mean RGR for the
last 4 years (i.e. 2015–2018) increased to 2.574. The corresponding Dt for different years
gradually decreased from 0.995 in 2001 to 0.259 in 2018. The mean Dt for the first 5 years was
0.708 which was decreased to 0.270 during the last 4 years. Thus as the rate of growth of
publication was increased, the corresponding Dt was decreased (Table 3).
6.1. Calculating collaboration
To demonstrate the trend towards multiple authorships in a discipline, many studies have used
either the mean number of authors per paper, was termed the CI by Lawani (1980) or the
proportion of multiple authored papers is called Degree of Collaboration (DC) by
Subramanyam (1983) as a measure of the strength of collaboration in a discipline. It is assumed
that these two measures are seemed to be inadequate, Ajiferuke et al. (1988), who derived a
single measure that incorporates some of the merits of both of the above. Ideally, it is desired
that a quantification of collaboration should have a value between 0 and 1, with 0 corresponding
to single authored papers, and 1 for the case where all papers are maximally authored, i.e. every
publication in the collection has all authors in the collection as co- authors. All the above
mentioned formulas to find the collaboration coefficient (CC) value have one or other demerit.
To overcome some of the demerits of previously explained measures, and propose a simple
modification of CC, which is represented as the Modified Collaboration Coefficient (MCC),
which improves its performance in this respect. Let the collection K be the research papers
published in a discipline or in a journal during a certain period of interest. In the following, we
write fj is the number of papers having j authors in collection K; N is the total number of papers
in K. N = Rjfj; and A is the total number of authors in collection K.
One of the early measures of DC is CI is given by:
∑kj (1/j)fj
CI = -----------------
N
It is a measure of mean number of authors. Although it is easily computable, it is not easily
interpretable as a degree, for it has no upper limit. Moreover, it gives a non-zero weight to single
authored papers, which involve no collaboration.
DC, a measure of proportion of multiple authored papers is given by:
f1
DC = 1- -----------------
N
DC is easy to calculate and easily interpretable as a degree (for it lies between zero and
one), gives zero weight to single-authored papers, and always ranks higher a discipline for
period) with a higher percentage of multiple authored papers. However, DC does not
differentiate among levels of multiple authorships.
CC was designed to remove the above shortcomings pertaining to CI and DC. It is given
by:
D.Ravi, P.Sivaraman and M. Sadik Batcha
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∑kj (1/j)fj
CC =17- -----------------
N
The derivation of the new measure is almost the same as that of CC, as given in Ajiferuke
et al. (1988). The above equation is not defined for the trivial case when A = 1, which is not a
problem since collaboration is meaningless unless at least two authors are available. CC
approaches MCC only when A =1, but is otherwise strictly less than MCC by the factor (1-⅟2
) (Savanur and Srikanth 2010).
A ∑kj (1/j)fj
MCC = ------ 1- ------------------
A-1 N
From the 11,412 articles 278 articles are authored more than 10 authors. Overall the 96%
of the articles are collaborative like the other disciplines. Only 4% of the articles are solo authors
(Table 4).
Based on the CI in the year 2000 it was 3.23, followed by the year 2004 (3.39), 2011 (4.12),
2015 (4.58), 2017 (4.75), 2018 (4.65), and overall (3.99). DC is 0.94 during the year 2000 and
maintains up to 0.98. To calculate the differentiations among levels of multiple authors CC and
MCC were calculated and presented in the Table 5. CC is between 0.59 and 0.63 and the MCC
is between (2000) 0.62 and (2018) 0.68.
6.2. Pattern of citation of research output
Out of the total Indian publications of 11,412 papers, with an average output of 601 papers per
year has 1, 17,836 citations. The average rate of citation was 10.33. Analysis of citation data
indicates that, out of the 11,412 published papers, 2,732 (23.94%) papers did not have any
citation and the remaining 76.06% had one or more citations. 4,182 (36.65%) papers received
citations between one and five. 1,567 (13.73%) papers received citations between six and ten.
2,826 papers received citations between eleven and hundred. More than hundred citations were
received by 105 papers. The citation pattern is shown in Table 5.
Table 4: Authorship Collaboration
Year One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine
Ten
&
Above
TP T_
Author CI DC CC MCC
2000 16 78 94 49 20 8 4 2 1 4 276 891 3.23 0.94 0.62 0.62
2001 27 77 88 42 26 8 2 3 0 1 274 839 3.06 0.90 0.59 0.59
2002 17 82 108 56 28 14 5 2 2 2 316 1042 3.30 0.95 0.63 0.63
2003 24 131 112 73 30 17 5 4 0 8 404 1313 3.25 0.94 0.61 0.62
2004 29 141 125 95 52 26 16 4 3 2 493 1673 3.39 0.94 0.63 0.63
2005 25 151 184 110 66 24 15 7 5 5 592 2049 3.46 0.96 0.64 0.65
2006 31 131 184 119 75 29 18 8 2 8 605 2158 3.57 0.95 0.65 0.65
2007 36 177 193 160 77 45 14 7 4 10 723 2554 3.53 0.95 0.65 0.65
2008 33 177 195 159 82 44 28 13 10 6 747 2732 3.66 0.96 0.66 0.66
2009 23 123 138 123 77 41 16 10 4 9 564 2124 3.77 0.96 0.67 0.67
2010 28 116 134 126 89 42 11 6 9 10 571 2169 3.80 0.95 0.66 0.67
2011 28 105 139 110 97 44 25 26 10 15 599 2467 4.12 0.95 0.68 0.68
2012 26 130 148 121 96 48 31 21 16 16 653 2671 4.09 0.96 0.68 0.68
2013 25 100 162 152 133 79 44 28 10 26 759 3340 4.40 0.97 0.71 0.71
2014 19 105 165 146 97 79 43 23 11 26 714 3111 4.36 0.97 0.71 0.71
2015 15 121 150 179 111 100 64 36 13 34 823 3771 4.58 0.98 0.72 0.72
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2016 20 114 156 151 124 89 51 22 26 25 778 3491 4.49 0.97 0.71 0.72
2017 14 102 129 137 108 96 60 36 24 30 736 3493 4.75 0.98 0.73 0.73
2018 20 113 136 148 135 89 59 26 18 41 785 3648 4.65 0.97 0.72 0.72
Total 456 2274 2740 2256 1523 922 511 284 168 278 11412 45536 3.99 0.96 0.68 0.68
% 4.00 19.93 24.01 19.77 13.35 8.08 4.48 2.49 1.47 2.44 100.00
Mean 24.00 119.68 144.21 118.74 80.16 48.53 26.89 14.95 9.88 14.63 600.63
STD 6.23 28.46 31.56 39.87 35.88 30.87 20.60 11.67 7.57 12.07 175.74
C.V 25.95 23.78 21.89 33.58 44.77 63.61 76.59 78.10 76.64 82.49 29.26
6.3. Citation impact of Indian’s research output, 1990–2009
Impact suggested by Nagpaul (1995), Garg and Pandhi (1999) have been used for inter-
comparison of quality by making unit of citation indicators such as CPP, NHQ, RQI, NHQ%
and TNP% (Garg et al. 2009).
CPP is based on the publication output and the number of citations received by these papers,
citation per paper for different countries and different institutions has been cal- culated. Citation
per paper has been calculated by using the following formula:
Total number of citations for a country or an institution
CPP = __--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of Papers for that country or an institution
NHQ is based on the calculation of the citation per paper for different countries and
institutions were calculated as the pattern of citation varied from one country to another country.
Papers that received more than twice the average citations have been considered as high quality
papers.
RQI is an indicator and it is the ratio of the proportion of NHG% to the proportion of the
TNP%
Number of High Quality Papers for a country or an institution
NHQ% = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅹ 100
Total Number of High Quality Papers
Table -5 Distribution of Citations
No of
Citation TNP TNP% TNC TNC %
0 2732 23.94 0 0
1 1392 12.20 1392 1.18
2 945 8.28 1890 1.60
3 698 6.12 2094 1.78
4 636 5.57 2544 2.16
5 511 4.48 2555 2.17
6 407 3.57 2442 2.07
7 362 3.17 2534 2.15
8 292 2.56 2336 1.98
9 280 2.45 2520 2.14
10 226 1.98 2260 1.92
11--20 1391 12.19 20498 17.40
21--30 611 5.35 15256 12.95
31--40 315 2.76 11025 9.36
41--50 196 1.72 8801 7.47
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51--60 104 0.91 5718 4.85
61--70 69 0.60 4496 3.82
71--80 66 0.58 4959 4.21
81--90 42 0.37 3588 3.04
91--100 32 0.28 3048 2.59
101--- 105 0.92 17880 15.17
Total 11412 100.00 117836 100.00
Total publication output of a country or an institution
TNP% = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅹ100
Total publication output for all countries or institutions
The stated citation index calculated for Indian contributions are shown in Table 6.
A value of RQI > 1indicates higher than average quality, whereas a value of RQI < 1
indicates lower than average quality. Table 7 indicates year wise total number of publications,
total citations, citation per paper, number of high quality and relative quality index. The value
of RQI is high in the years from 2000 to 2011. RQI is lower than average from the years 2012
to 2018 yet it is nearly 1 except the year 2017. RQI is noted maximum in the years 2003 and
2010. The RQI are 1.40 during these years. (Fig. 2).
6.4. Index technique in Scientometric
Hirsch (2005) introduced the h-index to measure both the productivity and impact of the
published work of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist’s most
cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other people’s publications.
The index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a group of scientists, such as a
department or university or country. The g-index was introduced by Egghe (2006) as an
improvement of Hirsch’s h-index for measuring the overall citation record of a set of articles.
The influence of the self-citations appears to be more significant for the g-index than the h-
index (Schreiber 2008).
To increase the h-index is difficult. It is usual to find that many different researchers have
the same h-index with a very different number of publications and cities. The hg-index provides
a more fine-grained way to compare scientists, balance between the impact of the majority of
the best papers of the author and very highly cited ones. Prathap (2010), has introduced a new
index, called the p-index or the mock h-index, which is given by (C * C/P)(1/3), where C is the
number of citations and P is the number of publications (Table 6).
Table 6: Citation Metrics & Formula
S.N
o
Index
Type
Contributo
r Purpose Definition/ Formula
1 h-index Hirsh
To measure both the
productivity and impact of
the published work of a
scientist or scholar
A scientist has index h if h
of [his/ her] Np papers have
at least h citations each, and
the other (Np - h) papers
have at most h citations each
2 g-index Leo Egghe
For quantifying the
scientific productivity of
physicists and other
scientists based on their
publication record
The index is calculated
based on the distribution of
citations received by a given
researcher’s publications
3 hg-index Rousseau hg-index of a researcher is
computed as the geometric √hg
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mean of his h- and g-
indices
4 p-index Gangan
Prathap
To compare authors and
countries on this index,
combination of quantity
and quality
C2 ^1/3
--------
P
6.5. Indian Authors contribution
Indian authors’ contribution accounts to 7.19% in horticulture publications. The contributions
of the Indian authors and the citation, average citation, h- index, g-index, hg-index and p-index
has been analyzed and the same is shown in Table 6. In this study it was found that the Kumar
S produced 114 papers during the period 2000–2018. There are 15 authors share 611
publications in the field of horticulture from India. Varshney Rajeev K and Singh S have
produced more than 70 publications and have received appreciable citations. (Table 7).
Based on h-index (Hirsch 2005) productivity and impact of the published work of the
institutions were analyzed (Table 9). Among the top 15 authors, Varshney Rajeev K (29) holds
the first position and followed by Upadhyaya Hari D (26) , Gaur Pooran M (24), Kumar S (20)
and Krishnamurthy L (17).
The quantification of the productivity of the authors and based on their publication record
were identified by using g-index (Egghe 2006) technique. g-index is more sensitive than h-
index in the assessment of selective scientists, since this type of scientist shows in average a
higher g-index/h-index ratio and a better position in g-index rankings than in the h-index ones
(Radrigo and Maria 2008). Varshney Rajeev K (59), Upadhyaya Hari D (52), Gaur Pooran M
(44) holds first three ranks. Based on the results it is found that g-index is always higher or
equal to h-index (Egghe 2006). Geometric mean of h and g indices is hg index (Alonso et al.
2010). Hg index value nearer to h than to g. i.e. h B hg B g and hg - h B g - hg. The hg-index
provides gain to compare scientists. Hg-index is used to balance between the impact of the
majority of the best publications of the author and very highly cited ones that is it reduces the
impact of single very high cited publications. P-index is the performance index balanced
between activity and excellence (Prathap and Gupta 2009). A mock h-index hm is an ideal per-
formance indicator that can evaluate activity/quantity and excellence/quality and must increase
when quantity i.e. number of publication increases and the quality i.e. number of citations
increases (Tol 2009). The p-index provides the best balance between quantity and quality
(Prathap 2010). The p-index represents a combination of size and quality, it would be ideal to
compare authors and countries on this index. Hence the authors were compared by using p-
index. Upadhyaya Hari D holds first position based on p-index (56.30) followed by Gaur Pooran
M (51.31) and Varshney Rajeev K (47.92). h-index, g-index and p-index are one type of indices
describe the most productive core of the output of a scientist and tell us the number of papers
in the core.
D.Ravi, P.Sivaraman and M. Sadik Batcha
http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/index.asp 113 [email protected]
Figure. 2 Relative quality index
Table-7 Citation impact of research output of Prolific Authors
S.
No
Name of
Author TP TC ACPP
TC
Within
h-core h-i
ndex
g-i
ndex
hg
-index
P-i
ndex
1 Varshney Rajeev K 84 3040 36.19 2556 29 59 41.36 47.92
2 Upadhyaya Hari D 38 2604 68.53 1447 26 52 36.77 56.30
3 Gaur Pooran M 30 2013 67.10 1034 24 44 32.50 51.31
4 Kumar S 114 1112 9.75 675 20 28 23.66 22.14
5 Krishnamurthy L 24 991 41.29 720 17 30 22.58 34.46
6 Singh S 77 947 12.30 695 16 28 21.17 22.67
7 Gowda C. L. L 38 1163 30.61 888 16 33 22.98 32.89
8 Tyagi Akhilesh K 23 857 37.26 694 15 27 20.12 31.73
9 Samiyappan R 24 763 31.79 628 15 27 20.12 28.95
10 Singh N 28 916 32.71 884 14 28 19.80 31.06
11 Kumar N 24 443 18.46 396 13 24 17.66 20.15
12 Parida Swarup K 26 512 19.69 430 13 22 16.91 21.60
13 Kumar Sanjay 31 473 15.26 406 13 21 16.52 19.33
14 Singh Sube 23 511 22.22 458 13 22 16.91 22.48
15 Saxena Rachit K 27 1163 43.07 1102 13 28 19.08 36.86
7. CONCLUSION
Due to technological importance and expected economic activity, horticulture has been
intensively investigated by scientometric methods. In this paper, the current status of
horticulture has been presented. Initially frequency and percentile method have been evolved
chronologically. The progress has further been measured using growth rate and Dt. In the
present decade the Dt of horticulture literature is decreased once in 4 years. Just one specific
measure is not shrewd to power the assessment of researchers or of research groups.
It is even unsafe, because it strengthens the opinion of administrators and politicians that
scientific performance can be expressed simply by one note. Hence we always stress that a
Mapping of Horticulture Scholarly Communication in India: A Scientometric Analysis
http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/index.asp 114 [email protected]
reliable set of several indicators is necessary, in order to explicate different aspects of
performance.
Hence to evaluate the author collaboration, CI, collaborative coefficient, DC and modified
collaborative coefficient were employed to prove that the 96% of the research outputs are of
collaborative in nature. As like that of other discipline collaborative research is predominance.
The aim of the study is to illustrate the different approaches in scientometrics have dealt
with this blooming area so far and presented a variety of data. This raises the question to what
extent the data presented can provide useful information to various stakeholders, such as
scientists and agriculturists working in one of the fields related to horticulture, decision-makers
in R&D administrations and industry. Some of the scientometric data may be of interest to
researchers in the field. Often they are specialists focused on one of the several strands in
horticulture and may be interested in data that provides them with a more general picture. They,
just like policy analysts, may also be interested in the overall standing of countries in terms of
publication output. Students of agricultural technology may find the parallel observation of
publication data of interest.
This study presented a summary of scientometric research in the horticulture area. Using
publication of literature, an overview of scientometric efforts have been presented to trace the
emergence of this new technological area. The paper has also presented data that gives an idea
about which countries are the most active in terms of scientific publications in horticulture.
Brazil, Japan and Italy are very active, following the big four countries USA, China, India and
Spain. At the moment, horticulture appears to enter a phase of concentration. For instance, most
of the horticulture publications so far have occurred in the in all agricultural sciences.
India has a substantial contribution on horticulture research. Varshney Rajeev K Upadhyaya
Hari D, Gaur Pooran M, Kumar S and Krishnamurthy L (17) are the prolific contributors. Share
of International collaborative publication among the top 15 authors is appreciable.
To engage with horticulture successfully, developing countries would need to address a
range of issues pertaining to research, technology development, skills requirement, institutions
involved, risks issues, regulatory and governance structure and stakeholder engagement.
Regulatory oversight for horticulture is necessary to channelize research efforts in a responsible
direction. The regulatory regime for horticulture needs to be dynamic and should be reviewed
from time to time. Transparency and public involvement in the design and implementation of
regulatory structure in horticulture should be ensured.
This paper focused on the presentation of scientometric data only. Understanding the
development of a field such as horticulture could be made easier by integrating the informetric
findings with results of other studies. Market analyses and future studies, which were not
discussed in this place, remind us that there is a bright way ahead for this blooming area to
become a generic discipline or technology.
It is concluded that the results of a scientometric study that focuses on the field of
horticulture is that the contribution of India has increased greatly in the last 5 years. However,
it is sound to say based on the number of publications that the field of horticulture is currently
led by USA, China, and India. Countries that lack a research and development infrastructure to
develop the horticulture may use scientometric trends to analyse the intrinsic variety in
approaches to technology development.
D.Ravi, P.Sivaraman and M. Sadik Batcha
http://www.iaeme.com/IJLIS/index.asp 115 [email protected]
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