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Maps

Pictorial representations of indices of elements that affect thesurvival, growth and development of infants around the world.

Maps

1. THE EARLY YEARS PAGE 68

2. WOMEN’S STATUS = CHILDREN’S STATUS PAGE 70

3. CHALLENGES PAGE 72

GENERAL NOTE ON MAPS PAGE 74

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Most causes of death in children are easily prevented, yet almost 11 million children under five die each year.

• Over the last three decades, the world’s population of children under 15 increased from about 1.4 billion to 1.8 billion.

• Improved breastfeeding practices and reduction of artificial feeding could save an estimated 1.5 million children a year.

• Measles accounts for more than 7% of all deaths of children under five around the world, half of them among infants under the age of one.

• Adequate sanitation is crucial to reducing under-five mortality and morbidity rates, yet 2.4 billion people lack access.

• Iodized salt is the best way to combat iodine deficiency disorders, the world‘s leading cause of preventable mental impairment. Sub-Saharan

AfricaMiddle East

andNorth Africa

SouthAsia

East Asia and

Pacific

Latin Americaand

Caribbean

CEE / CISand

Baltic States

Industrializedcountries

4162

84

21 32 35

96

124 132153

133 127

36 43 4428 33 25

47 42 39

Trends in child populations0-3-year-olds by region(in millions) 1970, 1985, 2000

1970

1985

2000

Source: UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 1998 revision.

20% Perinatal conditions

Top five child killersCauses of under-5 mortality

Percentages 1998

18% Respiratory infections

Other 23%

Malaria 7%

Vaccine-preventablediseases 15% 17% Diarrhoeal diseases

Source: WHO, 1999.

68 The State of the World’s Children 2001

The early years

This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

ImmunizationPercentage of 1-year-oldsimmunized against measles

90% and over

80% – 89%

50% – 79%

Less than 50%

No data

Artificial feeding

Less than 30% of infants are exclusivelybreastfed for the first four months

Access to sanitation

Less than 70% of the populationhave access to adequate sanitation

Use of iodized salt

Less than 50% of householdsconsume iodized salt

Sources: Immunization and access to sanitation: UNICEF/WHO; artificial feeding and the use of idodized salt: UNICEF.

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Women‘s status and children‘s status are inextricably linked.

• Women‘s literacy rates – a proxy for their empowerment and advancement – are key to improving the health, nutrition and education of families and children.

• Malnourished girls often grow into undernourished mothers, in turn more likely to give birth to low- birthweight infants.

• Approximately 15 million girls aged 15–19 give birth every year, accounting for more than 10% of all babies born worldwide. The risk of death from pregnancy-related causes is four times higher in this age group than for women older than 20.

• Skilled prenatal and delivery care plays a major role in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity.

• Violence against women is often equivalent to violence against children.

Violence against womenPercentage of adult women who have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner in any relationship 1991/1999 data

Source: United Nations, The World’s Women 2000, excerpts from chart 6.3, page 154, citing WHO database on violence against women (as of March 2000).

Egyp

t

34

Sout

h Af

rica

16

Colo

mbi

a

19

Nic

arag

ua

28

Puer

to R

ico

4

8

Phili

ppin

es

5

Switz

erla

nd

13

Unite

d St

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2

2

Mol

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, Rep

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14

Aust

ralia

2

3

Cana

da

29

Trends in women’s literacy

Female literacy rates1970, 1990 and 2000

Source: UNESCO,Statistical Yearbook 1999. Sub-Saharan

AfricaArab

StatesLatin America

and theCaribbean

Nearly two thirds of the world’s 876 million illiterate adults are women.

Eastern Asiaand Oceania

SouthernAsia

World

55%

69%74%

19%

39%

52%

15%

37%

49%

71%

84%87%

42%

72%

80%

17%

33%

41%19

70

1990

2000

1970

1990

2000

1970

1990

2000

1970

1990

2000

1970

1990

2000

1970

1990

2000

70 The State of the World’s Children 2001

Education of mothersWomen’s literacy rates

90% and over

60%–89%

30%–59%

Under 30%

No data

Attended births

Fewer than 50% of births have a skilled attendant present

Malnourished girls

More than 25% of girls under 5 years old are underweight

Sources: UNESCO; UNICEF.

Women’s status = children’s status

This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

Japa

n 4

Dem

. Rep

. of C

ongo

217

Liber

ia 2

13So

mal

ia 2

13Si

erra

Leon

e 20

2Cy

prus

17

Azer

baija

n 17

Cam

bodi

a 14

Chin

a 5

Rep.

of K

orea

4De

m. P

eo. R

ep. o

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ea 2

Ango

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19

Developing countriesHighest Lowest

Unite

d St

ates

59

New Z

eala

nd 3

4Un

ited

King

dom

29

Icel

and

24Ca

nada

23

Swed

en 7

Italy

7

Nethe

rland

s 4

Switz

erla

nd 4

Industrialized countriesHighest Lowest

Teen mothersNumber of birthsper 1,000 womenaged 15–191995–2000

Source: UN Population Division,World Population Prospects:The 1998 revision.

In many developing countries, more than one third of women give birth in their teens.

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Each day, countless numbers of children around the world are exposed to dangers that hamper their growth and development.

• More than 20% of primary school aged children in developing countries are not in school.

• One third of all births are not registered – these children are likely to be denied access to basic services and miss out on health care and education.

• Malnutrition among pregnant women is a major factor in the stunting of an estimated 177 million children.

• Approximately half of the 40 million people displaced by conflict or human rights violations are children.

• More than 10 million children under 15 have lost their mother or both parents to AIDS.

Sub-SaharanAfrica

59%

100% target

51%

Middle East and

North Africa

87%79%

male femalemale female male female male female male female male femaleSouth Asia

78%

64%

East Asia and

Pacific

97% 96%

Latin Americaand

Caribbean

89% 90%

CEE/CISand

Baltic States

92%90%

Sources: UNESCO; UNICEF.

Non-universal educationNet primary school enrolment/attendanceRegional percentages1990–1999

Less than 1%

No data

AIDS orphans in AfricaPercentage of children under 15 who lost their mother or both parents to AIDSend-1999

10% and over

5%–9.9%

1%–4.9%

Sources: UNAIDS; UNICEF.

72 The State of the World’s Children 2001

Challenges

This map does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.

Birth registration

Fewer than 50% of children are registered

School enrolmentProportion of children enrolled inor attending primary school

90% and over

75%–89%

50%–74%

Less than 50%

No data

Malnutrition

30% or moreunder-5-year-oldssuffer from severeor moderate stunting

Sources: UNESCO; UNICEF.

Refugees and internally displaced

persons(in thousands)

1999

Source: US Committee forRefugees, 31 December 1999.

Approximately half of these persons are children.

4000 Sudan Palestinians 3931

Afghanistan 2560

Iraq 568Sierra Leone 460

Somalia 425Sudan 420

Yugoslavia 390Angola 340

Croatia 340

Eritrea 320

1800 Colombia

1750 Angola

750 Myanmar

750 Turkey

900 Iraq 830 Bosnia and Herzegovina

800 Burundi 800 Dem. Rep. of Congo

800 Russian Federation

Internally displacedpersons

Refugees

73Maps

74

These maps illustrate a number of the manyfactors that shape a child’s start in life. The selectedindices capture some of the important elementsthat affect an infant’s survival, growth and devel-opment. The maps do not include many psychosocialelements crucial for early childhood development.These elements are difficult to measure and thelimited data that are available are not necessarilycomparable across countries.

Data sources for illustrations are given on eachmap. As many countries as space allows havebeen included. Some island nations are surrounded

by a box if an indicator may not otherwise be seeneasily.

When the data on these maps are correlated,they show that negative conditions do not occur inisolation but, instead, cluster together with thesame children being affected by multiple andsimultaneous circumstances. These maps aregraphic reminders of the effect of the absence orcollapse of social service networks. However, themaps are ultimately positive as they also demon-strate the long-term benefits of social investmentin the welfare of women and children.

General note on maps

The State of the World’s Children 2001