maps!& - monarch high school ap human geography · mental&maps& •...
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MAPS!
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Facts about Maps
• ALL are distorted! • They are transferred using projec+on • They are two dimensional • Cartography = the science of map making
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Categories of Maps
• Reference: Boundaries, roads, mountains…etc.
• ThemaGc: features or paHerns • Flow-‐line maps – good for determining movement or migraGon paHerns
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Basic Map ProjecGons
• 4 basic types of map projecGons: – Cylindrical
– Azimuthal (also called planar)
– Conic
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Cylindrical ProjecGon: DISTORTION!
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Mercator ProjecGon • Mercator ProjecGon Map = DistorGon as you get farther away from the equator!
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Why use Mercator? • Serves its purpose to allow ploXng of straight lines (think sea navigators) – Only needed straight line for direcGons
• Many wall maps are sGll using this projecGon
• DOES NOT SHOW CURVE OF THE EARTH! – SpaGal DistorGon
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Robinson ProjecGon
• Provides beHer balance of size and shape at higher laGtudes
• (does not maintain accurate area, shape, distance, or direcGon…but minimizes errors)
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Planar ProjecGon
• Useful for less distorGon at the POLES!
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Other maps to know… • Dot maps
– One dot = a parGcular phenomenon • ThemaGc maps
– Reflects a theme about a geographic area • Choropleth maps
– Areas are shaded or paHerned in proporGon to data shown • Cartograms
– Size of place/land changes to fit theme
• Isoline – Uses lines of equal value
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Dot Map
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Choropleth maps! Usually 4-‐5 categories
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cartograms – chart and assign data by size. Examples: populaGons, mortality rates, GDP GDP
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Child Mortality Rates
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Wars and Death Rates
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ProporGonal Symbol Map
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Electoral College Map
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Map Basics
• Scale-‐ the relaGonship between the length of an object on a map to its length on the landscape
• Small Scale shows a large area – 1:250,000 (World Map)
• Large Scale shows a small area in detail – 1:1000 (City Map) Small Scale Large Scale
World Map ConGnent Country Region State City Neighborhood
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Large or Small Scale?
Small-‐scale
Large or Small Scale?
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Large-‐scale
Small-‐scale
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Comparing maps of different scale Large vs. Small Scale Maps
A Small-‐Scale Map shows a large area with small details.
It is good for rela?ve loca?ons
A Large-‐Scale Map shows a small area with large details.
It is good for detailed looks at small areas
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LaGtude and Longitude • LaGtude – Lines that run East and West, but measure North to South – (around the globe like a ladder)
– Longitude: Lines that run North and South, but measure East and West (LONG)
LaGtude
Longitude
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Equator and Prime Meridian
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Other Important Aspects of Maps
• Cardinal DirecGons – North, South, East, West
• Compass Rose – Shows direcGons on a map
• Key/legend – Explains the use of symbols on a map
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A LiHle More Stuff
• Remote Sensing-‐ AcquisiGon of data about the earth’s surface using satellites and other long range methods
• Global InformaGon System (GIS)-‐Computer system that stores, organizes, and displays geographic data
• Global PosiGoning System (GPS)-‐ Using a series of satellites to determine locaGon on the earths surface
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Mental Maps
• An individual’s internal, geographic understanding of a place.
• Formed when people perceive informaGon about their surroundings and then process that informaGon into a mental image that reflects both the physical environment and that individual’s social, cultural, and psychological framework.
• May include hazards – items/places a person avoids during their daily rouGne.
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LocaGon/Distance Geographers use these to establish locaGon and distance:
– Coordinate system – Absolute locaGon – Longitude and laGtude – Meridians – Prime Meridian
– InternaGonal Date Line
– Parallels – Site – SituaGon – RelaGve locaGon
– Absolute distance – RelaGve distance – ConnecGvity – Time-‐Space Convergence