maps of pm2.5 over the u.s. derived from regional pm2.5 and surrogate visibility and pm10 monitoring...
TRANSCRIPT
Maps of PM2.5 over the U.S. Derived from Regional PM2.5 and Surrogate
Visibility and PM10 Monitoring Data
Stefan R. Falke and Rudolf B. HusarCenter for Air Pollution Impact and Trend Analysis
Washington University St. Louis, Missouri
Overview
•Fine mass (particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter) is currently monitored at a limited number of locations.
•Incorporation of related data into the spatial interpolation of fine mass aids the interpolation. This paper describes the methodology used in deriving fine particle maps for the U.S. by using visibility (280 sites) and PM10 data (~1000 sites) as fine mass surrogates.
•The higher resolution spatial coverage of the visibility and PM10 networks combined with their relationships to fine mass results in more detailed fine mass maps.
• Quarterly fine mass maps are derived for 1988-92.
Fine Mass Monitoring Network Visibility Monitoring Network
Surrogates for Fine Mass Concentrations
PM10 Monitoring Network Fine Mass vs. Visibility
Fine Mass Concentrations1/r2 Interpolation
Extinction Coefficient1/r2 Interpolation
BextFine Mass1/r2 Interpolation
Bext Aided FM = Fine Mass Bext
x Bext
Surrogate Aided Interpolation
Fine mass concentrations from the IMPROVE and NESCAUM networks, 1988-1992.
Sparse site coverage, ~50 sites located mostly in rural areas results in coarse spatial pattern.
75th percentile visibility extinction coefficient, 1988-1992
High spatial resolution visibility observation network
(~280 monitoring sites)
Fine Mass using Bext Surrogate
Before After
Before After
Fine Mass using Bext Surrogate
Fine mass from IMPROVE/NESCAUM and AIRS 1988-1992
AIRS PM10 Concentrations, 1988-1992
AIRS consists of mostly urban monitoring sites. Using these as surrogates would result biased regional PM2.5 estimates.
‘Regional’ AIRS PM10 concentrations
Monitoring sites with PM10 concentrations below a ‘base’ level were considered regional.
Fine Mass using PM10 Surrogate
Before After
Fine Mass using PM10 Surrogate
Before After
Correlation coefficients (R2) for interpolation error tests
Quarter Measured vs.ReconstructedConcentration
CrossValidation
using 1/r2 (nosurrogate)
Cross Validationusing 1/r2 with
Surrogate
Fine Mass & Q1 0.99 0.61 0.64
Visibility Q3 0.99 0.86 0.89
Fine Mass & Q1 0.94 0.00 0.12
PM10 Q3 0.98 0.59 0.69
Conclusions
• Derived fine mass maps using surrogates were of higher spatial resolution.
• Locations with observed fine mass concentrations remained unchanged by the surrogates.
• Cross validation analysis indicates improvement with the surrogates
• Visibility performs better than PM10
• Future work will merge Visibility and PM10.
Methodology
1. Use high spatial resolution surrogate monitoring sites to interpolate a surrogate grid.
2. Obtain a surrogate value at each of the fine mass monitoring sites
3. Calculate the FM/Surrogate ratio at each of the fine mass monitoring sites
4. Interpolate the FM/Surrogate ratio to a grid
5. FM/Surrogate * Surrogate = FM Grid
Bext to Fine Mass Ratios
A spatially smooth pattern with exceptions over northern Minnesota, eastern California and southern Oregon.
Fine mass ratio.