mar 526 underwater technology

8/10/2019 Mar 526 Underwater Technology

1/32

MAR 526 UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY

Survey of undersea activities in oceanography and offshore engineering

Tools of underwater operations

Decompression chambers

A diving chamberhas two main functions:

as a simpler form ofsubmersible vesselto takediversunderwaterand to provide a temporary

base and retrieval system in the depths;

as a land or ship-based hyperbaric chamberto artificially reproduce thehyperbaricconditions

under thesea(pressuresabove normalatmospheric pressure)for diving-related and non-

divingmedicalapplications such ashyperbaric medicine).

Basic types of diving chamber[edit]

There are two basic types of submersible diving chamber differentiated by the way in which the

pressure in the diving chamber is produced and controlled.

Open diving bell[edit]

Main article:Diving bell

The historically older open diving chamber, open diving bell or wet bellis in effect a largediving

bell,utilising an open bottom, the equivalent of amoon pool,to equalise internalair pressureandexternalwater pressureautomatically without the need, necessarily, to measure and control it. Anair

compressororbottled compressed airis required to maintain thevolume of the airas it becomes

compressed with increasing depth, or to make up foroxygendepleted by the

occupants'breathingand forcarbon dioxideremoved from exhaled air by acarbon dioxide

scrubbersystem. This type of diving chamber can only be used underwater, as the internal air

pressure is directly proportional to the depth underwater and raising or lowering the chamber is the

only way to adjust the pressure.

Hyperbaric chamber[edit]

A sealable diving chamber, closed bellor dry bellis apressure vesselwith hatches large enough

for people to enter and exit, and a compressed breathing gas supply to raise the internal air

pressure. Such chambers provide a supply of oxygen for the user, and are usually called hyperbaric

chambers whether used underwater or at the water surface or on land to produce underwater

pressures. However, some use submersible chamberto refer to those used underwater
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwaterhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperbarichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperbarichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperbarichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperbarichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersible


2/32

and hyperbaric chamberfor those used out of water. There are two related terms which reflect

particular usages rather than technically different types:

Decompression chamber,a hyperbaric chamber used bysurface-supplied diversto make their

surfacedecompression stops Recompression chamber,a hyperbaric chamber used to treat or preventdecompression

sickness.

Early decompression (recompression) chamber in the park at Broome, Western Australia. The chamber was used to

treat decompression sickness in Japanese pearl divers who were, generally, of small build. The chamber is now

located indoors in the Broome Historical Society Museum.

When used underwater there are two ways to prevent water flooding in when the submersible

hyperbaric chamber's hatch is opened. The hatch could open into amoon poolchamber, and then

its internal pressure must first be equalised to that of the moon pool chamber. More commonly the

hatch opens into anunderwater airlock,in which case the main chamber's pressure can stay

constant, while it is the airlock pressure which shifts. This common design is called a lock-outchamber, and is used insubmarines,submersibles, andunderwater habitatsas well as diving

chambers.

Another arrangement utilises a dry airlock between a sealable hyperbaric compartment and an open

diving bell compartment (so that effectively the whole structure is a mixture of the two types of diving

chamber).

When used underwater all types of diving chamber are attached to a diving support vesselby a

strongcablefor raising and lowering and anumbilical cabledelivering, at a minimum, compressed

breathing gas, power, and communications, and all need weights attached or built in to overcome

theirbuoyancy.The greatest depth reached using a cable-suspended chamber is about 1500 m;

beyond this the cable becomes unmanageable.

Related equipment[edit]

In addition to the diving bell and hyperbaric chamber, related diving equipment includes the

following.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recompression_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recompression_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_support_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_support_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_support_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_diving_recompression_chamber_at_Broome,_Western_Australia.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_diving_recompression_chamber_at_Broome,_Western_Australia.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_diving_recompression_chamber_at_Broome,_Western_Australia.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_diving_recompression_chamber_at_Broome,_Western_Australia.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_support_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_poolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recompression_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_chamber


3/32

Underwater habitat:consists of compartments operating under the same principles as diving

bells and diving chambers, but fixed to the sea floor for long-term use.

Submersiblesandsubmarinesdiffer in being able to move under their own power. The interiors

are usually maintained at surface pressure, but some examples include air locks and internal

hyperbaric chambers. There is also other deep diving equipment which has atmospheric internal pressure, including:

Bathysphere:name given to an experimental deep-sea diving chamber of the 1920s and1930s.

Benthoscope:a successor to the bathysphere built to go to greater depths.

Bathyscaphe:a self-propelled submersible vessel able to adjust its own buoyancy forexploring extreme depths.

Underwater use[edit]

As well as transporting divers, a diving chamber carriestools and equipment,breathing

gascylinders to replenish[citation needed]scuba tanks,and communications and emergency equipment.

It provides a temporary dry air environment during extended dives for rest, eating meals, carrying out

tasks which can't be done underwater, and for emergencies. Diving chambers also act as an

underwater base forsurface supplied divingoperations, with the divers'umbilicals(air supply, etc.)

attached to the diving chamber rather than to the diving support vessel.

Diving bells[edit]

Diving bells and open diving chambers of the same principle were more common in the past owing

to their simplicity, since they do not necessarily need to monitor, control and mechanically adjust the

internal pressure. Secondly since internal air pressure and external water pressure on the bell wall

are almost balanced, the chamber does not have to be as strong as a pressurised diving chamber

(dry bell). (Actually if his the distance between a point on the side of the bell and the air/water

interface at the bottom, the air pressure at that point is higher than the water on the other side by a

waterhead pressureequivalent to h, but this is a small and constant amount, and is not a structural

problem).

A wet diving bell or open diving chamber must be raised slowly to the surface withdecompression

stopsappropriate to the dive profile so that the occupants can avoiddecompression sickness.This

may take hours, and so limits its use.

Submersible hyperbaric chambers[edit]

Submersible hyperbaric chambers can be brought to the surface without delay to allow divers to

decompress since they can maintain the same pressure at which the divers were working. The

divers can stay in the chamber on the support vessel to decompress. This flexibility makes them

safer to use and more useful in an accident or emergency, including problems affecting the dive
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersibleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersibleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyspherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyspherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyscaphehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyscaphehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyscaphehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyspherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersibleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitat


4/32

support vessel, such as sudden bad weather. They are used to supportsaturation divingfor which

the decompression times are very long.

A diving chamber based on a pressure vessel is more expensive to construct since it has to

withstand very high pressure differentials. These may be both crushing pressures when the chamber

is lowered into the sea and the internal pressure is kept less than ambient water pressure, or it may

be an outwards pressure when it is out of the water and its internal pressure is set the same as

water pressure at a certain depth.

Hyperbaric chambers also require more sophisticated systems to set and control internal gas

pressure. However modern manufacturing techniques and control systems have reduced the cost

and this type of diving chamber is now more common than the older dive bell type.

Hyperbariclifeboatsare specialized diving chambers or submersibles able to retrieve divers or

occupants of diving chambers or underwater habitats in an emergency and to keep them in the

required decompression phase. They have airlocks for underwater entry or to form a watertight sealwith hatches on the target structure to effect a dry transfer of personnel. Rescuing occupants of

submarines or submersibles with internal air pressure of one atmosphere requires being able to

withstand the huge pressure differential to effect a dry transfer, and has the advantage of not

requiring decompression measures on returning to the surface.

Out of water use[edit]

Hyperbaric chambers are also used on land and at the ocean surface

to take surface supplied divers who have been brought up from underwater through theirdecompression stops, either assurface decompressionor after transfer from awet bell.

(decompression chambers)

to train divers to adapt to hyperbaric conditions and decompression routines and test their

performance under pressure.

to treat divers for decompression sickness (recompression chambers)

to treat people using raised oxygen pressure inhyperbaric oxygen therapy

In saturation diving life support systems

in scientific research requiring elevated gas pressures.

Hyperbaric chambers designed only for use out of water do not have to resist inward crushing

forces, only outward expansion forces. Those for medical applications typically only operate up to

two or three atmospheres, while those for diving applications may have to go to six atmospheres and

above.

Lightweight portable hyperbaric chambers which can be lifted byhelicopterare used bycommercial

diving operatorsandrescue servicesto carry one or more divers requiringhospitalisation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_practice#Surface_decompressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_practice#Surface_decompressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_practice#Surface_decompressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_guardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_practice#Surface_decompressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving


5/32

Decompression chamber[edit]

A decompression chamberis apressure vesselused insurface supplied divingto allow the divers

to complete theirdecompression stopsat the end of a dive on thesurfacerather than underwater.

This eliminates many of the risks of long decompressions underwater, in cold or dangerous

conditions.

TwoUnited States Navysailors inside a decompression chamber about to undergo training

One person chamber

Control panel of a basic deck decompression chamber

The medical lock of a basic deck decompression chamber with the door closed
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)#Surface_decompressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)#Surface_decompressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)#Surface_decompressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDC_Medical_lock_outside_door_closed_PA197917.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy_1_person_chamber.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decompression_chamber.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDC_Medical_lock_outside_door_closed_PA197917.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy_1_person_chamber.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decompression_chamber.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDC_Medical_lock_outside_door_closed_PA197917.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy_1_person_chamber.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decompression_chamber.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDC_Medical_lock_outside_door_closed_PA197917.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDC_Control_panel_PA197933.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy_1_person_chamber.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decompression_chamber.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)#Surface_decompressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_stophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=9


6/32

Exterior view of a basic deck decompression chamber

Transportable decompression chamber

Divers breathing oxygen during surface decompression

Operating a chamber from the control panel

History[edit]

The decompression chamber was invented in 1916 by the Italian engineerAlberto Gianni.[1][2]

Hyperbaric treatment chamber[edit]

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy chamber[edit]

Monoplace chamber for clinical hyperbaric oxygen treatment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deck_decompression_chamber_PA197922.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giannihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giannihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barokomora_Nis_hyperbaric_center.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barokomora_Nis_hyperbaric_center.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diving_instructor_controls_compression_chamber.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barokomora_Nis_hyperbaric_center.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_970619-N-3149V-002_Navy_Transportable_Recompression_Chamber_System.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barokomora_Nis_hyperbaric_center.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deck_decompression_chamber_PA197922.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barokomora_Nis_hyperbaric_center.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barokomora_Nis_hyperbaric_center.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giannihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=10


7/32

Ahyperbaric oxygen therapychamber is used to treat patients, including divers, whose condition

might improve through hyperbaricoxygentreatment. Hyperbaric chambers capable of admitting more

than one patient (multiplace) and an inside attendant have advantages for the treatment

ofdecompression sickness(DCS). Divers with serious complications or injuries may be attended to

in this manner during treatment. Multiplace chambers are capable of greater depth of recompressionthan soft chambers which are unsuitable for treating DCS.

Recompression chamber[edit]

Further information:Treatment of decompression sickness

Recompression chamber

A recompression chamberis a hyperbaric treatment chamber used to treat divers suffering from

certaindiving disorderssuch asdecompression sickness.[3]

Treatment is ordered by the treating physician (medical diving officer), and is usually in accordance

with the U.S. Navy Diving Tables.

[4]

Other treatment tables have been developed, including theCatalina Tables, and others, including proprietary tables.

When hyperbaric oxygen is used it is generally administered by built-in breathing systems (BIBS),

which reduce contamination of the chamber gas by excessive oxygen.[5]

Test of pressure[edit]

If the diagnosis of decompression illness is considered questionable, the diving officer may order a

test of pressure. This typically consists of a recompression to 60 feet (18 m) for up to 20

minutes.[citation needed]

If the diver notes significant improvement in symptoms, or the attendant can

detect changes in a physical examination, a treatment table is followed.

Representative treatment tables[edit]

U.S. Navy Table 6consists of compression to the depth of 60 feet (18 m) with the patient on oxygen.

The diver is later decompressed to 30 feet (9.1 m) on oxygen, then slowly returned to surface

pressure. This table typically takes 4 hours 45 minutes. It may be extended further. It is the most

common treatment for type 2 decompression illness.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sickness#Treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sickness#Treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sickness#Treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caisson_hyperbare.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caisson_hyperbare.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caisson_hyperbare.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_disordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sickness#Treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_sicknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy


8/32

U.S. Navy Table 5is similar to Table 6 above, but is shorter in duration. It may be used in divers with

less severe complaints (type 1 decompression illness).

U.S. Navy Table 9consists of compression to 45 feet (14 m) with the patient on oxygen, with later

decompression to surface pressure. This table may be used by lower-pressure monoplace

hyperbaric chambers, or as a follow-up treatment in multiplace chambers.

Saturation diving life support systems[edit]

Main article:Saturation diving

Schematic plan of a simple saturation system showing the main pressure vessels for human occupation

DDC - Living chamber

DTC - Transfer chamber

PTC - Personnel transfer chamber (bell)

RC - Recompression chamber

SL - Supply lock

Personnel Transfer Capsule.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturation_system_schematic_plan.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturation_system_schematic_plan.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturation_system_schematic_plan.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturation_system_schematic_plan.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturation_system_schematic_plan.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=16


9/32

A hyperbaric environment on the surface comprising a set of linked pressure chambers is used in

saturation diving to house divers under pressure for the duration of the project or several day to

weeks, as appropriate. The occupants are decompressed to surface pressure only once, at the end

of their tour of duty. This is usually done in a decompression chamber which is part of the saturation

system. The risk of decompression sickness is significantly reduced by minimizing the number ofdecompressions, and by decompressing at a very conservative rate.

The "Saturation System" typically comprises a complex made up of a living chamber, transfer

chamber and submersibledecompression chamber,[6]

which is commonly referred to incommercial

divingandmilitary divingas thediving bell,[7]

PTC(Personnel Transfer Capsule)

or SDC(Submersible Decompression Chamber).[5]

The system can be permanently installed on a

ship or ocean platform, but is usually capable of being transferred between vessels. The system is

managed from a control room, where depth, chamber atmosphere and other system parameters are

monitored and controlled. The diving bell is used to transfer divers from the system to the work site.

Typically, it is mated to the system utilizing a removable clamp and is separated from the system by

a trunking space, through which the divers transfer to and from the bell.

The bell is fed via a large, multi-part umbilical that supplies breathing gas, electricity,

communications and hot water. The bell also is fitted with exterior mounted breathing gas cylinders

for emergency use. The divers operate from the bell usingsurface suppliedumbilical diving

equipment.

A hyperbaric lifeboat or rescue chamber may be provided for emergency evacuation of saturation

divers from a saturation system.[6]

This would be used if the platform is at immediate risk due to fire

or sinking to get the occupants clear of the immediate danger. A hyperbaric lifeboat is self-containedand self-sufficient for several days at sea, and can be operated from the inside by the occupants

while under pressure.

Transfer under pressure[edit]

The process of transferring personnel from one hyperbaric system to another is called transfer under

pressure (TUP). This is used to transfer personnel from portable recompression chambers to multi-

person chambers for treatment, and between saturation life support systems and personnel transfer

capsules (closed bells) for transport to and from the worksite, and for evacuation of saturation divers

to a hyperbaric lifeboat.

Structure and layout[edit]

The construction and layout of a hyperbaric diving chamber depends on its intended use, but there

are several features common to most chambers.

Pressure hull
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-MGD-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-MGD-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-MGD-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-MGD-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-MGD-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-MGD-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-MGD-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-MGD-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_chamber


10/32

Main chamber

Access door or hatch

Viewports, to allow the operating personnel to visually monitor the occupants

Pressure control and monitoring equipment

Lighting and communications equipment

Firefighting equipment

Furniture for the comfort of the occupants (usually seats and/or bed facilities)

Pressurisation gas supply

Built-in Breathing System (BIBS) for supply of breathing gas different from the pressurisation gas

Forechamber (not always present) to provide personnel access to main chamber while it is

under pressure

Medical/stores lock (not always present) to provide access to the main chamber for small items

while under pressure

Some chambers are provided with arrangements which may be connected to other hyperbaric

chambers to allow transfer of the occupants under pressure.

Non-portable chambers are generally constructed from steel

Portable chambers have been constructed from steel, aluminium alloy, and fibre reinforced

composites. In some cases the composite material structure is flexible when depressurised.

Operation[edit]

Details will vary depending on the application. A generalised sequence for a stand-alone chamber isdescribed. The operator of a commercial diving decompression chamber is generally called a

Chamber operator, and the operator of a saturation system is called a Life support technician (LST).

Pre-use checks will be conducted on the system to ensure that it is safe to operate.

The intended occupants will be checked and authorised for compression, and will enter the

chamber.

The pressure door will be closed, communications established with the occupants, and

pressurisation started.

The operator will monitor and control the rate of pressurisation and monitor the condition of the

occupants.

Once pressurised, the operator will monitor the pressure, the run time, the chamber gas and if

applicable, the independent breathing gas supply. The chamber gas quality may be controlled

by carbon dioxide scrubber systems, filters and air conditioner systems and addition of oxygen

as required, or by periodic ventilation by adding fresh compressed air while simultaneously

releasing some of the chamber air.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=19


11/32

When decompression is started, the operator will notify the occupants and release chamber gas

to the atmosphere or to scavenge pumps if it to be recycled. The rate of pressure reduction is

controlled to follow the specified decompression schedule within tolerance.

Compression and decompression may be interrupted if the occupants experience problems

caused by the pressure change, such as ear or sinus squeezes, or symptoms ofdecompressionillness.

When decompression is completed, chamber pressure is equalised with ambient pressure and

the doors may be opened. Occupants may exit, and will usually be checked for absence of ill-

effects.

Chamber will receive post-operation service as required to be ready for next operation or

storage as applicable.

Working pressure[edit]

A large range of working pressures are used, depending on the application of the chamber.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is usually done at pressures not exceeding 18msw, or an absolute

internal pressure of 2.8 bar. Decompression chambers are usually rated for depths similar to the

depths that the divers will encounter during planned operations. Chambers using air as the chamber

atmosphere are frequently rated to depths in the range of 50 to 90 msw, and chambers, closed bells

and other components of saturation systems must be rated for at least the planned operational

depth. The US Navy has Heliox saturation decompression schedules for depths up to 480 msw

(1600 fsw).[5]

Experimental chambers may be rated for deeper depths. An experimental dive has

been done to 701 msw (2300 fsw), so at least one chamber has been rated to at least this depth .[8]

A decompression chamber, also known as a recompression orhyperbaric chamber,is a sealed

compartment that is pressurized to mimic different levels of atmospheric pressure. Small chambers

fit just one person, but larger versions can comfortably accommodate up to 10 individuals. They are

perhaps most commonly used inscuba divingas a way for divers to re-pressurize and get their

bodies used to normal atmospheric conditions after being underwater for long periods of time, but

there are also a number of medical uses. Chambers are often an important part ofcarbonmonoxide

poisoning treatments, and can also be used to help people heal from certain bacterial and radiation-

related illnesses.

Basic Concept

The main goal of decompression chambers is to manipulate the outsideair pressurearound a

person in order to influence his or herblood chemistryandoxygenintake. People dont usually need

this sort of device unless they have spent a lot of time in an environment that has forced their bodies

to acclimate in extreme ways. Deep-sea divers are one of the most common examples. If divers

arent very careful during their ascent to sea level they can suffer from decompression sickness,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-NS1992-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-NS1992-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-NS1992-8http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-hyperbaric-chamber.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-hyperbaric-chamber.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-hyperbaric-chamber.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-scuba-diving.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-scuba-diving.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-scuba-diving.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-carbon.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-carbon.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-carbon.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-air-pressure.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-air-pressure.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-air-pressure.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-blood-chemistry.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-blood-chemistry.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-blood-chemistry.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-oxygen.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-oxygen.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-oxygen.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-oxygen.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-blood-chemistry.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-air-pressure.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-carbon.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-scuba-diving.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-hyperbaric-chamber.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-NS1992-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#cite_note-usn-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_chamber&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_illness


12/32

which is essentially an increase innitrogenin the blood; time in a chamber is often the only way to

help people in these situations recalibrate. Extreme cases ofcarbon monoxidepoisoning and

radiation exposure can sometimes also be reversed with pressure therapy since the chambers can

help force peoples blood chemistry to raise or reduce oxygen levels as needed to get back to

normal levels.

How it Works

Most of these chambers are small, often designed to fit just one person in a prone or lying down

position. They are completely sealed, which means that once theyre closed air cant get in from the

outside; they are also pressurized, which means that medical experts or other operators can control

the exact air pressure and quality inside the chamber.

The human body reacts to air pressure in a number of different ways, but the biggest concern where

these chambers are concerned is usually blood vessel constriction and blood chemistry. Gas

bubbles tend to form in the blood when people are exposed to different pressure systems, as is the

case under water, or when theyre in environments with a lot of toxic gas or radiation. Bubbles in the

blood often form as a way of protecting oxygen supplies, but they can lead to a lot of trouble if they

arent removed quickly once the threat has passed. Hyperbaric chambers change the conditions

enough that the bubbles either burst or grow so small as to dissipate, and people can return to their

normal resting state.

In Scuba Diving

These sorts of chambers are most widely used in the context of scuba divers, both as a means of

ensuring routine decompression from deep dives and as a way of correcting decompression

sickness. Underwater pressure is directly proportional to the increase in water depth, so the deeper

a person goes, the greater the atmospheric pressure and the more likely that a changing interplay of

gasses will begin ensue. There's a lot of physics involved in scuba diving, but one of the most

important issues here is that increasing pressure correlates to increased absorption of nitrogen, so

that the deeper someone goes the more nitrogen enters his system.

Divers fight this phenomenon by taking care to ascend slowly and also by making decompression

stops along the way, where they pause and readjust their oxygen valves to compensate for the

changing pressure. This ensures that, as the body acclimates, nitrogen bubbles dont become too

large to exit the blood and can be expelled through proper breathing. These sorts of stops arent

always possible, though. When the water is really choppy, very cold, or infested with things like

sharks or jellyfish, pausing may be too dangerous; divers who are injured or who are running

dangerously low on oxygen may also find it makes more sense to get up and to safety as quickly as

possible. A chamber on board the dive ship can help people adjust their pressure before problemsset in.

When divers dont pay attention to their ascent pressures they can suffer from what is known as

decompression sickness, which is marked by skin rash, itchiness, and stomach pains known as

"bends." On a ship as part of a normal dive, re-pressurization is normally pretty quick, in part

because its done essentially as preventative therapy nothing has actually gone wrong yet. Once

a person begins to suffer from nitrogen poisoning, though, treatment is often more intensive.
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-nitrogen.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-nitrogen.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-nitrogen.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-carbon-monoxide.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-carbon-monoxide.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-carbon-monoxide.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-carbon-monoxide.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-nitrogen.htm


13/32

Other Medical Uses

A number of hospitals and medical offices have hyperbaric chambers even if they are far from

regular dive sites. Though divers are by far the most common users of these devices, they arent the

only ones. Medical experts have found that controlling outside air pressure can help people who are

suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning, and may also be able to counter some of the negativeeffects of radiation exposure, particularly nausea and weakness. As a result it is often prescribed for

cancer patients who are having a hard time with their radiation therapy. Certain bacterial infections

and skin lesions can also be treated by limiting or controlling atmospheric oxygen, though this sort of

treatment is usually reserved for truly extreme or life-threatening circumstances.

Most decompression chambers are very expensive to operate, which often means that they are only

used in extreme situations. The costs to both medical facility and patient tend to be very high.

Routine use in diving isnt usually as intensive, since people dont have to be in the chambers for

very long to simply re-establish normal levels; actually fixing problems can take many hours, though,

and a lot of attention from doctors and medical staff.

Diving apparatus

Diving equipmentis equipment used byunderwater diversto make diving activities possible,

easier, safer and/or more comfortable. This may be equipment primarily intended for this purpose, or

equipment intended for other purposes which is found to be suitable for diving use.

Equipment which is used for underwater work or other activities which is not directly related to the

activity of diving, or which has not been designed or modified specifically for underwater use by

divers is excluded.

The fundamental item of diving equipment used by divers is underwater breathing apparatus,

such asscuba equipment,andsurface supplied divingequipment, but there are other important

pieces of equipment that make diving safer, more convenient or more efficient.

Classes of underwater breathing apparatus[edit]

Surface supplied diving[1]

- mostly used in professional diving. This category includes:

Surface oriented surface supplied diving (Bounce diving), where the diver starts and finishedthe dive at normal atmospheric pressure.

Saturation diving,where the diver remains under pressure in anunderwaterhabitatorsaturation spreadbetween underwater excursions.

Standard diving dress- mostly used inprofessional diving.Mainly of historical interest now.

Airlineor Hookah diving.

"Compressor diving"- a rudimentary form of surface supplied diving used inthePhilippinesby artisanal fishermen.

Recreational forms likesnuba.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving#Equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving#Equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving#Equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_diving_dresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_diving_dresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_diving#Airlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_diving#Airlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving#Compressor_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving#Compressor_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving#Compressor_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving#Compressor_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_diving#Airlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_diving_dresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_diving#Equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_supplied_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_diving


14/32

Scuba diving- The use of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. This category

includes:

Open-circuitscubaconsisting ofdiving cylinder(s) anddiving regulator(s)

Rebreather,closed-circuit or semi-closed-circuit scuba

Free divingor breathhold diving, where the diver completes the dive on a single breath of air

taken at the surface before the dive.

Snorkelallows breathing at the surface with the face submerged, and is used as an adjunctto free diving and scuba.

Atmospheric diving suitsand other submersibles which isolate the diver from the ambient

environment. These are not considered here.

Liquid breathingsystems are extremely rare and at an early experimental stage. It is hoped that

some day practical systems allow very deep diving. This is not considered here.

AUS Navy diverat work. The umbilical supplying air from the surface is clearly visible

Diver in standard diving dress entering water at Stoney Cove, England

Scuba diver with single cylinder and open circuit regulator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Diverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Diverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Diverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buzo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_diving_dress_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Working_Diver_02.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buzo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_diving_dress_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Working_Diver_02.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buzo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_diving_dress_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Working_Diver_02.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Diverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_setshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving


15/32

Free-diver withmonofin,ascending

TheNewtsuitis an atmospheric diving suit which has fully articulated rotary joints in the arms and legs.

Personal diving equipment[edit]

This is the diving equipment worn by or carried by the diver for personal protection or comfort, or to

facilitate the diving aspect of the activity, and may include a selection from:

Underwater breathing apparatus[edit]

Scuba equipment: Primarycylinder(s),carried back-mounted orside mountedand open

circuitregulator(s),orrebreathersets.Alternative air sourcesuch asbailout bottleorpony bottle,

anddecompressioncylinders and their associated regulators.Secondary demand

valve(Octopus).

Surface supplied equipment:Helmetorfull face mask,bailout block, bailout cylinder and

regulator.

Early twin cylinder set with twin hose regulator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtsuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtsuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtsuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_mount_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_mount_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_mount_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_air_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_air_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_air_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailout_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailout_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailout_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulator#Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulator#Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulator#Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulator#Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_helmethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_helmethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_helmethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_face_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_face_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_face_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Draeger_twin_7l_cylinders_with_twin_hose_regulatorPB068176.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newtsuit_atmospheric_diving_suit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junko-Kitahama_Apnea-Monofin_cropped.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Draeger_twin_7l_cylinders_with_twin_hose_regulatorPB068176.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newtsuit_atmospheric_diving_suit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junko-Kitahama_Apnea-Monofin_cropped.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Draeger_twin_7l_cylinders_with_twin_hose_regulatorPB068176.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newtsuit_atmospheric_diving_suit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junko-Kitahama_Apnea-Monofin_cropped.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_face_maskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_helmethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulator#Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulator#Octopushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompression_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailout_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_air_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_mount_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_cylinderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtsuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofin


16/32

Twin scuba cylinders with isolation manifold

Charging a small bailout cylinder from a larger aluminium scuba cylinder

Scuba regulator: First stage with primary and secondary demand valves, submersible pressure gauge

and low pressure hose for BC inflation.

Technical diver with back mounted open circuit scuba and sling mounted decompression cylinders
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DecompressionPrepEdit.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scuba_01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charging_a_spare_air_cylinder_PB048172.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twin_300_bar_cylinders_with_isolating_manifold.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DecompressionPrepEdit.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scuba_01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charging_a_spare_air_cylinder_PB048172.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twin_300_bar_cylinders_with_isolating_manifold.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DecompressionPrepEdit.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scuba_01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charging_a_spare_air_cylinder_PB048172.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twin_300_bar_cylinders_with_isolating_manifold.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DecompressionPrepEdit.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scuba_01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charging_a_spare_air_cylinder_PB048172.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twin_300_bar_cylinders_with_isolating_manifold.jpg


17/32

Diving with a closed circuit rebreather

Russian made IDA-71 rebreather set

Heavy standard diving helmet, lightweight demand helmet and band mask

Diver wearing lightweight demand helmet

Exposure protection[edit]

Thermal, sting and abrasion protection.

In cold water, adiving suitsuch as adry suit(at temperatures of 0-10C), awet suit(at

temperatures of 21-25C), or aHot water suit(surface supplied diving only) is necessary.

Boiler suitoveralls are often worn over the thermal protection suit by commercial divers as

abrasion protection

In very warm water (temperatures of 26-30C), many types of tough, long, everyday clothing

provide protection, as well as purpose made garments such as dive skins (made of lycra) and

shorty wetsuits. In some cases, simple regular swimsuits are also used.[2]

Divinggloves

Diving hoods

Diving boots- With dry suits, the boots are usually integrated.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_water_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_water_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_water_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_hoods&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_hoods&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_boots&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_boots&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_06_04_Harburg_Taucherhelme_DSCI5241.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDA-71_with_lid_of_casing_opened_showing_interior_P5167777.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diver_using_Inspiration_rebreather_at_the_wreck_of_the_MV_Orotava_P6308046.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_06_04_Harburg_Taucherhelme_DSCI5241.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDA-71_with_lid_of_casing_opened_showing_interior_P5167777.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diver_using_Inspiration_rebreather_at_the_wreck_of_the_MV_Orotava_P6308046.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_06_04_Harburg_Taucherhelme_DSCI5241.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDA-71_with_lid_of_casing_opened_showing_interior_P5167777.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diver_using_Inspiration_rebreather_at_the_wreck_of_the_MV_Orotava_P6308046.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_boots&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_hoods&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glovehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_water_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=4


18/32

Safety helmetforscuba diving.(Not part of the breathing apparatus. May have a built-in

forehead light. Images at[1].)

Divingchain mailmay be used as protection against bites by large marine animals

Diver's cagesmay be used as protection against large predators

Full wet suit

Dry suits

Short and full length wet suits

Wet suit boots

In-water stabilisation and movement[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_helmethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_helmethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_divinghttp://www.flashbackscuba.com/museum/rediscovery/rediscovery.htmlhttp://www.flashbackscuba.com/museum/rediscovery/rediscovery.htmlhttp://www.flashbackscuba.com/museum/rediscovery/rediscovery.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_proof_cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_proof_cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diving_boots.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wetsuit0806.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fullsuit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diving_boots.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wetsuit0806.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fullsuit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diving_boots.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wetsuit0806.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fullsuit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diving_boots.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wetsuit0806.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plongee_CombinaisonsEtanchesDansLaGlace-199912.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fullsuit.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_proof_cagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_mailhttp://www.flashbackscuba.com/museum/rediscovery/rediscovery.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_divinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_helmet


19/32

Abackplateis a structure linking the buoyancy of the wing with the weight of the diving cylinders

and provided with a harness of straps which secures the scuba set to the diver's back

Buoyancy compensator,also known as Buoyancy Control Device, BCD or BC - is a back

mounted or sleeveless jacket style device containing oe comprising an inflatable bladder used to

adjust the buoyancy of the diver under water, and provide positive buoyancy at the surface. Thebuoyancy compensator is usually an integral part of the harness system used to secure the

scuba set to the diver.

Diver Propulsion Vehicle- to increase the range of the diver underwater

Diving weighting system- to counteract the buoyancy of thediving suitand diver to allow

descent. Professional divers may use additional weighting to ensure stability when working on

the bottom

Finsfor efficient propulsion

Jacket buoyancy compensator

Diver propulsion vehicle (scooter)

Weight belt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backplate_and_winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backplate_and_winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backplate_and_winghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diver_Propulsion_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diver_Propulsion_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_weighting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_weighting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimfinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimfinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zavorra.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiveXtras_Sierra.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiverBC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zavorra.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiveXtras_Sierra.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiverBC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zavorra.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiveXtras_Sierra.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiverBC.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimfinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_suithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_weighting_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diver_Propulsion_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backplate_and_wing


20/32


21/32


22/32

Nav finder and underwater compass - basic underwater navigation tools.

Suunto SK-7 diving compass in aftermarket wrist mount with bungee straps

50 metres of line on a reel

Line Arrow Marker

A miniature submersible pressure gauge (mini SPG) used onPony Tanks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_SPG_Diving.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line_Arrow_of_Agnes_Milowka.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distance_line.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suunto_SK-7_diving_compass_in_aftermarket_wrist_mount_P9021026.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UW_Navigation_tools.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_SPG_Diving.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line_Arrow_of_Agnes_Milowka.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distance_line.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suunto_SK-7_diving_compass_in_aftermarket_wrist_mount_P9021026.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UW_Navigation_tools.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_SPG_Diving.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line_Arrow_of_Agnes_Milowka.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distance_line.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suunto_SK-7_diving_compass_in_aftermarket_wrist_mount_P9021026.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UW_Navigation_tools.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_SPG_Diving.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line_Arrow_of_Agnes_Milowka.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distance_line.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suunto_SK-7_diving_compass_in_aftermarket_wrist_mount_P9021026.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UW_Navigation_tools.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mini_SPG_Diving.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Line_Arrow_of_Agnes_Milowka.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distance_line.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suunto_SK-7_diving_compass_in_aftermarket_wrist_mount_P9021026.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UW_Navigation_tools.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Bottle


23/32


24/32

A "canister" style dive light

Safety equipment[edit]

Diver's safety harness, to which a lifeline may be attached.

Lifeline (or tether): A line from the diver to a tender at the surface control point, which may be

used for:

communications, by diving line signals,

to allow the diver to be found by the stand-by diver following the line, to provide a guideline to the surface control point to guide the diver on return,

to assist the diver to maintain position in a current,

in an emergency, to recover the diver to the surface, and

in some cases lift the diver out of the water.

Buddy line: A short line or strap connecting two divers in the water, used to prevent them from

being separated in poor visibility and for communication by line signals.

Surface marker buoy,which indicates the position of the divers to people at the surface.

DSMB - (Delayed, or deployable surface marker buoy), which is inflated at the start of, or during

the ascent, to indicate the position of the divers to the surface team, and as a signal that the

divers are ascending.

Cutting tool

Knifeto cut lines, nets or to pry or dig. Can also be used for personal protection againstunderwater predators if needed. However, this latter use is not recommended, as it isgenerally ineffective.

Diver's net or line cutter. This is a small handheld tool carried by scuba divers to extricatethemselves if trapped infishing netorfishing line.It has a small sharp blade such as areplaceablescalpelblade inside the small notch. There is a small hole at the other end to fora lanyard to tether the cutter to the diver.

Trauma shears.Very effective as a line cutter, with low risk of inadvertent injury or damage.Usually carried in a pocket or special purpose sheath.

Automatic diver recovery devices DiverGuard - A buoyancy compensator inflation/deflation unit which monitors breathing:

should the diver stop breathing, it activates an alarm. If the diver does not reset the alarm,the unit automatically inflates the BC, which in open water will generally bring the diver tothe surface.

[3]This is a new product introduced at DEMA 20012. According to the official

website their interpretation of a recommendation by the American Heart Association, is that"as soon as respiratory distress is identified, the diver should be brought to the surface asquickly as possible: it is preferable to provide urgent ventilation than to prolong oxygendeprivation in order to surface gradually."[3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_marker_buoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_marker_buoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_nethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_nethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_nethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_shearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_shearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-Diverguard_product-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-Diverguard_product-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-Diverguard_product-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-Diverguard_product-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-Diverguard_product-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-Diverguard_product-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diving-torch.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-Diverguard_product-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-Diverguard_product-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_shearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_nethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_marker_buoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_equipment&action=edit&section=8


25/32

Divo - A buoyancy compensator inflation/deflation unit with a mechanical / pneumatic valvethat is automatically activated if the diver stops breathing or the pressure of the scuba gasdrops below five bars. This function is controlled by water depth, respiration and air tankpressure. If the diver has not breathed for 30 seconds, or the pressure of gas supply fallsbelow five bars, the unit inflates the buoyancy compensator, which will generally return thediver to the surface in an open water environment.

[4]

Front view of jacket style diver harness with removable weight pockets

GerberRiver Shorty, a river/diving knife, with serrated edge for cutting lines and straps, and a blunt tip

for prying

scuba diver's net cutter. 7 inches long

Underwater Kinetics general purpose dive knife
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_Legendary_Bladeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_Legendary_Bladeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Reef_Dive_Knife.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aa_scuba_netcutter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerber_River_Shorty.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Reef_Dive_Knife.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aa_scuba_netcutter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerber_River_Shorty.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Reef_Dive_Knife.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aa_scuba_netcutter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerber_River_Shorty.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Reef_Dive_Knife.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aa_scuba_netcutter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerber_River_Shorty.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diver_harness_with_weight_pocketsPA268054.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_Legendary_Bladeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_equipment#cite_note-4


26/32

Trilobite line cutter with sheath on diving harness

Trauma shears

DiverGuard automatically inflates the buoyancy compensator if the diver stops breathing.

Spool with line and double-ender clip

Dive reel with stored DSMB
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dive_reel_with_DSMB_P9245620.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diving_spool_with_double_ender_bolt_snap_P6147909.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiverGuard.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aa_trauma_shears.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trilobite_line_cutter_with_sheath_on_diving_harness_P3187295.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dive_reel_with_DSMB_P9245620.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diving_spool_with_double_ender_bolt_snap_P6147909.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiverGuard.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aa_trauma_shears.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trilobite_line_cutter_with_sheath_on_diving_harness_P3187295.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dive_reel_with_DSMB_P9245620.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diving_spool_with_double_ender_bolt_snap_P6147909.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DiverGuard.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aa_trauma_shears.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trilobite_line_cutter_with_sheath_on_diving_harness_P318729

mar 526 underwater technology

Documents