Guided by;Asst. Prof. Soumya Kuriakose

Presented by;Jewelshah Suresh V.

Introduction Marble Industry in India. Environmental Impacts. Applications.

TileBrickConstruction of roads

Case study. Conclusion. Reference.

Marble : Most extensively used stone in construction

Marble - crystalline, compact variety of metamorphosed limestone

During processing, 30% of the stone goes to scrap and it produces almost 1 ton of slurry (70% water) from 1 ton of marble

It’s application includes Colour washes, tiles, bricks, gypsum based boards, cellular concrete, masonry cement, portland cement

Rajasthan accounts for almost 95% of the total marble produced in the country and can be considered as the world’s largest marble deposits.

Around 4000 marble mines and 1100 marble processing units spread over 16 districts of Rajasthan.

1.Cutting.2.Grinding3.Polishing

Marble slurry produced equals to 40% of final product.

Marble slurry production: 5.5 lakhs tones /annum in 2004.

At present : 5-6 million tones / annum. This slurry is a great threat to environmental

protection.

Unprocessed marble stones Cutting the marble stone

Slurry produced while grinding

Environmental Impacts of Marble Slurry Deposition

It occupies valuable land. ie. Waste dumped in open lands as big heaps and dumps.Slurry contains:

1. 40% particles< 75µm2. 30% particles< 25µm

This causes serious environmental problems.

When marble slurry dries, fine particles get entrained in atmosphere and it1. Reduces visibility2. Creates respiratory problems

In rainy seasons road surface becomes slippery which is dangerous for the traffic

Due to long term deposition on land,1. Finer particles block the flow regime of aquifers

which affects underground water availability.2. Also contaminates the surface and underground water

reserves. Creates necrotic ecological conditions for flora

and fauna.

In dry season, marble powder flies and deposits on vegetation and crop. It affects environmental and local eco system.

Marble powder deposited in riverbed and surroundings reduces porosity and permeability of soil results water logging

Fine particles result in poor fertility of soil due to increase in alkalinity

Marble slurry being dumped in a vacant plot

Marble slurry deposited in Gomti River, Rajasthan

Cleaning of Gomti River, Rajasthan

Gomti River after cleaning Marble slurry

1.Manufacture of Tiles containing marble Powder.2.Manufacture of Building Blocks using marble powder.3.Utilization of marble powder in the Construction of Roads

Is a manufactured piece of material such as ceramic, stone, metal, glass etc.

Also made from marble, granite, slate, and reformed ceramic slurry, which is cast in a mould and fired.

Effect of marble powder on flexural strength and creep behavior of tiles containing marble powder were tested.

Sample ID No. Mix proportions Water / Cement ratio

Cement Marble powder

S1 1.00 5.00 0.710

S2 1.00 6.00 0.710

S3 1.00 7.00 0.733

S4 1.00 8.00 0.833

72 specimens (18 for each mix) of size 250 mm x 250 mm x 25 mm were prepared.

These specimens were prepared by applying a pressure of 6.25 MPa.

The specimens were left for 24 hours in the air and then cured in water for 28 days. The tiles were tested for their flexural strength and creep.

The results indicate that the flexural strength decreases as the cement content decreases in the mix.

The tiles prepared with mix proportions 1:7 (1 cement: 7 marble powder) satisfied the flexural strength criteria for flooring tiles as per IS: 1237:1980

The tiles prepared with 1:8 (1cement: 8 marble powder) mix proportion failed to satisfy the requirement.

It suggests that the flooring tiles containing approximately 87% marble powder satisfy the flexural strength criteria.

Flexural strength testing apparatus

The mixes which satisfied the flexural strength requirement (specimens S1, S2 and S3) were chosen for creep test.

The specimens which were air dried for 7 days after curing were tested.

Specimen ID No. S1 S2 S3

Wet transverse strength (MPa) 3.700 3.480 3.050

Stress-strength ratio 0.750 0.750 0.750

Time of loading (days) 65 45 81

Instantaneous deflection (mm) 0.145 0.155 0.110

Creep deflection (mm) 0.080 0.055 0.045

Total deflection (mm) 0.225 0.210 0.155

Instantaneous recovery (mm) 0.152 0.142 0.125

Creep recovery (mm) 0.018 0.018 0.005

Residual deformation (mm) 0.055 0.050 0.025

The creep deflections were substantially smaller than the instantaneous deflections.

Magnitude of Instantaneous deflection, creep deflection are very small.

This account for the good performance of tiles under sustained loading.

Eco-blocks to be used in houses building from marble sludge

Result in building blocks of 15 cm with superior properties in terms of water absorption (7%).

compressive strength at 28 days: 195.8 kN or 7.8 N/mm2

15 cm building block

Kuncholi Road, Rajasthan. Soil – MSD mixes were prepared and tested. MSD completely passing through 75µm.

Kuncholi road, Rajasthan

Surfacing: to provide smooth, tough dust free, reasonable waterproof and strong layer.

Base: Medium through which stress imposed are distributed.

Sub base: Additional help in distributing load.

Sub grade: compacted natural earth, also known as formation level.

Engineering properties Soil Soil+

10%

MSD

Soil+

20%

MSD

Soil+

25%

MSD

Soil+

30%

MSD

MSD

Liquid limit, % 29 28.4 27.5 26.5 25.6 25

Plastic limit, % 22.5 21.8 20.8 19.7 18.6 17.8

Plasticity Index, % 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.2

Maximum dry density, g/cc 1.9 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.914 1.82

Optimum moisture content, % 11.0 11.6 11.9 12.1 12.1 12.5

CBR ratio,% 12.5 16.5 17.7 15.4 10.2 4.0

Saturated moisture content for

CBR test

13.3 11.5 11.2 11.1 15.6 18.7

Unconfined compressive

strength, kg/cm2

1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.75 -

Use of MSD in sub-grade preparation for a double lane road- save Rs.1,50,000/- per km.

In multi lane roads and for high embankments, savings would increase many folds.

Saves soil and savings on difference in cost of natural soil.

Protection of environment.

Tiles having mix proportion of 1:7 satisfy the flexural strength requirement of flooring tiles.

Production of building blocks :safe for health and environment friendly. Blocks exhibit superior properties

Marble slurry dust finds bulk utilization in roads. 20-30% of soil replaced by MSD

reduces natural resource consumption reduces landfill occupation areas and saves ecosystems

and environment

Gupta, R.C., Misra, A. and Raisinghani, M. (2009), “Flexural Strength and Creep Characteristics of Tiles Containing Marble Powder”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 53-57.

Fakher, J.Aukour (2009), “Incorporation of Marble Sludge in Industrial Building Eco-blocks or Cement Bricks Formulation”, Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 58-65.

Misra, A.K., Renu Mathur, Rao, Y.V., Singh, A.P. and Pankaj Goel (2010), “A New Technology of Marble Slurry Waste Utilisation in Roads”, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, vol. 69, pp. 67-72.

 

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