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Pirke Avot - Sayings of the Jewish Fathers

Traditional Text

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Title2 Pirke Avot -aying of the 3ewih )ather

Author2 Traditional Text

+eleae #ate2 3uly, 4556 7EBook 896:0;7&e, we are "ore than one year ahead of chedule;7Thi file wa firt poted on 3uly 44, 455<;

Edition2 .5

=anguage2 Englih

Character et encoding2 A-C%%

''' -TA+T >) TE P+>3ECT G?TE@BE+G EB>> P%+E A*>T '''

Produced by #an #yck"an

T+A@-C+%BE+- C>DDE@T-



(here ebrew letter appeared within the Englih text, thee have beentranliterated and included in bracket! %n "any cae the hebrew haalo been pelled out, thu2 7tov tetFvovFbet;!

A rare additional trancriber note "ay be found within bracket 7;!

The ource text contained only one co""ent in a bracket, that houldnot be confued a a trancriber note! Thi i the word 7Baden;that appeared in the Bibliography!

Each 7; i the pecial character known a $ection ign!$

(here the ource text referenced a page nu"ber within the a"e book,the trancriber ubtituted a reference in bracket 7; that will beueful for reader of thi eFtext verion!

The ource book contained the co"plete Pirkei Avot, in ebrew, with

vowel! Thi ha, of neceity, been o"itted fro" the currenteFtext docu"ent, which ue only +o"an font!

)ootnote all appeared at the botto" of the page, eparated by a linefro" the "ain text, and printed in the a"e font and iHe a the "aintext! The trancriber ha "oved thee footnote to follow theparagraph they upple"ent, and indented the"!

At the end of thi eFtext, reader will find a ection titledT+A@-C+%PT%>@ @>TE- which deal with iue uch a accent "ark!

)ollowing thi, reader will find a PAGE +E)E+E@CE %@#EI! Thi

reference will help "aintain the tability of reference to thibook fro" outide ource!

E@# of T+A@-C+%BE+- C>DDE@T-

=ibrary of 3ewih Claic JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

%! =eopold KunH2 The -uffering of the 3ew #uring the Diddle Age %%! y"an urwitH2 Tal"udic Tale %%%! $Pirek Abot$2 The -aying of the 3ewih )ather

=%B+A+& >) 3E(%- C=A--%C-F%%%!

The -aying of the

3ewih )ather

7pirkei avot;



Tranlated, with an %ntroduction and @ote

B& 3>-EP %! G>+)%@=E, Ph!#!

Author of $The Eight Chapter of Dai"onide on Ethic$

-EC>@# E#%T%>@

C>@TE@T- P+E)ACE %@T+>#?CT%>@ @a"e Purpoe #ecription Content =anguage #evelop"ent of Abot Abot in =iturgy Bibliography CAPTE+ %

CAPTE+ %% CAPTE+ %%% CAPTE+ %* CAPTE+ * CAPTE+ *% EB+E( TEIT Appendix

P+E)ACE

@otwithtanding the fact that there are "any edition of the -ayingof the 3ewih )ather, and that it ha been tranlated innu"erableti"e in all "odern tongue, no apology need be given for theappearance of thi little volu"e in the erie of 3ewih Claic!The Pirke Abot i indeed a claical bit of that ancient 3ewihclaic, the Dihnah!

The tranlation in thi edition i baed largely upon that of Taylor,in hi -aying of the 3ewih )ather, and upon the excellent verionof -inger, in hi AuthoriHed #aily Prayer Book!



Thi edition i intended "ainly for popular reading, but it ha beenthought wie to a"plify the note, epecially with bibliographicalreference, o that it "ay erve the purpoe of a teacher handbook,and alo be ueful a a textFbook for the higher grade of religiouchool and for tudy circle! The reference are to book that aregenerally acceible, and, wherever poible, to book in Englih!The note are by no "ean intended to be exhautive, but rather to be

uggetive!

%t i the hu"ble hope of the editor that thi little book "ay be the"ean of further populariHing the practical and, at the a"e ti"e,highF"inded wido" of the $)ather$L that it "ay erve a an incentiveto a "ore detailed tudy of their philoophy of life, and that itappearance "ay help u to lead in a revival of that "ot ancient andpraieworthy cuto" of reading the Pirke Abot in the houe of worhip on the -abbath, during the u""er "onth! =et hi" into whoehand thee aying fall $"editate upon the" day and night,$ for $hewho would be aintly "ut fulfil the dicta of the )ather!$

3>-EP % G>+)%@=E!

Dt! *ernon, @! &! )ebruary, ./.<!

%@T+>#?CT%>@

@ADE

The Tractate Abot Daechet Abot i the ninth treatie of The>rder or -erie on #a"age -eder @eHikin, which i the fourthection of the Dihnah .! %t i co""only known in ebrew a Pirke Abot, The Chapter of the )ather, and ha alo been ter"ed Dihnat haFChaidi", %ntruction for the Piou, becaue of the+abbinic aying, $e who wihe to be piou, let hi" practie theteaching of Abot$ 4! >n account of the nature of it content,it i generally deignated in Englih a the Ethic of the )ather!Taylor entitle hi edition #ibre Aboth haF>la", -aying of the

)ather of the (orld, and ha a the Englih title, -aying of the3ewih )ather! Gutav Gottheil refer to the Abot a the -ayingof the Phariaic )ather <! %t Ger"an title i generally #ie-pruche der *ater, and in )rench it i uually rendered Chapitre or Daxi"e de Pere!

. -ee infra, 7Chapter *;, n! M.!

4 Baba a""a, <5a! -ee Taylor, -aying of the 3ewih )ather, p! <! Dai"onide refer to thi aying in the )oreword of hi Eight ChapterL ee Gorfinkle, The Eight Chapter, etc!, p! <:!

< -ee -un and -hield, p! <4. et pai"! -ee infra, n! 9, which account for the ue of $Phariaic!$



The ue of the word Abot father, in the title, i of very ancientdate! (e can only gue at the reaon for it being ued, and,coneNuently, there are variou explanation for it! -a"uel de ?ceda,in hi collective co""entary, ay that a thi tractate of the Dihnah contain the advice and good counel, which, for the "otpart, co"e fro" a father, the +abbi "entioned in it adopt the role of $father,$ and are therefore o deignated! Thi explanation doe

not, however, deter hi" fro" advancing another to the effect that thitreatie i the bai of all ubeNuent ethical and "oral teachingand doctrine, and the +abbi are, in coneNuence, the $father$ or prototype of all ethical teacher and "oralit :! =oeb attributeit ue to the fact that the +abbi of Abot are the $father$ or $ancetor of +abbinic 3udai"$ 6! off"an tate that the word abot "ean $teacher of tradition$ Traditionlehrer, and pointto the expreion abot haFola" Eduyot, %! :, which, tranlatedliterally, i $father of the world,$ but i ued to deignate the"ot ditinguihed teacher, which i a true characteriHation of the+abbi of Abot M! Taylor ay in regard to the title, $%t takeit na"e fro" the fact that it conit to a great extent of the

"axi" of the 3ewih )ather whoe na"e are "entioned in the page$0! off"ann ee" the "ot acceptable explanation!

: Didrah -he"uel ed! (araw, .90M, p! M! The Didrah -he"uel i a collective co""entary, firt publihed in *enice in .60/, and which ha ince paed through ix edition! -ee p! 44, n! 4.!

6 =a Chaine, etc!, p! <50, n! .!

M -ee off"an, -eder @eikin, %ntrod!, p! xx, and p! 469, n! <M! %n thi paage of Eduyot, illel and -ha""ai are

referred to a abot haFola"L in &eruhal"i -hekali", %%%, :0b, +abbi and %h"ael and +abbi Akiba, and in &eruhal"i Chagigah, %%, 00d, all the pair of Abot % are i"ilarly deignated!

0 Taylor, loc! cit!

P?+P>-E

The original ai" of Abot wa to how the divine ource and authorityof the traditional law revealed to Doe on Dt! -inai, and tode"ontrate it continuity fro" Doe through 3ohua, the elder, andthe "en of the Great -ynagogue, down to thoe +abbi who lived duringthe period between 455 B!C!E! to 455 C!E! =oeb "aintain that Abot wa originally a co"poition of the Phariaic +abbi who wihed toindicate that the tradition held and expounded by the", and which the-adducee repudiated, were divine and, in ti"e and eNuence,uninterruptedly authoritative 9! Thi line of continuou traditioni plainly een in the firt two chapter! A econd and probablylater purpoe wa to preent a body of practical "axi" and aphori"for the daily guidance of the people!

9 =a Chaine, etc! The -adducee belonged to the prietly



tradition, did not believe in the future life, and were indifferent to the independence of the 3ewih nation! The Phariee, on the other hand, were contituted largely fro" the co""on peopleL they were believer in, and trict oberver of, the traditional law, and were ardent nationalit! The bitter attack of 3eu on the", which ha reulted in "aking the word $Phariee$ ynony"ou with

$hypocrite$ and $elfFrighteou peron,$ wa, to ay the leat, unjut, a erford ha o lucidly pointed out in hi y"pathetic tudy of the Phariee! erford, though not a 3ew, ha taken up the cudgel "ot ably in defence of thi ect, with re"arkable inight into the life and literature of the ancient 3ew! e de"ontrate concluively that though there were hypocrite a"ong the Phariee, a a"ong all clae and creed, yet the average Phariee wa a "an of the "ot elevated religiou ideal, who "iundertood 3eu, but who, in turn wa "iundertood by hi"! uxley, in hi Evolution of Theology, ay, $of all the trange ironie in hitory, perhap the tranget i that Phariee i current

a a ter" of reproach a"ong the theological decendant of that ect of @aHarene who, without the "artyr pirit of thoe pri"itive Puritan, would never have co"e into exitence!$ -uch great teacher and "en of terling Nuality and golden utterance a Antigonu of -oko %, <, illel %, .4F.:L %%, 6F9, 3ochanan ben Kakkai %%, /F./, Ga"aliel, whoe pupil wa Paul, the apotle %, .M, and 3udah, the Prince %%, ., whoe aying grace the page of Abot, were, a =oeb point out, of the Phariaic chool or party! There i naturally a large literature on the Phariee! erford Phariai" deerve careful perual! -ee, alo, 3oephu ed! (hitonFDargoliouth, AntiN!, I%%%, .5!M, I*%%%, ., 4F:L

-churer, itory of the 3ew, etc!, %%, ii, p! .: et eN!L 3ewih Encyclopedia and literature "entioned thereL Geiger, 3udai" and %t itory, p! .54 et eN!, and )riedlander, G!, The 3ewih -ource of the -er"on on the Dount, p! <: et eN!

#E-C+%PT%>@

The -aying of the 3ewih )ather i the oldet collection of

ethical dicta of the +abbi of the Dihnah /! %t i a +abbinicanthology! %t ha been happily tyled $a co"pendiu" of practicalethic$ .5, and, a DielHiner ha aid, $thee +abbinical entence,if properly arranged, preent an al"ot co"plete code of hu"an dutie$..! The Abot i, then, a ort of "oral code!

/ There wa another, and apparently older, recenion of Pirke Abot on which i baed the Abot deF+abbi @atan, an hagadic or ho"iletical expoition of Abot! Two recenion of Abot deF+abbi @atan exit, and have been edited by -chechter! >n thi work, ee off"an, #ie erte Dichna, p! 4M et eN!, DielHiner, article Abot deF+abbi @atan, in

3ewih Encyclopedia, -track, Einleitung, p! M/ et eN!, and Pollak, +abbi @athan -yte", etc!, %ntroduction, pp! 0F/! An Englih tranlation i found in +odkinon edition



.5 Taylor, loc! cit! =aHaru, Ethic of 3udai", %%! ..<, call it $a co"pendiu" of ethic!$

.. %n 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! Abot!

C>@TE@T-

Even a uperficial reading of Abot will bring ho"e to one the factthat it i "ade up of variou trata! %n fact, it fall naturallyinto the following trand or diviion2

A! Chapter %, .F.62 Chronologically arranged aying of the oldet authoritie, fro" the "en of the Great -ynagogue to illel and -ha""ai!

B! . Chapter %, .MF%%, :2 -aying of the "en of the chool of illel to +abban Ga"aliel about 4<5 C!E!, the on of 3udah haF@ai

4 Chapter %%, 6F92 Additional aying of illel!

C! . Chapter %%, /F./2 The aying of 3ochanan ben Kakkai, the pupil of illel, and of hi diciple!

4 Chapter %%, 45F4.2 The aying of +abbi Tarfon, a younger conte"porary of 3ochanan ben Kakkai!

#! Chapter %%%2 the "axi" of eventeen Tannai" authoritie "entioned in the Dihnah to the ti"e of and including +abbi Akiba! Thee are not arranged in trictly chronological order!

E! Chapter %*2 The aying of twentyFfive Tannai" after the ti"e of +abbi Akiba, who were conte"porarie of +abbi Deir and of +abbi 3udah aF@ai! Thee are not chronologically arranged!

)! . Chapter *, .F.92 Anony"ou aying for"ing a erie of group of ten, even, and four thing, dealing with the creation of the world, with "iracle, and with the varietie of "en and

"ind!

4 Chapter *, ./F442 Anony"ou aying touching upon the varietie of "otive and contrating the good and evil dipoition!

< Chapter *, 4<2 -aying of 3udah ben Te"a!

: Chapter *, 4:2 The age of "an!

6 Chapter *, 46, 4M2 The aying of Ben Bag Bag and of Ben e e!

G! Chapter *%2 The acNuiition of the TorahL praie of the Torah!



=A@G?AGE

The language of Abot i eay Dihnaic ebrew, with portion of four vere %, .<L %%, 0L *, 46, and *, 4M in Ara"aic, which i cloelyrelated to ebrew! %t i worthy of note that thee Ara"aic portion

originated with the chool of illel .4!

.4 >n the language of the Dihnah, ee DielHiner, %ntroduction to the Tal"ud, pp! .6F.M, and =auterbach in 3ewih Encyclopedia, vol %%, p! M.:! >n the ue of Ara"aic in the Dihnah, ee -churer, itory, %, ii, p! 9 et eN!, and Bacher, in 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! Ara"aic =anguage A"ong the 3ew! -everal centurie before the co""on era, Ara"aic wa the vernacular of the 3ew! ebrew, however, re"ained in ue a the acred language 7lahon haFkodeh;, it being the language of the learned, and wa e"ployed for literary, liturgical, and legal purpoe! Thi account for

the Dihnah being written al"ot entirely in ebrew, though Ara"aic wa poken on the treet! %t i related of 3udah haF@ai that he diliked the Ara"aic jargon to uch an extent that he forbade it ue in hi ho"e, where even the ervant poke ebrew with elegance +oh haF-hanah, 4Mb! (hen cholar ued Ara"aic in hi preence, he chided the" for not peaking in ebrew or in Greek Baba a""a, 94b!

#E*E=>PDE@T >) AB>T .<

.< >n the ubjectF"atter of thi ection, conult off"ann, #ie erte Dichna, pp! 4MF<0L ide", Dichnaiot -eder @eikin, %ntrod!, pp! IIFII%L Brull, Entehung und urprunglicher %nhalt de Traktate AbotL =oeb, =a Chaine, etc!L GinHburg, -pruche der *ater, erte Capitel hitorich beleuchtet =iepHig, .99/L -track, #ie -pruche der *ater, %ntrod!, pp! 0F9L ide", Einleitung, p! 64, and +awicH, Co""entar de Dai"onide, p! .56, n! <!

%t i apparent fro" the literary contruction of Abot that it habeen edited everal ti"e, and that, in it earliet for", the

Abot collection wa "uch "aller than we have it toFday! >riginally,probably hortly after the ti"e of illel, it "ay have been "erely aort of appendix to the Tractate -anhedrin, with typical aying of each of the head of the -anhedrin! Thee dicta are contained inwhat i deignated a ection A! =ater, preu"ably by +abbi Akiba,there were added to thi original kernel of Abot the aying of +abbi 3ochanan ben Kakkai and hi "ot illutriou pupil, whichco"prie ection C! Thi reulted in the grouping together of theaying of ten generation of traditional authoritie, a follow2. the "en of the Great -ynagogue, 4 -i"on, the 3ut, < Antigonuof -oko, : 3oe ben 3oeHer and 3oe ben 3ochanan, 6 3ohua benPerachiah and @ittai, the Arbelite, M 3udah ben Tabbai and -i"eon

ben -hatach, 0 -he"aiah and Abtalion, 9 illel and -ha""ai, /3ochanan ben Kakkai, and .5 the latter diciple! By aociationof idea with thi nu"ber ten, there were added to thi collection



in chapter *, .F/ and .5F.<!

%nto thi enlarged kernel of pithy aying of the oldet authoritie,which "ay be characteriHed a the Abot of +abbi Akiba, later Tannai"FF+abbi Deir, +abbi 3udah haF@ai, and otherFFinterpolatedadditional aying of the aforeF"entioned +abbi, and alo typicalutterance of their diciple, and of other wellFknown teacher! Thi

account for the preence in Abot of the body of "axi" of the ixgeneration of the chool of illel, deignated above a ection B .,and which wa very properly introduce after the aphori" of illeland of hi conte"porary, -ha""ai! The thread of tradition beinginterrupted by thi interpolation, it wa again taken up by theintroduction of another body of illel aying B 4, thu providingfor a natural tranition fro" illel to 3ochanan ben Kakkai! Proof of the fact that ection B i an addition i that in the Abot deF+abbi@atanFFwhich, a ha been aid above, i baed on an older verion of Abot .:FFthe aying of 3ochanan ben Kakkai follow i""ediatelyupon thoe of -ha""ai! The aying of 3udah haF@ai, the redactor of the Dihnah, and of +abbi Ga"aliel, hi on, were undoubtedly added

after the ti"e of 3udah!

.: -ee upra, p! .<, n! /!

Chapter %%% contain the aying of authoritie who were thepredeceor of 3udah, the firt two having lived before thedetruction of the econd Te"ple! Chapter %* i "ade up of the dictaof a nu"ber of +abbi who were conte"porarie of 3udah! Thee twochapter were, no doubt, inerted by 3udah, the redactor of the Dihnah a we virtually have it toFday! Evidence that Chapter %* ian addition to the original Abot i that it ha a nu"ber of aphori" which are repetition of o"e found in Chapter % and %%!

The greater part of Chapter *, a tated above, wa a portion of the Abot of +abbi Akiba!

Chapter *%, which i known a The Chapter on the AcNuiition of Torah Perek inyan Torah, a The External Teaching of the Abot Baraita deFAbot .6, a The Chapter of +abbi Deir Perek +abbiDeir .M, and a the External Teaching of +abbi Deir BaraitadeF+abbi Deir, i a upple"ent of the treatie Abot, a i clai"edfor it by it upercription, $the age taught in the language of the Dihnah,$ a for"ula generally ued in the Tal"ud to introduce a Baraita! >ne of the authoritie "entioned in it i 3ohua ben =evi,a Paletinian a"ora an authority of the Ge"ara who lived during

the third century! Thi de"ontrate the co"paratively late date of the final redaction of thi chapter! By the "iddle of the ninthcentury it for"ed a part of the treatie Abot! %t wa added to theprayerFbook to be read on the ixth -abbath of the period betweenPaover and the )etival of (eek -hebuot .0!

.6 A Baraita contain tradition and opinion of authoritie of the Dihnah which are not e"bodied in the Dihnah or +abbi 3udah haF@ai! -ee DielHiner, %ntroduction to the Tal"ud, pp! 45F4., -track, Einleitung in den Tal"ud, p! <, and the 3ewih Encyclopedia, !v! A ge"ara Tal"udical co""entary to the Baraita deFAbot wa

publihed fro" a D-! by Coronel in Cha"ihah untrein *ienna, .9M:! Thi baraita i found alo in the eventeenth chapter of Tanna deFBe Eliyahu -utta, but with



Encyclopedia, %%, pp! 6.MF6.0!

.M nown thu becaue +abbi Deir na"e i found in the firt vere!

.0 -ee next ection! The ixth chapter i found in o"e edition of the Dihnah!

AB>T %@ TE =%T?+G& .9

.9 >n the ubjectF"atter of thi ection, ee the citation fro" the -ar -halo" Gaon, in the -iddur of +! A"ra", <5aL Didrah -he"ual, pp! <F:L KunH, #ie +itu, pp! 96F9ML -track, #ie -pruche der *ater, p! 6, and -iddur, ed! Baer, p! 40., note! >ther portion of the Dihnah and alo of the Tal"ud that are included in the liturgy are, in the "orning ervice, Kebachi" * -iddur, ed! -inger, p! ..L in the

evening ervice for the -abbath, -abbat, %% pp! .45F.44, and, fro" the Tal"ud, end of Berachot p! .44L in the additional ervice for -abbath and fetival, fro" the Tal"ud eritot, Ma, fro" the Dihnah, end of Ta"id, and fro" the Tal"ud, end of Berachot pp! .M0F.M9!

A Taylor ha aid, $%t i"plicity and intrinic excellence haveecured for Abot a widepread and lating popularity, and have ledto it being excerpted fro" the Tal"ud and ued liturgically in the-ynagogue, at certain eaon, fro" an early period$ ./! Thu, the Abot i found not only in all edition of the Dihnah and the Tal"ud, but alo in the prayerFbook of the AhkenaHic rite 45!

The practice of reading a chapter fro" Abot, on -aturday, after theafternoon prayer Dinchah, originated a early a Gaonic ti"eeventh to eleventh centurie! #uring the "iddle of the ninthcentury, Abot and it Baraita were thu liturgically ued! %n-panih co""unitie it wa recited in the "orning of the -abbath, andnot in the afternoon! By the eleventh century, thi cuto" wauniverally a part of the ynagogal ervice!

./ Taylor, loc! cit!

45 Ger"an and Polih!

>riginally, Abot wa probably read only fro" Paover to -hebuotL and, ince thi period ha generally ix -abbath, and there are onlyfive chapter of Abot, the chapter inyan Torah wa appointed tobe read on the ixth -abbath! =ater, the period of the year in which Abot wa read varied in different co""unitie! %n Ger"any, therewere kehillot in which it wa recited during the winter a well aduring the u""er! %n o"e co""unitie it wa read fro" Paover tothe )eat of Tabernacle -ukkot, in other fro" the -abbath of Parahah &itro Ex! I*%%%, .FII, 4M to the -abbath of ParahahDaee @u"! III%%%, .FIII*%, .<, that i, fro" the -abbath onwhich i read an account of the giving of the =aw until the -abbath

preceding the beginning of the reading of the $repetition of the =aw,$ i!e!, #euterono"y! %n "any orthodox congregation toFday thipractice i till adhered to, and Abot i read on -abbath afternoon



before the @ew &ear +oh haF-hanah!

A nu"ber of reaon have been uggeted for the cuto" of reading the Abot in the ynagogue, the "ot likely being that it wa introducedto occupy the "ind of worhipper during the long wait, on a u""erday, between the afternoon and evening ervice! (hatever the reaonfor thi cuto" "ay have been i i""aterial and uni"portantL but what

i of i"portance i that, by thi excellent practice, a whole body of "oral dictaFFeach one u""ing up with re"arkable conciene a lifeexperience and philoophy, each one breathing the pirit of piety,aintline, jutice, and love for hu"anityFFha unk deeply into theinner"ot heart and concioune of the 3ewih people, exerting uchan influence that the principle et forth in the Abot have beeneternally wrought into the "oral fibre of the decendant of the+abbi! To the lip of the 3ew, thee "axi" pring pontaneoulyL tothoe who know the" they are a afe and ecure guide through lifeLthey are not only heard in the ynagogue, but are Nuoted and appliedat ho"e and abroad! -uch are the fruit of a benign cuto", which%rael will do well to priHe and preerve!

B%B=%>G+AP&

Becaue of it great popularity, the Pirke Abot ha appeared in "anyedition! There i no Ge"ara Tal"udic co""entary on the Abot,which undoubtedly account for the nu"erou co""entarie on it 4.!Becaue of the attractivene of it content, and ince it for" apart of the ritual, it ha been tranlated "any ti"e into "anytongue 44, and a great deal ha been written on it! The followingbibliography will be helpful to the general reader and to the tudent

who wih to get a "ore detailed and inti"ate knowledge of the Abot than can be i"parted in thi work!

4. There are "ore than thirtyFfive! The bet known i that of Dai"onide ..<6F.45:, which wa written originally in Arabic, a part of hi co""entary on the Dihnah! A co""entary ha been attributed to +ahi! >ther co""entarie are by . +abbi 3acob ben -hi"hon, found in the DachHor *itry ee Taylor, %ntrod!, p! 6L Appendix, p! 4<L 4 +abbi %rael of Toledo, in Arabic twelfth to thirteenth centuryL ee Taylor, %ntrod!, p! 6, Appendix, p! :M et eN!L < -i"on #uran .<M.F.:::, Dagen AbotL firt

edition, =ivorno, .0M<L ed! 3ellinek, =eipHig, .966L : Bertinora died .6.5, in hi popular co""entary on the DihnahL 6 %aac ben 3udah Abrabanel, @achalot AbotL ed! Contantinople, .656L M -a"uel de ?ceda, Didrah -he"ualL venice, .60/, .696, .6/0, .M55, Cracow, .6/:, )rankfurt a! D!, .0.<, (araw, .90ML 0 &o" Tob =ipp"an eller .60/F.M6:, in Toefot &o" Tob, on the DihnahL 9 elijah, Gaon of (ilna .045F.0/0, in -iddur Tefillat &acob, Berlin, .9M:L and / -! Baer, in -iddur Abodat &iroel, +odelhei", .9M9! There i alo aco""entary, by @aphtali ert (eely, known a &ayin =ebanon, Berlin, .00:F.006, which ha been tranlated into Englih, in the ebrew +eview edited by Dorri 3!

+aphall, =ondon, .9<6F.9<0, *ol! %, p! .00, p! ./<, and further!



Tal"udF?eberetHungen aller Keigen und Kungen )rankfurt a! D!, .9//, 7; 6M, ha a lit of M4 tranlation and of .6 partial tranlation! >ther have appeared ince thi lit wa "ade! )or Englih tranlation, conult thi lit!

Edition 4<, Co""entarie, and Tranlation

4< A lit of edition, "otly earlier than thoe "entioned here, and of the Abot in Dihnah edition "ay be found in -teinchneider, Catalogue =ibroru" ebraeoru" in Bibliotheca Bodleiana Berlin, .964F.9M5, @o! .:<<F.6./, ./94F45<:L D! +oet, Catalog der ebraica und 3udaica A"terda", .906, pp! 9.9F94., 94:F949L and -track, -pruche, pp! 9F/!

.! 3ohua ben Dordecai )alk haFohen, Abne &ehohua al Pirke Abot @ew &ork, .9M5! Text and co""entary 4:!

4: )alk ha been called the $father of A"erican ebrew literature!$

4! Abraha" Geiger, Pirke Aboth, in @achgelaene -chriften Berlin, .900, vol! %*, pp! 49.F<::! A co""entary on Chap! %F%%%!-cholarly and valuable!

<! -olo"on -chechter, Abot deF+abbi @atan *ienna, .900! Containtwo verion, A and B, with an introduction and note in ebrew! Acholarly and valuable work!

:! 3oeph 3abetH, Pirke Abot, with a co""entary (araw, .995!

6! Charle Taylor, . -aying of the 3ewih )ather, Co"priingPirNe Aboth and Perek +! Deir in ebrew and Englih, with @ote andExcure! -econd edition Ca"bridge, .9/0! 4 An Appendix of the -aying of the 3ewih )ather,Containing a Catalogue of Danucript and @ote on the Text of Aboth Ca"bridge, ./55! Thee work are very co"prehenive and full of valuable "aterial!

M! A! Berliner, Co""entar Hu den -pruchen der *ater, au DachHor *itry, "it Beitragen )rankfurt a! D!, .9/0!

0! #avid off"ann, Daeket Abot, in Dichnaiot -eder @eikin Berlin, .9//, pp! <40F<M0! )ully annotated, with a tranlation inGer"an, and contant reference to +abbinical ource! Excellent!

9! er"ann =! -track, #ie -pruche der *ater, ein ethicher DichnaFTraktat, third edition =eipHig, ./5.! An excellent textwith note! *ery valuable!

/! =aHaru Goldch"idt, in Tal"ud Babli, #er Babyloniche Tal"ud Berline, ./5<, vol! *%%, p! ..6. et eN! Baed on oldet text of Abot! Textual variant and Ger"an tranlation with note! *eryvaluable!

.5! -i"eon -inger, Perke Abot, Ethic of the )ather, in The AuthoriHed #aily Prayer Book! Eighth edition =ondon, 6MM9F./59,



a few note!

..! ai" Pollak, +abbi @athan -yte" der Ethik un Doral Budapet,

./56! A tranlation in Ger"an, with note, of Abot de +abbi @atan -chechter verion A!

.4! Paul )iebig, PirNue aboth, #er Dichnahtraktat -pruche der

*ater Tubingen, ./5M! Ger"an tranlation and note, with epecialreference to the @ew Teta"ent! The @achwort, pp! :4F:<, conitof a co"parion of Abot with the @ew Teta"ent, pointing out thelikenee and difference!

.<! 3oef ibn @ach"ia, Peruh Pirke Abot, Co""entar Hu den Pirke Abot ! ! ! nach der Par"aer adchrift #e +oi @r! .:54 ! ! ! "it An"erkungen von D! =! Ba"berger Berlin, ./50!

.:! D! +awicH, #er Co""entar der Dai"onide Hu den -pruchen der *ater, Hu" erten Dale in #eutch ubertragen >ffenberg 7Baden;,./.5! Contain $The Eight Chapter$ 46!

46 The Eight Chapter i the introduction of Dai"onide to hi co""entary on Abot! %t ebrew na"e i -he"onah Peraki"! %t i a re"arkable intance of the har"oniou welding of the ethical principle contained in Abot with "ediaeval Aritotelian philoophy!

.6! -efer Duar, o""entar Hu" Dichnatraktat Aboth von +! 3oeph ben3ehudah! Ku" erten Dale heraugegeben von #r! (ilhel" Bacher! %nthe -chriften de *erein DakiHe @irda"i"! <! )olge, @r! M Berlin,./.5!

.M! D! =eh"ann, Pirke Aboth, -pruche der *ater uberHetHt und erklart )rankfurt a! D!, ./5/!

.0! 3ehudah =eb Gordon, Perki Abot, in -iddur Bet &ehudah @ew&ork, 6M04, ./..F.4, pp! .5MF.M6! PrayerFbook according to the AhkenaHic rite, with &iddih tranlation and note! Containbiographical ketche of all the authoritie "entioned in Abot!

.9! 3ule (olff, =e uit Chapitre de Dai"onide, ou %ntroduction ala Dichna dAboth, Daxi"e de Pere de la -ynagogue! Traduitde lArabe =auanne, Pari, ./.4!

./! 3oeph %! Gorfinkle, The Eight Chapter of Dai"onide on Ethic,Edited, Annotated, and Tranlated with an %ntroduction @ew &ork,

./.4! Colu"bia ?niverity >riental -tudie, vol! *%% 4M!

4M A lit of D--!, edition, tranlation, and co""entarie of the Eight Chapter, o"e including Abot, i found on pp!40F<< of thi work!

o"iletical (ork

.! =aHaru Adler, -pruche der *ater )urth, .96.!



<! Alexander ohut, The Ethic of the )ather @ew &ork, .996!Tranlated fro" the Ger"an by Dax Cohen!

General (ork

Abelon, 3! The %""anence of God in +abbinical =iterature =ondon,./.4!

Bacher, (ilhel", . #ie Agada der Tanaiten, %, %%, -traburg,.99:, .9/5! 4 Kwei alte Abotko""entare, in Donatchrift fur Gechichteund (i! d! 3udenthu", .5/6, pp! M<0FMMML ./5M, pp! 4:9F4:9!

Brull, Entehung und urprunglicher %nhalt de Traktate Abot, in 3ahrbucher fur 3ud! Gechichte und =it!, *%% .996!

#anHiger, 3ewih )orerunner of Chritianity @ew &ork, ./5<!

#uke, +abbiniche Blu"enlee =eipHig, .9::, pp! M0F9:!

)riedlander, D! The 3ewih +eligion =ondon, ./54!

)riedlander, G!, The 3ewih -ource of the -er"on on the Dount =ondon, ./..!

Geiger, 3udai" and it itory @ew &ork, ./..!

GraetH, itory of the 3ew!

erford, Pharaai" =ondon, ./.4!

off"ann, #ie erte Dichna und die Contraveren der Tannai" Berlin, .994!

%aac, -torie fro" the +abbi @ew &ork, .9/<!

3ewih Encyclopedia!

3oephu, AntiNuitie!

3ung, ritik der a"tlichen Bucher Aboth in der althebraichen=iteratur =eipHig, .999!

=aHaru, The Ethic of 3udai" Philadelphia, ./55!

=oeb, . =a Chaine de la Tradition dan le pre"ier Chapitre dePirke Abot, in BibliotheNue de lecole de haute Etude, -ciencereligeue, vol! %, pp! <50F<44 Pari, .99/! 4 @ote ur le chapitre %er de Perke Abot, in +evue deEtude 3uive, *ol! I%I .99/, pp! .99F45.!

DielHiner, . %ntroduction to the Tal"ud, econd edition @ew &ork,

./5<! 4 Article Abot and Abot deF+! @atan, in 3ewihEncyclopedia!



Dyer, The -tory of the 3ewih People, % @ew &ork and =ondon,./5/!

-chechter, -o"e Apect of +abbinic Theology @ew &ork, ./5/!

-churer, -o"e Apect of the 3ewih People in the Ti"e of 3euChrit 40 @ew &ork, .9/., %, i, p! .4:L %, ii, p! <6< et eN!L

%%%, ii, p! <5 et eN!

40 Contain very full bibliographie and ha other excellent characteritic, but it i a work that "ut be ued with caution! %t chief fault, according to -chechter, i that it i one of a cla of work in which $no atte"pt i "ade ! ! ! to gain acNuaintance with the inner life of the 3ewih nation$ -tudie, %%, pp! ../F.45!

-track, Einleitung in den Tal"ud, fourth edition =eipHig, ./59!

KunH, . #ie Gottedientlichen *ortrage der 3uden Berlin, .9<4,

p! .5. et eN! 4 #ie +itu de -ynagogalen Gottediente Berlin, .96/!

-A&%@G- >) TE )ATE+-

>ne of the following chapter i read on each -abbath fro" the-abbath after Paover until the -abbath before @ew &ear!

All %rael . have a portion in the world to co"e, and it i aid,$And thy people hall be all righteouL they hall inherit the land4 for ever, the branch of "y planting, the work of "y hand, that %"ay be glorified$ <!

. Thi doe not "ean that %rael alone, to the excluion of

other nation, will have a portion in the future world! >n the future world 7ola" haba;, ee 7Chapter %%;, n! 4.! $The piou of all nation have a portion in the world to co"e$ Toefta -anhedrin, chap! I%%L Dai"onide, in Dihneh Torah, %, ilchot Tehubah, iii, 6 u" up the +abbinic opinion!

4 %!e!, the land of everlating life!

< -anhedrin, I I%, .L %aiah lx, 4.! Thi paage i recited before each chapter!

CAPTE+ %

.! Doe received the Torah : fro" -inai 6, and handed it down



prophet, and the prophet delivered it to the "en of the Great-ynagogue 0! They aid three thing, $Be deliberate in judg"entLraie up "any dicipleL and "ake a fence about the Torah$ 9!

: The word Torah i uually tranlated by $law,$ but it "ean rather $teaching,$ $intruction$ of any kind, or $doctrine!$ Thi ter" i generally ued to deignate the

)ive Book of Doe or the Pentateuch, called the $written law$ 7torah hebichtav;, but it i alo e"ployed a a deignation of the whole of the >ld Teta"ent! Beide the $written law,$ according to tradition, there wa alo co""unicated to Doe, on Dt! -inai, the $oral law$ 7torah hebal peh;, upple"enting the for"er and other law and "axi", and explaining it! Thi $oral law$ wa handed down by word of "outh fro" generation to generation, but ubeNuently, after the detruction of the econd Te"ple, it wa co""itted to writing, and contitute the Dihnah, the Tal"ud, and the Didrahi"! The $oral law$ develop, illu"inate, and co""ent upon the $written law!$ ere, Torah "ean the

$oral law,$ which Doe co""unicated to 3ohua, 3ohua, in turn, to the elder, and o on! -ee Taylor, -aying of the 3ewih )ather, p! .56 et eN!, and .<:F.<6L )riedlander, The 3ewih +eligion, p! .<M et eN!L 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! =aw and >ral =awL -chechter, -o"e Apect of +abbinic Theology, Chapter *%%%L -track, Einleitung, pp! /F.5, and erford, Phariai", chapter on $the Theory of Torah,$ p! 60 et eN!

6 %!e!, fro" God! Co"pare the expreion 7halacha l"ohe "iinai;, $the law to Doe fro" -inai God,$ Peah, %%, M, Eduyot, *%%%, 0, etc!

M The elder were the wie "en who were the "e"ber of the upre"e national tribunal! -ee 3ohua II%*, <.!

0 The Great -ynagogue, whoe etablih"ent, after the return fro" Babylonian captivity, tradition attribute to EHra the -cribe, conited of .45 "en, who co"pried the highet judicial tribunal, and who occupied a poition in the early day of the Te"ple i"ilar to that of the later -anhedrin! The hitorical foundation of thi tradition i @ehe"iah *%%%FI, in which i recounted the ole"n acceptance of the =aw by a great ae"bly of the people! The "en of the Great

-ynagogue appear here in Abot a the depoitarie of the tradition of the Torah, co"ing in the chain between the lat prophet and the earliet cribe! )ro" thi chapter and other +abbinical ource, we gather that the "en of the Great -ynagogue contituted a ort of college of teacher, one of the lat urvivor being -i"on, the 3ut Chapter %, 4! Their work wa to interpret, teach, and develop the Torah, and to the" were acribed all kind of legal enact"ent! They intituted the -he"oneh Erah the Eighteen Benediction and other prayer, and cat the entire ritual into definite hape! They ad"itted Proverb, the -ong of -ong, and Eccleiate into the >ld Teta"ent canon! A nu"ber of

"odern cholar, notably uenen, are of the opinion that thi body never exited in the for" repreented by 3ewih tradition ee -churer, itory, %, ii, pp! <6:F<66! >n the



-chechter, -tudie, %%, .56F.5M! Conult Taylor, ibid!, pp! ..5F...L GraetH, itory of the 3ew, vol! %, p! <9., </:, vol! %%, p! ./! )or further bibliography, ee -track, -pruche, p! ..! -ee epecially erford, Phariai"! pp! .9F49!

9 Take "eaure to prevent the breaking of any of the divine

precept! Thereby, certain thing which are in the"elve lawful are prohibited in order to enforce the obervance of thing the doing of which i unlawful! Co"pare =eviticu I*%%%, <5, $"ake a "ih"eret to "y "ih"eret$ &aba"ot, 4.a, and Abot, %%%, .0, $the Daorah i a fence to the Torah!$

4! -i"on, the 3ut /, wa of the lat urvivor of the Great-ynagogue! e ued to ay, $?pon three thing the world ret2 uponthe Torah, upon the Te"ple ervice .5, and upon the doing of actof kindne$ ..!

/ -i"on, the 3ut, on of >nia, wa highFpriet about <55 B!C!E! -ee 3oephu, AntiNuitie, I%%, ii, 6! Conult -a""ter, Dichnaioth >rdnung Kerai" Berlin, .990, %ntroduction, pp! .5F44L DeilHiner, %ntroduction to the Tal"ud, pp! 44F</L the 3ewih Encyclopedia, and -track, Einleitung, p! 94 et eN!, for the live of the authoritie "entioned in Abot and for bibliographie!

.5 Cf! @edari", <4b, $Great i the Torah, for if it did not exit, the heaven and the earth would have no per"anence!$ Abodah i the ervice and acrifice of the Te"ple which wa then tanding! After the detruction of the Te"ple, thi word

wa ued to deignate the ervice of prayer! %t i ued in one of the benediction after the reading of the aftarah2 al haFtorah weFal haFabodah, $for the law and for the divine ervice,$ ee PrayerFbook, ed! -inger, p! .:/! -ee )riedlander, ibid!, p! :.< et eN!

.. 7g"ilut chaadi"; $benevolence,$ $the doing of kindnee,$ conit of practical deed of peronal ervice, a viiting the ick, burying the dead, co"forting "ourner, peace"aking, etc! %t i greater than 7tHedakah; $charity$ in it narrower ene, a benevolence "ay be hown to the rich a well a to the poor! -ee )riedlander, ibid!, pp! <5.F<56!

>n thi vere, ee erford, ibid!, p! 44 et eN!

<! Antigonu of -oko .4 received the tradition fro" -i"on, the3ut! e ued to ay, $Be not like hireling who work for their "ater for the ake of receiving reco"peneL but be like ervant who"initer to their "ater without any thought of receiving a rewardLand let the fear of eaven .< be upon you!$

.4 According to Abot deF+abbi @atan, Chapter *, ed! -chechter, p! 4M, Antigonu had two diciple, Kadok and Boetho, fro" who" aroe the -adducee and the heretical ect of Boethuian, fro" their "iinterpretation of thi vere,

both denying the doctrine of i""ortality of the oul and reurrection! -e ohut, The Ethic of the )ather, p! :<L -churer, itory, %%, ii! p! 4/ et eN!L Geiger, 3udai"



./L and judge every "an in the cale of "erit!$

./ A fellowFtudent!

0! @ittai, the Arbelite, aid, $eep aloof fro" a bad neighbor 45Laociate not with the wicked, and abandon not the belief inretribution$ 4.!

45 Cf! chapter %%, .:!

4. Thi "ay "ean either that one "ut not i"agine that punih"ent for evil deed will not befall hi", or when punih"ent ha been "eted out, one "ut not depair of the good!

9! 3udah, the on of Tabbi, and -i"eon, the on of -hatach 44,received the tradition fro" the"! 3udah, the on of Tabbi, aid,$%n the judge office act not the counel part 4<L while thelitigant are tanding before thee, let the" be regarded by thee a

guilty, but when they are departed fro" thy preence, regard the" ainnocent, the verdict having been acNuieced in by the"!$

44 =ived about .5:FM/ B!C!E! e wa a leader of the Phariee at the ti"e of Alexander 3annaeu!

4< A judge hould be trictly i"partial!

/! -i"eon, the on of -hatach, aid, $Be very earching in theexa"ination of witnee 4:, and be guarded in thy word, letthrough the" they learn to lie!$

4: %t i related that the on of -i"eon b! -hatach wa innocently conde"ned to death, becaue the witnee were not carefully croFNuetioned!

.5! -he"aiah and Abtalion 46 received the tradition fro" the"!-he"aiah aid, $=ove workL hate lordhip 4ML and eek no inti"acywith the ruling power$ 40!

46 =ived about the "iddle of the firt century B!C!E!

4M $(oe to leaderhip, for it burie thoe who poe it!$ Peachi", 90b!

40 That i, +o"e! Avoid office eeking!

..! Abtalion aid, $&e age, be heedful of your word, let ye incur the penalty of exile and be exiled to a place of evil water, and thediciple who co"e after you drink thereof and die, and the eavenly@a"e be profaned$ 49!

49 -cholar "ut be careful in their teaching, let their diciple "iinterpret their word, and thu adopt fale doctrine, a wa the cae with the diciple of Antigonu of -oko -upra, n! .4! $Evil water$ "ay tand for evil

doctrine or evil people! (hen a teacher went into banih"ent, he wa uually followed by hi diciple! #eparture fro" the law i eNuivalent to death!



.4! illel and -ha""ai 4/ received the tradition fro" the"!illel aid, $Be of the diciple of Aaron, loving peace and puruingpeace <5, loving "ankind and drawing the" night to the Torah$<.! .<! e ued to ay, $A na"e "ade great i a na"e detroyed<4L he who doe not increae hi knowledge decreae itL and hewho doe not tudy deerve to dieL and he who "ake a worldly ue of the crown of the Torah hall wate away!$ .:! e ued to ay, $%f

% a" not for "yelf, who will be for "eO But if % care for "yelf only, what a" %O <<! And if not now, whenO$

4/ illel and -ha""ai, the "ot renowned of the $pair$ 7Hugot;, lived about .55 year before the detruction of the Te"ple! Each wa the founder of a chool, Bet illel and Bet -ha""ai, being generally oppoed to one another in the interpretation of the Torah! illel wa the e"bodi"ent of hu"ility, gentlene, and kindneL -ha""ai wa irritable, and lacked gentlene and patience! The for"er "ot celebrated aying i, $(hat i hateful to thee do not do unto thy fellow "anL thi i the whole Torah, the ret i "ere co""entary!$

-ee Bacher, Agada der TanaitenL -churer, itory, %, ii, p! <6/ et eN!L Dyer, tory of the 3ewih People, %, p! .<M et eN!L geiger, 3udai" and it itory, p! ..< et eN!

<5 Pal" II%*, .62 $-eek peace and purue it!$

<. #raw "en to the Torah by good exa"ple, not by endeavoring to "ake convert!

<4 e who eek a na"e loe fa"e!

<< Be elfFreliant, but not elfih!

.6! -ha""ai aid, $-et a fixed ti"e for thy tudy of TorahL aylittle and do "uch <:L and receive all "en with a cheerfulcountenance!$

<: >r $pro"ie little!$ Be like Abraha", who pro"ied only bread, but brought a $calf tender and good$ Genei I*%%%, 6 and 0!

.M! +abban <6 Ga"aliel aid, $Provide thyelf with a teacherL beNuit of doubt <ML and accuto" not thyelf to give tithe <0 by a

conjectural eti"ate!$

<6 $>ur teacher,$ $our "ater,$ a title given only to the preident of the -anhendrin, Ga"aliel being the firt to be thu known! Ga"aliel wa a grandon of illel and a teacher of Paul! -ee -track, Einleitung, p! 96!

<M Etablih over you the authority of a teacher, to hold you fro" the clutch of doubt ohut!

<0 There were three kind of tithe the tenth part of anything2 a $the firt tithe$ "aaer rihon, given to

the =ebiteL $the econd tithe$ "aaer heni, taken to 3eruale" and conu"ed there by the owner and hi fa"ilyL and c the tithe paid to the poor "aaer ani! -ee =eviticu



I%*, 44F4/L alo Tractate Daarot and Daaer -heni of the Dihnah! Conult Babb, The =aw of Tithe!

.0! -i"eon <9 hi on, aid, $All "y day % have grown up a"ongtthe wie, and % have found nothing better for "an than ilence </Lnot learning but doing i the chief thing :5L and whoo "ultiplieword caue in$ :.!

<9 -i"eon beg Ga"aliel % lived at the ti"e of the war with +o"e! -ee 3oephu, 3ewih (ar, %*, <, /!

</ Cf! chapter %%%, .0!

:5 (here word fail, deed tell! @on cholae ed vitae!

:. Cf! Proverb I, ./!

.9! +abban -i"eon, the on of Ga"aliel :4 aid, $By three thing ithe world preerved :<L by truth, by judg"ent, and by peace, a it

i aid, 3udge ye the truth and the judg"ent of peace in your gate$::!

:4 +abban -i"eon %%, on of Ga"aliel %% 95F..6 C!E! and grandon of -i"eon vere .0!

:< Cf! chapter %, 4! Torah, Te"ple ervice, and benevolence are the foundation and, at the a"e ti"e, the ai" of the world! Truth, judg"ent, and peace "aintain the world per"anency!

:: Kechariah *%%%, .M!

+abbi Chanania :6, the on of Akahia, aid, $The oly >ne, bleedbe e, wa pleaed to "ake %rael worthyL wherefore e gave the" acopiou Torah and "any co""and"ent, a it i aid, %t pleaed the=ord, for hi righteoune ake, to "agnify the Torah and "ake ithonorable$ :M!

:6 Thi aying did not belong originally to Abot, but wa taken fro" Dakkot, %%%, .M! According to Goldch"idt, it wa introduced into the Dihnah fro" the eparate edition, and then found it way into the Tal"udical text of Abot! Thi vere i recited at the end of each chapter! -ee +awicH,

Co""entor de Dai"onide, p! ..:, n! .!

:M %aiah, xlii, 4.!

CAPTE+ %%

All %rael have a portion in the world to co"e, and it i aid, $And

thy people hall be all righteouL they hall inherit the land for ever, the branch of "y planting, the work of "y hand, that % "ay beglorified$!



.! +abbi . aid, $which i the right coure that a "an hould chooefor hi"elfO 4 That which i a pride to hi" who purue it andwhich alo bring hi" honor fro" "ankind! Be a crupulou about alight precept a about a grave one, for thou knowet not the grant of reward for each precept! +eckon the lo incurred by the fulfil"entof a precept againt the reward ecured by it obervance <, and thegain gotten by a trangreion againt the lo it involve! Conider

three thing, that thou "ayet not co"e within the power of in :!now what i above theeFFa eeing eye, and a hearing ear, and all thydeed written in a book$ 6!

. +abbi 3udah .<6F445 C!E!, on of -i"eon chapter %, .9, wa known a $+abbi,$ a a "ark of ditinction, owing to the fact that he wa the chief revier and co"piler of the Dihnah! Earlier co"piler of the Dihnah had been illel, Akiba, and +! Deir! +abbi 3udah wa alo known a +abbenu our Dater, haF@ai the Prince, and haFodeh the oly! e i aid to have died7'; on the day that Akiba "et hi death at the hand of the +o"an! -ee

#anHiger, 3ewih )orerunner of Chritianity, pp! 4:4F40:, Dyer, -tory of the 3ewih People, %, 4.5F444, and -track, Einleitung in den Tal"ud, p! /M! 7' a prior owner of the ource text annotated it by croing out $died$ and writing in $been born$!;

4 Dai"onide interpret thi vere a "eaning to purue a "ediu" coure between two eNually bad extre"e, the too "uch and the too little! >n thi ubject, ee hi celebrated fourth chapter of the -he"onah Peraki" The Eight Chapter on the $"ean$L ed! Gorfinkle, p! 6:, et eN!

< %!e!, the lo in thi world a againt the reward in the future world! >n the +abbinic idea of reward and punih"ent, ee -chechter, Apect, pp! .M4F.M<, and erford, Phariai", p! 4M0 et eN!

: Cf! chapter %%%, .! @o deed, great or "all, are lot ight of by God!

6 >n the divine book or book, ee Exodu III%%, <6! Dalachi %%%, .M, and #aniel *%%, .5, etc! The heavenly $Book of =ife$ i pro"inently "entioned in the ritual of the @ew &ear and the #ay of Atone"ent, epecially in the celebrated

prayer, ?Fnetanneh Tokef of +abbi A"non of Dayence! The @ew &ear greeting, $Day you be incribed for a happy year1$ i evidence of the popularity of the idea of a divine book in which the fate of a "an i written! -ee the 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! Book of =ife!

4! +abban Ga"aliel, the on of +abbi 3udah, the Prince, aid,$Excellent i the tudy of Torah co"bined with o"e worldly puruitM, for the effort de"anded by the" both "ake in to be forgotten! All tudy of Torah without work "ut at length be futile, and leadto in 0! =et all who are e"ployed with the congregation act withthe" for eaven ake, for then the "erit of their father utain

the", and their righteoune endure for ever 9! And a for youGod will then ay, % account you worthy of great reward, a if youhad wrought it all yourelve! <! Be on your guard againt the



except for their own interetL appearing a friend when it i totheir own advantage, they tand not by a "an in the hour of hi need!$ :! e ued to ay, $#o i will a if it were thy will! @ullify thywill before i will, that e "ay nullify the will of other beforethy will!$

M The expreion Tal"ud Torah lit!, $tudy of the =aw$

"ean the tudy of all acred learning! The word Torah, here, i to be contrued in it broadet ene! -ee chapter %, n! :! -uch tudy wa one of the dutie to which no li"it wa fixed Peah %, .! The expreion 7derech eretH; "ean $good "anner$ chapter %%%, 4., or $worldly buine,$ or $care$ chapter %%%, M, according to the context! -tudy co"bined with o"e trade or profeion i, according to +! Ga"aliel, the proper thing! -ee chapter %*, n! 4:!

0 Cf! idduhin, 4/a, $e who doe not teach hi on a trade teache hi" to be a thief!$

9 %n every co""unity, the work and goodne of pat generation live in the preent, and the good that the co""unity doe in the preent will live on in the future! >n the $"erit of the father$ 7Hchut avot;, ee -chechter, -o"e Apect of +abbinic Theology, chapter I%%, epecially pp! .06F.00, where thi paage i Nuoted!

/ Thi vere i directed toward the leader of the co""unity! Cf! above, chapter %, .5!

6! illel .5 aid, $-eparate not thyelf fro" the congregation ..Ltrut not in thyelf until the day of thy death .4L judge not thy

neighbor until thou art co"e into hi placeL and ay not anythingwhich cannot be undertood at once, in the hope that it will beundertood in the end .<L neither ay, (hen % have leiure % willtudyL perchance thou wilt have no leiure!$ M! e ued to ay, $Ane"ptyFheaded "an cannot be a inFfearing "an, nor can an ignorantperon .: be piou, nor can a ha"efaced "an .6 learn, nor apaionate "an .M teach, nor can one who i engaged over"uch inbuine grow wie .0! %n a place where there are no "en, trive tobe a "an$ .9! 0! Doreover, he once aw a kull floating on theurface of the water! e aid to it, $Becaue thou didt drownother they have drowned thee, and at the lat they that drownedthee hall the"elve be drowned$ ./! 9! e ued to ay, $The "ore

fleh, the "ore workL the "ore property, the "ore anxietyL the "orewo"en, the "ore witchcraftL the "ore "aidFervant, the "ore lewdneLthe "ore "enFervant, the "ore robberyL the "ore Torah, the "orelife 45L the "ore chooling, the "ore wido"L the "ore counel, the"ore undertandingL the "ore charity, the "ore peace! e who haacNuired a good na"e ha acNuired it for hi"elfL he who ha acNuiredfor hi"elf word of Torah ha acNuired for hi"elf life in theworld to co"e$ 4.!

.5 The chain of traditional aying i continued here fro" chapter %, .:, with other "axi" of illel! -ee %ntroduction, p! .0!

.. %!e!, hare it weal and woe! Cf! Taanit, ..a, $e who doe not join the co""unity in ti"e of danger and trouble



.4 >ne hould contantly be on guard againt oneelf! The Tal"ud Berachot, 4/a illutrate thi aying by referring to a certain 3ochanan, who, after having been highFpriet for eighty year, beca"e a heretic!

.< Thi vere "ay be variouly tranlated and interpreted!

%t tranlation here i in accordance with the interpretation of Dai"onide! #o not expre yourelf in uch a way that your word "ay be undertood only after careful tudy and deep thought, but let the" be clear and intelligible!

.: The word 7bur betFvovFreh; "ean $uncultivated$ 7adeh bur; $an uncultivated field$! %t i ued of an ignorant, uncultured, "annerle peron, poeing no "oral or piritual virtue! Taylor tranlate it by $boor!$ 7a" haaretH;, literally $people of the land,$ $country people,$ i applied to an individual who "ay poe good "anner, and "ay be literate, but who ha no religiou knowledge, nor

training, nor doe not oberve religiou cuto"! Taylor render it $vulgar!$ Dayer -ulHberger "aintain that thi ter" wa applied to an ae"bly of repreentative of the people contituting a body i"ilar to the "odern Parlia"ent, and divided into a lower and upper houe! -ee hi $The A" aFaretH, The Ancient ebrew Parlia"ent!$ >n the A" haFaretH and hi oppoite the chaber, ee -churer, itory, %%, ii, pp! 9, / and pp! 44 et eN!, alo erford, ibid! pp! :MF:0!

.6 %!e!, he who i aha"ed to ak Nuetion for fear of expoing hi ignorance!

.M e who ha no patience to anwer all the Nuetion of hi pupil!

.0 Cf! chapter %*, .4! >ne of the Nualification neceary for the acNuire"ent of the Torah i "oderation in buine!

.9 #o not boldly puh yourelf forwardL but where there i no one to fill the poition of teacher or leader, or to be the head of the co""unity, and you have the Nualification, do not hrink fro" being the "an!

./ +etribution i ure! Cf! -anhedrin, .55a and -otah, /b, $with what "eaure a "an "eaure, i it "eaured unto hi"!$

45 Cf! Prov! %%%, . and 4!

4. The expreion $the world to co"e$ "ay "ean the Deianic day, the ti"e after the Deianic era, the day after the reurrection or the piritual hereafter! Dai"onide dicue at length the variou theorie, in Perek Chelek Co""entary on -anhedrin, I, ., which ha been tranlated into Englih by 3! Abelon, in the 3ewih uarterly +eview =ondon, vol!

II%I, p! 49 et eN! -ee alo The ebrew +eview =ondon, .9:5, p! 46: et eN! Conult -churer, itory, %%, ii, /4!



/! +abban 3ochanan, the on of Kakkai 44 received the traditionfro" illel and -ha""ai! e ued to ay, $%f thou hat learnt "uch Torah, acribe not any "erit to thyelf, for thereunto wat thoucreated!$

44 +abban 3ochanan ben Kakkai wa known a the leat of the diciple of illel! e wa a conte"porary of the hitorian

3oephu! Ecaping in a coffin fro" 3eruale", when it wa beieged by the +o"an general *epaian, and predicting the latter elevation to the i"perial dignity, 3ochanan wa allowed by *epaian to go to 3abneh 3a"nia, where he founded the celebrated acade"y which beca"e the centre of learning in Paletine, a 3eruale" had previouly been! e wa the "ot i"portant cribe in the firt decade after the detruction of the Te"ple 05 C!E!! -ee -track, Einleitung in den Tal"ud, p! 9M et eN!, Bacher, Agada der Tanaiten, pp! 46F:M, Dyer, -tory of the 3ewih People, %, pp! .6.F.M5, and #anHiger, 3ewih )orerunner of Chritianity, pp! 66F04!

.5! +abban 3ochanan, the on of Kakkai, had five diciple 4<, andthee are they2 +abbi ElieHer, the on of yrcanuL +abbi 3ohua, theon of ananiah 4:L +abbi 3oe, the PrietL +abbi -i"eon, the on of @atanielL and +abbi EleaHar, the on of Arach! ..! e ued thu torecount their praie2 $ElieHer, the on of yrcanu, i a ce"entedcitern, which loe not a drop 46L 3ohua, the on of ananiah,happy i he that bare hi" 4ML 3oe, the Priet, i a piou "an40L -i"eon, the on of @ataniel, i a fearer of inL EleaHar, theon of Arach, i like a pring flowing with everFutained vigor$49! .4! e ued to ay, $%f all the age of %rael were in onecale of the balance, and ElieHer, the on of yrcanu, in the other,

he would outweigh the" all!$ Abba -aul 4/ aid in hi na"e, $%f allthe age of %rael were in one cale of the balance, and ElieHer, theon of yrcanu, alo with the", and EleaHar, the on of Arach, in theother cale, he would outweigh the" all!$ .<! e aid to the", $Goforth and ee which i the good way to which a "an hould cleave!$ +!ElieHer aid, $A good eye$ <5L +! 3ohua aid, $A good friend$L +!3oe aid, $A good neighbor$ <.L +! -i"eon aid, $>ne who foreeethe fruit of an action$ <4L +! EleaHar aid, $A good heart!$Thereupon he aid to the", $% approve of the word of EleaHar, the onof Arach, rather than your word, for in hi word your are included$<<! .:! e aid to the", $Go forth and ee which i the evil waythat a "an hould hun!$ +! ElieHer aid, $An evil eye$ <:L +!

3ohua aid, $A bad friend$L +! 3oe aid, $A bad neighbor$L +! -i"eonaid, $>ne who borrow and doe not repayFFit i the a"e whether oneborrow fro" "an or the >"nipreent <6L a it i aid, The wickedborroweth and payeth not again, but the righteou dealeth gracioulyand giveth$ <ML +! EleaHar aid, $A bad heart!$ Thereupon he aidto the", $% approve of the word of EleaHar, the on of Arach, rather then your word, for in hi word your are included!$

4< >f pecial excellence!

4: >n the life of +! 3ohua :5F.<5 C!E!, ee Bacher, ibid!, .4/F./:, Dyer, ibid!, .M.F.05, #anHiger, ibid!,

.44F.6.!

46 e forget nothing he ha learned! >n +! ElieHer, ee



4M (hen yet a child in the cradle, hi "other took hi" into the ynagogue that he "ight thu early hear the word of the Torah!

40 A chaid 7chaid;, $aint,$ i one who doe "ore than the trict letter of the law reNuire! -ee -chechter,

-tudie, %%, pp! .:9F.9., ide", Apect, p! 45/, +awicH, Co""entar de Dai"onide, pp! /6F/M, and Gorfinkle, The Eight Chapter, pp! M5FM4!

49 $A welling pring$ Taylor!

4/ e lived in the firt half of the econd century, C!E!

<5 %!e!, an eye that look upon people with benevolence and kind feeling, free fro" envy and illFwill!

<. A good friend i one who induce hi aociate to tudy

Torah, and who reprove hi" when he ee hi" doing wrong! The paage "ean not o "uch to gain a good friend a to be a good friend!

<4 >ne who balance the preent againt the future!

<< The heart wa conidered the eat of all "oral and piritual function! -ee -chechter, Apect, p! 466 et eN!

<: #enote niggardline, envy, or jealouy!

<6 %!e!, one who lack foreight and incur reponibilitie he i unable to "eet borrow fro" God, a all wealth belong to i", and "en are "erely i teward! The word 7"ako";, literally $place,$ $pace,$ wa ued to deignate 3eruale", or the Te"ple, a being the place where God pirit dwellL or it "ay alo refer to the divine court of the -anhedrin! %t then ca"e to be ued a an appellative for God! A -chechter re"ark, $The ter" i "ainly indicative of God ubiNuity in the world and can bet be tranlated by >"nipreent!$ -ee off"ann, -anhedrin *%, note 6M, Taylor, -aying, p! 6<, note :4, and -chechter, Apect, pp! 4MF40, where the literature on thi ubject i given! -ee

alo )riedlander, The 3ewih +eligion, p! 490, and the 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! @a"e of God!

<M Pal" III*%%, 4.!

.6! They each aid three thing! +! ElieHer aid, $=et thy friendhonor be a dear to thee a thine own <0L be not eaily excited toangerL and repent one day before thy death$ <9! And he further aid, $(ar" thyelf by the fire of the wie, but beware of their glowing coal, let thou be burnt, for their bite i the bite of thefox, and their ting i the corpion ting, and their hi i theerpent hi, and all their word are like coal of fire$ </! .M!

+! 3ohua aid, $The evil eye, the evil inclination :5, and hatredof hi fellowFcreature :., put a "an out of the world!$ .0! +!3oe aid, $=et the property of thy friend be a dear to thee a thine



it i not an inheritance of thine, and let all thy deed be done inthe na"e of God$ :4! .9! +! -i"eon aid, $Be careful in reading the -he"a :< and the A"idah ::L and when thou prayet, conider not thy prayer a a fixed "echanical tak, but a an appeal for"ercy and grace before the AllFpreent, a it i aid, )or he igraciou and full of "ercy, low to anger, and abounding inlovingFkindne, and repenteth hi" of the evil :6L and be not

wicked in thine own etee"$ :M! ./! +! EleaHar aid, $Be diligentin tudying Torah, and know what anwer to give to the unbeliever :0L know alo before who" thou toilet, and who thy E"ployer i, whowill pay thee the reward of thy labor!$

<0 Cf! chapter %*, .6!

<9 Dan hould repent every day of hi life, for he know not on what day he "ay die -habbat, .6<a!

</ >ne who wihe to war" hi"elf re"ain a certain ditance away fro" the fireL if he approache too near, he i burnedL

o, do not endeavor to beco"e too inti"ate with the wie, a their opinion of you "ay change to your detri"ent! The $bite,$ the $ting,$ and the $hi$ repreent the terriblene of the look of the wie who have been angered!

:5 Paion, evil nature, or evil inclination!

:. Dianthropy!

:4 %n "aking "an highet ideal the co"prehenion of God, Dai"onide, in the -he"onah Peraki", upport hi view by referring to the latter part of thi vere! e ay, $The

age of bleed "e"ory, too, have u""ed up thi idea in o few word and o conciely, at the a"e ti"e elucidating the whole "atter with uch co"plete thoroughne, that when one conider the brevity with which they expre thi great and "ighty thought in it entirety, about which other have written whole book and yet without adeNuately explaining it, one truly recogniHe that the +abbi undoubtedly poke through divine inpiration! Thi aying i found a"ong their precept, and i, =et all thy deed be done in the na"e of God!$ -ee Gorfinkle, The Eight Chapter, p! 0<!

:< Thi prayer conit of three portion of the Pentateuch

#eut! *%, :F/L I%, .<F4.L @u"! I*, <0F:., and get it na"e fro" the initial word of the firt portion! %t i appointed to be read twice daily, in the "orning and in the evening! >n the ti"e when the -he"a i to be read, ee Berachot %, .! -ee -churer, itory, %%, ii, 00, 9<, et eN!L )riedlander, 3ewih +eligion, pp! :<5, :<6L 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! -he"a, and Adler, in the 3ewih +eview =ondon, ./.5, vol! %, nu"ber 4, p! .6/!

:: An i"portant part of the ritual aid at the daily "orning, afternoon, and evening ervice, and alo at the additional ervice on -abbath and holy day, i known a .

Tefillah prayer, or 4 -he"oneh Ereh eighteen, or < A"idah tanding! %t i known a Tefillah becaue it i conidered the prayer par excellenceL a -he"oneh Ereh



nineteenL and a A"idah by -ephardic 3ew becaue it "ut be aid tanding! The -he"a and the -he"oneh Ereh have been appropriately tyled the $two pillar of the fabric of the liturgy!$ -ee -churer, ibid!L )riedlander, ibid!, pp! :<5, :<0L in the 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! -he"oneh ErehL -chechter, -tudie, %%, pp! M05M9L Adler, ibid!, p! .6/L and erford, ibid!, pp! 4/9F4//!

:6 3oel %%, .<!

:M #o not do what your concience tell you i wrong, even though it doe not appear to other a uchL or, do not in in ecret, thinking that you will ecape punih"ent becaue other do not ee you!

:0 Apikuro i a ter" originally ued to deignate a follower of the philoopher Epicuru, whoe axio" wa that $happine or enjoy"ent i the u""u" bonu" of life!$ =ater, thi word wa ued by the +abbi to deignate a

freeFthinker, a heretic, an unbeliever, or a depier of the =aw, 3ewih or nonF3ewih! 3oephu AntiNuitie, I, .., 0, ed! (hitonFDargoliouth, p! <55 decribe the Epicurean a thoe $who cat providence out of hu"an life, and do not believe that God take care of the affair of the world, nor that the univere i governed and continued in being by that bleed and i""ortal nature, but ay that the world i carried along of it own accord without a ruler and a curator!$ Dai"onide, in hi co""entary on -anhedrin, I, ., derive the word fro" the ebrew, 7hefkeir heyFfeyFkufFreh;, $freedo",$ and define it a one who refue obedience to the =aw! -chechter -tudie in 3udai", %, p! .69 ay, $%t

i"plie rather a frivolou treat"ent of the word of -cripture and tradition!$ -ee the 3ewih Encyclopedia art! Apikuro, and Barton, Eccleiate, p! :.! Thi vere "ay alo be rendered, $-tudy Torah, and alo know 7vda vovFdaledFayin; how to anwer an unbeliever,$ "eaning that firt one hould tudy Torah and Tal"ud, and then give hi ti"e to learning other knowledge, o a to be able to refute thoe who tray fro" the truth!

45! +abbi Tafron :9 aid, $The day i hort, the tak i great :/,the laborer are luggih, the reward i "uch, and the Dater of thehoue 65 i urgent!$ 4.! e alo ued to ay, $%t i not thy duty

to co"plete the work, but neither art thou free to deit fro" itL if thou hat tudied "uch Torah, "uch reward will be given theeL andfaithful i thy E"ployer to pay thee the reward of thy laborL and knowthat the grant of reward unto the righteou will be in the ti"e toco"e$ 6.!

+abbi Chanania, the on of Akahia, aid, $The oly >ne, bleed bee, wa pleaed to "ake %rael worthyL wherefore e gave the" acopiou Torah and "any co""and"ent, a it i aid, %t pleaed the=ord, for hi righteoune ake, to "agnify the Torah and "ake ithonorable$!

:9 A conte"porary of 3ochanan ben Kakkai five diciple and of Akiba! -ee Bacher, ibid!, pp! <:9F<69, and Deyer, ibid!, p! .0/!



:/ The day, i!e!, the life of "an, i brief! Art i long, but life i hort!

65 %!e!, God!

6. A "an cannot finih the work of the world, yet he "ut not yield to idlene and depair, but "ut do hi hare to

the bet of hi ability! i reward will co"e in the future!

CAPTE+ %%%

All %rael have a portion in the world to co"e, and it i aid, $Andthy people hall be all righteouL they hall inherit the land for

ever, the branch of "y planting, the work of "y hand, that % "ay beglorified$!

.! Akabia ., the on of Dahalalel, aid, $Conider three thing, andthou wilt not co"e within the power of in 42 know whence thouca"et, and whither thou art going, and before who" thou wilt in thefuture have to give an account and reckoning <! (hence thou ca"et2fro" a fetid dropL whether thou art going2 to a place of dut, wor",and "aggot :L and before who" thou wilt in the future have to givean account and reckoning2 before the -upre"e ing of king, the oly>ne, bleed be e!$

. e lived about the "iddle of the firt century!

4 Cf! chapter %%, .!

< Co"pare with thi aying the expoition by Akiba of Eccl! I%%, .2 7uHechor et borech borech i2 betFvovFrehFalefFyudFchofofit; $but re"e"ber thy creator!$ Playing upon the word 7borech;, he ay, $+e"e"ber thy ource 7betFalefFrehFchofofit;, thy grave 7betFvovFrehFchofofit;, and thy creator 7betFrehFalefFchofofit;,$ ohelet +abbah, ad! loc! %f "an think of whence he co"e, he i rendered hu"bleL if he

reflect upon whither he i going, he priHe worldly thing lightlyL and if he conider %" before who" he "ut give an account, he obey God law!

: Cf! 3ob II*, M2 $ow "uch le the "ortal, the "ere wor" 7ri"ah;O and the on of the earth, the "ere "aggot 7toleah;O$ can be pure in God eye!

4! +! Chanina, the *iceFighFPriet 6, aid, $Pray for the welfareof the govern"ent, ince but for the fear thereof "en would walloweach other alive$ M!

6 Chief of the priet, adjutant highFpriet! The egan wa next in rank to the highFpriet! @one could be appointed highFpriet unle he had occupied the office of the egan



-churer, he wa $the captain of the Te"ple,$ whoe duty it wa to uperintend arrange"ent for keeping order in and around the Te"ple! e wa alo preent at all i"portant function in which the highFpriet took part, uch a the drawing of lot in the cae of the two goat on &o" ippur &o"a %%%, /, %*, .L when reading fro" the Torah &o"a, *%%, .L -otah *%%, 0, 9, and when offering the daily acrifice Ta"id

*%%, <! +abbi Chanina wa the lat to bear thi title, hi on being known a -i"eon ben haF-egan! -ee Bacher, Agada der Tanaiten, pp! 66F69, -churer, itory, %%, i, 460F46/!

M Cf! 3er! III%I, 0, $And eek the peace of the city whither % have caued you to be carried away captive, and pray unto the =ord for itL for in the peace thereof hall ye have peace,$ and Abodah Karah, <b!

<! +! Chananiah, the on of Teradion 0, aid, $%f two it together and interchange no word of Torah, they are a "eeting of corner,concerning who" it i aid, The godly "an itteth not in the eat of

the corner 9L but if two it together and interchange word of Torah, the #ivine Preence / abide a"ong the"L a it i aid,Then they that feared the =ord pake one with the otherL and the =ordhearkened and heard, and a book of re"e"brance wa written before i",for the" that feared the =ord, and that thought upon i na"e, .5!@ow the -cripture enable "e to draw thi inference in repect to twoperonL whence can it be deduced that if even one peron eduloulyoccupie hi"elf with the Torah, the oly >ne, bleed be e,appoint unto hi" a rewardO Becaue it i aid, though he it alone,and "editate in tillne, yet he taketh it the reward upon hi"$..!

0 e lived about .45 C!E! e wa the father of Beruriah, the wife of +abbi Deir!

9 P! %, .! *ere 4 of thi pal" continue, $But hi delight i in the =aw of the =ord!$

/ 7hechinah; literally $dwelling,$ i a na"e applied to God when e i poken of a dwelling a"ong "en! -ee -chechter, Apect, en pai"L Abelon, %""anence of God, p! 00 et eN!

.5 Dal! %%%, .M!

.. =a"! %%%, 40!

:! +! -i"eon .4 aid, $%f three have eaten at a table and havepoken there no word of Torah, it i a if they had eaten of acrifice to dead idol, of who" it i aid, )or all their tableare full of vo"it and filthineL the AllFpreent i not in their thought .<! But if three have eaten at a table and have pokenthere word of Torah, it i a if they had eaten at the table of the AllFpreent, for -cripture ay, And he aid unto "e, Thi i thetable that i before the =ord$ .:!

.4 +abbi -i"eon ben &ochai lived about the "iddle of the econd century C!E!, and wa a pupil of Akiba! -ee #anHiger, ibid!, pp! 4..F4:.! e wa long thought to be the author of



probably written in the thirteenth century by Doe -he" Tob de =eon! -ee the 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! KoharL GraetH, itory, %*, p! .. et eN!L -chechter, -tudie, %, pp! .9, ./, .<<L and ! -perling, in Apect of the ebrew Geniu, p! .M6 et eN!

.< %a! II*%%%, 9! The literal interpretation of 7bli

"ako"; i, there i $no place$ clean of defile"entL but the word 7"ako"; being ued to deignate God ee above, chapter %%, n! <6, ugget the interpretation, $without "ention of the na"e of God!$

.: EHek! I=%, 44!

6! +! Chanina, the on of akinai .6, aid, $e who keep awake atnight, and goe on hi way alone, while turning hi heart to vanity,uch a one forfeit hi own life$ .M!

.6 e lived about .45 C!E!, and wa a pupil of Akiba! -ee

Bacher, ibid!, :<M et eN!

.M Even the leeple "an and the olitary traveller "ut turn their thought to the Torah!

M! +! @echunya, on of haFanah .0, aid, $(hoo receive uponhi"elf the yoke of the Torah, fro" the yoke of the kingdo" and theyoke of worldly care will be re"oved .9, but whoo break off fro"hi" the yoke of the Torah, upon hi" will be laid the yoke of thekingdo" and the yoke of worldly care!$

.0 e lived about 95 C!E! -ee Bacher, ibid!, pp! 69FM.!

.9 The $yoke of the kingdo"$ refer to the taxe and burden exacted by the govern"entL the $yoke of worldly care$ i anxiety of the truggle for exitence!

0! +! Chalafta, the on of #oa ./, of the village of Chanania aid,$(hen ten people it together and occupy the"elve with the Torah,the -hechinah 45 abide a"ong the", a it i aid, God tandethin the congregation 4. of the godly 44! And whence can it behown that the a"e applie to fiveO Becaue it i aid, e hathfound hi band 4< upon the earth 4:! And whence can it be hownthat the a"e applie to threeO Becaue it i aid, e judgeth a"ong

the judge 46! And whence can it be hown that the a"e applie totwoO Becaue it i aid, Then they that feared the =ord pake onewith the otherL and the =ord hearkened, and heard 4M! And whencecan it be hown that the a"e applie even to oneO Becaue it iaid, %n every place where % caue "y na"e to be re"e"bered % willco"e unto thee and % will ble thee$ 40!

./ e wa probably a diciple of +! Deir! -ee below, n! <4!

45 -ee above, n! /!

4. An edah, $ae"bly,$ $congregation,$ $prayerF"eeting,$

conit of at leat ten peron Degillah, 4<b! -ee -ulHburger, The Ancient ebrew Parlia"ent, chapter %!



4< An agudah lit!, $bundle,$ $bunch$, $bond,$ $union,$ i contituted of at leat five, though o"e authoritie "aintain that it tand for three! -ee Taylor, -aying, p! :M, n! .6! Thi word i ued in the na"e of a nu"ber of 3ewih ocietie whoe "e"ber bind the"elve to brotherly love and "utual aitance! a Agudat Achi", $?nited

Brethren,$ etc!

4: A"o, %I, M!

46 P! =III%%, .! Every bet din, $judicial tribunal,$ conited of at leat three "e"ber -anhedrin, <b!

4M Dal! %%%, .M!

40 Ex! II, 4:!

9! +! EleaHar of Bertota 49 aid, $Give unto i" of what i i, for

thou and thine are i2 thi i alo found expreed by #avid, whoaid, )or all thing co"e of Thee, and of Thine own we have givenThee$ 4/!

49 e lived during the econd century C!E! -ee Bacher, ibid!, pp! ::4F::6!

4/ % Chron! II%I, .:!

/! +! 3acob aid, $e who i walking by the way and tudying, andbreak off hi tudy and ay, ow fine i that tree, how fine ithat fallow, hi" the -cripture regard a if he had forfeited hi

life$ <5!

<5 >ne "ut not interrupt hi tudie even to ad"ire the beautie of nature!

.5! +! #otai <., the on of 3annai, aid in the na"e of +! Deir <4, $(hoo forget one word of hi tudy, hi" the -cripture regarda if he had forfeited hi life, for it i aid, >nly take heed tothyelf, and keep thy oul diligently, let thou forget the thingwhich thine eye have een <<! @ow, one "ight uppoe that thea"e reult follow even if a "an tudy ha been too hard for hi"!To guard againt uch an inference, it i aid, And let they

depart fro" thy heart all the day of thy life <:! Thu a peronguilt i not etablihed until he deliberately and of et purpoere"ove thoe leon fro" hi heart!$

<. e lived about .M5 C!E!

<4 +abbi Deir wa the celebrated pupil of Akiba! i wife wa the wellFknown Bruriah! >n hi intereting career, ee Blu"enthal, +abbi Deir, Dyer, The -tory of the 3ewih People, %, pp! .9/F45:, and #anHiger, 3ewih )orerunner of Chritianity, pp! .96F4.5!

<< #eut! %*, /!

<: #eut! %*, /!



..! +! Chanina, the on of #oa <6, aid, $e in who" the fear of in precede wido", hi wido" hall endureL but he in who" wido"co"e before the fear of in, hi wido" will not endure$ <M! .4!e ued to ay, $e whoe work exceed hi wido", hi wido" hallendureL but he whoe wido" exceed hi work, hi wido" will notendure$ <0! .<! e ued to ay, $e in who" the pirit of hifellowFcreature take not delight, in hi" the -pirit of the

AllFpreent take not delight!$

<6 A conte"porary of 3ochanan ben Kakkai .5 B!C!E!F/5 C!E!! -ee )riedlander, Ben #oa und eine Keit Prag, .904, and Bacher, ibid!, 49< et eN!

<M Cf! P! CI%, .52 $The beginning of wido" i the fear of the =ord!$ $A "an fear of in hould be intinctive, rather than a reult of calculation, ! ! ! a "an hould build upon the foundation of religiou feeling, rather than upon philoophy$ Taylor!

<0 Cf! above, chapter %, .0, $@ot learning but doing i the chief thing!$

.:! +! #oa, the on of orkina <9, aid, $Dorning leep, "iddaywine, childih babbling, and attending the houe of ae"bly of theignorant wate a "an life$ </!

<9 A conte"porary of 3ochanan ben Kakkai!

</ %dlene, etc!, indipoe one for the tudy of the Torah and for buine!

.6! +! EleaHar haFDudai aid, $e who profane thing acred, anddepie the fetival, and put hi fellowF"an to ha"e in public,and "ake void the covenant of Abraha", our father :5, and "ake the Torah bear a "eaning other than the right :.L uch a one eventhough knowledge of the Torah and good deed be hi, ha no hare inthe world to co"e$ :4!

:5 %!e! circu"ciion!

:. >r $act barefacedly againt the Torah!$

:4 nowledge and "oral excellence alone are not ufficient!

.M! +! %h"ael :< aid, $Be ub"iive to a uperior ::, affableto the young :6, and receive all "en with cheerfulne$ :M!

:< =ived about .45 C!E! -ee Bacher, ibid!, pp! 4:5F40.!

:: >r $be pliant of dipoition!$

:6 7ltihchoret; i variouly rendered a the $young$ Dai"onide, Bartenora, Geiger, 3atrow, $i"pre"ent$ +ahba", Taylor, $overeign authority$ =evy, Chald! (orterbuch, ub 7hachar hinFchetFreh;, )iebig, and $a

uppliant$ -inger!

:M Cf! chapter %, .6!



.0! +! Akiba :0 aid, $3eting and levity lead a "an on to lewdne! The Daorah :9 i a ra"part around the TorahL tithe are aafeguard to riche :/L good reolve are a fence to abtinence65L a hedge around wido" i ilence$ 6.! .9! e ued to ay,$Beloved i "an, for he wa created in the i"age of GodL but it waby a pecial love that it wa "ade known to hi" that he wa created inthe i"age of God, a it i aid, )or in the i"age of God "ade he "an

64! Beloved are %rael, or they were called children of the AllFpreent, but it wa by a pecial love that it wa "ade known tothe" that they were called children of the AllFpreent, a it i aid,&e are children unto the =ord your God 6<! Beloved are %rael,

for unto the" wa given the deirable intru"ent 6:L but it wa by apecial love that it wa "ade known to the" that that deirableintru"ent wa their, through which the world wa created, a it iaid, )or % give you good doctrineL forake ye not "y Torah 66!./! Everything i foreeen, yet free will i given 6ML and the worldi judged by grace, yet all i according to the a"ount of the work$60! 45! e ued to ay, $Everything i given on pledge 69, and a

net i pread for all living 6/L the hop i open M5L the dealer give creditL the ledger lie openL the hand writeL and whooever wihe to borrow "ay co"e and borrowL but the collector regularly"ake their daily round, and exact pay"ent fro" "an whether he becontent or not M.L and they have that whereon they can rely in their de"andL and the judg"ent i a judg"ent of truth M4L and everythingi prepared for the feat$ M<!

:0 Akiba ben 3oeph born about 65 C!E!, died about .<4 wa the greatet of the Tannai" teacher "entioned in the Dihnah! e wa a $proelyte of righteoune$ ger tHedek! ?ntil "iddle age, he re"ained illiterate and avere

to tudy, but wa purred on to beco"e learned in the Torah by the daughter of the rich alba -habua, who" he ubeNuently "arried! e wa the pupil of +! ElieHer ben yrcano, +! 3ochanan ben Chanania, and @ahu" of Gi"Ho! e epoued the caue of Bar ochba, acknowledging hi" a the Deiah, and i aid to have travelled throughout the land tirring up oppoition to +o"e! At the fall of Betar, he wa captured by the +o"an, and "ot cruelly put to death, expiring with the -he"a upon hi lip! +! Akiba definitely fixed the canon of the >ld Teta"ent! e co"piled and yte"atiHed the traditional law, in thi repect being the forerunner of +! 3udah haF@ai ee chapter %%, n! ., whoe Dihnah "ay be

conidered a being derived fro" that of the chool of Akiba! i i"portance "ay be gauged by the following tate"ent fro" the Tal"ud, $>ur Dihnah co"e directly fro" +! Deir a diciple of Akiba, the Toefta fro" +! @ehe"iah, the -ifra fro" +! 3udah, and the -ifre fro" +! -i"onL but they all took Akiba for a "odel in their work and followed hi"$ -anhedrin, 9Ma! Akiba introduced a new "ethod of interpreting -cripture, in which not a word, yllable, or letter wa conidered uperfluou, finding thereby a bai for "any oral law! i her"eneutical and exegetical activitie were re"arkable! Dany intereting legend have clutered around hi na"e! -ee Bacher, ibid!, 40.F<:9L DeilHiner,

%ntroduction to the Tal"ud, pp! 4/, .46F.4ML %aac, -torie fro" the +abbi, p! M. et eN!L #anHiger, ibid!, pp! .64F.9:L the 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! Akiba



the 3ewih People, pp! .0.F.99L and Geiger, 3udai" and it itory, p! 44M et eN!, 4<5 et eN!

:9 Daorah, fro" root "aar, $to deliver,$ $hand over,$ $tran"it,$ "ean a $chain of tradition!$ %t i ued to deignate tradition in general, and i thu correlative with kabbalah! The Daorah contain infor"ation for the

correct trancription of the -cripture! A ued here, it "ean the traditional interpretation of the Torah! Cf! chapter %, ., $Doe received the Torah on -inai, and handed it down u"arah to 3ohua,$ and $"ake a fence around the Torah!$ Conult #river, @ote on -a"uel, %ntro!, p! <0 et eN!L -churer, ibid!, %%, i, <49L Taylor, -aying, p! 66, n! <<L )riedlander ibid!, p! 66, 45<, 4MML 3ewih Encyclopedia !v!L and The Co"panion Bible =ondon, >xford ?niverity Pre, Pt! %, Appendix, <5!

:/ >n tithe, ee chapter %, n! <0! Cf! -habbat, ../a, and Taanit, /a play on 7ayinFhinFreh tofFayinFhin reh;,

#eut! II%*, 44,' 7ayinFhFreh betFhinFbetFyudFla"ed hinFtofFtofFayinFhinFreh; $give tithe in order that thou "ayet beco"e rich!$

7' trancriber note2 thi text doe not appear to be #euterono"y II%*, 44!;

65 =it!, $eparation,$ i!e! fro" defile"ent, hence $anctity$ Taylor!

6. Cf! chapter %, .0!

64 Gen! %I, M!

6< #eut! I%*, .!

6: %!e!, the Torah!

66 Prov! %*, 4!

6M The o"nicience and precience of God do not deprive "en of free will! Dai"onide explain thi in the lat chapter of the -he"onah Peraki" ed! Gorfinkle, p! 96 et eN!!

60 Dai"onide interpret the lat phrae a "eaning to do "any "all deed of charity rather than one great deed of goodne! )or intance, it i better to ditribute one hundred coin a"ong one hundred people than to give the" all to one peron!

69 The world i co"pared to the office of a "erchant!

6/ Ecc! %I, .42 $for "an alo knoweth not hi ti"e, like the fihe that are caught in an evil net!$

M5 The hop tand for the world and it enjoy"ent!

M. Dan ha free will, and i therefore reponible for all hi act!



05 inni", $net,$ i the na"e of a tract in -eder odahi" of the Dihnah, and tell of the young bird, which "en and wo"en were at ti"e reNuired to offer a acrifice! @iddah i a tract of -eder Teharot of the Dihnah, and relate of the uncleannee of wo"an!

0. %!e!, the "athe"atical cience, in which +! EleaHar wa very proficient, are only to be conidered a help to the tudy of the eential of Torah!

CAPTE+ %*

All %rael have a portion in the world to co"e, and it i aid, $Andthy people hall be all righteouL they hall inherit the land for ever, the branch of "y planting, the work of "y hand, that % "ay beglorified$!

.! Ben Ko"a . aid, $(ho i wieO e who learn fro" all "en, a iti aid, fro" all "y teacher have % gotten undertanding 4! (hoi "ightyO e who control hi paion, a it i aid, e that ilow to anger i better than the "ighty, and he that ruleth over hipirit than he that taketh a city <! (ho i richO e who rejoicein hi portion, a it i aid, (hen thou eatet the labor of thinehand, happy art thou, and it hall be well with thee :L happy art

thou in thi world, and it hall be well with thee in the world toco"e! (ho i honoredO e who honor other, a it i aid, )or the"that honor "e % will honor, and they that depie "e hall be held inconte"pt$ 6!

. -i"on ben Ko"a and -i"on ben AHHai, Tannai" of the econd century, were generally known a ben Ko"a and ben AHHai, a they never received the title of +abbi, according to one view! According to another opinion, they were called by their father na"e, becaue they both died young! Together with Akiba and Eliha ben Abuyah Acher, they entered, legend ay, into the paradie of eoteric knowledge! $)our

age,$ we are told, $entered paradie, ben AHHai, ben Ko"a, Acher, and Akiba! Ben AHHai looked and diedL ben Ko"a went "adL Acher detroyed the plantL Akiba alone ca"e out unhurt$ Chagigah, .:b! The interpretation of thi paage i that ben AHHai died pre"aturely, worn out by hi activitie in "ytical and theoophic peculationL ben Ko"a beca"e de"ented therebyL Eliha, conte"ptuouly referred to a Acher the other, beca"e an apotateL but Akiba wa unaffected! Ben Ko"a wa fa"ou for hi wido", it being aid of hi", $(hoever ee ben Ko"a in hi drea" i aured of cholarhip$ Berachot, 60b! (ith hi", it wa aid, the lat of the interpreter of the =aw darhani" died -otah, :/b!

i interpretation of the biblical paage $that thou "ayet re"e"ber when thou ca"et forth out of Egypt$ i found in the aggadah of Paover eve! -ee Bacher, Agada der Tanaiten,



-perling, in Apect of the ebrew Geniu, p! .65!

4 P! CI%I, /!

< Prov! I*%, <4!

: P! CII*%%%, 4! The dicontented rich "an, even, i poor!

6 % -a"! %%, <5!

4! Ben AHHai M aid, $aten to do even a light precept 0, andflee fro" trangreionL for one virtue lead to another, andtrangreion draw trangreion in it trainL for the reco"pene of a virtue i a virtue, and the reco"pene of a trangreion i atrangreion$ 9! <! e ued to ay, $#epie not any "an, and carpnot at any thing /L for there i not a "an that ha not hi hour,and there i not a thing that ha not it place!$

M -i"on ben AHHai ee n! . wa a very aiduou tudent

and a "an of great piety! e wa betrothed to the daughter of Akiba, but eparated fro" hi propective wife in order to devote all of hi ti"e to tudy! %t wa aid of hi", $At the death of ben AHHai, the lat indutriou "an paed away$ -otah %I, .6, and $e who ee ben AHHai in a drea" "ight hope for aintline!$ e declared that the greatet principle of 3udai" i the belief in the co""on brotherhood of all "ankind, which he derived fro" the paage, Genei *%, ., $Thi i the generation of Ada" "an!$ -ee Bacher, ibid!, :5/F:4:!

0 Cf! chapter %%, .!

9 (ellFdoing i the fruit of wellFdoing, and evilFdoing the fruit of evilFdoing!

/ >r $do not conider anything a being i"poible!$

:! +! =evita of 3abneh aid, $Be exceedingly lowly of pirit .5,ince the hope of "an i but the wor"!$

.5 +! =evita lived probably about .45 C!E! Dai"onide declare that the "ediu" way between the extre"e of the too little and the too "uch i the path of virtue, but he "ake

an exception in the cae of hu"ility, and, in accordance with thi paage, conider the extre"e of being very hu"ble the virtue! -ee Gorfinkle, The Eight Chapter, p! M5, n! 4!

6! +! 3ochanan, the on of Berokah .., aid, $(hooever profane the@a"e of eaven .4 in ecret will uffer the penalty for it inpublicL and thi, whether the eavenly @a"e be profaned in ignoranceor in wilfulne!$

.. A conte"porary of Akiba!

.4 $@a"e of eaven$ i a co""on ubtitute for the $na"e of

God!$

M! +! %h"ael .<, hi on, aid, $e who learn in order to teach



he who learn in order to practie, to hi" the "ean will be grantedto learn, and to teach, to oberve, and to practie!$

.< e lived about .65 C!E!

.: To one who learn Torah and doe not teach it are applied the word in @u"! I*, <.2 $he hath depied the word

of the =ord$ -anhedrin, //a!

0! +! Kadok aid, $-eparate not thyelf fro" the congregationL in the judge office act not the counel part .6L "ake not of the Torah a crown wherewith to aggrandiHe thyelf, nor a pade wherewithto dig$ .M! -o alo ued illel to ay, $e who "ake a worldly ueof the crown of the Torah hall wate away$ .0! ence thou"ayet infer that whooever derive a profit for hi"elf fro" theword of the Torah i helping on hi own detruction!

.6 Cf! chapter %, 9!

.M %!e!, for "aterial and elfih end!

.0 Cf! chapter %, .<!

9! +! 3oe .9 aid, $(hoo honor the Torah will hi"elf behonored by "ankind, but whoo dihonor the Torah will hi"elf bedihonored by "ankind!$

.9 +! 3oe ben Chalafta wa a conte"porary of +! Deir!

/! +! %h"ael ./, hi on, aid, $e who hun the judicial officerid hi"elf of hatred, robbery, and vain wearing 45L but he who

preu"ptuouly lay down deciion i foolih, wicked, and of anarrogant pirit!$ .5! e ued to ay, $3udge not alone, for none "ay judge alone ave >neL neither ay to thy judicial colleague,Accept "y view, for the choice i their to concurL and it i notfor thee to co"pel concurrence!$

./ e lived about .M5F445 C!E!

45 The judge bring upon hi"elf the hatred of the one who i diappointed by hi judg"ent! An erroneou judg"ent i eNuivalent to robbery! (hen the judge exact an unneceary oath, perjury "ay reult!

..! +! 3onathan 4. aid, $(hoo fulfil the Torah in the "idt of poverty hall in the end fulfil it in the "idt of wealthL and whooneglect the Torah in the "idt of wealth hall in the end neglectit in the "idt of poverty!$

4. e lived about the "iddle of the econd century C!E! e wa a pupil of +! %h"ael vere /!

.4! +! Deir 44 aid, $=een thy toil for worldly good, and be buyin the TorahL be hu"ble of pirit before all "enL if thou neglectetthe Torah, "any caue for neglecting it will be preent the"elve

to thee, but if thou laboret in the Torah, e ha abundantreco"pene to give thee!$



.<! +! Elieer 4<, the on of 3acob, aid, $e who doe one preceptha gotten hi"elf one advocateL and he who co""it one trangreionha gotten hi"elf one accuer! +epentance and good deed are a ahield againt punih"ent!$

4< e lived about .:5 C!E!

.:! +! 3ochanan, the andalF"aker 4:, aid, $Every ae"bly which iin the @a"e of eaven will in the end be etablihed, but that whichi not in the @a"e of eaven will not in the end be etablihed!$

4: Dot of the +abbi believed with +abban Ga"aliel that the tudy of the Torah without e"ploy"ent bring trangreion chapter %%, 4! ConeNuently, each invariably followed o"e vocation! illel, the enior, gained hi livelihood a a woodFchopperL -ha""ai wa a builderL +! 3ohua, a black"ithL +! Chanina, a hoe"akerL +! una, a waterFcarrierL +! Abba, a tailorL +! Pappa, a brewer, etc! >ther +abbi whoe na"e

indicate their trade, a +! 3ochanan haF-andalar lived about .65 C!E!, were %aac @appacha the "ith and +! Abin @aggara the carpenter! Dany were "erchant and other agriculturit! Generally, the +abbi tudied during twoFthird of the day, and worked at hi trade during the re"ainder! Thoe engaged in agriculture would tudy in the winter and till the oil in the u""er! Conult )ranH #elitHch, 3ewih Artian =ife in the Ti"e of ChritL and -! Deyer, Arbeit und andwerk i" Tal"ud, Berlin, .909!

.6! +! EleaHer, the on of -ha""ua 46, aid, $=et the honor of thydiciple be a dear to thee a thine own, and the honor of thine

aociate be like the fear of thy "ater, and the fear of thy "ater like the fear of eaven!$

46 e lived about .65 C!E!

.M! +! 3udah 4M aid, $Be cautiou in tudy, for an error in tudy"ay a"ount to preu"ptuou in$ 40!

4M +! 3udah ben %lai lived about .:5 C!E!

40 Cf! Chapter %%%, .5!

.0! +! -i"eon 49 aid, $There are three crown2 the crown of Torah, the crown of priethood, and the crown of royaltyL but thecrown of a good na"e excel the" all!$

49 >n +! -i"eon ben &ochai, ee chapter %%%, n! .4!

.9! +! @ehorai 4/ aid, $Betake thyelf to a ho"e of the Torah <5, and ay not that the Torah will co"e after theeL for there thyaociate will etablih thee in the poeion of itL and lean notupon thine own undertanding$ <.!

4/ e lived about .<5 C!E!

<5 %f there i no teacher where you live!



./! +! 3annia aid, $%t i not in our power to explain either theproperity of the wicked or the affliction of the righteou!$

45! +! Dattithiah, the on of ereh <4, aid, $Be beforehand in thealutation of peace to all "enL and be rather a tail to lion than ahead to foxe$ <<!

<4 e lived about .45 C!E! in +o"e!

<< %t i better to be a pupil of great teacher than to be a teacher of worthle pupil Dai"onide! %t i better to follow thoe who are greater than to lead thoe who are inferior!

4.! +! 3acob <: aid, $Thi world i like a vetibule before theworld to co"e <6L prepare thyelf in the vetibule, that thou "ayetenter into the hall!$ 44! e ued to ay, $Better i one hour of repentance and good deed in thi world than the whole life of the

world to co"eL and better i one hour of blifulne of pirit in theworld to co"e than the whole life of thi world!$

<: e lived about .M5F445 C!E!

<6 Thi world i a bridge that lead to the future world Dai"onide!

4<! +! -i"eon, the on of EleaHer <M, aid, $#o not appeae thyfellow in the hour of hi anger, and co"fort hi" not in the hour whenhi dead lie before hi", and Nuetion hi" not in the hour of hi vow,and ruh not to ee hi" in the hour of hi digrace!$

<M A pupil of +! Deir! e lived about .M5F445 C!E!

4:! -a"uel <0, the younger, ued to ay, $+ejoice not when thineene"y falleth, and let not thine heart be glad when he tu"bleth2 letthe =ord ee it and it dipleae hi", and he turn away hi wrath fro"hi"$ <9!

<0 -a"uel about .45 C!E! i aid to have co"poed, at the reNuet of +! Ga"aliel %%, the prayer againt heretic, added to the $Eighteen Benediction$ -he"oneh Ereh! -ee the 3ewih Encyclopedia, vol! I%, p! 49.!

<9 Prov! II%*, .0, .9!

46! Eliha, the on of Abuyah </, aid, $%f one learn a a child,what i it likeO =ike ink written in clean paper! %f one learn aan old "an, what i it likeO =ike ink written on ued paper$ :5!

</ -ee n! ., above! Eliha ben Abuyah, otherwie known a Acher, lived at the end of the firt and the beginning of the econd century! e i charged by the +abbi with having aided the +o"an in their atte"pt to uppre the 3ewih religion, with having endeavored to etrange the young fro" 3udai" and

fro" the tudy of it literature, with having intentionally and openly broken the cere"onial law, and with having deecrated the -abbath! +! Deir, hi pupil, "aintained a



regard for Eliha intellectual worth! (hen reproached for thi, +! Deir aid, $% eat the kernel, and throw away the huk!$ Eliha i often referred to a the $)aut of the Tal"ud!$ >n hi identification with the Apotle Paul, ee %! D! (ie, The >rigin of Chritianity, p! <.., and #anHiger, ibid!, pp! <5:F<5M! -o"e have even identified hi" with 3eu! %n Abot deF+abbi @atan, a parable that i very

i"ilar to that of 3eu, in =uke *% :0F:/, i attributed to Eliha! $A "an who doe good deed and diligently tudie the =aw, to who" i he likenedO e i like a "an building a houe with a tone foundation and with tile on the roofL and when a flood arie, and break againt the wall, that houe cannot be "oved fro" it place! But the "an who live an evil life, in pite of having deeply tudied the =aw, to who" i he likeO e i like a "an building a houe with tile for a foundation and with heavy tone on the roofL and when a little rain co"e, traightway the houe fall in$ G! )riedlander tranlation, in The 3ewih -ource of the -Er"on on the Dount, pp! 46/F4M5! >n the career of Acher,

ee Bacher, ibid!, pp! :<4F:<ML GraetH, itory, %%, pai"L Dyer, ibid!, pp! 455F454L and -track, Einleitung in den Tal"ud, p! /.!

:5 (hat one learn in youth, one retain, while the oppoite i true of learning in old age! The +abbi, elewhere, liken learning in youth to engraving upon a tone, and learning in old age to writing on the and!

4M! +! 3oe, the on of 3udah :., of Chefar Babli aid, $e wholearn fro" the young, to what i he likeO To one who eat unripegrape, and drink wine fro" hi vat :4! And he who learn fro" the

old, to what i he likeO To one who eat ripe grape, and drink oldwine!$

:. A conte"porary of 3udah haF@ai!

:4 %!e!, wine that i not forty day old, and not yet clarified!

40! +abbi Deir aid :<, $=ook not at the flak, but at what itcontain2 there "ay be a new flak full of old wine, and an old flakthat ha not even new wine in it$ ::!

:< -o"e text read $+abbi,$ i!e!, 3udah haF@ai ee chapter %%, n! .!

:: Thi vere expree an opinion contrary to that of the preceding one! The "ind of a young "an "ay be "ore "ature than that of an old "an!

49! +! EleaHar haFappar :6 aid, $Envy, cupidity, and a"bition takea "an fro" the world$ :M!

:6 A conte"porary of 3udah haF@ai!

:M Cf! chapter %%, .M!

4/! e ued to ay, $They that are born are doo"ed to dieL and the



know, to "ake known, and to be "ade conciou that e i God, e theDaker, e the Creator, e the #icerner :0, e the 3udge, e the(itne :9, e the AccuerL e it i that will in future judge,bleed be e, with (ho" there i no unrighteoune, nor forgetfulne, nor repect of peron, nor taking of bribe :/L andknow alo that everything i according to the reckoning 65L and letnot thy i"agination give thee hope that the grave will be a place of

refuge for theeL for perforce thou wat for"ed, and perforce thou watborn, and thou livet perforce, and perforce thou wilt die, andperforce thou wilt in the future have to give account and reckoningbefore the -upre"e ing of king, the oly >ne, bleed be e!$

:0 Cf! P! III%%%, .62 $e fahioneth their heart altogetherL he hath regard to all their work!$

:9 Cf! Dal! %%%, 6!

:/ Cf! %% Chron! I%I, 02 $Take heed and actL for with the =ord our God there i no injutice, nor repect for peron,

nor taking of bribe!$ Dai"onide interpret thi vere of Abot a "eaning that one cannot bribe God with good deed in order to have bad deed forgiven! The one bad deed i not forgiven even by the doing of one hundred good one, but punih"ent i "eted out for the bad deed and reward in full for the hundred good one! That i, each action i judged entirely on it own "erit! @either i God a repecter of peron! >n the one hand, e punihed Doe for hi anger at the water of Deribah, and, on the other, e rewarded Eau for honoring hi parent, and @ebuchadneHHar for honoring God!

65 Dai"onide interpret a follow, $Think of the phyical

thing in which "an ha no choice, a our age aid, All i in the power of God, except the fear of God! %t i not aid that one "ut perforce, and againt one will, in, or that one i contrained to journey, walk, tand, etc!, for thee are in the power of "an, and are dependent upon hi own free will, and not upon any external co"pelling force, a we have explained in chapter eight!$ -ee +awicH, Co""entar de Dai"onide, p! 9/, n! :, and Garfinkle, ibid!, p! 99 et eN!

+abbi Chanania, the on of Akahia, aid, $The oly >ne, bleed bee, wa pleaed to "ake %rael worthyL wherefore e gave the" a

copiou Torah and "any co""and"ent, a it i aid, %t pleaed the=ord, for hi righteoune ake, to "agnify the Torah and "ake ithonorable$!

CAPTE+ *

All %rael have a portion in the world to co"e, and it i aid, $Andthy people hall be all righteouL they hall inherit the land for ever, the branch of "y planting, the work of "y hand, that % "ay be



.! (ith ten aying the world wa created! (hat doe thi teach uOCould it not have been created with one ayingO %t i to "ake knownthe punih"ent that will befall the wicked who detroy the world thatwa created with ten aying, a well a the goodly reward that willbe betowed upon the jut who preerve the world that wa created withten aying .! 4! There were ten generation fro" Ada" to @oah, to

"ake known how longFuffering God i, eeing that all thoegeneration continued provoking hi", until he brought upon the" thewater of the flood 4! <! There were ten generation fro" @oah to Abraha", to "ake known how longFuffering God i, eeing that allthoe generation continued provoking hi", until Abraha", our father,ca"e, and received the reward they hould all have earned <! :!(ith ten trial our father Abraha" wa tried :, and he tood fir" inthe" all, to "ake known how great wa the love of our father Abraha"6! 6! Ten "iracle were wrought for our father in Egypt M, andten at the -ea 0! M! Ten plague did the oly >ne, bleed be e,bring upon the Egyptian in Egypt, and ten at the -ea 9! 0! (ithten te"ptation did our father te"pt the oly >ne, bleed be e, in

the wilderne, a it i aid, $And they te"pted "e thee ten ti"e,and have not hearkened to "y voice$ /! 9! Ten "iracle were wroughtfor our father in the Te"pleL no wo"an "icarried fro" the cent of the holy flehL the holy fleh never beca"e putridL no fly .5 waeen in the laughterFhoueL no unclean accident ever befell thehighFpriet on the #ay of Atone"entL the rain never Nuenched the fireof the woodFpile on the altar ..L neither did the wind overco"e thecolu"n of "oke that aroe therefro" .4L nor wa there ever foundany diNualifying defect in the o"er of new barley, offered on theecond day of Paover or in the two loave the firt fruit of thewheatFharvet, offered on Pentecot .<, or in the hewbread .:Lthough the people tood cloely preed together, they found a"ple

pace to protrate the"elveL never did erpent or corpion injureany one in 3eruale"L nor did any "an ever ay to hi fellow, $theplace i too trait for "e .6 to lodge over night in 3eruale"!$ /!Ten thing were created on the eve of -abbath in the twilight .M2the "outh of the earth .0L the "outh of the well .9L the "outh of the a ./L the rainbow 45L the "anna 4.L the rod 44L theha"ir 4<L the hape of written characterL the writing, and thetable of tone2 o"e ay, the detroying pirit alo, and theepulchre of Doe 4:, and the ra" of Abraha" our father 46L andother ay, tong, alo, "ade with tong 4M!

. The expreion $and God aid$ occur ten ti"e in Genei

% vere <, M, /, .., .:, 45, 4:, 4M 49, and 4/! Dany co""entator count the opening phrae of thi chapter, $%n the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,$ a one of the aying, "aintaining that the idea of aying i i"plied in it! Cf! P! III%%%, .M! According to the +abbi, the wicked detroy and the righteou preerve the world, and, ince it reNuired ten aying to create the world, the guilt of the inner and the righteoune of the jut are e"phaiHed "ore than if it had been created "erely by one word!

4 The ten generation are Ada", -eth, Enoh, enan, Dahalalel, 3ared, Enoch, Dethualeh, =a"ech, and @oah! The

period fro" Ada" to @oah i known a the $generation of the flood$ dor haF"abbul!



-erug, @ahor, Terah, and Abraha"! @oah good deed were ufficient only to ave hi"elf and fa"ily, while Abraha" were ufficient to utain the whole world!

: Thee trial "ay be reckoned a follow2 . hi "igration, Gen! I%%, .4L 4 the fa"ine in Canaan, I%%, .5L < the eiHing of -arah by Pharaoh, I%%, .6L : the battle

with the four king, I%*L 6 hi "arriage with agar becaue of -arah terility, I*%, 4L M the circu"ciion, I*%%, .5L 0 the eiHing of -arah by Abi"elech, king of Gerar, II, 4L 9 the banih"ent of agar, II%, .5L / the banih"ent of %h"ael, II%, .5L and .5 God co""and to acrifice %aac, II%%, 4! -ee Pirke deF+abbi ElieHer, chapter 4:, and )riedlander, G!, +abbinic philoophy and Ethic =ondon, ./.4, p! 06, n! :!

6 )or God! -o"e interpreter explain thi, however, a $the love of God for Abraha"!$

M That they ecaped the ten plague with which the Egyptian were afflicted!

0 =egend ay that at the paage of the +ed -ea the ten "iracle wrought were a follow2 . the water dividedL 4 the water were like a tent, or a vaultL < the eaFbed wa dry and hardL : but when the Egyptian trod upon it, it beca"e "uddy and li"yL 6 the ea wa divided into twelve part, one for each tribeL M the water beca"e a hard a toneL 0 the congealed water appeared like block of buildingFtoneL 9 the water wa tranparent o that the tribe could ee one anotherL / freh drinking water flowed

fro" the congealed waterL .5 after %rael had partaken of the drinking water, it beca"e congealed, and did not wet the ground under foot! -ee GinHberg, =egend of the 3ew, %%%, p! 4. et eN!

9 Thi vere i not found in the Tal"udic verion of Abot! The plague at the ea are alluded to in the $-ong of Doe,$ Ex! I*! -ee the co""entary of Bartenora!

/ @u"! I%*, 44! The ten are enu"erated by Dai"onide, Bartenora, off"ann, and other!

.5 The fly i a y"bol of i"purity!

.. The altar tood in the "idt of the roofle Te"pleFhall!

.4 The traight colu"n of "oke denoted the acceptance of prayer and acrifice!

.< -ee =ev! II%%%, .6F.0!

.: Every -abbath, twelve loave of bread were placed on a table in the -anctuary $before the =ord$ =ev! II%*, 6F/ to erve a a contant re"inder to the twelve tribe that their

place wa before the altar of God!

.6 %a! I=%I, 45!



year <.! The word <4 co"e into the world for the delay of jutice, and for the perverion of jutice, and on account of theoffence of thoe who interpret the Torah, not according to it trueene <<! @oxiou beat co"e into the world for vain wearing<:, and for the profanation of the #ivine @a"e <6! Captivityco"e into the world on account of idolatry, i""ortality, bloodhed,and the neglect of the year of ret for the oil <.! .4! At four

period petilence grow apace2 in the fourth year, in the eventh, atthe concluion of the eventh year, and at the concluion of the )eatof Tabernacle in each year2 in the fourth year, for default of givingthe tithe to the poor in the third year <ML in the eventh year, for default of giving the title to the poor in the ixth year <0L at theconcluion of the eventh year, for the violation of the law regardingthe fruit of the eventh year <., and at the concluion of the)eat of Tabernacle in each year, for robbing the poor of the grantlegally aigned to the" <9!

40 -ee chapter %, n! <0!

49 >f war, when agriculture i neglected, and crop are detroyed, etc!

4/ @u"! I*, 452 $&e hall offer up a cake of the firt of your dough for a heave offering!$ Thi co""and"ent i oberved in pirit toFday by the 3ewih houewife, who take a part of bread which i kneaded, and burn it, after reciting the bleing, $Bleed art Thou, > =ord, our God, ing of the univere, (ho ha anctified u by Thy co""and"ent, and co""anded u to eparate the challah!$ The ninth treatie of the >rder Kerai" of the Dihnah i called Challah! -ee )riedlander, 3ewih +eligion, p! <60!

<5 The execution of which i in the hand of God!

<. That i, the -abbatical year or the year of releae haFhe"ittah! -ee Ex! II%%%, .5 et eN!, and =ev! II*, .F0! %t i co""anded that the land be allowed to lie fallow during that year, that there be no owing, nor reaping, nor pruning of the vineyard, and that the ervant, tranger, and ani"al, a well a the owner, hall hare in the pontaneou growth of the field and the vineyard! -ee alo #eut! I*, .F.., and Tractate -hebiit of the Dihnah!

<4 %!e!, war!

<< By prohibiting the per"iible and per"itting the prohibited!

<: Cf! chapter %*, /!

<6 Cf! chapter %*, 6!

<M -ee #eut! I%*, 49, 4/L II*%, .4, and alo above, chapter %, n! <0!

<0 >f the eptennial cycle! The tithe wa to be brought at the end of every three year!



harvet, the ingle bunche of grape of the vineyard, and the unreaped corner of the field which were aigned to the tranger, the fatherle, and the widow!

.<! There are four character a"ong "en2 he who ay, $(hat i "ine i"ine and what i thine i thine,$ hi i a neutral characterL o"eay, $Thi i a character like that of -odo"$ </L he who ay, $(hat

i "ine i thine and what i thine i "ine,$ i a boor :5L he whoay, $(hat i "ine i thine and what i thine i thine,$ i a aintLhe who ay, $(hat i thine i "ine and what i "ine i "ine,$ i awicked "an! .:! There are four kind of te"per2 he who" it i eayto provoke and eay to pacify, hi lo diappear in hi gainL hewho" it i hard to provoke and hard to pacify, hi gain diappear inhi loL he who" it i hard to provoke and eay to pacify i a aintLhe who" it i eay to provoke and hard to pacify i a wicked "an! .6!There are four Nualitie in diciple2 he who Nuickly undertand andNuickly forget, hi gain diappear in hi loL he who undertandwith difficulty and forget with difficulty, hi lo diappear inhi gainL he who undertand Nuickly and forget with difficulty, hi

i a good portionL he who undertand with difficulty and forgetNuickly, hi i an evil portion! .M! A to al"giving there are four dipoition2 he who deire to give, but that other hould not give,hi eye i evil toward what appertain to other :.L he who deirethat other hould give, but will not give hi"elf, hi eye i evilagaint what i hi ownL he who give and wihe other to give i aaintL he who will not give and doe not wih other to give i awicked "an! .0! There are four character a"ong thoe who attend thehoue of tudy2 he who goe and doe not practie :4 ecure thereward for goingL he who practie :< but doe not go ecure thereward for practiingL he who goe and practie i a aintL he whoneither goe nor practie i a wicked "an! .9! There are four

Nualitie a"ong thoe that it before the wie2 they are like aponge, a funnel, a trainer, or a ieve2 a ponge, which uck upeverything ::L a funnel, which let in at one end and out at theotherL a trainer, which let the wine pa out and retain the dregLa ieve, which let out the bran and retain the fine flour!

</ >ne who neither give nor take! >ne who doe no labor of love! Cf! EHek! I*%, :/!

:5 e doe not know the acredne of the right of property!

:. e doe not want hi neighbor to be bleed becaue of their liberality!

:4 The dutie of which he ha learned!

:< The co""and of the Torah!

:: The true and the untrue!

./! (henever love depend upon o"e "aterial caue, with the paingaway of that caue, the love, too, pae away :6L but if it be notdepending upon uch a caue, it will not pa away for ever! (hich

love wa that which depended upon a "aterial caueO -uch wa the loveof A""on and Ta"ar :M! And that which depended upon no uch caueO-uch wa the love of #avid and 3onathan :0!



:6 =ating love i diintereted love!

:M -ee %% -a"! I%%!

:0 -ee % -a"! I*%%%, .!

45! Every controvery that i in the @a"e of eaven :9 hall in the

end lead to a per"anent reult, but every controvery that i not inthe @a"e of eaven hall not lead to a per"anent reult! (hichcontrovery wa that which wa in the @a"e of eavenO -uch wa thecontrovery of illel and -ha""ai :/! And that which wa not in the@a"e of eavenO -uch wa the controvery of orah and all hi co"pany65!

:9 %!e!, a controvery to arrive at the truth!

:/ -ee chapter %, n! 4/!

65 -ee @u"! I*, . et eN!

4.! (hooever caue the "ultitude to be righteou, over hi" inprevail notL but he who caue the "ultitude to in hall not havethe "ean to repent 6.! Doe wa righteou and "ade the "ultituderighteouL the righteoune of the "ultitude wa laid upon hi", a iti aid, $e executed the jutice of the =ord and hi judg"ent with%rael$ 64! 3eroboa", the on of @ebat, inned and caued the"ultitude to inL the in of the "ultitude wa laid upon hi", a it iaid, $)or the in of 3eroboa" which he inned and which he "ade%rael to in$ 6<!

6. e who lead the people atray i punihed by being

prevented fro" repenting! Thi doe not "ean, however, that "an, in general, doe not act in accordance with hi own free will! Dai"onide, in dicuing thi proble", ay, in the eighth chapter of the -he"onah Peraki", $3ut a o"e of "an undertaking, which are ordinarily ubject to hi own free will, are frutrated by way of punih"ent, a, for intance, a "an hand being prevented fro" working o that he can do nothing with it, a wa the cae of 3eroboa", the on of @ebat, or a "an eye fro" eeing, a happened to the -odo"ite, who had ae"bled about =ot, likewie how doe God withhold "an ability to ue hi own free will in regard to repentance, o that it never occur to hi" to repent, and he

thu finally perihe in hi own wickedne!$ -ee ed! Gorfinkle, p! /: et eN!

64 #eut! III%%%, 4.!

6< % ing I*, <5! Cf! -anhedrin I, 42 $Three king have no portion in the world to co"e ! ! ! 3eroboa", Ahab, and Danaeh!$

44! (hooever ha thee three attribute i of the diciple of Abraha", our father, but whooever ha three other attribute i of the diciple of Balaa", the wicked 6:! A good eye 66, a hu"ble

"ind, and a lowly pirit are the token of the diciple of Abraha",our fatherL an evil eye, a haughty "ind, and a proud pirit are theign of the diciple of Balaa", the wicked! (hat i the difference



wickedO The diciple of Abraha", our father, enjoy thi world andinherit the world to co"e, a it i aid, $That % "ay caue thoe thatlove "e to inherit ubtance, and "ay fill all their treaurie$ 6MLbut the diciple of Balaa", the wicked, inherit Gehinno" 60, anddecend into the pit of detruction, a it i aid, $But thou, > God,wilt bring the" down into the pit of detructionL bloodthirty anddeceitful "en hall not live out half their dayL but % will trut in

thee$ 69!

6: -ee @u"! II%%FII%*!

66 -ee chapter %%, note <5!

6M Prov! *%%%, 4.2 $-ubtance,$ i!e!, in the future worldL $treaure,$ i!e!, in thi world!

60 -ee chapter %, n! .9!

69 P! =%*, 4:!

4<! 3udah, the on of Te"a, aid, $Be bold a a leopard, wift a aneagle, fleet a a hart, and trong a a lion, to do the will of thy)ather who i in eaven$ 6/! 4:! e ued to ay M5, $At fiveyear the age i reached for the tudy of the -cripture, at ten for the tudy of the Dihnah M., at thirteen for the fulfil"ent ofthe co""and"ent M4, at fifteen for the tudy of the Tal"ud M<, at eighteen for "arriage, at twenty for eeking a livelihoodM:, at thirty for entering into one full trength, at forty for undertanding, at fifty for counel, at ixty a "an attain old age,at eventy the hoary head, at eighty the gift of pecial trengthM6, at ninety, he bend beneath the weight of year, at a hundred

he i a if he were already dead and had paed away fro" the world!$

6/ Cf! $>ur )ather which i in eaven$ of the $=ord Prayer$ Datt! *%, /! The conception of God a a $)ather$ goe back to earliet ti"e! -ee Gen! I=%I, ./, 45L Ex! %*, 44L #eut! III%%, ML %% -a"! *, ::L P! =III%I, 40, 49L %a! =I%%%, .M, =I%*, 9, and Dal! %%, .5! #eut! III%%, M, read, $% e not thy )atherO$ and %a! =I%%%, .9, $#oubtle Thou art our )ather!$ %n the Dihnah we find, $(ho purifie youO &our )ather which i in eaven$ &o"a *%%, 9L $>n who" have we to leanO >n our )ather which i in eaven$ -otah, %I, .6, and i"ilar paage! The +abbi contantly referred

to God a $)ather$ ee -chechter, Apect, pp! :M, :/, 65F6.! They took iue, of coure, with the @ew Teta"ent conception of God, in not ad"itting and in denouncing the idea of a "ediator! To the" all "ankind were the on of God! That the +abbi borrowed thi GodFidea and the expreion $>ur )ather which i in eaven$ fro" Chritianity i untenable, for, a erford Phariai", .45 et eN! point out, uch borrowing would have been abhorrent to the"! Thi expreion wa undoubtedly current long before and during the ti"e of 3eu, and it repreented a conception of the divine acceptable to both the +abbi and 3eu! The +abbi had no Nuarrel with Chritianity on thi core, but did not ad"it the

$onhip$ of God in the Chritian ene! The expreion $>ur )ather$ and $>ur )ather which i in eaven$ are found freNuently in the 3ewih PrayerFbook! >n thi ubject,



The 3ewih -ource of the -er"on on the Dount, chapter I! )or a co"parion of other part of Abot with the @ew Teta"ent ee )eibig, PirNue aboth, epecially the @achwort, pp! :4F:<, and G! )riedlander, ibid!, pai"! %t ee" that originally Abot ended here, a in the DachHor *itry! The vere which follow were added fro" other ource! -ee Bacher, Agada der Tanaiten, %, <09L

Taylor, ibid!, p! /6, n! :M, p! /M, n! :0L off"ann, #ie erte Dichna, p! <5L ide", Abot, p! <69, note .5M and .59L and -track, -pruche, p! :M, note t and u!

M5 Taylor "ake thi vere an addendu" to chapter *, and call it $The Age of Dan!$ Cf! -hakepeare $-even Age of Dan!$ -ee in the 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! Age of Dan in 3ewih =iterature, The -even, and -chechter, -tudie, %, pp! 4//F<55!

M. The Dihnah i the oral or unwritten law baed on the written law contained in the Pentateuch ee chapter %, n! .!

The Dihnah, par excellence, i the codification "ade by 3udah haF@ai ee chapter %%, n! .! %t i divided into ix order or ection known a edari"! They are . Kerai", $eed,$ which contain the law regarding the cultivation of the land and it product, introduced by a treatie concerning prayer and benediction BerachotL 4 Dode, $fetival,$ treating of the law of the -abbath and the fetivalL < @ahi", $wo"en,$ regulation concerning "arriage and divorceL : @eHikin, $injurie$ or $da"age,$ civil and cri"inal lawL 6 odahi", $holy thing,$ the law of acrifice and of the ervice of the Te"pleL and M Tohorot, $purification,$ dealing with the clean and the unclean! Each

order i ubdivided into treatie "aektot, there being in all M< uch ubdiviion! The Dihnah i known a the ha 7hina"ech;, which word i for"ed fro" the firt letter of the word hihah edari" ix order! The Tal"ud i alo i"ilarly ter"ed! )or a dicuion of the na"e, origin, content, co"pilation, etc!, of the Dihnah, ee DielHiner, %ntroduction to the Tal"ud, p! : et eN!L art! Dihnah, in the 3ewih Encyclopedia and the authoritie cited thereL -track, Einleitung, p! 4, .6 et eN!, 44 et eN!, and Geiger, 3udai" and it itory, p! 4</ et eN!

M4 At thirteen, the 3ewih boy beco"e bar "itHwah, i!e!, $a on of co""and"ent!$ The rite and cere"onie connected with the bar "itHwah of toFday cannot $be clearly traced earlier than the fourteenth century$ Abraha", 3ewih =ife in the Diddle Age, p! <4! -ee -churer, itory, %%, ii, p! 6< and n! <9L -chechter, -tudie, %, p! <5M et eN!, and art! Bar DitHwah, in 3ewih Encyclopedia!

M< =it!, $teaching,$ $learning,$ $tudy!$ ere, it ignifie tudy for the purpoe of elucidating the Dihnah! -o"e text read, $for the tudy of the Ge"ara!$ The Ge"ara fro" the Ara"aic, "eaning $learning,$ $co"pletion$

i a collection of explanation and dicuion on the Dihnah! The word Tal"ud wa afterward applied to the Dihnah plu the Ge"ara! There i a tranlation of the



inco"plete in part! -ee DeilHiner, %ntroduction to the Tal"udL Bacher, art! Tal"ud, in 3ewih EncyclopediaL ide", art! Ge"ara, in the ebrew ?nion College Annual Cincinnati, ./5:L E! #eutch, (hat i the Tal"udOL #ar"teter, The Tal"udL -track, Einleitung in den Tal"ud, pp! :F6, M et eN!, // et eN!, ..< et eN!, .<4 et eN!L -chechter, >n the -tudy of the Tal"ud in -tudie,

%%, p! .54 et eN!L erford, Phariai", pp! 6<F6:!

M: =it!, $at twenty, to purue!$ Thi ha been variouly interpreted a follow2 . for eeking a livelihood Bartenora, off"ann, -track, -ingerL 4 for the puruit of "ilitary ervice cf! @u"! %, <, and #eut! II%*, 6L DachHor *itri, p! 66.! -hakepeare $Then a oldier$L < the age $to purue hi" for hi deed,$ for the celetial bet din tribunal doe not punih at an age le than twenty Bartenora econd explanationL cf! +ahi on @u"! I*%, 40L : for the puruit of ideal TaylorL 6 to purue the co""and"ent -iddur orban Dinchah!

M6 Cf! P! IC, .5!

46! Ben Bag Bag aid, $Turn it MM, and turn it over again, for everything i in it, and conte"plate it, and wax grey and old over it,and tir not fro" it, for thou cant have no better rule than thi!$

MM The Torah!

4M! Ben e e aid, $According to the labor i the reward$ M0!

M0 The lat two vere are acribed by Abot deF+abbi @atan

to illel chapter I%%, ed! -chechter, p! 66! Ben Bag Bag and Ben e e were probably proelyte and diciple of illel! -ee Bacher, ibid!, pp! .5F.4, Taylor and off"ann, ad loc!, and 3ewih Encyclopedia, art! Ben Bag Bag!


CAPTE+ *%

TE AC?%-%T%>@ >) TE T>+A .

. -ee %ntroduction pp! .9F./! 7refer to the end of the ection titled #E*E=>PDE@T >) AB>T;

All %rael have a portion in the world to co"e, and it i aid, $Andthy people hall be all righteouL they hall inherit the land for ever, the branch of "y planting, the work of "y hand, that % "ay be



The age taught the following in the language of the DihnahFFbleed be e that "ade choice of the" and their Dihnah! .! +! Deir 4 aid, $(hooever labor in the Torah for it ownake "erit "any thingL and not only o, but the whole world iindebted to hi"2 he i called friend, beloved, a lover of the AllFpreent, a lover of "ankind2 it clothe hi" with "eekne and

reverenceL it fit hi" to beco"e jut, piou, upright, and faithfulLit keep hi" far fro" in, and bring hi" near to virtueL through hi"are enjoyed counel and ound knowledge, undertanding and trength,a it i aid, Counel i "ind, and ound knowledgeL % a"undertandingL % have trength <! %t give hi" overeignty anddo"inion and dicerning judg"entL to hi" the ecret of the Torah are revealedL he i "ade like a neverFfailing pring and like a river that flow on with everFincreaing vigorL he beco"e "odet,longFuffering, and forgiving of inultL and it "agnifie and exalthi" above all thing!$

4 Chapter %%%, n! <4!

< Prov! *%%%, .:! (ido", repreenting the Torah, utter thee word!

4! +! 3ohua, the on of =evi :, aid, $Every day a batFkol 6goe forth fro" Dount oreb, proclai"ing and aying, (oe to "ankindfor conte"pt of the Torah, for whoever doe not occupy hi"elf inthe Torah i aid to be under the divine cenure, a it i aid, Aa ring of gold in a wine nout, o i a fair wo"an who turnethaide fro" dicretion ML and it ay, And the table were the workof God, and the writing wa the writing of God, graven upon thetable 0! +ead not charut 9, but cherut /, for no "an i

free but he who occupie hi"elf in the learning of Torah! Butwhooever labor in the torah, behold he hall be exalted, a it iaid, And fro" Dattanah to @achaliel, and fro" @achaliel to Ba"ot$ .5!

: +! 3ohua lived about the "iddle of the third century!

6 Bat kol lit!, $daughter of a voice$ or $daughterFvoice$, $a "all voice,$ $ound,$ $reonance,$ not $echo,$ a it i often tranlated! The expreion bat kol wa ued in place of the longer one bat kol "in haFha"ayi", which i $a heavenly or divine voice which proclai" God

will or judg"ent, i deed, and i co""and"ent to individual or to nu"ber of peron, to ruler, countrie, and even to whole nation!$ Thi celetial voice wa a "ean of divine revelation lower than that of prophecy! According to -chechter, it ha two peculiar feature2 firt, it "eage are reproduction of vere or entence fro" the >ld Teta"ent or fro" the Apocrypha, and econdly, $it i audible only to thoe who are prepared to hear it!$ -ee (eber, Altynag! Theol!, pp! .90F.9/L =ow, Gea""elte -chriften, %%, p! 69, n! .L itto Cyclopedia of Biblical =it!, art! Bath il, and =udwig Blau, art! Bat ol, in 3ewih Encyclopedia!

M Proberb I%, 44! The word 7naHaf nunFHayinFfey; $cenured,$ $placed under ban,$ by a for" of +abbinical



abbreviation, i connected with the word of thi vere in Proverb2 7@eHe" Kahav ba) @?@FHayinF"e"ofit KA&%@FheyFbet betFalefF)E&ofit, capital indicating larger cae ebrew letter;! Another intance of thi kind of interpretation i in connecting the word 7anochi; $%,$ the firt word of the #ecalogue, with the phrae2 7Ana @afhi Catvit &ehavit A=E)FnunFalef @?@FpeyFhinFyud

C>)FtofFbetFyudFtet &?#FheyFbetFyudFtet; $% God "yelf have written the Torah, and delivered it,$ or with the word 7A"irah @i"ah tivah &hivah A=E)F"e"FyudFrehFhey @?@FayinFyudF"e"Fhey C>)FtofFyudFbetFhey &?#FheyFyudFbetFhey; $a pleaant aying, written and delivered$ -habbat, .56a! -ee art! @otarikon, in the 3ewih Encyclopedia, and -track, Einleitung, p! .<5!

0 Ex! III%%, .M!

9 Graven! The phrae 7al tikri ! ! ! ele; $do not read ! ! ! but$ followed by a uggeted reading different fro" the

original, doe not "ean that the +abbi offered an e"endation of the biblical text! %t wa "erely a change of the text for ho"iletical purpoe! -ee Bacher, #ie altete Ter"inologie der judichen -chriftaulegung, p! .06 et eN!L )riedlander, 3ewih +eligion, p! 45:, and Tal"udical dictionarie, !v!

/ )reedo"!

.5 @u"! II%, ./ Dattanah, $gift$L @achaliel, $the heritage of God$L Ba"ot, $high place!$ The na"e of thee three enca"p"ent of the %raelite in the wilderne are

interpreted according to their literal "eaning!

<! e who learn fro" hi co"panion a ingle chapter, a ingle rule, aingle vere, a ingle expreion, or even a ingle letter, ought topay hi" honor, for o we find with #avid, ing of %rael, who learnedonly two thing fro" Ahitophel .., and yet regarded hi" a hi"ater, hi guide, and fa"iliar friend, a it i aid, $But it wathou, a "an, "ine eNual, "y guide, and "y fa"iliar friend$ .4! @ow,i it not an argu"ent fro" "inor to "ajor .<, that if #avid, theing of %rael, who learned only two thing fro" Ahitophel, regardedhi" a hi "ater, guide, and fa"iliar friend, he who learn fro" hifellow a chapter, rule, vere, expreion, or even a ingle letter, i

bound to pay hi" honor! And $honor$ i nothing but Torah, a it iaid, $The wie hall inherit honor .: and the perfect hall inheritgood$ .6! And $good$ i nothing but Torah, a it i aid, $)or %give you good doctrine, forake ye not "y Torah$ .M!

.. Ahitophel deerted #avid to take up the caue of hi rebelliou on, Abalo"! -ee %% -a"! I*%, .6L I*%%, . et eN!

.4 -ee P! =*, .:! The two thing #avid learned are hinted at in P! =*, .6!

.< -ee chapter %, n! .0!

.: Prov! %%%, <6!



.6 %bid!, II*%%%, .5!

.M %bid!, %*, 4!

:! Thi i the way that i beco"ing for the tudy of the Torah2 a"orel of bread with alt thou "ut eat .0, $and water by "eaurethou "ut drink$ .9, thou "ut leep upon the ground, and live a

life of trouble the while thou toilet in the Torah! %f thou doetthu, $appy halt thou be, and it hall be well with thee$ ./,$happy halt thou be$ in thi world, and $it hall be well with thee$in the world to co"e 45!

.0 Even he who ha only bread and alt to eat "ut buy hi"elf with the tudy of the Torah!

.9 EHek! %*, ..!

./ P! CII*%%%, 4!

45 Cf! chapter %*, .!

6! -eek not greatne for thyelf, and court not honorL let thy workexceed thy learningL and crave not after the table of kingL for thytable i greater than their, and thy crown i greater than their,and thy E"ployer i faithful to pay thee the reward of thy work!

M! The Torah i greater than the priethood and than royalty, for royalty de"and thirty Nualification 4., the priethood twentyFfour 44, while the Torah i acNuired by fortyFeight! And thee arethey2 by audible tudyL by a litening ear 4<L by ditinctpronunciationL by undertanding 4: and dicern"ent of the heartL by

awe, reverence, "eekne, cheerfulne 46L by "initering to theage, by attaching one elf to colleague, by dicuion withdicipleL by edateneL by knowledge of the -cripture and of the DihnahL by "oderation in buine, in intercoure with the world,in pleaure, in leep, in converation, in laughterL by longufferingL by a good heartL by faith in the wieL by reignation under chatie"entL by recogniHing one place, rejoicing in one portion,putting a fence to one word, clai"ing no "erit for one elf, bybeing beloved, loving the AllFpreent, loving "ankind, loving jutcoure, rectitude, and reproofL by keeping one elf far fro" honor,not boating of one learning, nor delighting in giving deciionL bybearing the yoke with one fellow, judging hi" favorably, and leading

hi" to truth and peaceL by being co"poed in one tudyL by akingand anwering, hearing and adding theretoL by learning with the objectof teaching, and by learning with the object of practiingL by "akingone "ater wie, fixing attention upon hi dicoure, and reportinga thing in the na"e of who aid it! -o thou hat learned, $(hooever report a thing in the na"e of hi" that aid it bring deliveranceinto the world,$ a it i aid, $And Ether told the king in the na"eof Dordecai$ 4M!

4. -ee -anhedrin %%, 4F6!

44 -ee Baba a""a, ..5b, etc!

4< -inger, co"bining the firt two, read $by audible tudy!$



4: Taylor o"it $undertanding and!$

46 Taylor and off"ann add $by purity$ 7btaharah;!

4M Eth! %%, 44!

0! Great i the Torah, which give life to thoe that practie it in

thi world and in the world to co"e, a it i aid, $)or they are lifeunto thoe that find the", and health to all their fleh$ 40L and itay, $%t hall be health to thy navel, and "arrow to thy bone$ 49Land it ay, $%t i a tree of life to the" that grap it, and of the"that uphold it every one i rendered happy$ 4/L and it ay, $)or they hall be a chaplet of grace unto thy head, and chain about thyneck$ <5L and it ay, $%t hall give to thine head a chaplet of grace, a crown of glory it hall deliver to thee$ <.L and it ay,$)or by "e thy day hall be "ultiplied, and the year of thy lifehall be increaed$ <4L and it ay, $=ength of day i in it righthandL in it left hand are riche and honor$ <<L and it ay, $)or length of day, and year of life, and peace hall they add to thee$

<:!

40 Prov! %*, 44!

49 %bid!, %%%, 9!

4/ Prov! %%%, .9!

<5 %bid!, %, /!

<. %bid, %*, /!

<4 Prov! %I, ..!

<< %bid!, %%%, .M!

<: %bid!, %%%, 4!

9! +! -i"eon, the on of 3udah, in the na"e of +! -i"eon, the on of &ohai, aid, $Beauty, trength, riche, honor, wido", old age, ahoary head, and children are co"ely to the righteou and co"ely to theworld, a it i aid, The hoary head i a crown of glory, if it befound in the way of righteoune <6L and it ay, The glory of young "en i their trength, and the adorn"ent of old "en i the hoary

head <ML and it ay, A crown unto the wie i their riche <0Land it ay, Children children are the crown of old "en, and theadorn"ent of children are their father <9L and it i aid, Thenthe "oon hall be confounded and the un aha"edL for the =ord of hot hall reign in Dount Kion and in 3eruale", and before hielder hall be glory$ </! +! -i"eon, the on of Denaya, aid,$Thee even Nualification which the age enu"erated a beco"ing tothe righteou were all realiHed in +abbi 3udah, the Prince :5, andin hi on!$

<6 %bid!, I*%, <.!

<M %bid!, II, 4/!

<0 Prov! I%*, 4:!



<9 %bid!, I*%%, M!

</ %a! II%*, 4<!

:5 -ee chapter %%, n! .!

/! +! 3oe, the on of i"a :., aid, $% wa once walking by the

way, when a "an "et "e and aluted "e, and % returned the alutation!e aid to "e, +abbi, fro" what place art thouO % aid to hi", %co"e fro" a great city of age and cribe! e aid to "e, %f thouart willing to dwell with u in our place, % will give thee a thouandthouand golden dinar and preciou tone and pearl! % aid tohi", (ert thou to give "e all the ilver and gold and preciou toneand pearl in the world, % would not dwell anywhere but in a ho"e of the TorahL and thu it i written in the book of Pal" by thehand of #avid, ing of %rael, The law of thy "outh i better unto"e than thouand of gold and ilver :4L and not only o, but inthe hour of "an departure neither ilver nor gold nor precioutone nor pearl acco"pany hi", but only Torah and good work, a

it i aid, (hen thou walket it hall lead theeL when thou lietdown it hall watch over theeL and when thou awaket it hall talkwith thee :<L when thou walket it hall lead theeFFin thiworldL and when thou awaket it hall talk with theeFFin the worldto co"e! And it ay, The ilver i "ine, and the gold i "ine,aith the =ord of hot$ ::!

:. e lived about .45 C!E!

:4 P! IC%I, 04!

:< Prov! *%, 44!

:: ag! %%, 9!

.5! )ive poeion the oly >ne, bleed be e, "ade epecially iown in i world, and thee are they, the Torah, heaven and earth, Abraha", %rael, and the houe of the anctuary! (hence know we thiof the TorahO Becaue it i written, $The =ord poeed "e a thebeginning of hi way, before hi work, fro" of old$ :6! (hence of heaven and earthO Becaue it i written, $Thu aith the =ord, theheaven i "y throne, and the earth i "y foottool2 what "anner of houe will ye build unto "eO and what "anner of place for "y retO$:ML and it ay, $ow "anifold are thy work, > =ord1 %n wido"

hat thou "ade the" all2 the earth i full of thy poeion$ :0!(hence of Abraha"O Becaue it i written, $And he bleed hi", andaid, Bleed be Abra" of the Dot igh God, poeor of heaven andearth$ :9! (hence of %raelO Becaue it i written, $Till thypeople pa over, > =ord, till the people pa over which thou hatacNuired$ :/L and it ay, $A for the aint that are in the earth,they are the noble one in who" i all "y delight$ 65! (hence of the houe of the anctuaryO Becaue it i written, $The place, >=ord, which thou hat "ade for Thee to dwell in, the anctuary, >=ord, which Thy hand have prepared$ 6.L and it ay, $And hebrought the" to the border of hi anctuary, to thi "ountain whichhi right hand had acNuired$ 64! ..! (hatoever the oly >ne,

bleed be e, created in i world e created but for i glory, ait i aid, $Everything that i called by "y na"e, it i for "y glory% have created it, % have for"ed it, yea, % have "ade it$ 6<L and it



:6 Prov! *%%%, 44!

:M %a! =I*%, .!

:0 P! C%*, 4:!

:9 Gen! I%*, .M!

:/ Ex! I*, .M!

65 P! I*%, <!

6. Ex! I*, .0!

64 P! =II*%%%, 6:!

6< %a! I=%%%, 0!

6: Ex! I*, .9!


T+A@-C+%PT%>@ @>TE-

)or any accent "ark noted in the following, au"e that the a"eaccent appear with all ubeNuent occurrance of the word!

%@T+>#?CT%>@

#ie -pruche der *ater u"laut over the u and the a

Daxi"e de Pere grave over the lat e

role circu"flex over the o

footnote / 3ewih Encyclopedia2 in the ource, the word 3ewih wa not italiciHed

B%B=%>G+AP&

7;



ign$, ree"bling two lowerFcae one above the other!

-pruchen u"laut over tue u in

*ater u"laut over the a

Beitragen u"laut over the a

-pruche u"laut over the a

Tubingen u"laut over the u

ubertragen u"laut over the u

uberHetHt u"laut over the u

erklart u"laut over the a

Dai"onide u"laut over the i in thi )rench title

%ntroduction a la !!! u"laut over the firt a

Pere grave accent over the firt e

)urth u"laut over the u

u"ber u"laut over the u

fur Gechichte u"laut over the u

Brull u"laut over the u

urprunglicher u"laut over the econd u

3ahrbucher fur 3ud u"laut over all three u

)riedlander, D! u"laut over the a! -a"e in Chapter %, note :, .5, .., .<, .9

etc! There i no u"laut in the next entry, $)riedlander, G!$

a"tlichen Bucher



CAPTE+ *2

table of tone are a written in the ource text a a tranlation of the ebrew $luchot$L "odern reader "ay better recogniHe the phrae tablet of tone!

footnote 4< archaol!2 u"laut over the econd a!

CAPTE+ *%2

footnote 6 to individual or to nu"ber of peron2 i a written in the ource text

footnote 9 altete2 u"laut over the a judichen2 u"laut over the u

PAGE +E)E+E@CE %@#EI

Thi index i included trictly on the offFchance that an outideource would reference thi text by page nu"ber! %t lit o"e pagenu"ber, and the firt line that appear on that page! (ith the ueof thi index, reader will better be able to find the referenced"aterial!

%n the edition ued a a ource text, the Table of Content appear apage iv on the back of the Title PageL there were no page i throughiii1 The P+E)ACE tarted on page 0! There were are no page .FM1

P+E)ACE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 %@T+>#?CT%>@

@a"e ! ! ! ! ! ! / Purpoe ! ! ! ! ! ! .. #ecription ! ! ! ! ! ! .< Content ! ! ! ! ! ! .< =anguage ! ! ! ! ! ! .6 #evelop"ent of Abot ! ! ! ! .M Abot in =iturgy ! ! ! ! ! ./ Bibliography ! ! ! ! ! 4. CAPTE+ % ! ! ! ! ! ! 4/ CAPTE+ %% ! ! ! ! ! ! </ CAPTE+ %%% ! ! ! ! ! ! 6. CAPTE+ %* ! ! ! ! ! ! M:

CAPTE+ * ! ! ! ! ! ! 06 CAPTE+ *% ! ! ! ! ! ! /. EB+E( TEIT Appendix ! ! ! ! <F<5



page F firt line of that page

9 wido" of the $)ather$L that it "ay erve a an .5 and in )rench it i uually rendered Chaptre or .4 line of continuou tradition i plainly een in the .: B! . Chapter %, .MF%%, :2 -aying of the "en of .M #E*E=>PDE@T >) AB>T .<

.9 having lived before the detruction of the econd 45 all edition of the Dihnah and the Tal"ud, but 44 Ge"ara Tal"udical co""entary on the Abot, 4: 4 An appendix to the -aying of the 4M .0! 3ehudah =eb gordon, Pirke Abot, in -iddur Bet 49 Chapitre de Pirke Abot, in BibliotheNue de <5 M, and the elder to the prophet, and the prophF <4 of the Great -ynagogue! e ued to ay, $?pon <: ber of thy houehold, and engage not in "uch <M .4! illel and -ha""ai 4/ received the tradiF <9 .9! +abban -i"eon, the on of Ga"aliel :4, :5 againt the lo it involve! Conider three thing,

:4 the day of thy death .4L judge not thy neighbor :: for hi"elf word of Torah ha acNuired for hi"F :M which i the good way to which a "an hould :9 the evil inclination :5, and hatred of hi fellowF 65 alo before who" thou toilet, and who thy E"F 64 4! +! Chanina, the *iceFighFPriet 6, aid, 6: a table and have poken there word of Torah, it i 6M 9! +! EleaHar of Bertota 49 aid, $Give unto 69 fane thing acred, and depie the fetival, and M5 ra"part around the TorahL tithe are a afeguard M4 $(here there i no Torah, there are no "annerL M: CAPTE+ %*

MM virtue i a virtue, and the reco"pene of a tranF M9 not alone, for none "ay judge alone ave >neL 05 ho"e of the Torah <5, and ay not that the Torah 04 learn a a child, what i it likeO =ike ink written 0: not thy i"agination give thee hope that the grave 0M ten generation fro" @oah to Abraha", to "ake 09 nor wa there ever found any diNualifying defect 95 and upon the lat, latL regarding that which he 94 the concluion of the )eat of Tabernacle in each 9: love, too, pae away :6L but if it be not dependF 9M diciple of Abraha", our father, enjoy thi world 99 at thirteen for the fulfil"ent of the co""andF

/5 4M! Ben e e aid, $According to the labor i /4 beco"e "odet, longFuffering, and forgiving of /: friend, a it i aid, $But it wa thou, a "an, "ine /M coure, rectitude, and reproofL by keeping one elf /9 once walking by the way, when a "an "et "e and .55 for i glory, a it i aid, $Everything that i

@ext appear page <5, the end of the ebrew text! The ebrew text inu"bered fro" < to <5, in rightFtoFleft for"at!

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