marcel veldhuis scientist royal netherland institute
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How to Meet Ballast Water PerformanceStandards?
Assessing (cost)-efficiency of BWT systemsEnsuring fast ballast water production at highsediment loadEvaluating latest developments of the North SeaBallast Water Opportunity project
Marcel VeldhuisNIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchP.O.box 591790AB Den Burg, TEXELThe [email protected]
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Why a concern for ships? A ship-owners confession !!!
Thank you also for the dinner, gorgeous, not like the information, which will take a lot longer to digest.
I think we may be heading the wrong direction on the whole life battle. We spend a lot of energy combatinggrowth onboard all ships.
We already use Marine growth prevention systems (MGPS) to prevent fouling of pipe lines. Which areelectrolysis based chlorine producing systems. (The chlorine is not neutralised on these systems)
We use anti fouling paints to prevent growth on the hull, which now are copper based biocides.
We heat the lubrication oil to 95 C to kill any life.
We occasionally have to dose the fuel tanks to prevent 'Bugs', in both gas oil and heavy oil.
Fresh water onboard is chlorinated and UV'ed to death.
Even the cargos are often bombed with 'Phosgene Gas' to kill any stowaways, (of the many legged type)
Port health and Port State inspections ensure the accommodation could be used as an operating theatre.
We are trying to be little sterile pools in an ocean of life. Never going to win.
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Ecological
new invasion every 9 weeks
Economical
losses in 100s of billions euro/year globally
Tentative calculation results in documented costs of alien species inEurope (IEEP-Project):11.4 billion /year (1.8 control, 9.6 damage)
Human health
paralytic/other shell fish poisoning
Cholera outbreaks ????
The problem
Regional Impacts
number %
Mediterranean Sea 662 46,8North Sea 230 16,2
Atlantic coast 177 12,5Baltic Sea 170 12,0Black Sea 83 5,9
Azores 25 1,8Irish waters & NW UK 51 3,6
Arctic waters 18 1,3Total 1416 100,0
Region Total
Gollasch et al
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EU-Marine Strategy framework Directive (2020)
EU's 6th Environment Action Programme (6EAP)
Biodiversity and bioinvasions
North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity program(EU-Interreg IVB prog; 2009 - >2014 )
www.NorthSeaBallast.eu
7 NS countries; > 40 (sub)partners
(EMSA, IMO, HELCOM, ICES, IUCN, OSPAR etc.)Belgium, the Netherlands, UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway .
EU response
Where policy meets science and industry
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Interreg IVB boundariesan ERDF program
geographical limitations
7 Countries
regions bordering NSR
partners located within those
geographical boundaries
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North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity project
facilitate ratification of IMO Ballast WaterManagement Convention (BWMC):
Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands
Overcome barriers:Boost technological innovation
Stimulate maritime industry (ca 40% BWTsystems)Common standards / uniform implementationInvolvement of stakeholders (public & private)
Knowledge exchange and dedicated researchDevelop expertise and knowledge center
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Rationale
one of the most densely shipped areasone ecological zone*
overcome bottlenecks for ratification BWMC
* MCA BaWa Scoping Study[DNV, 2005]
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North Sea- water masses and remainingcurrents
Marine currentsfacilitatefurther distributionof invasives.Supported by modelstudies
Impact in the North Sea
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Purpose of academic research
provide knowledge/expertise/datasurvival strategies
mitigation/growth strategiesgaps in knowledges/guidelines
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NIOZ; ballast water research centre
fundamental need of biology, chemistry and ecotoxicology (holistic approach)suitable test site with good facilitiestidal system with coastal water varying in salinity (24 34 PSU) and
turbidity (10 - > 100 mg/l), challenging test water testing since 2004; 9 land-based certif. testing and > 40 pilot studiesviability of remaining organisms but also vitality of discharged water
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NIOZ; ballast water research centre
testing under realistic conditions ; large biodiversity (viruses, bacteria,phytoplankton, zooplankton)different stages (eggs, cysts, larvae, juveniles, adults etc)
development of detection tools for Port State Inspection and monitoringbe ready for the unexpected reality of the field different from theory and standard artificial test soup(test bugs and standard sediment)
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Barnacles (Balanusnauplia
cypris larva
adult
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Bacteria
Viruses
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filtration,
hydrocyclones , !! Market 8 billion euro !!
heat treatment , 40% of industry in NS region
UV treatment ,
ozone treatment,
chemical treatment (chlorine, PERACLEAN Ocean ),
Inert gas-systems, Treatment solutions
combinations of above, based on killing
silver bullets ALL organisms
ballast water treatment drinking water or
waste water treatment
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Performance of current BWT systems
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delayed effects of UV
Current status BWT technologies
benchmark: > 50 m organismslife organisms > 50 m
treated discharge [day 5]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n u m
b e r
[ a v e r a g e
/ m 3 ]
0.01
0.1
1
10 SEDNAEcochlor BalPureERMA-firstHyde-GuardianOPS AquaTricom
UV
Cl
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Efficiency of BWT systems
Results of current generation of BWT-systems
define common unit
Efficiency : - 10 log {# discharge/ # intake}
0: # intake = # discharge 1: 90 % reduction 2: 99 % 3: 99.9% etc
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Current status BWT technologiesbenchmark: > 50 m organisms
initial organisms number s efficiency
total organisms [#/m3]
1e+3 1e+4 1e+5 1e+6 1e+7
e f f i c i e n c y
01
2
34
5
67
8controlPeraclean Oc.chlorineUV
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Current status BWT technologiesbenchmark: 10 - 50 m organisms (phytoplankton)
Total cell numbers per mL
treated T5
Hamann Ecochlor STDN ERMA Hyde-Guardian Mahle AquaWorX
n u m b e r s / m L
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
delayed effects of UVpresent but non viable
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Current status BWT technologiesbenchmark: 10 - 50 m org. (phytoplankton)
19cell number [#/mL]500 1500 50001000
e f f i c i e n c y
0
1
23
4
5
6
7
active substanceV-irradiationcontrol
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Total bacteria
bacteria [numbers/mL]1e+6 1e+7
b a c t e r i a [ n u m b e r s / m L ]
1e+4
1e+5
1e+6
1e+7
intake - control tank T5intake - treated T5
intake - Discharge Inc. Tx
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Current detection/inspection technologies and availability
Organismgroup
technology Numbers Viability Availability Degreeexpertise
Viruses FCM Y (30 min) N + +
Bacteria FCM Y (30 min) Y (15 min) + +
Bacteriaheterotrophic
Plating Y (>1 day) Y (>1 day) + +/_
Human
pathogens
Electrobeads
(ZebraBioScience)
Y (
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On-site & real-time detection/inspection
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Large variability in organismsIn terms of size, shape and
viabilityLarge volumes need to sampled(statistical representativeness)Indicative or full scale inspection
Legally defendable !!!!
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Representativeness Biological vs Statistical
Conflicting requirementsSample Volume/Time; numbers and viability
large Volume/time more organisms;
Higher statistical value,
but decline in viabilitysmall Volume/time less organisms;
Lower statistical value,
but better viabilitySample volume/number in relation to its purpose
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a tamperproof mini flow
cytometer
Classical platingHeterotrophic bacteria (CFUs)>
1 day
Bacteria Viability: dual stainingFile: G0095348 10 l dead/40 l life
G0095348.LMD
FL1 LOG
F L 3 L O G
100
101
102
103
104
100
101
102
103
104
dead bact
live Bact.
growing baFree-ATP measurementHydrolysis of bacteria
Current detection/inspection technologies and availability
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ballast water unavoidable cost factor
revision of BWM Convention based on current expertiseand results
the Phase-2 standard of the USCG
focus on tools for Compliance Enforcement and monitoring(indicative vs full scale sampling)
exceptional ballasting ships
time for second generation of BWT systems
greensolutions, low energy, no active substancessolve a major hurdle: filters (needed or not)
Future
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Current Gaps: exceptional vessels/ballasting
larger ballast water volumes (> 12,000 m 3/h), In-tanktreatment !!!
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The ultimate filter
The ultimate
test
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There will be no wisdom without
ballastSorry about the rant, I promise any future
emails will be much more positive.
Thank you for your attention
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Invitation for site visit at research facility of
Royal NIOZ (texel)
Friday May 13 th
Lectures and on site information and full scale BWT systems
www.NorthSeaBallast.eu