March 13March 13thth, 2007, 2007

byby

Indraneel Kumar, AICP; Spatial and GIS AnalystIndraneel Kumar, AICP; Spatial and GIS Analyst

Christine Nolan, Senior AssociateChristine Nolan, Senior Associate

Purdue Center for Regional DevelopmentPurdue Center for Regional Development

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

Commuting Patterns in Indiana: Commuting Patterns in Indiana:

A GIS ApproachA GIS Approach

Acknowledgements: Eda Unal, Graduate Research Assistant, Purdue Center Acknowledgements: Eda Unal, Graduate Research Assistant, Purdue Center for Regional Development, Purdue Universityfor Regional Development, Purdue University

What is Commuting?What is Commuting?

• Movement / travel for a “trip” Movement / travel for a “trip” purposepurpose

• Work purpose- “Place of Work” Work purpose- “Place of Work” and “Place of Residence”and “Place of Residence”

• Trip purpose could be Trip purpose could be shopping, school, recreational, shopping, school, recreational, social, etc.social, etc.

• Each trip has an “origin” and Each trip has an “origin” and “destination”“destination”

• A trip could be “unlinked” or A trip could be “unlinked” or “linked” “linked”

ParametersParameters

• PurposePurpose

• Travel time- Travel time- peak/non-peak peak/non-peak

• Travel modeTravel mode

• Drove alone vs.Drove alone vs.

car/van poolingcar/van pooling

Source: FHWA, FTA, DOT

• Nationally, average travel time Nationally, average travel time for commuting to job (workers 16 for commuting to job (workers 16 years and over) was 26 minutes in years and over) was 26 minutes in 20002000

• In 1990, 22 minutesIn 1990, 22 minutes

• About 76 % workers (who did About 76 % workers (who did not work at home) drove alone in not work at home) drove alone in 20002000

• In 1990, 73%In 1990, 73%

At a GlanceAt a Glance

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census

At a GlanceAt a Glance

Based on American Based on American Community Survey Community Survey

• In 2005, average travel time In 2005, average travel time for commuting to job is 25.1 for commuting to job is 25.1 minutesminutes

• About 77% workers (who About 77% workers (who did not work at home) drove did not work at home) drove alone to workalone to work

• Nationwide Personal Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Transportation Survey (NPTS), 1995(NPTS), 1995

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Data CharacteristicsData Characteristics• Census Transportation Planning Census Transportation Planning Package, 2000Package, 2000

• Available from Federal Highway Available from Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOTAdministration, U.S. DOT

• Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, TranstatsTranstats

• Based on Census 2000 Long Form Based on Census 2000 Long Form QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

• 1 in 6 households in the U.S. covered 1 in 6 households in the U.S. covered by the surveyby the survey

• Various data products- Place of Various data products- Place of Residence, Place of Work, Journey to Residence, Place of Work, Journey to Work Flow TablesWork Flow Tables

• County-County Worker FlowsCounty-County Worker Flows

County-County Worker FlowsCounty-County Worker Flows

• Place of Residence Place of Residence and and Place of Work Place of Work CountiesCounties

• Commuter Flow methodology by FHWACommuter Flow methodology by FHWA

• Available at Available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ctpp

• Data available at Data available at http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting.html

• Select the whole State (Indiana)Select the whole State (Indiana)

---- Residence County---- Residence County ---- Work County ---- Work County

Simple Simple Mapping of Net- Mapping of Net-

CommutingCommuting

County-County Worker FlowsCounty-County Worker Flows• Converting the Excel file into “line feature class”Converting the Excel file into “line feature class”

- Convert County Boundary into Center-Point - Convert County Boundary into Center-Point feature classfeature class

- Excel into DBF IVExcel into DBF IV

- Join center-point table to DBF to populate Join center-point table to DBF to populate coordinatescoordinates

- Join Indiana counties as residence and then as Join Indiana counties as residence and then as workplaceworkplace

- Each pair of Indiana counties has two entriesEach pair of Indiana counties has two entries

- Convert the DBF IV into “flow line”Convert the DBF IV into “flow line”

- Query and refine Query and refine

Tools Used: ET Geo Wizards, ArcGIS ToolboxTools Used: ET Geo Wizards, ArcGIS Toolbox

ProcessProcess

ProcessProcess

ProcessProcess

• Join by using Res_StCo (Residence State and Join by using Res_StCo (Residence State and counties) to populate the Indiana counties counties) to populate the Indiana counties

• If Indiana counties are residence- they are populated If Indiana counties are residence- they are populated (2,555 out of 5,239 records in total)(2,555 out of 5,239 records in total)

• Fill in X and Y CoordinatesFill in X and Y Coordinates

• Export as Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) fileExport as Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) file

• Join by using Wrk_StCo (Work State and counties) Join by using Wrk_StCo (Work State and counties) to populate the Indiana countiesto populate the Indiana counties

• All work counties are Indiana counties- each record All work counties are Indiana counties- each record is populated (5,239 records in total)is populated (5,239 records in total)

• Fill in X and Y Coordinates Fill in X and Y Coordinates

• Export as Indiana Work Counties (DBF) fileExport as Indiana Work Counties (DBF) file

ProcessProcess

• Add Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) and Indiana Work Add Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) and Indiana Work Counties (DBF) as Event ThemesCounties (DBF) as Event Themes

• County center points outside of Indiana will come the origin (0,0)County center points outside of Indiana will come the origin (0,0)

• Put Spatial Reference- projection systemPut Spatial Reference- projection system

Origin (0,0) ProcessProcess

• Merge the Two Event Themes by using “Merge Function” in ArcGIS Merge the Two Event Themes by using “Merge Function” in ArcGIS ToolboxToolbox

• Since “fields names” for both the themes are constant, this results Since “fields names” for both the themes are constant, this results into 10,478 records or two tables are merged into one “feature class”into 10,478 records or two tables are merged into one “feature class”

• Each unique id. (Residence State-Residence County-Work State- Each unique id. (Residence State-Residence County-Work State- Work County) will be repeated twice, only X and Y coordinates will Work County) will be repeated twice, only X and Y coordinates will changechange

• If Residence and Work Counties are same- X and Y coordinates If Residence and Work Counties are same- X and Y coordinates remain the sameremain the same

• ET Geo Wizards “Point to Polyline” ET Geo Wizards “Point to Polyline”

• A flow-line is created between each Residence-Work County pairs A flow-line is created between each Residence-Work County pairs (5,239 lines)(5,239 lines)

• Commuters coming from Residence County outside of state receives Commuters coming from Residence County outside of state receives origin (0,0) coordinate as one endorigin (0,0) coordinate as one end

• Populate commuter count data by joining the tablesPopulate commuter count data by joining the tables

ProcessProcess

0 - 1,000

1,001-2,500

2,501 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

10,001 - 368,274

Counties0 - 500

501 - 1,0001,001 - 5,0005,001 - 10,000

10,001 - 368,274

ProcessProcess

Within County and County to Within County and County to County Journey to Work (JTW)County Journey to Work (JTW)

Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 50,000

50,001 - 100,000

100,001 - 250,000

250,001 - 368,274

County to County JTW (Inter County)1 - 500

501 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

10,001 - 50,000

50,001 - 100,000

100,001 - 368,274

County Boundaries

Commuting Commuting PatternsPatterns

Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 50,000

50,001 - 100,000

100,001 - 250,000

250,001 - 368,274

County to County JTW (Inter County)1 - 500

501 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

10,001 - 50,000

50,001 - 100,000

100,001 - 368,274

County Boundaries

Interstates

InterstatesInterstates

Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 50,000

50,001 - 100,000

100,001 - 250,000

250,001 - 368,274

County to County JTW (Inter County)1 - 500

501 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

10,001 - 50,000

50,001 - 100,000

100,001 - 368,274

U.S. Highways

County Boundaries

State HighwaysState Highways

InferencesInferences

• Generally, small dots represent bedroom Generally, small dots represent bedroom communities and large dots are major employment communities and large dots are major employment centers (Marion County)centers (Marion County)

• Flow direction is from small dots to large dotsFlow direction is from small dots to large dots

• Reverse flow is small and hidden beneath the Reverse flow is small and hidden beneath the larger flowlarger flow

• small dots connected to other small dots small dots connected to other small dots represent rural regionsrepresent rural regions

• Forms of major metropolitan areas emerge by Forms of major metropolitan areas emerge by using the Flow Mapsusing the Flow Maps

CountiesCounties

Tippecanoe CountyCommuters, 2000

2 - 250

251 - 500

501 - 1,000

1,001 - 2,500

2,501 - 3,000

• Queries at a county Queries at a county level is possiblelevel is possible

Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 50,000

50,001 - 100,000

100,001 - 250,000

250,001 - 368,274

County to County JTW (Inter County)

0 - 500

501 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

10,001 - 50,000

• Commuting to-from Commuting to-from neighboring statesneighboring states

Metropolitan Metropolitan AreasAreas

County to County JTW (Inter County)

0 - 500

501 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 10,000

10,001 - 50,000

Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000

1,001 - 5,000

5,001 - 50,000

50,001 - 100,000

100,001 - 250,000

250,001 - 368,274

• Lake County as Lake County as Residence-originResidence-origin

• Lake County as Lake County as Work-destinationWork-destination

Further Explorations?Further Explorations?• Integrate other transportation variablesIntegrate other transportation variables

• Means of TransportationMeans of Transportation

• Travel TimeTravel Time

• Lower Geographies- Traffic Analysis Zones Lower Geographies- Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs)(TAZs)

• Interactive GIS DatabaseInteractive GIS Database

• Other Methods of Flow MappingOther Methods of Flow Mapping

• Movement of Goods Movement of Goods

• Exploring Tobler’s Flow MapperExploring Tobler’s Flow Mapper

Further Explorations?Further Explorations?Tobler’s Flow MapperTobler’s Flow Mapper

• Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (CSISS), Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (CSISS), University of California, Santa BarbaraUniversity of California, Santa Barbara

• Movement Mapping- Migration, Flow of $, Journal Movement Mapping- Migration, Flow of $, Journal CitationsCitations

Source: Prof. Waldo ToblerSource: Prof. Waldo Tobler

Thank you!Thank you!

Indraneel KumarPurdue Center for Regional Development

Purdue University1201 W. State Street

West Lafayette, IN 47907-2057Office: 765-494-PCRD (7273)

Toll Free: 877-882-PCRD (7273)Fax: 765-494-9870

email: PCRDinfo@purdue.edu

Tel: 765-494-9485email: ikumar@purdue.edu