March 6

Warm-Up

Name two of the four causes of World War I (define and give an example)

Assignment #6

KWL Chart- WWI

War Sparks in Europe and American Neutrality?

Assignment #7

Tensions in Europe

Balkan Peninsula known as the “Powder Keg of Europe” Ethnic rivalries among Balkan peoples European countries had interest there

▪ Russia- access to Mediterranean ▪ Germany- rail link to Ottoman Empire

June 1914- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to Austrian throne Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip

shot Ferdinand and his wife Austria-Hungary declared war on

Serbia Allies: Britain, France, and Russia Central Powers: Germany and

Austro-Hungarian Empire

American Neutrality

Woodrow Wilson states: “…a war with which we have

nothing to do, whose causes cannot touch us”

Asked the public to be, “neutral in fact as well as in name” and “impartial in thought as well as action.”

Is the U.S. actually neutral? Ties to Ethnicity

Anglo-Protestant (British) German-Americans Eastern European Immigrants

Economic Relations

Due to war, the U.S. industrial and agricultural products increased enormously and boosted trade with the allies $825 million in 1914 to $3.2 billion in 1916 Germany: $300 million in 1917

Private financiers invested in the war by giving large loans to European countries Banks offered short-term credit 1915: Wilson allowed lenders to extend loans Federal Reserve: guaranteed the loans to protect

foreign trade.

Hopes for a Peace Settlement Republicans pressed Wilson to initiate a

program for military preparedness Wilson hoped to remain neutral and fought

for peace in a diplomatic sense. Focused on the terrible costs of the war on the

countries involved Wilson waited for opportunities to initiate

peaceful negotiations▪ By 1916, both sides had lost too much to back out of

the war. Election of 1916

Wilson- “He kept us out of war”

Blockades and Submarine Warfare

British Naval Blockade of German Ports Prevent weapons and military supplies from getting through

▪ Included food as contraband▪ Blocked neutral ports and mined the entire North Sea

▪ American ships didn’t challenge the British blockade▪ Prevented farming supplies to enter Germany leading to starvation and famine

German U-Boat Blockade All British and Allied ships would be sunk without possibility

of warning May 7, 1915- Sinking of the Lusitania

▪ 1,198 lives lost (128 Americans)▪ Germany argued that the liner carried ammunition

Sinking of the Arabic and Sussex▪ Germany agreed to not sink any more non-military ships

Threatened to renew unrestricted submarine warfare if British Blockade wasn’t taken down

U.S. Prepares for War

National Defense Act of 1916 $500 million go to ROTC Program Expansionism of National Guard Officers and Enlisted Reserve Corp Revenue Act of 1916- financed instead of

relying on bonds Selective Service Act American Propaganda

March 9

Warm-Up

What was President Wilson’s stand on the war in Europe and why did he take that stand?

What is the Selective Service Act and the purpose of it?

War at Home

Congress Gives Power to President Wilson Direct control over the economy War Industries Board (WIB)- encouraged large

companies to use mass-production techniques

War Economy Wages rose during the war Stockholders in large corporations saw

enormous profits Food Administration- food reserves during war

▪ Victory Gardens

March 12

Warm Up

How did the U.S. Government impact the economy during WWI?

What two types of blockades were used during WWI in the Atlantic Ocean? Describe both.

Selling the War

$35.5 billion spent on the war effort 1/3 raised through taxes

▪ Progressive income tax- raised taxes for higher income▪ War-profit tax▪ Higher taxes on tobacco, alcohol, luxury goods, etc.

“Liberty Loan” and “Victory Loan” bonds- financed the rest of the costs▪ “Only a friend of Germany would refuse to buy war

bonds”- Secretary William G. McAdoo Propaganda

Committee of Public Information (CPI)▪ Influenced people’s thoughts and actions

Attacks on Civil Liberties

Anti-Immigration German-Americans

▪ 2 million American’s who immigrated from Germany▪ Lost jobs▪ Towns changed their names▪ Refusal to play music from Mozart, Bach, and Beethoven▪ Schools stopped teaching German

▪ Books from German authors were removed

Espionage and Seditions Act▪ $10,000 or sentenced to 20 years in prison for interfering

with the war or showing signs of disloyalty▪ Half of the cases brought to trail were convicted▪ Targeted socialists and labor leaders

Social Changes During the War African Americans

W.E.B. Du Bois believed blacks should support the war.▪ Felt that African American support would strengthen racial

justice William Monroe Trotter believed blacks should not

support the war.▪ Shouldn’t support a racist government

The Great Migration▪ Large migration of Southern Blacks to cities in the North

▪ 1) Escape racial discrimination of the South▪ 2) Due to floods and droughts, many fields were ruined▪ 3) More job opportunities

Less immigration during the war Less men to work in factories

Women and the War Effort Women move into jobs once held by men

Railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, and bricklayers.

Nurses, clerks, and teachers Red Cross

▪ Women volunteers who encouraged the sale of bonds and supporting the war through victory gardens

Public support for Women’s Suffrage 1919 Congress passed the 19th Amendment

▪ Granting women the right to vote

World War I Warfare Strategies Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”▪ The land in-between

trenches with mud, barbed-wire, and shell craters

Sides fought for mere yards- devastating and inconclusive

Trench Warfare Lifestyle▪ Molded food, trench

foot, rats/mice, etc

New Weapons

Machine Guns Changed the nature of warfare

Airships and Airplanes At first limited their use to scouting Planes began carrying machine guns

▪ Interrupter gear that allowed bullets to travel without being hit by the propellers

Tanks Were built of steel so that bullets

bounced off

Final Toll of WWI

WWI was the bloodiest war in history 22 million deaths

▪ Half were civilians 20 million wounded 10 million became refugees U.S. lost 48,000 men and 68,000 due to

disease Direct Economic Cost- $338 billion Armistice on November 11, 1918

Ended WWI between Germany and the Allied Powers

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Wilson’s plan for world peace (before the war ended) Famous “Fourteen Points” speech on January 18, 1918 Divided into THREE main groups

▪ 1) Prevention of another war (5 points)▪ 2) Boundary changes (8 points)▪ 3) League of Nations (1 point)

Allies reject Wilson’s plan in Paris Seen as naïve and did not accurately capture the

anger of the allies towards the Central Powers (primarily Germany)▪ David Lloyd George- “Make Germany Pay”▪ Georges Clemenceau- Lived through two German invasions

Treaty of Versailles

“Big Four”- Great Britain, France, U.S., and Italy Met together and created the Treaty of Versailles

▪ Established 9 new nations▪ Shifted existing boundaries

▪ No Germany military▪ Forced Germany to accept responsibility of the war

▪ War Guilt Clause “The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany

accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.”

▪ Territorial Concessions▪ Reparations ($31.4 billion)

Treaty of Versailles in the U.S.

Treaty of Versailles maintained the provision Reservationists- people who would

accept the treaty if they could make some changes▪ Henry Cabot Lodge- Republican who fought a

treaty reservation, especially article X (declaring war).

▪ President Wilson- voted against Lodge’s Reservations

Irreconcilables- Opposed because the league of nations would lead the U.S. into public affairs

Treaty was never ratified