mardiana cb vi-a billingual simple object words

8/3/2019 Mardiana CB VI-A Billingual Simple Object Words

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FIELD PROCEDURE OF BILLINGUAL

APPROACH

The Simple Object Words

By :

Mardiana CB

6thA of PBI


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Introduction


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The linguistic data cannot be neatly divided into

phonological, morphological and syntacticsections, each to be treated in turn after the

preceding one has been fully analyzed.

Field procedure is absolutely essential to anyadequate analysis or description of a language.

For the beginner should have some understanding

of the various approaches to collecting data.

There are 2 principal methods of approach toacquisition the language data. First is monolingual

and second is billingual.


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Monolingual, which there isnt intermediate

language that used by the investigator and the

informant. Billingual, which there is someintermediate language.

The monolingual approach requires very special

initial techniques, but as soon as the investigator

can receive explanations of forms within the nativelanguage and then the two approaches coincide.

Monolingual approach quickly becomes identical

with the billingual one.

Since the billingual situation as the more common,

the further developments of the field procedure will

be treated in relation to it


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Discussion


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Billingual Approach

There are 3 principal phases of billingual approach

a. The nature of the data

b. The methods of recording the data

c. The informant

During the discussion for the first two phases we must

take for granted an average informant, who knows

something intermediate language, though thisknowledge may be, and frequently is limited to a

made usage.


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For example, if someone is an Indian in Latin

America, he may know some Spanish orPortuguese, but we cant expect him to explain fine

distinctions of tense or aspect in his own language

or to provide equivalents for the numerous tense

fom in Spanish or Portuguese.

Maybe only one mode, and even these do not

have any one-to-one correspondence with forms in

his own language

These practical limitations must always be

considered in a realistic field procedure


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The Data

There are 6 increasingly complex types of data

which the investigator attempts to contain :

1.Simple object words

2.Object words in possible morphological

categories

3.Simple process words

4.Process words in possible morphologicalcategories

5.Object and process words in combinations

6.Texts


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Simple object Words

First, the investigator must obtain the name of

objects.

These should be Interprete things to which one

may point. E.g. houses, trees, grass, sun, clouds,

dogs, etc.

The name of such objects are generally as short as

any nounlike words, but some sounds may be

conspicuous exceptions.


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The investigator must be ask at any one time for

words with related semantic areas.

Example :

- Body parts - Article of clothing

- House objects - Industries

- Fauna and fllora - etcShould be asked for in their appropriate groupings,

rather than jumbles in sequences as head, pants,

pot, plow.

Semantic grouping makes it easier for the

informant, and morphological characteristics oftenparalel such semantic subdivisions.


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Its absolutely essential that words elicited by

culturally partinent.

Various peoples manufactured articles, theirrelationships to one another. This means that no list

words will be universally applicable, and hence

that the investigator must make up his list.

One should exclude minute semantic subdivisionsin the initial investigation. Example : in elicitingnames of body parts one shoulnt attempt to get

further different words for the extremities than arm,

hand, finger, leg, foot, toe, etc Language may not make the same distinction and

a single native term may be used for arm and hand

or hand and finger.


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To ask for such distinctions as upper arm, lower

arm, elbow, thumb, palm, wrist, thigh, calf, knee,

ankle instep may prove very confusing.

Even though a language may make some of this

distinctions, many of them will not correspond

exactly and the informant isnt likely to know theseless familiar terms in the intermediate language.

One mudt avoid terms possibly taboo, and in

questioning the informant any sign ofembarrassement about a particular questionshould be immediately passed over by asking for

some other words.


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Word groupings may provide some basis forselecting similar type of words for a particular

culture :

1. Body parts : head, hair of the head, nose, eye,

ear, neck, arm, hand, finger, stomach, heart, leg,

foot, toe, bone, blood, flesh.

2. Clothing : hat, shirt, pants, sandals, beads, facepaint, body paint.

3. House objects : knife, spoon, ladle, water

container, animal skin, bed, hammock, fire,

mush, bread, flour, meal, grinding stone, mortar,pestle, bananas, oranges, meat.

4. People relationships : father, mother, daughter,

son, sister, brother, uncle, aunt, brother in law,

sister in law.


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5. Articles used in native occupations : machete,

hoe, dibble stick, plow, seed, hammer, saw,

forge, iron, axe, nails, planks, vines for tying,thatch, canoe, paddles, how, arrow, spear, gun.

6. Fauna : horse, cow, ox, pig, dog, cat, sheep,

goat, ass, lion, tiger, jaguar, wildcat, elephant,buffalo, hippopotamus, rhinocheros, antelope,

deer, monkey, snake, eagle, hawk, buzzard,

sparrow, crane, fly, flea, louse, spider, ant.

7. Geographical and astronomical objects : river,stream, rapids, lake, water hole, hill, mountain,

valley, forest, planted field, cleared field, star,

sun, moon, cloud.


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Closing


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It isnt only valuable to select words by semanticgroups, but the order of these groups should be

considered also. It has been found fromexperience experience that some of the easiestforms to obtain are names for body parts, sincethey can readily be pointed to.

Next, may come the names for clothing andobjects about the house. But among the othersemantic groups there is not much basis forpreference.

The one difficulty with the words for body parts isthat they sometimes occur with obligatorypossesive affixes, and this may greatlycomplicate the initial problems

mardiana cb vi-a billingual simple object words

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