Charles and Margaret Hall Cushwa Centerfor the Study of American Catholicism

Subscription Renewal

The inevitable has happened. The an­

nual subscription rate for the News­letter will increase to $3.00 a year.A $1.00 increase in ten years is notbad considering the amount of infla­tion we have had in the past decade.A subscription renewal form is includ­ed on the last page of this Newslet­ter; please detach this and mail it tothe Cushwa Center with your check for$3.00 so that you will continue to re­

ceive the Newsletter. Also let us

know what you are doing so we can

spread the word and keep others in­formed about your work.

Elsewhere in the Newsletter is an an­

nouncement about a conference theCushwa Center will sponsor in the fallof 1985. It promises to be a goodone, so plan now to attend. NorthernIndiana is a nice place to visi t inthe fall.

Historians and Bishops in DialogueOn November 9-11, 1984, the Archd io­cese of Baltimore in conjunction withthe Sulpician Fathers of the Uni tedStates, St. Mary's Seminary and Uni­versity, and the U.S. Catholic Histor­ical Society is sponsoring a centenni­al conference on the Third PlenaryCouncil of Baltimore entitled, "Histo­rians and Bishops in Dialogue." Eachof the historians will present a paperon one of the three major topics dis­cussed at the Plenary Council. Thehistorians and their topics are:

Msgr. John Tracy Ellis, "Mission: TheChurch and Society"; Rev. Gerald Fo­garty, S.J., "Par ish: The Quest forCommunity"; and Prof. Philip Gleason,"School: Values Behind the Commit­ment." A panel of three bishops willpresent a brief response to each ad-

Volume 10, Number 2Fall 1984

dress. Then the moderator, ArchbishopOscar H. Lipscomb of Mobile, will di­rect the dialogue between historiansand bishops on the historical and pas­toral dimensions of the emerging agen­da for the American Church in 1984.

At the dinner session on November 10,Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, Archbishopof Chicago, will speak on "ChangingStyles in Episcopal Leadership."

In accord with the historical settingsof the Third Plenary Council, the con­

ference will be held at St. Mary'sSeminary and Univers i ty, a Sulpicianinstitution, and the Eucharistic Cele­bration will be held at the Basilicaof the Assumption on November 11.Archbishop Will iam Borders of Bal ti­more will be the main celebrant, andArchbishop Thomas C. Kelly, O.P., ofLouisville will be the homilist.

Future of Catholic Seminaries StudyThe Weston School of Theology, Cam­

bridge, Massachusetts has received a

$98,000 grant from the Lilly Endowmentfor a two-year, field-based study on

the futures of Roman Catholic semi­naries in the United States. In ac­

knowledging receipt of the grant,Rev. John W. Padberg, S.J., presidentof Weston said: "The study is designedto collect and present informationwhich will assist leaders of Catholicseminaries in making decisions andsetting directions for their institu­tions. The data to be assembled and

analyzed will make it possible foreach institution to assess its posi­tion in relation to its counterparts,to consider strengths and weaknesses,and to plan accordingly for the fu­ture. We see this as a service to theChurch and seminary education in theUnited States."

l

The director and principal investiga­tor for the study is Sister KatarinaSchuth, O.S.F., a member of the admin­istration of Weston School of Theolo­

gy. with a background as a professorof social and behavioral sciences andin educational and hospi tal adminis­tration and policy setting, and with

graduate studies in theology, SisterKatarina has also been a member of na­

tional consulting and planninggroups. Because she is also workingon the Lilly Endowment project on Co­

operative Planning for Theological Ed­

ucation, the frui ts of that researchcan also be effectively linked withthe present project. In commenting on

the study she said: "Seminary educa­tion has long been a powerful force in

shaping the direction of religion inAmerica. Since the Second VaticanCounc i I there have been so manychanges in the church and in theologi­cal education that a critical need ex­

ists for strategic and long-rangeplanning. We hope to help respond tothat need."

New History of Louisville Archdiocese

Archbishop Thomas C. Kelly, O.P., ofLouisville has commissioned Rev. ClydeF. Crews, chairman of Bellarmine Col­

lege's Theology Department, to re­

search and write a history of Catholi­cism in the Archdiocese. Crews willbe on leave from Bellarmine for thenext two years to work on the projectcovering 175 years of history. Thenew volume will be the first compre­hensive work on Kentucky Catholicismsince Ben J. Webb's 1884 history, TheCentenary of Catholicity in Kentuc�

New Handbook of Texas

The Texas State Historical Associationis preparing a new edition of theHandbook of Texas to contain some

30,000 articles on all aspects of thestate for publication in 1995. Thenew Handbook will update the previousedition published in 1952 under theeditorship of Walter Prescott Webb.Over the next few years, the senioreditor of the new edition, Roy R.

Barkley, will be seeking expert au­

thors on Catholic subjects relating toTexas from the activities of the firstmissionaries in the Texas part of New

Spain to recent Catholic developments.

Texas Catholic Historical SocietyThe Texas Catholic Historical Societyheld its ninth annual conference atthe Marriott Hotel in Austin on March2, 1984. The theme of the session was

"Conflict and Healing North and Southof the Rio Grande," and was part ofthe program of the Texas State Histor­ical Association which was meetingconcurrently. At the business meet­

ing, Sister Maria Carolina Flores,C.D.P., Our Lady of the Lake Collegein San Antonio, succeeded Dr. FelixAlmarez as president of the Society,and Dr. Carl Schmidt, professor of

government at the University of Texas,Austin, received the Paul J. FoikAward for his contribution to TexasCatholic history.

u.S. Catholic Historical SocietyIn the middle of its 100th anniversa­

ry, the U.S. Catholic Historical Soci­

ety has elected its 26th national

president. Brooklyn podiatrist, Dr.Brian Butler was elected March 7, 1984to head the organization that was

founded by the noted Catholic church

historian, John Gilmary Shea, in 1884.

The new president follows a long tra­

dition of lay and clerical leadershipin the administration of society af­

fairs, whereby interested Catholicswho are not professional historianshave brought Catholic history in this

country to the average Catholic.working with archivists, historians,and professors throughout the country,the society's president administers a

unique and unduplicated program aimedat fostering the better appreciationof America's Catholic heritage. Dr.Butler comes to this position at a

time when several major projects ofnational impact are underway, center­

ing around the development of the So­

ciety's newly designed journal, theU.S. Catholic Historian. He expectsto devote his attention to improvingthe financial base and material struc­ture of the Society over the next few

years.

A graduate of St. Francis College,Brooklyn, New York, and the New York

College of Podiatric Medicine, Dr.Butler practices in Brooklyn Heightsand is attending foot surgeon at sev-

2

eral area hospitals. Dr. Butler'sbackground includes the M.A. in his­tory from Manhattan College, Bronx,New York. He has served in numerous

positions in the Diocese of Brooklynand is a Knight of Malta.

Call for Papers:Tenth Biennial American StudiesAssociation ConventionMartha Banta, Program Committee Chairfor the Tenth Biennial American Stud­ies Association Convention, to be heldOctober 31-November 3, 1985, in SanDiego, California, is accepting pro­posals for individual papers, pre­packed sessions, workshops, panels,and other professional contributionsto the program. Proposals from allconstituent areas of American studiesare sought. The program committee it­self will set up a group of thematicsessions, but the bulk of the programwill consist of selections made by thecommittee from submitted proposals.

The program committee will be pleasedto review all proposals which addressone aspect or another of the conven­tion's main theme, "Boundaries inAmerican CuI ture." Particular atten­tion will be given to proposals fall­ing under any of the following themes:the arts, pub I ic support and pub I icpolicies, folklore and folklife, Amer­ican ethnicity and gender identities,cross cultural relations, and geogra­phies and ideologies.

Typed, double-spaced proposals, ineleven copies, must be submitted witha proposal cover sheet. Proposal cov­

er sheets are to be obtained from theAmerican Studies Association, 307 Col­lege Hall/CO, University of Pennsyl­vania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Phone:(215)898-5408. All copies of the pro­posals are to be sent to Prof. MarthaBanta, Chair, American Studies Associ­ation Program Committee, Dept. of Eng­lish, 2225 Rolfe Hall, University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles, Los Ange­les, CA 90024. Deadline for submit­ting proposals is January 15, 1985.

American Catholic Historical AssociationThe spring meetingCathol ic Historical

of the AmericanAssociation will

be held April 19 and 20, 1985 at Xavi­er University, Cincinnati, Ohio.Rev. M. Daniel Price, S.J., ofXavier's Department of History is

chairperson of the program committee.

Junipero Serra Bicentennial

Beginning in August 1984, there willbe a year-long observance of the bi­centennial of the death of Fray Juni­pero Serra, O.F.M., the founder of theCalifornia Missions. The bicentennialwill commence on August 28, 1984, thedate of Serra's death at Mission SanCarlos (Carmel, CA).

As part of the commemorative events,the Friends of the Santa Barbara Mis­sion Archives-Library will sponsor a

ser ies of s ix lectures. These pub I iclectures will be held on the thirdSunday of October and November 1984,February, March, April, and May 1985.Each lecture will be at 3:00 p.m. inthe lecture room of the Archives­Library located on the grounds of theOld Mission, Santa Barbara, CA.

Mr. Don De Levi, of Merritt College,Oakland, CA, plans to publish a popu­lar life of Serra, based on documents,graph ics, and research accumulated atthe Santa Barbara Mission Archives.In collaboration with Rev. NoelMoholy, O.F.M., and using the work ofRev. Maynard Geiger, O.F.M., the pub­lication was set for August 28, 1984.

The Ade Bethune PapersThe Library of the College of St.Catherine, St. Paul, MN has acquiredthe personal papers of Ade Bethune,liturgical artist, writer, and con­

sultant. Bethune, a native of Bel­gium, worked in stained glass, wood

engraving, sculpture, fresco, mosaic,icon painting, and book illustra­tions. She founded St. Leo Shop inNewport, RI, to make I i turg ical artavailable. The Ade Bethune Room inthe Library was dedicated on May 4,1984 to house the papers and displaysome of her works. The papers will bemade available to qualified scholars.

International Migration Review

Through 1986, the editorial board ofthe International Migration Review has

3

planned six special issues providingan extensive and comprehensive analy­sis of a single topic in the area of

migration studies. The topics in­clude: Undocumented Migrants, Women inMigration, Theory and Practice ofMeasurement of International Migra­tion, Refugees, Civil Rights and Soci­

opolitical Participation of Immi­

grants, and Temporary Worker Pro­

grams. Anyone interested in contrib­uting to any of the above special is­sues should con tact the IMR ed i tor,Center for Migration Studies, 209

Flagg Place, Staten Island, NY 10304.Telephone: (212)351-8800 for furtherinformation about deadlines and IMR

style sheet.

Catholic Historical Societyof Western Pennsylvania

The Catholic Historical Society ofWestern Pennsylvania has been reacti­vated. Rev. Bernard Hrico is presi­dent and Dr. Jerry Janssens is vicepresident. The spring 1985 meetingwill revive the Msgr. Andrew LambingLecture. For additional information,contact Rev. Bernard Hrico, St. Mary'sChurch, 2510 Middle Road, Glenshaw, PA15116.

History of Catholic Health MinistrySister M. Ursula Stepsis, C.S.A., ofthe Sisters of Charity of Mount Augus­tine, Richfield, Ohio, has launched a

study entitled, "Contribution of Reli­

g ious Congregations in Heal th in theUnited States to the Church and Socie­ty, 1800-1980." A hospital adminis­trator, Sister Ursula has been col­

lecting data on the history of theCatholic hospital apostolate since1966. In the past year she has workedfull-time on a detailed questionnaireoutlining a periodization of the sub­

ject and posing basic historical ques­tions for each period. The question­naire has been sent to 270 major su­

periors and archivists of congrega­tions in the health apostolate to so­

licit the relevant data in each cate­

gory. From the archival material sub­mi t ted by the various congregations,wi th con t inued research and consul ta­

tions, authors can begin to write a

study. For further information, con-

tact: Sister M. Ursula Stepsis,C.S.A., Mount Augustine, 5232 Broad­view Road, Richfield, OH 44286.

Catholic Archival and Historical Services

Sister Dolores Liptak, R.S.M., recent­

ly announced the opening of Cathol icArchival and Historical Services, a

consulting service for Catholic reli­g ious commun i ties, dioceses, and in­stitutions. The firm provides histor­ical consultation for organizationsplanning to write or rewrite its his­tory or to develop a plan for the cel­ebration of its institutional anniver­

sary and archival consultation when an

organization makes the decision to or­

ganize its archives so that its docu­ments and other materials can be maòe

generally available. For more infor­mation, contact: Sister Dolores Lip­tak, R. S • M. , 41 O 1 10th St., N • E • ,

Washington, D.C. 20017. Phone: (202)832-7083.

University of Notre Dame Memorial

Library Collections

The University of Notre Dame Memorial

Library welcomes contributions of pam­phlets, parish histories, and books

pertaining to American Catholicism.Kindly contact Charlotte Ames, Bibli­ographer for American Cathol ic Stud­ies, Room 100A, University of NotreDame Memorial Library, Notre Dame, IN46556. Phone: (219) 239-5223.

Model Archives Project in Cleveland

"A pioneer project in archival work ,

the first of its kind in the UnitedStates" has been announced by the As­

sociated Colleges of Cleveland, Inc.,and its president, Rev. Thomas P.

O'Malley, S.J. This model projectwill permit the five-college associa­tion "to explore ways in which theirarchival work might be done in a

cost-effective and cooperative manner

through a 'consortium of tasks'," ac­

cording to Mrs. Virginia Krumholz,project director, who indicated thateach cooperating institution wouldmaintain custody of its own records.The five colleges in the Clevelandarea include: Borromeo College, John

4

Carroll University, Notre Darne Col­lege, St. Mary Seminary, and UrsulineCollege.

Grants from the Cleveland Foundation,the Gund Foundation, and the True-MartFoundation will enable the five insti­tutions to pursue this model project.The five colleges developed this proj­ect in coordination with the chanceryoffice of the Diocese of Cleveland.

The project expects to produce a com­

prehensive records survey of each in­stitution, a records plan for each in­sti tution showing how archives tasksmight be done in a cooperative mannerand in a more cost-effective way,standardized policies on retention anddisposal, a common filing language,and recommendations on supplies.Mrs. Krumholz can be contacted at(216) 696-6525 in Cleveland or (216)535-1926 in Akron.

Indiana University Press ReligionPublication Series

Indiana University Press has announceda new publication series on "Religionin North America" under the editorshipof Catherine L. Albanese and StephenJ. Stein. This series specificallyseeks manuscripts and book proposalswh ich employ an in terd isc ipl inary ap­proach and incorporates new materialsand methods in the study of NorthAmerican religion. The editors invitesubmiss ions deal ing wi th all aspectsof religious peoples and movements inNorth America's past and present.They particularly welcome manuscriptsand book prospectuses focusing on themeaning and power of re I ig ious move­

ments as religion; their material,symbolic, and ritual expressions inlife and art; and their social and in­stitutional forms. They also seekworks reflecting a broad cultural un­

derstanding of religion whetherthey concern mainstream or marginalmovements, communities or individuals,behavior or ideas. Contemporary, his­torical, comparative, and regional(including Canada, Mexico, and adja­cent areas) studies of religion inNorth America are invited.

Indiana University Press plans, inthis series, to publish books of topi­cal interest and long-standing impor-

tance for scholars in various disci­plines for persons associated withAmerican religious traditions, and forthe general public. Book prospec­tuses, partial and completed manu­

scripts, and letters of inquiry shouldbe addressed to: Dr. Robert A. Mandel,Assistant Director, University Press,10th and Morton Streets, Bloomington,IN 47405. Phone: 812-335-8177.

Philip Schaff Centennial Award for

Younger Scholars

The American Society of Church Historyis pleased to announce the establish­ment of a research award in commemora­

tion of the centennial of the foundingof the Society by Phil ip Schaff in1888. Two awards of $2,000 will bemade to postdoctoral scholars who are

engaged in research in the field ofChurch History and have received theirdoctoral degree wi thin the last sixyears. Rec ipients wi 11 be inv i ted tosubmit papers based on their researchprojects for the program of the Cen­tennial Meeting of the American Socie­ty of Church History in 1988.

Application for the Schaff Award mustbe made before March 1, 1985. Thenames of the recipients will beannounced in May 1985. Inquiries andrequests for applications should besent to the Philip Schaff CentennialAward Commi t tee, Amer ican Society ofChurch History, 305 E. Country ClubLane, Wallingford, PA 19086.

Call for Papers:The Culture of American Catholicism

The Charles and Margaret Hall CushwaCenter for the Study of American Ca­tholicism announces a call for papersfor a conference on "The CuI ture ofAmerican Catholicism" to be held Octo­ber 4 and 5, 1985 at the University ofNotre Dame. Although presentations on

all aspects of the subject are wel­

come, the conference will focus on thecu I ture of Cathol ic ism as man ifes tedin the everyday life of families, par­ishes, schools, ethnic communities,and other groups. Scholars working insuch fields as religious and ethnichistory, folklore, the sociology of

5

religion, and literature, are encour­

aged to submi t proposals ei ther forindividual presentations or for entiresessions.

The deadline for receipt of proposalsis February 1, 1985. Proposals shouldbe submitted to:

Dr. Barbara AllenThe Cushwa Center for the Study ofAmerican Catholicism

614 Memorial LibraryUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame, IN 46556

Mexican American Cultural Center

The Mexican American Cultural Center,a national center for Hispanic minis­try, offers programs designed for pas­toral ministers involved in ministrywi th H ispan ics. Courses offered in­clude one three-month program, Person­al Renewal through Pastoral Education,as well as the following three-weekprograms: Mini-Pastoral, CulturalAwareness for Catholic Education, andIntensive spanish for Pastoral Minis­

�. For further information aboutthese programs contact: Pastoral/Lead­ership Institute, MACC, P.O. Box

28185, San Antonio, Texas 7822, or

call 1-800-531-6222 (toll free outsideof Texas); or (512)732-2156 for Texasresidents.

Archives Position in Peru

Sister M. Helena Sanfilippo, S.M.,president of the Society of CaliforniaArchivists, announces that the Bishopof Jul i, Peru, has an opening for a

temporary archivist to process a col­lection of documents related to localchurch history dating back to theSpanish conquest. Applicants shouldhave archival skills, a reading knowl­edge of Spanish, a familiarity withold Spanish handwriting, and be will­ing to adjust to an altitude of 12,300feet. The Bishop is offering to paythe travel expenses to and from Juliand to give a minimum stipend. The

posi tion lasts from four to sixmonths. Apply before December 1, 1984to: Sister M. Helena Sanfilippo, S.M.,2300 Adeline Drive, Burlingame, CA94010. Phone: (415) 340-7400.

Cushwa Center Activities

American Catholic Studies Seminar

The seminar met twice during the fallsemester of 1984 at Notre Dame. Inthe first session, October 2, Profes­sor David J. O'Brien, College of the

Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass., present­ed a paper, "Isaac Hecker as Symboland Myth." On November 8, Rev. Gerald

Fogarty, S.J., University of Virginia,Charlottesville, Virginia, presented a

paper on "Vatican-American Relations,1940-1984."

The papers will be available as work­

ing papers in early 1985. The cost

per paper is $3.00.

Travel Research Grants

To assist scholars who wish to use the

University's library and archival col­lection of Catholic Americana, theCushwa Center annually awards ResearchTravel Grants. Anyone interested inapplying for a grant for 1985 shouldwrite for application forms to theCushwa Cen ter, 614 Memor ial Library,Notre Dame, IN 46556. The deadlinefor applying for a 1985 grant is De­cember 15, 1984.

Hibernian Research Award

Funded by an endowment from theAncient Order of Hibernians and theLadies Auxiliary of the Ancient Orderof Hibernians, the purpose of theaward is to further research in thearea of Irish-American studies. Anaward of $2,000 will be made to a

postdoctoral scholar of any academicdiscipline who is engaged in a

research project studying the Irishexperience in the U.S. Applicationsfor the 1985 Hibernian Research Awardmust be made before December 31,1984. Further inquiries about theaward and requests for applicationforms should be addressed to Director,Charles and Margaret Hall CushwaCenter for the Study of AmericanCatholicism, 614 Memorial Library,Notre Dame, IN 46556.

6

Publications

In the Shadow of His wings: � Historyof the Franciscan Sisters, by SisterMary Assumpta Ahles, O.S.F., publishedby North Central Publishing Co., St.Paul, Minn., 1977, is available fromthe author, Franciscan Sisters, 8thAve. and 2nd St. SE, Little Falls, MN56345. 555 pp. $12.50.

Guide to Catholic Indian Mission andSchoolRecords in Midwest Reposi tor=­ies, by Philip Bantin with Mark G.Thiel pub I ished by the Department of

Special Collections and University Ar­

chives of Marquette University Librar­ies. $15.00

Of Gods and Men: New ReI ig ious Move­ments in the West: Proceedings of the1981 Annual Conference of the British

SOëIological Association;- SOCiology ofReligion Study Group, edited by EileenBarker, offers a wide spectrum of

opinion on religious sects, cults, op­ponents of cults, and religio-politi­cal activists in the work of 25 schol­ars from e igh t coun tr ies. 1983. Ma­

con, Ga., Mercer University Press.ISBN 0-86554-095-0. $26.50.

New Christian Politics, edited by Da­vid G. Bromley and Anson Shupe, con­

sists of essays representing the workof 20 historians, sociologists, and

political scientists. The history ofthe movement, and analysis of the ex­

tent of social support, the effect oftelevangelism on the traditional roleof the church and its ministers, andthe impact of the new Christian righton politics are among the topics con­

sidered. 228 pp. 1984. Macon, Ga.:Mercer University Press. ISBN0-86554-115-9. $23.95.

The Tablet: The First Seventy-Fiveyears, by Alden V. Brown, marks a mem­

orable turning point in the history ofCatholic newspapers. This study,"based primarily on the contents ofthe newspaper i tself and on the min­utes of the meetings of The Tablet'sboard of directors," pays great trib­ute to The Tablet's 75th anniversary.Available from The Tablet, One HansonPI-PO Box 155,--Srooklyn, NY 11243.1983. 79 pp.

The Making of Working Class Radicalism

in the Mountain West: Denver, Colora­

do, 1880-1903, by Dav id Thomas Brun­

dage (Ph.D. Diss., Univo of Califor­

nia, Los Angeles, 1982) is ava ilable

through University Microfilms Interna­

tional, Ann Arbor. 1984. 283 pp. Orderno. 82-29656.

Women, Ministry, and the Church, byJoan Chittister, O.S.B., Prioress ofthe Benedictine Sisters of Erie, Pa.,consists of essays on the role of wo­

men in the Church; the future of reli­g ious I i fe; ministry and secular ism;issues in renewal in the Roman Catho­I ic Church; the peace movement, andother subjects of contemporary inter­est. Published by paulist Press,1983. 130 pp. ISBN: 0-8091-2528-5.$5.95 (pap.)

Rhode Island Catholicism: A HistoricalGuide, by Patrick T. Conley, providesa brief sketch of Catholicism in RhodeIsland, wh ich has more than 600,000Catholics in its general state popula­tion of less than 950,000. Includes

bibliography. 24 pp. 1984. Provi­dence: Diocese of Providence. ISBN0-917012-56-9.

The Italians of Indianapolis: The

stOry of Holy Rosary Catholic Parish,1909-1984,by James Divita marks thediamond jubilee of Holy Rosary Par­ish. This volume traces the origin ofthe Italian community, political andeconomic interaction, religious atti­tudes, and strains of Protestant-Cath­olic rivalry for allegiance of these

immigrants. Available from Holy Rosa­

ry Parish Office, 520 Stevens Street,Indianapolis, IN 46203. 1984. 88 pp.$15.00.

Urodivoi: Fools for God, by Catherinede Hueck Doherty, has been pub I ishedby Crossroad, New York. 1983. 94 pp.ISBN 0-8245-0553-0. $9.95.

Fai thful to That Her i tage: Addresseson the 175th Anniversary of the Arch­diocese of Boston includes a homilyprepared for delivery at the anniver­sary Mass in the Cathedral of the HolyCross, April 9, 1983, by the late Hum­berto Cardinal Medeiros, and full or­

der of speaking at the banquet in theBoston Park Plaza Hotel, October 27,1983. 1983. 45 pp. Daughters of St.Paul, 50 St. Paul's Ave., Boston, MA02130.

7

Alternatives to American MainlineChurches, editeCïby Joseph H. Fichter,has been published by Unification The­

ological Seminary, Barryton, NY. Dis­tributed by Rose of Sharon Press, New

York, NY, 1983. Conference series(Unification Theological Seminary);no. 14. 201 pp. $10.95.

Maybe � Second Spring: The Story ofthe Missionary Sisters of St. Columbanin China, by Edward Fischer, has beenpublished by Crossroad, New York.1983. 200 pp. ISBN 0-8245-0615-4.

Measure of a Man, by Daniel Gillis, isa seasoned -biographical account of a

Scottish-Gaelic Catholic immigrant fa­ther by one of his sons. 64 pp. (Co­lumban Celtic series, vol. 1). 1982.Iona Foundation, P.O. Box 29136, Phil­adelphia, Pa. 19127. ISBN 0-941638-00-6. $5.95.

Vita, by classicist Daniel Gillis,consists of an autobiographical col­lection of poems, 1975-1978, celebrat­ing life, love, and suffering. 111pp. 1979. Berkeley: Westworksidistributed by Ramparts Press, PaloAlto, CA 94303. ISBN 0-87867-072-6.

The Mission of the Catholic Universityin the Midwest, 1842-1980: � Compara­tive Study of the Effects ofstrategic Policy DecISIons on the Mis­sion of the University of NOtre-D�Loyola University of Chicago, and De­Paul University, by Lester F. Good­child, forthcoming, 1984 or 1985.Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chi­cago. ca. 600 pp.

The Church and CuI ture Since VaticanII: The ExpëJr:lence of North and Latln

America, edited by Msgr. Joseph Gre­

million, includes essays by Herve Car­

rier, Bernard Lambert, O.S.B., MarcosMcGrath, C.S.C., J. Bryan Hehir, andothers discussing the Church's effortsto probe the ethics of institutionsand social forces shaping contemporarysociety. 1984 (Nov.). 224 pp. Univer­sity of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-00753-5. $9.95 pa.

La Familia: Chicano Families in theurban Southwest, 1848 to the PDese�by Richard Griswold del Castilo, re­

futes many accepted myths about theChicano family, and offers a valuable

contribution to the history and soci­ology of Mexican Americans. 1984

(Dec.). 224 pp. University of NotreDame Press. ISBN 0-268-01272-5($18.95 cl.) ISBN 0-268-01273-3 ($7.95pa) •

Religion and Religiosity in America:Studies in Honor of Joseph � Fichter,edited by Jeffrey K. Hadden and Theo­dore E. Long, consists of a series of

essays on new religions, new politics,and new therapeutics. The majority of

papers for this festschrift honoringFather Joseph H. Fichter, S.J., stem

from the 1979 annual meeting of theAssociation for the Sociology of Reli­

gion. Essays include both theoreticaland descriptive studies of the new re­

ligious cults. Published by Cross­

road, New York, 1983. 168 pp. ISBN 0-

8245-0555-7. $15.95.

Rev. Thomas O'Brien Hanley, S.J., of

Loyola College, Baltimore, has written

Revolutionary Statesman: Charles Car­roll and the War, published by LoyolaUniversity prëSS of Chicago, 1983.

Old Catholics and Anglicans: 1931-1981: To Commemorate the Fiftieth An­

niversary of Intercommlll1ion, edited byGordon Huelin, has been published byOxford University Press. 1983 77 pp.ISBN 0-19-920129-3. $27.50.

Developments in the Roman CatholicChurch in Scotland: 1789-1829, byChristine-Johnson, has been publishedby John Donald Publishers, Edinburgh.1983. 264 pp. ISBN 0-85976-092-8.$30.50.

Sister Madeleva Wolff, C.S.C., Saint

Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana: �Study of Presidential Leadership,1934-1961, by Mary Ellen Klein (Ph.D.diss., Kent State, 1983) is availablefrom University Microfilms, Ann Ar­

bor. Order no. 84-06139. $23.00 pa­per; $14.00 microfilm/ fiche.

Sudden Spring: 6th State Sisters, byLillanna (Audrey) Kopp, SPCC, offers a

graphic sociological analysis oftrends of change in Catholic sister­hoods, discussing in depth the Sistersfor Christian Community. 1983. 107

pp. Available from Sunspot Publica­tions, 14 Alderway, Waldport, Oregon97394. $4.95.

8

The Catholic Church in the United'S't'ates: At the Crossroads: A Reportfrom CARA�by Dolores Liptak, includesa guide to American Catholic histori­ography, a chronology of the AmericanCatholic Church, and statistics forunderstanding the contemporary Ameri­can Catholic Church. 1983. Center forApplied Research in the Apostolate,3700 Oakview Terrace, N.E., washing­ton, D.C. 20017.

Louvain Stud ies, 9: 251-306 (Spring1983), contains addresses given atconvocations honoring the 125th anni­versary of the American College, Lou­

vain, Belgium in 1982 and 1983. Theaddresses include: "Recent Develop­ments in American Church History" and"The Influence of the Catholic Univer­si ty of Louvain on the Church in theUnited States" by John Tracy Ellis;"The Impact of the American CatholicExperience on the Church in Europe"and "The Distinctive Characteristicsof Roman Catholic American Spirituali­ty" by Jean Le Clerq.

Pilgrims in Their Own Land: 500 Yearsof Religion in America, by Martin E.Marty, presents a chronological pil­grimage portraying visionary pathfind­ers of many faiths forging Americanspiritual life. Jonathan Edwards,Mary Baker Eddy, Billy Graham, andThomas Merton are among the many fa­mous figures represented. Availablefrom Little Brown, Boston. 1984. 500pp. ISBN 0-316-54867-7. $25.00.

"The Roman Catholic Church in theSouth" by Randall Miller in Samuel S.Hill, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion inthe South, published by Mercer Univer­sity Press, Macon, Georgia. 1983.

The Chicano Experience: An AlternativePerspective, by Alfredo Mirande, pro­vides a detailed critical analysis ofChicano social history, includingthe conflict between the institutionalChurch and Chicanos. 1985. (Jan.). 272pp. University of Notre Dame Press.ISBN 0-268-00748-9. $19.95 (cl.).

The Naked Public Square: Religion andDemocracy in America, by Richard JohnNeuhaus, surveys American religiouscurrents from the new Left to the new

R�ght. 280 pp. 1984. Grand Rapids,M1Ch.: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-3588-0.$16.95.

The English Catholic Church in theNineteenth Century, by Edward Norman,provides an account of the centralevents of the Catholic Church in Eng­land during the nineteenth century,analyz ing the character and ideas of

leaders, including Cardinals Wiseman,Manning, and Vaughn. 1984. 399 pp. Ox­ford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822689-6. $45.00

"Parochial School Foundations of Buf­falo's Polonia," by Eugene Obidinski,Urban Education, vol. 18, no. 4, Janu­

ary 1984.

From Generation to Generation: Storiesin Catholic History from the Archivesof the Archdiocese of Boston by JamesM:- O'Toole with preface by HumbertoCardinal Medeiros. Collection of theauthor's columns on local Catholichistory as they appeared in The Pilotand is available from the Daughters ofSt. Paul. $6.00 Cloth. $5.00 Paper.

The House at Rest, by Jessica Powers,marks the most recent publication ofthis gifted poet. 1984. Availablefrom Carmelite Monastery, W267 N2517Meadowbrook Rd., Pewaukee, Wis. 53072.

Luogo de Splendore: Poesie, by JessicaPowers, has been published by Cittadel Vaticano, Libreria Editrice Vati­cana, 1981. (Collana Letteraria;VII) • A selection of poetry in Eng­lish, with Italian translation oppo­site. Available from Carmelite Monas­

tery, W 267 N2517 Meadowbrook Rd.,Pewaukee, Wis. 53072. ISBN 88-209-1332-1.

The Shaker Spiritual Narrative, byDiane Sasson, explores Shaker testi­monies and autobiographies writtenduring the nineteenth century. 1983.232 pp. Knoxville: University of Ten­nessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-392-2.$19.95.

"Jessica Powers: The Paradox of Lightand Dark," by Regina Siegfried,A.S.C., in Studia Mystica (Spring,1984), pp. 28-43, highlights the lifeand inspiration of a contemporary poetsteeped in the Carmelite tradition.

"The Polanders," by Eduard Adam Skend­zel, in Grand River Valley Review,Spring-Summer 1983, published by theGrand Rapids Historical Society. The

9

article relates the Polish experiencein Western Michigan which is reflectedin the establ ishment of the reg ion'ssix Polish Catholic parishes.

The Evangelical Tradition in America,edited by Leonard 1. Sweet, includesten essays by noted historians on di­verse subjects: the South, blacks, wo­

men, urban centers, millennialism, and

organizational structures. The workemanates from the Charles G. FinneyHistorical Conference, Colgate Roches­ter Divinity School/Bexley Hall/Cro­zier Theological Seminary, October,1981. 1984. 318 pp. Macon, Ga.: Mercer

University Press. ISBN 0-876654-092-6. $25.95.

Father of the Missions: � DocumentaryH istory of San Carlos Borromeo, com­

piled and edited by Msgr. FrancisJ. Weber, includes 65 items depict ingthe Mission of San Carlos, founded in1770 by Junipero Serra. 1982. Los An­

geles: Msgr. Francis J. Weber.Printed by Libra Press, Hong Kong.225 pp. Available from Dawson's Book

Shop, 535 North Larchmont Blvd. Los

Angeles, Calif. 90004. $16.00.

Holy Cross Mission: � Documentary His­tory of Santa Cruz, compiled and---ea=­ited by Msgr. Francis J. Weber, marksanother milestone in his impressiveseries on California missions. Thiswork consists of 49 items reflectingthe life of Santa Cruz Mission, found­ed September 25, 1791. 1981 • Los An­

geles: Msgr. Francis J. Weber. Print­ed by Libra Press, Hong Kong. 165pp. Available from Dawson's BookShop, 535 North Larchmont Boulevard,Los Angeles, Calif. 90004. $16.00.

Some "Fugitive" Glimpses at Fray Juni­pero Serra, compiled and edited byMsgr. Francis J. Weber, commemoratingthe bicentennial of Fray Junipero Ser­ra's death August 28, 1784, includesarticles, essays, rev iews, and othermaterials portraying the life of FrayJunipero. Limited to 350 copies.1984. 304 pp. Los Angeles: LibraPress. Available from Dawson's BookShop, 535 North Larchmont Blvd.,LosAngeles, Calif. 90004. $18.00.

Christian Feminism: Visions of a New

Humanity, edited by Judith L.1Weidman,offers essays by feminist theologians,including Rosemary Radford Ruether,

Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza, RitaNakashima Brock, and others. Thework promises to be of vital interestto those seeking to understand andshare in the transforming vision ofChristian feminism. Published by Har­

per & Row, 1984. 196 pp. ISBN: 0-06-069292-8. $12.95.

The Souls of the Just: � Necrology ofthe Catholic '""Church in Oklahoma, byJames D. White, has been published in

a single, limited edition of 350copies by Sarto Press, Tulsa, Okla.Available from Oklahoma Necrology,4001 East 101st St., Tulsa, Okla.74137. 1983. 534 pp. $25.00.

Immigrants in the Valley: Irish, Ger­

�, and Americans in the Upper Mis­sissippi Country, 1830-1860, by MarkWyman, has been pub I ished by Nelson­Hall PubI ishers, 111 N. Canal St.,Chicago, IL 60606. 1984. 258 pp.ISBN 0-8304-1023-6. $35.95.

Personal Notices

David Alvarez, of St. Mary's College,Moraga, California, is currently re­

searching U.S.-Vatican Relations,1898-1903.

George M. Barringer, Special Collec­tions Librarian, Georgetown UniversityLibrary, is editing a series of Mary­land Jesuit sermons for inclusion in a

projected five-volume "sampler" ofSouthern sermons to 1800 under the

general editorship of ProfessorMichael Lofaro of the Universi ty ofTennessee. Mr. Barr inger is seekingto contact any readers who can locateadditional pre-1800 American Catholicsermons.

Gail Farr Casterline, doctoral candi­date in history at the University ofPennsylvania, is doing research in thearea of Cathol ic hospi tal and heal thservices and church chari ty and wel­fare programs.

Professor Robert D. Cross, of the Uni­versity of Virginia is contributing a

biographical entry on Cardinal RichardCushing, Archbishop of Boston, 1944-1970, for the next supplement of the

Dictionary of American Biography.

Rev. Felix Donahue, O.C.S.O., Archi­vist at the Abbey of Gethsemani, Trap-

10

pist, Kentucky, is seeking to expandthe Abbey Archives and would welcomematerials on the early Trappist periodin the United States (1803-1815) as

well as letters, documents, writings,and photographs relating to GethsemaniAbbey.

Brother William Dunn, C.S.C., of St.Edward's University, Austin, Texas, isat work on the Centennial History ofSt. Edward's.

Connie Flaherty Erickson, Archivist­Historian of the Diocese of Helena,Montana, recently completed a historyof the diocese entitled Go with Hasteinto the Mountains.

Dr. James F. Findlay, of the Depart­ment of History of the University ofRhode Island, is doing research on

American churches and the civil rightsmovement of the 1960s and seeks tocontact those with the same interests.

Michael J. Graham, S.J., of XavierUniversity, Cincinnati, Ohio, recentlycompleted his doctoral dissertation atthe University of Michigan. His dis­sertation, "Lord Baltimore's Pious En­

terprise: Toleration and Community inColonial Maryland, 1634-1724," is a

social and religious history of colo­nial Maryland.

Professor Henry C. Johnson, Jr., of

Pennsylvania State University, is re­

searching secularization in Americaneducation and the impact of scientificthought on education theory in prac­tice.

Sister Karen M. Kenneally, C.S.J., Ar­chivist of the Sisters of St. Joseph,St. Paul, Minnesota, is researching inthe general area of the history of re­ligious life 1500 to 1789 and wouldappreciate receiving from women's re­

ligious communities founded (or al­ready in existence) at that time a

copy of any publications descriptiveof the religious community includingbiographies and rules of life.

Annement

St.withtheand

Klejment of the History Depart­of the College of St. Thomas,Paul, Minnesota, is completingAl ice Klejment, Dorothy pay andCatholic Worker: � BiblIographyIndex, to be published by Gar-

land. The book will include a 50-yearhistory and indexes for the Cathol icWorker and will feature a section on

Dorothy Day's writings and a selectannotated section on works about the

Catholic Worker.

Dr. Raymond J. Maras, of the Universi­ty of Dayton's History Department is

completing a study enti tIed Innocent

XI: Pope of Christian Unity, 1676-1689.

Gary W. McDonagh, of the Division ofSocial Sciences, New College, Univer­

sity of South Florida, is researchingidentity and group formation amongSouthern Catholics in �avannah, Geor­

gia.

Rev. Michael J. McNally, of St. Vin­cent de Paul Seminary, Boynton Beach,Florida, announces the publication ofhis study, Catholicism in South Flori­

da, 1868-1968, by the UniversityPresses of Florida.

Steve Ochs, doctoral candidate at theUniversi ty of Maryland, is completinga dissertation entitled "Deferred Mis­sion: The Josephites and the Strugglefor Black Priests, 1888-1960."

Msgr. Wilfrid H. Paradis, historian ofthe Diocese of Manchester, has com­

pleted a slide presentation on the

history of Catholicism in New Hamp­shire on the occasion of the Centenni­al of the Diocese of Manchester. A

longer study on the history of Cathol­icism in New Hampshire is in progress.

Dr. Mel Piehl of Valparaiso Universityis beginning a study of Christian so­

cial thought in the twentieth centurythat will include both Catholic andProtestant writers and activists.

Sr. Margaret Quinn, C.S.J., Archivistof the Congregation of St. Joseph,Brentwood, New York, and of the Feder­ation of Sisters of St. Joseph, ad­dressed the Long Island Archives con­

ference on April 4, 1984 on archivesof religious institutions.

Brother Lawrence Scrivani, S.M., Ar­chivist of the Marianist Province ofthe Pacific, produced a historicalbrochure marking the centennial of theMarianists in California.

11

Professor John Seidler, of the Depart­ment of Sociology, Ohio State Univer­sity, is completing a book on changingCathol icism and is engaged in a re­

search project entitled "The Struggleto Implement Vatican II."

Michael True, Professor of English,Assumption College, Worcester, Massa­

chusetts, will be teaching AmericanLiterature at Nanjing University, Nan­

jing, Peoples Republic of China, Sep­tember 1984 - July 1985.

Professor Noel B. Shuell, of the Uni­versity of Newfoundland, is research­ing and writing a history of AmericanCatholic responses to the religiousphilosophy of William James.

Rev. William Wolkovich, of Hudson,Massachusetts, is preparing a full­length study tentatively called "Lith­uanian Fraternalism: 75 Years of

Knights."

Recent Research

American Diocesan Seminaries,1791 to the 1980s

Since the end of the first milleniumof Christianity, the ordinary tasks ofordained ministry touching the livesof most Catholic Christians have beenthe function of priests. The otherordained ministries had been relegatedto steps toward priestly ordination.The view of the priest emerging fromthe twelfth through fifteenth centu­ries was that of a celibate ministergiven a character at ordination that

permanently separates him from other

baptized Christians and whose mostcharacteristic function was celebrat­

ing the Eucharist, either publicly forthe local community or privately, that

is, apart from a pastoral assignment.The priest possessed his priesthood as

a permanent and private status subjectonly to higher ecclesiastical author­

ity. It was no longer dependent for

legitimacy upon the summons to minis­

try by an ecclesial communi ty. The

consequences of the Council of Trent'steaching on ordination was to rein­force this view.

The Council of Trent established the

seminary by assigning the task of

forming d iocesan clergy to the local

bishop who was to conduct a school forthat purpose at his cathedral. The

cathedral seminary was intended for

poor youth and not necessarily for all

aspirants to the priesthood. The ac­

tual decree has I i ttle to say abouthow a seminary should be conducted or

what should be taught. In fact, the

Catholic Church had no general semi­

nary legislation until the twentieth

century.

Likewise, Trent did not elaborate an

ideal model for the priest aroundwhich seminary training was to be di­rected. This deficiency was suppliedwith the emergence of the "FrenchSchool" of spirituality in the seven­

teenth century whose principal authorswere Cardinal pierre de Berulle, foun­der of the Oratory in France, Jean

Jacques Olier, founder of the Societyof St. Sulpice, and St. Vincent de

Paul, founder of the Congregation ofthe Mission. The masters of theFrench School were responsible for de­

vising a spirituality specifically for

priests. They did so by identifyingthe role of priestly mediation ofChrist united with God in heaven withthe role of mediation through the min­

istry of sacraments of the ordained

priest. The earthly priest was "an­other Christ" who prepared for ordina­tion with a spiritual life marked byan intensive meditation on Christ'ssupernatural dimension and a high de­

gree of self abnegation. Formation of

priests in this tradition of Baroquespirituality became the sole activityof the Society of St. Sulpice and one

of the principal works of the Congre­gation of the Mission (Le., Vincen­tians). Their ideas about the priest­hood in time had a decisive influencein forming the off icial church'steaching on the priesthood and priest­ly training, particularly in the firsthalf of the twentieth century.

The Baroque spirituality that these

groups represented in the training ofFrench clergy did not ascribe much im­portance to formal intellectual train­ing as preparation for ministry. A

grasp of the basic teachings of thechurch sufficient for the administra­tion of sacraments was deemed suff i­cient for ordination.

Up to the time of the establishment of

12

the first Catholic seminary in theUni ted States in 1791, the seminaryexisted in a juridic sense rather in­

formally in view of the absence of

seminary legislation. In the Frenchchurch, whose ways of doing thingswere to have such influence in theAmerican church, diocesan seminarieswere conducted for bishops by Sulpi­cians, Vincentians, and the other so­

cieties engaged in seminary activity,the Eudists and Oratorians.

The history of training diocesanpriests in the United States beginswith the opening of St. Mary's Semi­nary at Bal timore in 1791 under thedirection of the Sulpicians who hadfled the upheaval of revolutionaryFrance. St. Mary's developed into thestrongest 19th-century seminary due to

adequate enrollment, continuous rein­forcements to the faculty from France,and the most formal program of studiesand spiri tuaI formation available inthe United States.

St. Mary's model of priestly formationwas not the only one to be adopted.In the formative period of Americanseminary education from 1791 to 1880,several institutional formats for

priestly training arose depending on

local circumstances.

As new dioceses were formed across thecountry, bishops initiated seminarytraining either in their own house­holds or at an academy for lay stu­dents taught part-time by seminariansin order to defray the expenses ofseminary training. Bishops engageddiocesan priests or communities ofpriests such as the Vincentians totrain seminarians. Only a few semi­naries of the period flourished with­out such institutional supports as an

affiliated academy. The seminary'sinformality often allowed contact withthe local church and the pastoral ac­

tivities of the priest faculty.

A general characteristic of 19th-cen­tury programs was the brevi ty of thecourse on the major seminary level.The urgent need for priests demandedthat they be trained quickly for min­istry for a rapidly growing popula­tion. Dogmatic and moral theologytracts were the basis of instructionwith little or no time left for bibli­cal studies or church history. Even

at firmly established St. Mary's at

Baltimore, Cardinal James Gibbons pur­sued a course of studies in the 1850s

embracing only one year of phi­losophy and two of theology. Otherseminaries offered much less.

While the Tridentine decree assumedthat the bishop initiated and directed

seminary training, other interestedparties in the American church took upthe work. On their own initiativeGerman-speaking Benedictines came tothe United States to engage in a rangeof activities that included trainingdiocesan pr iests. The Bened ictines'various enterprises, such as farms and

printing establishments, provided the

necessary material support for semi­

nary programs. Likewise, Vincentiansand Franciscans at various times con­

ducted training of diocesan priests intheir own institutions.

In the face of so many seminary ef­forts, many very weak, many lastingonly a short time, the idea thattraining priests for the United Statescould be accomplished better in Europehad a perennial attraction and result­ed in the establishment of Americancolleges at Rome, Louvain, and Muen­ster. Other proposals were made forAmerican seminaries to be located inBavaria, Ireland, and France near thesources of students and/or funding.Despi te the large volume of seminaryactivities, the number of prieststrained and ordained in the UnitedStates was never adequate for theneeds of the American church. Theranks of the clergy were filled upwi th recrui ts from Europe, who were

largely responsible for the sixfoldgrowth of priests in one thirty-yearperiod, from 1,000 in 1849 to 6,000 by1880. Such a body of clergy of mixednationalities and outlooks, of varyinglevels of education, and of uneven

personal qualities mingling with Amer­ican priests with limited educationcaused a reconsideration of the issueof clerical training by the late1870s.

The period from the planning for theThird Plenary Council of Baltimore(1884) to the motu proprio, Sacrorum

Antistitum, issued by Pope Saint piusX in 1910 del ineates a time of rela­

tively high interest in the issue of

seminary training. In the early

13

1880s, officials of the Sacred Congre­gation of the Propaganda raised therelated problems of poor clerical be­havior and seminary training in a

series of exchanges with the American

bishops. These and other issues re­

sulted in the convocation of the Third

Plenary Council of Baltimore.

At Third Baltimore the American bish­

ops issued seminary decrees providingfor six-year courses for the minor and

major seminaries. The major seminarydecree listed and described thecourses of the curriculum giving un­

precedented attention to formerly ne­

glected subjects such as biblicalstudies, homiletics, and church his­

tory. The bishops also voted to es­

tablish a school of advanced studiesfor priests that became the CatholicUniversity of America, opening in1889.

Heightened interest in seminary educa­tion was reflected in the new ideas of

leading bishops such as ArchbishopJohn Ireland of St. Paul and BishopBernard McQuaid of Rochester. These

bishops advocated a I iberally educa­ted, theologically well-trained priestcapable of being an articulate spokes­man for Catholicism in a pluralisticAmerican culture where ideas were

openly discussed. They were reactingagainst the view that the American

priest should have just enough formallearning to carryon the task of

administering the sacraments. Theirviews received systematic treatment inClerical Studies (1896), by John B.

Hogan, a Sulpician who explained the

purpose of each discipline in themodern seminary curriculum prescribedat Third Baltimore, and Our AmericanSeminaries (1895) by John TalbotSmith, a diocesan priest, who proposeda seminary system to provide a

professional training for priests thatwould equal the training for the otherprofessions.

The concern for a well-trained priest­hood was outwardly demonstrated by theestablishment of the new Catholic Uni­vers i ty in Wash ington, D.C., and inthe new diocesan seminaries arisingduring the 1880s and 1890s at Boston,New York, St. Paul, Rochester, San

Francisco, and St. Louis. Unlike theimprovised diocesan seminaries earlierin the century, the new seminaries

were opened after careful planning andfund raising in modern buildings.During the same period some olderseminaries such as those at Baltimore,Cincinnati, and Philadelphia underwentrapid improvement and expansion.

The lively vision of articulating and

implementing new ideas about the

priesthood and priestly training ap­propriate to the church in the UnitedStates became a casualty of the anti­modernist crusade of Pope St. Pius X.The motu proprio, Sacrorum Antistitumof 1910 prescribed the oath againstmodernism and a profession of faithfor seminary faculties. The decreecontained prohibitions against readingperiodicals in seminaries and some re­

markable words about the importance of

controlling the enthusiasm for learn­ing. The motu proprio was directlyopposed in spirit to the idea of semi­narians and seminary faculty keepingabreast of contemporary issues thatAmerican seminary reformers favored.

The half century from 1910 to the

opening of the Second Vatican Councilin 1962 def ines an era marked by the

supremacy of certitudes in theologyand in the system of seminary train­ing. The crusade against modernismcast a pall on theological inquiry andthe quality of seminary teaching. TheCode of Canon Law, taking effect in1918, at last provided legislationpertaining to the seminary, def iningits nature and purpose, enumeratingits officials including the new officeof spiritual director, and listing the

subjects to be studied in the majorseminary. The Code bound the study of

philosophy and theology to thescholasticism of St. Thomas. In the

following years the Sacred

Congregation of Seminaries andUnivers i ties issued regulations, d is­

pensed permissions, and received tri­ennial reports regarding seminaries.Gone is the spiri t of the Tridentinedecree making the bishop the pivotalfigure forming the clergy. In the un­

precedented rush to Roman centraliza­tion, the ord inary became the local

agent of the Roman congregations exe­

cuting decrees formulated beyond hisdiocese. American bishops, many ofwhom were trained in Rome, had no

knowledge of and would have been un­

concerned about developing an Americantradition of seminaries that had meant

14

so much to 19 th-century figures suchas Ireland and McQuaid.

Successive popes periodically issued

encyclicals and apostolic exhortationsand letters on the priesthood. Thesestatements reinforced the themes ofthe loftiness of the priest to an al­most magical person and the separate­ness of those in the clerical statebound to a distinctive priestly spiri­tuality different from that prescribedfor the laity. There was, it appears,no sign if ican t change from the idealof the Baroque pr iest, al though thesame popes stressed the importance offormal learning in the seminary.

Though bishops excused themselves from

raising fundamental questions about

priestly ministry or seminary educa­

tion, they were concerned to establishseminaries when their dioceses became

capable of sustaining them financiallyand with candidates for the priest­hood. New seminaries were establishedacross the country, usually under dio­cesan sponsorship, in the followingdioceses: Brooklyn, Chicago, Detroit,Dubuque, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,New Orleans, San Antonio, Scranton,and Seattle. The Sulpicians also

opened a diocesan seminary at Catholic

University.

While the seminary world showed littleoutward change except institutional

growth, important developments were

taking place that would eventuallyhave an impact after the period.

Pope Pius XI was responsible for a

far-reaching reform when he issued the

apostolic constitution, Deus Scien­tiarum Dominus (1931), to set stan­

dards for graduate degrees in pontifi­cal un ivers i ties by prescribing pro­grams of study lasting a period of

years accompanied by a dissertation.The reform ended the easy Roman doc­torate and brought pontifical univer­sities in Rome closer to modern uni­

versity practices. It also was an en­

tering wedge for historical and criti­cal methods of research in advanced

theological study for future seminaryteachers. The consequences of this re­

form would be fully realized in the

theological developments seen at thesecond Vatican Council.

Seminary educators by the 1950s demon-

strated increasing interest in improv­ing the quality of seminary educationso that the college portion of theseminary could obtain accreditationfrom regional accrediting associa­tions. Seminary reformers were great­ly encouraged in th is effort by thewords of Pope Pius XII in the apostol­ic exhortation, Menti Nostrae (1950),that seminary courses in the liberalarts should not be inferior to thosein the equivalent secular institu­tions. The impulse toward standard i­zation and accreditation would eventu­

ally lead to the idea that the theo­logical program should obtain accredi­tation leading to academic or profes­sional degrees.

The second Vatican Council ushered inthe next period of seminary history.The Council's decree on priestly for­

mation, Optatum Totius, prescribedthat each episcopal conference devisei ts own plan for seminary educationconforming to the general guidelinesof the Sacred Congregation of Educa­tion. The successive editions of the

Program of Priestly Formation d�aftedby a committee of Amer�can b�shopscollaborating wi th seminary educatorsare milestones in returning responsi­bility for seminary programs to bish­

ops.

In general terms the direction of sem­

inary renewal has been to bring the

seminary out of isolation and to es­

tablish connections between seminaryeducation and contemporary contexts inthe areas of insti tutional organiza­tion, priestly formation, and academicactivity.

In terms of institutional organiza­tion, the seminary has been related to

the world of modern American education

by obtaining accreditation from re­

gional accrediting bodies and the As­

sociation of Theological Schools.This development means that the semi­nary meets the minimum standards ofmodern academic and professional edu­cation.

Priestly formation has moved from the

preparation for the clerical state to

preparation for the ministry. The

seminary formerly gave limited in­struction in the old pastoral theolo­

gy. The new seminary has adoptedcarefully planned field education pro-

15

grams providing practical ministerialexperience accompanied by theolog icalreflection before ordination.

The old seminary pedagogy based on

dogmatic and moral manuals, presentingand defending static theological prop­ositions, has given way to instructioninformed by historical and criticalmethods of theolog ical inquiry. Sys­tematic and moral theologies have beenmore carefully related to biblicalfoundations. Seminary instruction hasbeen informed by recent critical meth­ods of theological inquiry.

The preceding, brief narrative cannottouch on all the themes appropriatefor inclusion in a general history of

seminary educa t ion. However, i t isfair to conclude that seminary train­ing since the Council of Trent has un­

dergone significant changes in everyage in response to ministerial, theo­

logical, devotional, social, and in­stitutional circumstances.

Joseph M. WhiteAssistant Faculty FellowCushwa Center for the Study ofAmerican Catholicism

The Archives of the Archdiocese ofNew Orleans

It is difficult to pinpoint the originof the archives of the Archdiocese ofNew Orleans. The date depends on

one's definition of archives. In a

general sense, the archives date from1720 - the date of the earliest mar­

riage register that was preserved at

St. Louis Cathedral. At this earlyperiod, the pastors of New Orleanswere charged by both civil and eccle­siastical authority with recording and

preserving the records of baptisms,marriages and funerals. The earlypastors and their successors carefullyhave carried out this duty over the

years. Originals of these early sac­

ramen tal en tr ies are now housed both

in New Orleans and Paris. Our presentcopy of the earliest sacramental reg­ister (1720-1730) owes its existenceto the conscientious Fray Antonio deSedella (Pere Antoine). Sometime be­

fore the devastating 1788 fire, Pere

Antoine carefully re-copied this al­

ready-deter iora ting reg ister. The

original and several other volumeswere destroyed in the fire; the re­

maining copy provides one of the most

detailed pictures of the early ci ti­zens of New Orleans. Pere Antoine'swork is one of the earliest examplesof a conscious effort to preserve our

Cathol ic heri tage by making a second

copy of irreplaceable records.

In another sense, the archdiocesan ar­

chives date from about 1782 when Bish­

op Cyrilo de Barcelona was appointedan aux il iary to the Bishop of Cubawith residence in New Orleans. With

Bishop Cyrilo's appointment, the pro­cess of establishing an administrativecenter for Louisiana and the Floridasbegan. The first great accumulationof non-sacramental records dates fromthe latter years of the Spanish colo­nial period. However, there are some

administrative items that predate1782.

The disarray that followed Bishop Luispenalver's transfer to Guatemala in1801 is ref lected in the great lacunaof documents from 1801 to 1833. Onlya few letters from Bishops William Du­

bourg, Joseph Rosati and Leon deNec­kere are found in the arch ives. The

great correspondence collections beginwith Bishop Antoine Blanc (1835-1860)and his close associates, Father Eti­enne Rousselon (died 1866) and Fr.Adrien Rouquette (died 1887). Thesethree collections are a rich source ofinformation on national as well as lo­cal Catholic life in the United Statesand France. Fr. J. Edgar Bruns, thearchdiocesan historian, is presentlyutilizing these documents for his bi­

ography of Archbishop Blanc. Otherofficial records also begin at thistime, including a book of ordinations(1836), records of the clergy assembly(1832), a REGISTRUM ACTORUM (1835),and pastoral letters (1844).

The late 19th-century collections in­clude the papers of all the bishops as

well as many priests, voluminous fi­nancial registers, pastoral letters,journals, general reports, and annualparish reports (beginning for most

parishes in 1888).

Modern collections include the papersof all 20th-century prelates and manypriests (restricted files), the re­

cords of numerous parishes, organiza-

16

tions, schools, institutions, specialevents and societies. The most impor­tant private collection in the ar­

chives is the Roger Baudier (1893-1960) Historical Collection. Mr. Bau­

dier collected material on every as­

pect of the Louisiana's Catholic his­

tory while writing his many books,parish histories and newspaper arti­cles. Retired Bishop L. Abel Caillou­et has recently placed many of his pa­pers in the archives, incl ud ing h iscorrespondence and journals from hisstudent days in Rome (1921-1925) andhis valuable journal of the SecondVatican Council; several taped inter­views with the bishop form the begin­ning of an oral history collection.

The archives has a complete set ofarchdiocesan newspapers from 1932 whenCATHOLIC ACTION OF THE SOUTH was

founded. Many issues of the earl ierLE PROPAGATEUR CATHOLIQUE and THE

MORNING STAR are also in the ar­

ch ives. Notre Dame Seminary housesthe most complete collection of these

early newspapers.

Under the direction of the chancellor,Monsignor Earl C. Woods, who initiatedthe indexing and cataloging, the ar­

chives has inaugurated a policy of

moving older sacramental and cemeteryrecords to its climate-controlledvaul ts. All 19 th-century New OrleansCatholic cemetery records are now

housed in the archives as are the rec­

ords of 15 early parishes and chapels,including St. Louis Cathedral.

The archdiocesan archives are present­ly housed at the Archbishop AntoineBlanc Memorial. This complex was re­

stored in the 1970s under the direc­tion of Monsignor Woods and includesthe old Ursul ine Convent/Archbishop­ric. Two sect ions of th is bu ild ingwere specially climate-controlled dur­

ing the restoration and now serve as

archival vaults. The archives them­selves were transferred from the mainadministration building to the Arch­

bishop Blanc Memorial in November,1978. By 1984, the archdiocesan ar­

chives housed 460 linear feet of rec­

ords.

A large number of records from theArchdiocese of New Orleans are now

housed at the University of Notre

Dame. The material was moved to the

University in the 1890s when ProfessorJames Edwards was attempting to assem­

ble and preserve at Notre Dame the

early Catholic records of theunited States. The New Orleans Col­lection of more than 24,000 items isthe largest of the many collectionsthat Professor Edwards obtained. In

1967, the University published the MI­

CROFILM EDITION OF THE RECORDS OF THE

DIOCESE OF LOUISIANA AND THE FLORIDAS,1576-1803. It is important to note,however, that many parallel items fromNew Orleans were not included in thematerial that went to Notre Dame. For

instance, the New Orleans collectionof pre-1786 documents numbers more

than 60, while the Notre Dame materialfor th is per iod numbers forty i terns.Voluminous Blanc and Rousselon corres­

pondence is found in both locat ions.A guide to the early records now inthe archdiocesan archives is found inA SOUTHERN CATHOLIC HERITAGE, VOLUME 1

(COLONIAL PERIOD, 1704-1813), pub­I ished by the Archd iocese of New Or­leans in 1976.

One important component of the ar­

chives is an active records managementprogram. Like most modern organiza­tions, the Archdiocese of New Orleansrealizes that records are now gener­ated at rates and in forms that haveno parallel in the past. The archiveshas assisted the finance departmentand the Office of Religious Educationin establishing more efficient filingsystems and records retention sched­ules; several other departments have

begun similar programs. The vault inthe administration building that for­

merly housed the archives now func­tions as a modern records center.Discussions have begun on the estab­I ishment of a vi tal records programand a disaster preparedness plan. Onestaff member heads the Association ofRecords Managers and Administrator'sIndustry Action Committee for non­

profit organizations.

Monsignor Woods also directed the au­

tomation of the archives - a programthat offers new possibilities for ac­

cessioning, describing, and indexinghistorical records and that also pro­vides new challenges for preservinginformation that is generated by com­

puter, tape recorder or televisioncamera. All new material is acces­

sioned and described on a word proc-

17

essing program that allows almost in­stantaneous "global search" for anyname, place, or other keyword. Thissame process will provide access to

Archbishop Francis Janssens' detailed1888-1897 journal on a single floppydisk rather than several thousand filecards.

A data-base program provides access tosacramental registers and allows imme­diate update of the status of indices,translations, and microf ilming. The

implementation of another data-baseprogram that will index the entirehistorical archives at a file-folderlevel is also underway; this programwill likewise track the processingstatus of all materials. This programwill greatly improve access to more

modern collections of papers and pho­tographs that have not yet been calen­dared. Both the manual and the auto­mated retrieval systems are being de­veloped side by side at present. Eachserves the archives' main purpose - to

preserve and make available our Catho­lic heritage.

Monsignor Earl Woods resides at theArchbishop Blanc Memorial and activelydirects the complex's varied activi­ties that include research, an activechapel with daily Mass, weekly tours,and an active reference service forseveral archdiocesan offices includingthe cemetery office. Miss ClaireO'Donnell is the director of archivesand supervises personnel, tours, andrequests for current sacramental, cem­

etery and administrative records.Fr. J. Edgar Bruns, archdiocesan his­torian, works daily with the old sac-

ramental reg isters as well as on the

biography of Archbishop Blanc. Dr.Charles Nolan, the associate archivistand records manager, is responsiblefor assisting scholarly researchers,processing material in the archives,and implementing the records manage­ment program. Mrs. Maxine Lawrence isthe Assistant Archivist for Sacramen­tal Records. Mrs. Eva Davis, the sec­

retary-receptionist, also assists withthe continuing calendar of ante-bellumletters.

A dedicated group of volunteers are

translating both early sacramentalrecords and the papers of ArchbishopBlanc and Father Rousselon. StanleyGuerin, Barbara Galliano, Myldred Cos­ta, and Henri Molaison provide valua­ble assistance in preserving and mak­ing available this information.

The archives form an integral part ofthe archdiocese's service to the com­

munity and respond to more than 2,000requests for information each year.

The arch ives are open from 9 to 5 on

Monday through Friday for scholarlyresearch by appointment only. Re­

quests to use the historical archivesshould be submitted in advance to Rev­erend Monsignor Earl C. Woods, Chan­cellor. All requests for sacramentalrecords are answered by mail. The ar­

chives are located at 1100 ChartresStreet, New Orleans, LA 70116.

Charles E. NolanAssociate Archivist & Records ManagerNew Orleans

18

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