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Методический материал по обучению чтению литературы на

английском языке по специальности «Обработка

металлов давлением» для студентов 3 курса (6-ой семестр)

Module One

Text 1A

I. Remember the following words:

obsolete ['Obsqli:t] –устаревший

reciprocating weight – возвратно-поступательное движение за счет массы

stem from(v) – происходить из

pound(v) [paund] – отбивать, подвергать удару

progress(v) – протекать, происходить

to be amenable [q'mi:nqbl] – поддаваться

intermittent ["intq'mit(q)nt] – прерывистый, пульсирующий

precipitation – осадкообразование, осаждение, оседание

kneading – размешивание, разминание

recessed [ri'sest] – углубленный

II. Read and translate the text.

FORGING

Forging is the term for shaping metal by using localized compressive forces.

Cold forging is done at room temperatures or near room temperature. Hot forging

is done at high temperature, which makes metal easier to shape and less likely to

fracture. Warm forging is done at intermediate temperature between room

temperature and hot forging temperatures. Forged parts can range in weight from

less than one kilogram to 170 metric tons. Forged parts usually require further

processing to achieve a finished part.

History: Forging is one of the oldest known metalworking processes. It was

done historically by a smith using a hammer and an anvil, and though the use of

water power in the production and working of iron date to the 12th century,

the hammer and anvil are not obsolete. The smithy has evolved over centuries to

the forge shop with engineered processes, production equipment, tooling, raw

materials and products to meet the demands of modern industry. In modern times

industrial forging is done either with presses or with hammers powered by

compressed air, electricity, hydraulics or steam. These hammers are large, having

reciprocating weights in thousands of pounds. Smaller power hammers, 500

pounds or less reciprocating weight, and hydraulic presses are common in art

smithies as well. Steam hammers are becoming obsolete.

Advantages and disadvantages: Forging results in metal that is stronger than

cast or machined metal parts. This stems from the grain flow caused through

forging. As the metal is pounded the grains deform to follow the shape of the part,

thus the grains are unbroken throughout the part. Some modern parts take

advantage of this for a high strength-to-weight ratio.

Many metals are forged cold, but iron and its alloys are almost always forged

hot. This is for two reasons: first, if work hardening were allowed to progress, hard

materials such as iron and steel would become extremely difficult to work with;

secondly, steel can be strengthened by other means than cold working, thus it is

more economical to hot forge and then heat treat. Alloys that are amenable to

precipitation hardening, such as most alloys of aluminum and titanium, can also be

hot forged, then hardened. Other materials must be strengthened by the forging

process itself.

Open and closed die operations can be used in forging. In open-die forging dies

are either flat or rounded. Large forgings can be formed by successive applications

of force on different parts of the material. Hydraulic presses and forging machines

are both employed in closed die forging. In closed-die forging the metal is trapped

in recessed impressions, which are machined into the top and bottoms dies. As

the dies press together, the material is forced to fill the impressions. Flash, or

excess metal, is squeezed out between the dies. Closed-die forging can produce

parts with more complex shapes than open-die forging. The final shape and

the improvement of metallurgical properties are dependent on the skill of

the operator. Closer dimensional tolerances can be held with closed die forgings

and the operator requires less skills.

Forging is divided into three main methods: hammer, press, and rolled types.

Hammer Forging (Flat Die) is a preferred method for individual forgings.

The shaping of metal, or other material, occurs by an instantaneous application of

pressure to relatively small area. A hammer or a ram, delivering intermittent blows

to the section to be forged, applies this pressure. A hammer is dropped from its

maximum height, usually raised by steam or air pressure. Hammer forging can

produce a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The disadvantage of this process is that

finish machining is often required, as close dimensional tolerances cannot

be obtained.

Press Forging is similar to kneading, where slow continuous pressure is

applied to the area to be forged. The pressure will extend deep into the material and

can be completed either cold or hot. Press forging is more economical than hammer

forging (except when dealing with low production numbers), and closer tolerances

can be obtained. A greater proportion of the work done is transmitted to

the workpiece, differing from that of the hammering operation, where much of

the work is absorbed by the machine and foundation. This method can also be used

to produce larger forgings, as there is no limitation in the size of machine.

In roll forging a bar stock, round or flat, is placed between die rollers, which

reduces the cross-section and increases the length.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is forging? 2. What types of forging do you know? 3. What are the

advantages and disadvantages of forging? 4. How is hammer forging done? 5. In

what way does hammer forging differ from press forging? 6. What types of presses

are employed in closed die forging? 7. Can you compare parts produced by open

and closed die operations?

IV. Look through the text once more and tell about the history of forging.

Text 1B


assembly – узел, механизм

anvil – шабот, наковальня

air clutch – пневматическая муфта

bottom dead centre – нижняя мёртвая точка

drive shaft – ведущий вал, приводной вал

exert a force – оказывать давление

gravity drop hammer/ power drop hammer – штамповочный молот

single acting hammer – штамповочный молот простого действия

fasten – прикреплять к чему-либо

incorporate – включать в себя

impart a stroke – сообщать ход

impose – налагать, спускать

derive from – происходить от

low profile forging – простая поковка

piston rod – шток

rated size – номинальный размер

stroke – ход

trimming – обрезка

squeeze – сдавливать

weighted rams – падающие части


FORGING EQUIPMENT

The type of machinery to be used depends on the shape, size, material, and

the number of pieces to be made. Heavy forgings are produced in different types of

presses and lighter ones by hammers.

Conventional drop forging hammers incorporate a weighted ram that, when it

moves vertically in a downward stroke, exerts a striking force against a stationary

component of the anvil near the base of the hammer. Forging dies being fastened to

the weighted ram and the anvil assembly, and a workpiece being placed between

them, the striking force is imposed on the workpiece, causing it to deform

plastically with each successive blow, thus providing a forged configuration.

Power drop hammers are equipped at the top with a cylinder, a piston and a

piston rod that is attached to the ram and that is powered by steam or compressed

air. The piston is used to raise the ram and movable die to the desired height and to

add force to the force of gravity on the downstroke. These hammers range in rated

size from 500 to 35,000 lb. In general, they are used to produce medium-size to

large open-die and close3d-die forgings. Gravity drop hammers derive their

downward force entirely from the force of gravity, mechanical means raising the

ram for the succeeding stroke or blow. Gravity drop hammers typically have a

falling weight, or rated size, of 400 to 10,000 lb. and are used in the production of

smaller and lighter open-die or closed-die forgings.

Conventional presses incorporate a ram that moves in a vertical direction to

exert a squeezing action on the work metal. Such presses develop far less noise and

vibration than hammers. Depending on their actuation, forging presses are

classified as mechanical or hydraulic. Maximum capacities, exceeding those of the

largest steam hammers, are developed by hydraulic presses. In general, presses can

produce all of the types of forgings produced by hammers.

Mechanical presses are driven by a motor and controlled by an air clutch; they

have a full eccentric type of drive shaft that imparts a constant stroke to a vertically

operating ram. Because of the short stroke, mechanical presses are best suited for

low-profile forgings. Presses are rated on the maximum force they will exert at 3/8

or ¼ in. from the bottom dead centre. Capacities typically range from about 300 to

8000 tons. In smaller sizes (50 to 250 tons) they are widely used for trimming

forgings produced on other types of equipment. As for hydraulic presses they

produce high tolerance forgings. Capacities of hydraulic presses are known to

range from 300 to 50000 tons.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What exerts a striking force against a stationary component of the anvil near the

base of the hammer? 2. What is the piston used for? 3. What hammers are used in

the production of smaller and lighter open-die or closed-die forgings? 4. What are

the advantages of forging presses as compared with power drop hammers?

IV. Find the following phrases in the text:

С каждым последующим ударом; нужная (необходимая) высота; вообще; в

зависимости от; лучше всего подходят; широко используются; что касается;

мощность гидравлического пресса.

V. Fill in the gaps with the verbs from the text.

1. Conventional drop forging hammers…….a weighted ram that, when it moves

vertically in a downward stroke…….a striking force against a stationary

component.

2. When forging dies are……to the weighted ram and the anvil assembly, the

striking force is…….on the workpiece.

3. Gravity drop hammers…….their downward force entirely from the force of

gravity.

4. The ram moves in a vertical direction and…….a squeezing action on the work

metal.

5. Mechanical presses are drive by a motor and have a full eccentric type of shaft

that…….a constant stroke to a vertically operating ram.

VI. Translate the following sentences paying a special attention to the word

“force”.

1. In pneumatic hammers the rams fall not only under their own weight but are

also forced to fall by the action of compressed air above the piston.

2. The force of the blow is controlled by a handle which adjusts the opening of the

valve through a system of levers.

3. During the upward stroke the piston of the working cylinder compresses the air

in the upper part of the cylinder and forces it through the upper channel into the

working cylinder.

VII. Read and translate the text without a dictionary.

Counterblow hammers develop striking by the movement of two rams that

approach simultaneously from opposite directions and meet at a midway point. The

rams are capable of striking from 100 to 200 blows per minute; they develop

combined velocities equivalent to about 1.5 times the normal hammer velocities.

Capacities of six large power drop and counterblow hammers, ranging in rated size

from 25,000 lb. to 125,000 mkg, are related to the production of blocker-type

forgings in titanium alloys and low-alloy steel.

Text 1C


drop hammer – штамповочный молот

power hammer – механический молот

link-rod – шатун

chamber ['tSeimbq] – камера, отсек, полость, резервуар

vessel – камера высокого (низкого) давления

tup – баба молота, кувалда молота

flexible pipes – гибкие трубы

charge(v) – (зд.) заполнять

rigidly – жёстко, строго, неподвижно

crank – кривошип


FORGING HAMMERS

Forging hammers apply force by the impact of a large ram. This may be a drop

hammer, or weight falling under them force of gravity, or it may be a power

hammer, driven by steam or compressed air. Two types of power hammers are: the

smith forging hammer and the drop hammer. The largest hammers can provide a

total force as high as 40,000 tons.

For increasing general efficiency and reducing the cost of forgings worked on a

double action air hammer, an electro-hydraulic hammer has been developed for

many years. There are several series of electro-hydraulic hammers which can be

found at the forging equipment market.

However as compared with an air hammer a hydraulic drive system is easier out

of order and it is usually quite difficult to find out the problems quickly and

correctly due to its complicated structure. It means that the reliability of an electro-

hydraulic hammer is not as well as an air hammer and people who have even more

knowledge and experiences should be employed to keep the hammer working

normally.

A crank hammer is a kind of a new type forging machine, its principle and

construction being totally different from other hammers, and its efficiency and

reliability can be expected to be higher than those of electro-hydraulic hammers.

From the electric motor to the link-rod the structure of crank hammers is quite

similar to a mechanical press. When the link-rod is connected with the piston,

the chamber inside the tup is separated by the piston into upper and lower spaces;

compressed air is filled into the lower space and the upper space contains liquid.

By flexible pipes the lower space is directly linked to the compression air container

while the upper space is joined to the low pressure vessel through the valve.

When the crank rotates the tup and the piston rise together rigidly because

the valve is closed and the oil confined inside the upper space cannot be squeezed.

After the crank passes through its top dead-centre and then arrives at a definite

position, one should hold down the handle. The valve opens and the tup is

simultaneously accelerated downward by its weight and the expanding energy of

the air inside the lower space until strike occurs. The oil of the upper space is

charged into the low pressure vessel.

As soon as strike happens the handle is required to be held up again. Although

the tup now stays at the anvil the piston will keep moving towards its bottom dead-

centre. The air inside the lower space is compressed to the initial pressure and

the oil flows back to the upper space from the vessel automatically.

III. Answer the questions:

1. What determines the choice of forging equipment? 2. What types of hammers do

you know? 3. What caused the development of electro-hydraulic hammers? 4.

What are their disadvantages as compared with air hammers? 5. Can you give

technical characteristics of a crank hammer? 6. What’s the principle of its work?

IV. Retell the text, using the given questions as a plan.

Module Two

Text 2A


leakage – утечка

blanking – вырубка

maintenance work – эксплуатация, техническое обслуживание

drawing – вытяжка

assemble – собирать, монтировать

tooling – оборудование, оснащение, механическая обработка

feeding – подача

handling – разгрузка, управление, обработка

fuel pump – топливный насос

housing – корпус

accomplish – выполнять, завершать

in-roads – вторжение

have in common – иметь общее

rubber molding – штамповка резины

single acting mechanical press – механический пресс простого действия

fluid – жидкость

sheet metal working – обработка тонколистового металла

frame – рама

bed – станина

guide – направляющая

slide – ползун, скользить

lubrication – смазка

power pack – узел привода


MARKET PENETRATION BY HYDRAULIC PRESSES

In the not so distant past hydraulic presses were looked upon with some degree

of suspicion due to fears of their leakage, lack of speed, being incapable of

blanking operations, maintenance problems as well as the noise made by hydraulic

power packs. Therefore a tendency was to use them for deep drawing and

assembly operations. And the training that tool and die makers and manufacturing

engineers received, the terms used, the approach to tooling, feeding and part

handling were almost always oriented towards mechanical presses. This trend,

however, is now changing. And as a result of design improvements major

developments are taking place which have already led to a new type of fast-acting

presses which are arousing considerable interest in what usually was a

predominantly mechanical press field.

Historically a hydraulic press is one of the oldest of the basic machine tools. As

a machine it is probably as old as a bicycle. In recent years hydraulic presses have

been attracting greater attention. Automotive manufacturers stamp fuel pump

diaphragms, assemble shock absorbers and form disc brakes. Aircraft companies

form tough titanium housings and forge turbine blades. Not only engineers are

interested in hydraulic press market place – our knowledge extends to the physicist

with his varieties of valves, the biologist, the dentist and even the makers of food

products. These and hundreds of other jobs are being done today in industry by

hydraulic presses.

What is a hydraulic press? First and foremost it is a press. Although the term

hydraulic press covers a very wide range of types of presses they all have in

common the application of force to accomplish work through the controlled

containment of fluids. One hundred years or so ago the fluid used to be water –

hydraulic presses were all water presses. With the development of the petroleum

industry oil was found to be a superior fluid since it lubricated the moving parts of

the machine while at the same time providing an excellent medium for transferring

pressure. Now one hundred years later because of the oil crisis the industry is on a

trend to the use of water, 95% water and 5% soluble oil.

Generally a hydraulic press includes a frame, a bed, one or more hydraulic

cylinders, a guide or a slide mechanism to control the ram, a control system and a

power source. The construction of a hydraulic press and its characteristics will vary

depending upon the intended use. Hydraulic presses are built for rubber molding,

forging, various types of metalworking operations, maintenance work, auto repairs

and glassware manufactures.

With the providing of the latest kind of fast-acting presses and a successful

outcome of further developments hydraulic presses have made significant in-roads

into the traditional market for single-acting mechanical presses. The widespread

introduction of hydraulic presses is seen in the double and triple-action press field

for sheet-metal pressing, where the great advantage over mechanical presses is the

controllability offered by hydraulic power.

III. Answer the questions

1. Why were hydraulic presses looked upon with suspicion in the not so distant

past? 2. What caused the widespread introduction of hydraulic presses into the

market? 3. Where are hydraulic presses used? 4. What do all hydraulic presses

have in common? 5. Can you describe a typical hydraulic press? 6. What does its

construction depend on? 7. What are hydraulic presses built for?

Text 2B

1. Remember the following words:

allowance – поправка, ограничение

adjust – регулировать

accommodate – приспосабливать

exert – оказывать давление, действовать

eliminate – устранять

breakage – поломка, выход из строя

crankshaft – коленчатый вал

coil – спираль

fit, suit – подходить, соответствовать

shift – изменять

auxiliary accessories – вспомогательное оборудование

tool life – срок службы инструмента

bending – гибка

piercing – прошивка

straightening – выпрямление

punching – пробивка

meet the current standards – отвечать современным стандартам

damage – повреждение

versatility – многосторонность

flexibility – гибкость

smashing a die – разрушение штампа

pre-set pressure – заранее установленное давление

pressure dwell – выдержка под давлением

abrasive wheel forming – формовка абразивных кругов

at 10 times the capacity – при мощности большей в 10 раз

interlocking – блокировка


ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC PRESSES

Full power stroke – the full power of a hydraulic press can be delivered at any

point in the stroke, not only at the very bottom as the case with mechanical presses.

One of the advantages is that no allowance should be made for reduced tonnage at

the top of the stroke. In drawing operations, for example, full power of the press is

available at the top of the stroke and it is unnecessary to buy a 200 ton press to get

100 tons throughout the stroke. Other advantages are faster setups and no time

consuming job of adjusting the screw on the slide to accommodate different dies.

Built-in overload protection – a 100 ton hydraulic press will exert only 100 ton

pressure (less, if set for less) no matter what mistakes are made in set-up. It is

unnecessary to worry about overloading or breaking the press or smashing a die.

When a hydraulic press reaches its pre-set pressure, no further pressure is added

since the relief valve opens at that limit and the danger of overload is eliminated.

Much lower original cost and operating costs – hydraulic presses are relatively

simple and there is a significant cost advantage over mechanical presses in

comparable sizes. The number of moving parts is few and these are fully lubricated

in a flow of pressurized oil. Breakage when it occurs is usually minor, not, for

example, like a broken crankshaft. Solenoid coils and occasionally a valve are

inexpensive and they are easily replaced without taken the machine apart. This

means more operating time and lower maintenance costs.

Larger capacity at lower cost – it is easier and less expensive to buy certain kinds

of capacity in hydraulic presses. Stroke length of 12, 18 and 24 in. are common,

extra stroke is easy to provide. In addition, larger table areas and small presses

with big bed areas can be provided. Large 200 ton presses with relatively small

beds are available; tonnage of the press does not dictate what the bed size will be.

More control flexibility – hydraulic press power is always under control. The ram

force, the direction, the speed, the release of force, the duration of press dwell, all

can be adjusted to fit a particular job. Jobs with light dies can be done with the

pressure turned down. The ram can be made to approach the work rapidly, then

shifted to a slower speed before contacting the work. Tool life is just prolonged.

Timers, feeders, heaters, coolers and a variety of auxiliary accessories can be

switched on in the circuit to fit the job. Hydraulic presses can do far more than just

go up and down, up and down.

Greater versatility – a single hydraulic press can do a wide variety of jobs within

its tonnage range, e.g. forming, blanking, bending, piercing, punching,

straightening, powered metal forming, abrasive wheel forming, plastic and rubber

molding.

Quiet – fewer moving parts and the elimination of a flywheel reduce the overall

noise level of hydraulic presses compared to mechanical presses. Properly sized

and properly mounted pumping units meet the current standards for noise, even

with the pump under full pressure. Noise levels can be controlled due to the control

of each phase of the ram movement.

More compact – a typical 20 ton hydraulic press is 8ft high, 6ft deep and 2ft wide.

A 200 ton press is only 10ft high, 9ft deep and a little over 3ft wide. At 10 times

the capacity a 200 ton press only takes up 50% more floor space.

Lower tool costs – the built-in overload protection applies to the tools also. The

pressure of the press can be regulated to suit the job and the lack of impact, shock

and vibration promotes longer tool life.

Safety – no manufacturer will (or should) claim that hydraulic presses are safer

than mechanical presses. Both types of machines are designed and built to be safe

if the controls and safety features built in are used properly. Improperly used all

machines are potentially dangerous, but the factor of control of the ram movement

makes hydraulic presses easy to make safe. The interlocking of guards as well as

other safety devices is relatively easy because of the nature of hydraulic press

control system.

III. Enumerate all the advantages of hydraulic presses listed in the text and prove

them.

Text 2C


custom-built – построенный по заказу

one-stop shop – многоцелевое предприятие

simulation package – моделирование с отображением модели в динамике

hub projection – фланец втулки

webbing ['webiN] – ребра жесткости

intricate ['intrikqt] – сложный

bolster ['bqulstq] – матрица, втулка

die train – обойма

train – зубчатая передача, серия, цепь, ряд взаимодействующих деталей

package – узел, агрегат

shop-floor trial ['trai(q)l] – производственное испытание

torch cut/contoured ['kOntuq] – контурные детали для горелок

ring mill – кольцевой прокатный стан

hollow – пустотелая деталь

net – аккуратный, точный


A NEW 2-COLUMN CUSTOM-BUILT OPEN-DIE HYDRAULIC PRESS

The two-column unit, rated at 5,500 tons, combined with the use of simulation

software, enables Scot Forge to produce larger open-die forgings in close-to-net

shapes, from of a wider variety of ferrous and nonferrous alloys.

For years, Scot Forge has been a “one-stop shop” for small through large open-

die forgings. Now, with the addition of a two-column, custom-built open-die

hydraulic press the company can produce carbon and alloy forgings in more

diverse part configurations, in sizes up to 80,000 lb. New types of products that

can be produced include parts with hub projections, flanges, and webbing.

Using this new press, Scot Forge can also produce heavier and more intricate

forgings than it could previously, from materials with higher deformation

properties, such as stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, and nickel. In addition,

reverse extrusion processes available with the new unit make it possible to produce

hollow parts with thinner walls and closed-end cylinders.

Equipped with an 11,000-hp hydraulic system, the new press is rated at 5,500

tons. Its forging ram weighs 200, 000 lb, and it can cycle at more than 200 strokes

per minute. A 10-bolster die train is provided for efficient tool changes. Aided by

new computer modeling software and the press’s large “forging window”, Scot

Forge has also increased its ability to forge close-to-net-shape parts, saving

customers material and machining costs. The new software provides accurate

forging simulations, resulting in optimal forging process plans and precise tool

design, while the large “forging window”, which measures 14.315 ft, allows large

tooling to be used.

The press was designed and built by the company. It joins six other open-die

presses, six hammers, and four ring mills, making it possible for Scot to offer

customers a wide range of part shapes, including bars, blanks, rings, hubs,

cylinders, hollows, torch cut/contoured parts, and spindles.

Scot Forge has recently acquired the Transvalor Forge simulation package. It

has proved that it can accurately simulate the forging process so that optimal near-

net-shape forging can be planned and tooling designed. The simulation approach

replaces the need to conduct shop-floor trials with new tooling.


1. In what way does a new two-column-open-die hydraulic press expand capability

of Scot Forge? 2. What are the improved technical characteristics of this new

press? 3. Would you enumerate materials with higher deformation properties the

press uses in its work? 4. What forgings can be produced by using this new press?

5. Can you give short technical characteristics of a new two-column-open-die

hydraulic press of Scot Forge? 6. What does close-to-net-shape forging result in?

7. What are the advantages of simulation package, recently acquired by Scot

Forge?

IV.Translate the following word combinations: a custom-built open-die hydraulic

press; high deformation properties; close-to-net-shape parts; a two-column unit;

a 10-bolster die train; computer modeling software; efficient tool changes;

an optimal forging process plan; a precise tool design; carbon and alloy forgings;

diverse part configurations; heavy and intricate forgings; reverse extrusion

processes.

V. What do these figures stand for? Give a full sentence answer.

1) 11,000 hp 2) 5,500 tons 3) 200,000lb 4) 200 5) 14.315ft

Module Three

Text 3A


feasible ['fi:zibl] – осуществимый, вероятный, подходящий

cross-girder ['gq:dq] – крестообразная балка

header blank – заготовка для высадочной машины

heading – высадка головок

crosshead – крестовина, ползун

sleeve – (переходная коническая) втулка

gripping frame – зажимающая станина

header ['hedq] – высадочный пуансон, пресс для высадки головки

behave – (зд.) проявлять

maintenance ['meint(q)nqns] – техобслуживание

tension bolt – стяжной болт

daylight – просвет, интервал

pre-stressed framework –заранее напряжённая станина

die cavity – полость штампа


A NEW TYPE OF OIL HYDRAULIC DRIVE HORIZONTAL UPSET

FORGING PRESS

The oil hydraulic drive horizontal upset forging press developed for making

forgings of T815 truck chassis behaves widely technical adaptability to small scale

production because of its structural design features which differ from those of

mechanical presses. If these forgings are produced on a mechanical press,

a standard press of 12.5 MN must be required. The determination of the press

depends upon the strokes and daylight needed, only the force of 4 MN required to

form the forgings.

As viewed from metalworking capacity and tool cost, it can be seen that presses

of hydraulic type are more feasible and economic for manufacturing special

forgings of automotive and tractor industries than presses of mechanical type,

especially the heavy truck chassis forgings.

A hydraulic upset forging press is composed of two units with different

functions. Each of them is basically a typical hydraulic press, but not a standard

one, from the structural style point of view. They are combined into the organic

whole by using the front cross-girder which behaves completely different actions

in each unit. One of the units, vertical type, is designed to grip the header blank

placed between the fixed and movable dies when they are closed. The other one,

horizontal type, is used for heading operations after the blank is gripped firmly.

The vertical unit principally includes a gripping cylinder, a slide block, used as

a movable die holder here, a fixed die holder and a pre-stressed frame. The frame

consists of upper and lower crossheads, a front cross-girder and four tension bolts.

In whole unit by joining crossheads with a cross-girder by tension bolts, the cross-

girder is used as two special square sleeves instead of inside nuts. There are

similarities between horizontal and vertical units in their construction.

The horizontal unit is mainly composed of a cylinder, a slide and a pre-stressed

framework. In this unit a slide, as a punch holder, is equipped with a header ram

and driven by upsetting cylinder assembly to squeeze the plastic metal with ram to

final shape. Only in this unit, is the front cross-girder used as a usual crosshead, no

longer special sleeves, as a conventional crosshead in horizontal frame.

The structure of the cross-girder must be so designed that the die cavity is

located at the appropriate distance behind the front surface of the cross-girder and

there is the smallest eccentric load on the gripping frame. For this reason

the problems of structure design and strength-stiffness analyses of a cross-girder

become complicated. Obviously, the front cross-girder is a very important part in

design and application. The design of the cross-girder supporting the upsetting

force acting on the surfaces of the front guide body with a uniformly distributed

load was well made. The actual front cross-girder used in the press is strong and

rigid enough, and has good whole service behaviour under loads.

Hydraulic cylinders are the same important parts as the cross-girder in

the press. As a general rule, the structural style and the overall dimensions of

the cylinder must be so determined that the press body be compact and, and

maintenance convenient. According to this principle, a removable bottom structure

is brought into practice.

Although this type of press is developed for a special purpose, it has widely

techno-economic adaptability to many kinds of similar forgings owing to its design

features summarized as follows: 1) the stroke and the daylight may be larger than

those of mechanical presses as well as the length of the stroke may be adjusted to

whatever is needed; 2) the pre-stressed frameworks without inside nuts

are employed so that the press have high strength and rigidity against eccentric

loads.

III. Find the Russian equivalents for the following: maintenance convenient, small

scale production, owing to, structural design feature, which behaves completely

different actions, movable die holder, instead of inside nuts, mainly consists of,

upsetting cylinder assembly, from structural style point, uniformly distributed load,

good whole service behaviour under loads, for this reason, as a general rule.

Подвижный держатель штампа, с точки зрения структуры, вместо

внутренних гаек, производство в малых количествах, удобный в

эксплуатации, особенность структурной конструкции, который выполняет

совершенно другие действия, состоит главным образом из…, бесперебойно

работает при нагрузках, по этой причине, равномерно распределённая

нагрузка, как правило, отсек цилиндров высадочного пресса.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What makes an oil hydraulic drive horizontal upset forging press available for

making forgings of TB 15 truck chassis? 2. Could you call different functions of

two units a hydraulic upset forging press composed of? 3. Will you list the main

parts of the press and give their technical characteristics? 4. Why do the problems

of structure design and strength-stiffness analyses of the cross-girder become

complicated? 5. What causes techno-economic adaptability of this type of press?

Could you summarize its design features?

V. Make up the press scheme.

Text 3B


manual labour – ручной труд

in accordance with – в соответствии с

cam – кулачок, эксцентрик

open-front press – открытый, одностоечный пресс

reciprocate – совершать возвратно-поступательное движение

feed bar – подающая тяга

feed of half total pitch to position above the component – подача на высоте ½

общей высоты над деталью

clamper arm – захватывающее устройство

synchronized magazine type blank feeder – подающее устройство с

магазином, синхронизированное с работой пресса

invert – опрокидывать, перевёртывать

intermediate station – промежуточная позиция

be at rest – быть неподвижным

release – разжимать. размыкать


AUTOMATION IN THE PRESS SHOP{

Automation or mechanization is one of the methods to increase labour

productivity. Its basis is replacement of manual labour by mechanisms and

machines. There is partial and complex mechanization. Partial mechanization

does not involve complete elimination of manual labour. When mechanization

is complex, manual job is limited only to the operation of machine tools.

Automatic control is the control of machines or systems by means of special

devices which comprise a control system. The control system operates in

accordance with a predetermined program.

An automated line is the line of three or four individual open-front presses

linked together by a single independently driven unit that would transfer the

work from one press to another with intermediate stations and, where required,

turnover stations of reversing the presentation of the pressing.

Such an arrangement would have the following advantages: 1) low capital

investment if existing presses are suitable; 2) existing tooling can be used or

modified for use; 3) savings in labour; 4) toll setting is simple with easy access

to the front of presses; 5) transfer system does not require setting on tool

change, only clamper arms being re-set or replaced; 6) inter-stage storage and

movement are eliminated.

The transfer system is an independent unit driven by an electric motor

which, by system of cams, reciprocates a horizontal bar running inside the press

gap to the rear of the press tools. In addition to horizontal traverse, a vertical

movement to place components in location on tool and lift back after the

operation is provided. During the pressing operation the feed bar is at rest, the

sequence of operations being: horizontal feed of half total pitch to position

above the component to be fed; vertical down movement to pick and return

through starting position and further half-feed to the next tool with a vertical

movement to place in die and release, before return to starting position when

presses are given a signal to perform the pressing operation.

Methods of pick-up by clamper arm are either vacuum or magnetic and can

be quickly set to suit individual tool height. Idle stations compensate for feed-

height variations and also provide turn-over positions to invert components

where it is necessary. At the first station blanks are provided from a

synchronized magazine type blank feeder. All machines are electrically

interlocked with feeder and necessary safety devices to ensure full protection of

presses, tooling and components.


1. What is automation? 2. What can you say about the two main types of

mechanization? 3. What are the benefits of automation? 4. What basic functions

of a transfer system can you name? 5. How many pick-up methods do you

know? What are they? 6. What do idle stations provide? 7. What ensures full

protection of presses, tooling and components?

Text 3C


billet - заготовка

supply hopper – загрузочный ковш

batch – партия товара

meet manufacturing schedule – удовлетворять производственному графику

inventory – материально-производственные запасы

micro-inching mode – минимальный ход перемещения

grip fingers – захваты

mode – режим работы

station – узел, положение


UNMANNED PRESSING FACILITY

Fully automatic forging involves a completely automatic cycle from loading the

billets into a supply hopper to the automatic extraction of components from the

dies. In addition to savings in operator labour there are considerable gains to be

made by reducing the non-productive time of equipment by automating the actual

tool changing function. The current trend is towards smaller batch quantities

required at specific times to meet manufacturing schedules and hold inventory of

parts to the minimum. This entails more frequent tool change and greater

flexibility of manufacture.

Largely automatic and micro-processor synchronized die replacement is

commonly completed in three to six minutes, and with the addition of further

automation all dies and tooling could be changed completely in as little as 100sec.

The new press is programmed to automatic slide adjustment to achieve correct

shut height. Die clamping and unclamping are also automatic. An automatically

operated system for the slide adjustment mechanism returns the dies to a “home”

position for clamping and unclamping during die changeover. Conventional

presses usually have a micro-inching mode, but a drive mechanism is simply a

separate motor and the mode must be controlled manually.

Another feature is the configuration of the feed bar – an aluminum bar

associated with the tooling that has grip fingers to move the blanks from station to

station in the transfer sequence.

Some savings in material may be possible but the main cost reductions must be

in labour by reduction of setting times and production of more parts in a given

time.

III. Speak about the peculiarities of unmanned pressing facility and its main

gains.

SUPPLEMENT

I. Rendering (orally or in written form).

Образец подготовки к пересказу на примере текста «Computer Aided

Simulation of Complex Three-Dimensional Extrusion ».

An advanced computer aided simulation technique is developed and used for

diagnosis and innovation of conventional extrusion processes of hollow as well as

solid products. It is also utilized for development of a new multi-billet complex

extrusion process through which plural billets are simultaneously extruded into

a unified composite product. Through a series of simulations three-dimensional

metal flows of work-pieces in various extrusion processes are characterized.

Effects of die geometries and other working conditions on various features of

extrusion pressure, dead zone formation, geometries of plastic zone, separation and

unification of flow of workpiece and geometry of extruded product are consistently

analyzed. The results are compared with experimental measurements and fairly

good agreement is found between them. It is concluded that the developed

simulation technique is highly useful and effective for establishment of advanced

extrusion technology for the future.

Задания: 1. Переведите название текста. 2. Просмотрите текст и

сформулируйте его основную идею. 3. Сделайте перевод каждого

предложения с опорой на его основу и ключевые слова.

Образец выполнения задания:

1. Компьютерное моделирование процесса выдавливания сложных

объемных форм.

2. Основной идеей текста является ознакомление читателя с компьютерной

технологией моделирования как нового, высокоэффективного и

перспективного метода анализа и контроля различных процессов,

происходящих при выдавливании как полых, так и цельнокованых

деталей.

3.1Технология компьютерного моделирования разработана и используется

для диагностики и модернизации традиционных процессов выдавливания

как полых, так и цельнокованых деталей. 3.2. Она также применяется для

разработки процесса одновременного выдавливания сразу нескольких

заготовок. 3.3. С помощью компьютерного моделирования можно

наблюдать характер объемного течения металла заготовки при различных

процессах выдавливания. 3.4. Влияние геометрии штампа и других

операционных условий на сам процесс выдавливания, образование

мертвой зоны, геометрия зоны пластической деформации, геометрия

готового продукта, зона текучести металла - все эти и другие параметры

постоянно обрабатываются и анализируются. 3.5. Результаты,

полученные при компьютерном моделировании, полностью

соответствуют экспериментальным аналогам. 3.6. В заключение следует

отметить, что разработанный современный метод моделирования очень

полезен и эффективен для создания перспективных технологий

выдавливания.

II. Giving Talks and Presentations.

Consider the following phrases used at different stages of presentations:

Introducing the topic

This morning I'm going to talk about...Today I’d like to ... (describe...)The aim of my presentation this morning is to...I've divided my presentation into ... (three parts)First, I’d like to ...Second, I’ll move on to ... (the role of technology)Then I'll focus on ... (the technical aspects)After that we'll deal with …(the financial side)Finally, let’s consider ...

Dealing with questions

That's a good point. / I’m glad you asked that question.Can I get back to you on that later?I'm afraid I don't have the information at present.I'm afraid I'm not the right person to answer that.Feel free to / Do interrupt me if there's anything you don't understand.If you don't mind, we'll leave questions till the end.If you have any questions, I'd be pleased / I'll do my best to answer them.

Introducing each section

So, let's start with the objectives…Now let's move on to the next part.Let's turn our attention to...This leads me to...Finally let's consider...

Referring to information

This transparency / diagram shows...If you look at this graph you can see...I'd like to draw your attention to...As I mentioned earlier... (the role of...)I'll say more about this later.We'll come back to this point later.As you know...As I’m sure you are aware...

Summarizing a section

That completes my... (description of...)That concludes my talk.That brings me to the end of my presentation.In conclusion let me…So, to summarize the main idea…

Checking understanding

Is that clear?Are there any questions?Are you following me?

III. Grammar Revision.

Tenses

A. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1. During the upward stroke the piston of the working cylinder compresses the

air in the upper part of the cylinder and forces it through the upper channel

into the working cylinder.

2. The force of the blow is controlled by the handle which adjusts the work of the

valve system.

3. Recently the production technology of miniature parts has been paid a great

attention to in micro-system technology.

4. Material formability is largely affected by the diameter of the forming tool.

5. Research in metallurgical improvement of magnesium alloys for automotive

manufacturing is being conducted at the center for automotive material

manufacturing in Canada.

6. We have never seen pneumatic power forging hammers.

7. When we come to the laboratory a new forging machine will have been

installed there.

8. The non-ferrous metal castings had been made when we arrived.

9. At present scientists are developing the bending process of sheet metal laminate

materials.

10.The forming capability of the material is significantly influenced by heat

treatment.

B. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Ковка – это процесс течения металла под действием удара или сжатия.

2. «Штамповка на новом прессе проходит успешно»,- заявил технолог

кузнечного цеха.

3. При ковке в закрытых штампах заготовка часто обрабатывается за один

рабочий ход.

4. Каждый кузнец знает последовательность выполнения штамповочных

операций.

5. Мы освоим технологию безоблойной штамповки к концу квартала.

6. Вчера нас пригасили на завод для знакомства с процессом

высокоскоростной штамповки.

7. На лекции студенты узнали много интересного о свойствах и формах

цветных металлов.

8. К концу года новый гидравлический пресс будет установлен на нашем

заводе.

9. Посмотрите, как рабочие выполняют горячую обработку металлов.

10.Завтра целый день мы будем работать над производством чистовых

ручьев.

Modal Verbs

Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1. Metal rolling had to be developed.

2. Such method may be used for many shapes as long as the metal stands

continued working without annealing.

3. Today lecturer is to speak about enclosed type double-crank trimming presses.

4. And if it is a very rigid type, metal thickness should be watched carefully.

5. Friction screw presses will be able to forge much metal in one or two blows

with relatively unskilled labour or robots.

6. In drop forging when a number of forgings have to be made to the same design,

the time required per piece can be reduced by making up special tools.

7. The students must have known that a slide is supplied with a pneumatic

balancing device.

8. The time required of the die setter to place the tools properly in the press

depends upon how convenient the arrangement for holding the tool may be and

how accurately tools must be located both in the press and relative to each

other.

9. The steering joint (рулевой механизм) forged pieces were to be imported from

China with a large number of foreign currencies in the past time.

10.You ought to have known that pneumatic balancing devices are used in presses

as a counterweight of a slide.

The Participle. The Gerund. The Nominative Absolute Construction)

A. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words with the suffix “ing”.

1. The crystalline structure disappears entirely at the melting point, and

approaching it, the forces between crystals become progressively less.

2. Using this new press, Scot Forge can also produce heavier and more intricate

forgings than it could produce previously.

3. Such dies require only to be simple and free from obstruction, the gauging

(разбраковка) being done either by eye or with gauge.

4. Scot Forge has provided numerous videos showing its equipment in action

including hammers, presses and ring mills (кольцевой прокатный стан).

5. Automatic feed being installed, production jumped to 50 pieces per minute.

6. By skillful handling of the hot piece the hammer-man can produce the desired

shape.

7. Before being upset, the work must be heated throughout its entire cross-section

and along its entire length.

8. Practically every job is a problem in itself owing largely to a number of variable

factors affecting the internal condition of the metal being worked, and also to

some extent to a variety in design of tools.

9. According to whether the metal being worked is heated or not before the

procedure, all metal working operations are divided into two branches, mainly

(главным образом): a) forging or hot working of metal, and b) cold working

of metal.

10. When selecting the material of correct dimensions, the blacksmith first must

decide how the part is to be forged.

B. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words with the suffix “ed”.

1. Forging equipment is generally that group of machine tools which primarily

serve as a medium of moving and shaping (фасонирование) metal when

heated to a plastic state.

2. Equipped with an 11,000-hp (high pressure) hydraulic system, a new press is

rated at 5,500 tons.

3. North American Forge Masters is an open-die forging shop operated jointly

with Ellwood Forge.

4. The operator can usually control the entire process while safely protected

from the heat or noise of the process environment.

5. Originally used for nut blanks, gear blanks and flanges production has been

extended to various asymmetrical parts.

6. The metal removed is known as the chip.

7. The equipment used required additional tests.

8. Tool life is considerably depended on the used brazing solder (припой) as

well as on the quality of the brazing process (высокотемпературная

пайка).

9. The treadle (педаль) released, the rolls clamp the boards and raise the ram.

10. When loaded beyond their elastic limits metals retain permanent sets or

change their forms.

The Infinitive. The Infinitive Constructions

A. Translate the following sentences. Define the functions of the Infinitive.

1. To design new parts, especially with the specialty (особый ассортимент)

metals Forge shop are working with some specific customers.

2. To analyze the development of texture in the extrusion process is not an easy

task.

3. Model ASOH of cold forming machines to be introduced in October can blank

up to 2.7mm diameter with 38mm length.

4. In order to take advantage of the greater strength possible with forgings the

fibre flow lines should run in the same direction as the greatest required

strength.

5. To refine the structure of metal is one of the primary reasons for hot mechanical

working of steel.

6. To squeeze a ring thinner means to increase its diameter.

7. In most cases the metal to be forged is heated to its correct forging temperature,

but sometimes cold-forging is done.

8. Engineers consider cold-drawn steel bars and rods to be frequently needed for

fabrication of various articles.

9. The carbon content was too high for the metal to be used without refining.

10.Model MCF-450 closed die forging press allows three sets of dies to be

for either a three step forging process or three separate products production

at one time.

B. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject,

the Complex Object and the For-Infinitive Construction.

1. Upsetting proves to be almost always one of the first operations performed in

machine forging.

2. “We’re 100% employee-owned”, executive vice president points out. “And it is

necessary for the company to be run well”.

3. We also talked extensively with our customers about what they wanted us to be

able to do.

4. The method does not appear to have enjoyed any industrial application.

5. Model CF-1 cold forming press utilizes a simplified link mechanism which is

said to provide higher tonnage capacity compared to conventional toggle crank

type presses.

6. Design is known to guarantee safe and simple operating conditions.

7. Drawing-out between narrow dies is considered to be the most efficient method.

8. What seems to be required is an instrument which can be brought into instant

use at any time.

9. The hammer is known to have been used throughout the ages as a symbol of

forging; today we know it to still occupy a prominent position in the forging

field.

10. It is interesting to note that both extruded battery cases and extruded

cartridge сases are reported to be more satisfactory than the drawn

articles.

The Subjunctive Mood

Translate the following sentences.

1. If the face of the blanking punch has any convex (выпуклый) contour, the

metal will be stretched plastically to that shape before shearing occurs.

2. The process shown requires that compact and sintered (спекание) blank be

reheated and forged to net-shape.

3. If an average forging operation were attempted cold, the metal would strain-

harden sufficiently to cause fracture in itself.

4. It is very important that a smith should know the names and uses of the tools he

has to deal with.

5. Had we used only one industrial robot in drop forging industry, we would not

have achieved the necessary rate of work.

6. If we moved the die axial to the direction of the corner, the friction over the

side surface would help to push the material into the corner.

7. If the forging had been completed after the first pass, it would have been

withdrawn and sheared off the bar at once.

8. Provided a blank of the given size is required, a die is made to that size and a

punch is made smaller.

9. Were the admissible max press capacity exceeded, the flywheel would slip.

10.Because a warm-forging process is used only in pre-forming stages,

temperature control is not as critical as it would be if forming were included in

the last stage.

Translate the sentences paying attention to the Comparative Clauses.

1. The curves also show that the greater the monthly production quantity is, the

lower the costs for the warm-forging process.

2. The greater the quantity to be produced and the higher the requirements of

uniformity and accuracy in regard to the shape and dimensions, the more

difficult the forging is.

3. The higher the stiffness is, the lower the deflection of the press and the shorter

the total contact time under the pressure.

4. The greater the required force of the blow is, the further the handle must be

turned, so as to open the channel completely.

5. The width of the die is selected to suit the capacity of the hammer as, the wider

the die, the less energy is transmitted by the impact to each unit of the area of

the metal to be worked.

Translate the sentences expressing negation.

1. The screw does not move, i.e. it does perform no stroke.

2. No material is a perfect conductor, and no material is a perfect insulator.

3. No forging equipment can perform all rolling operations.

4. Nobody could understand what he was spoken about.

5. In no case is the bar completely hardened throughout on the account of its

thickness.

Translate the following Attribute Constructions: a cold roll forming knowledge

based system; a double (triple)-action press for sheet metal pressing; free-flow

squeezing operation; a very good growth area; near-net-shape open-die forging;

longer tool life; double crank straight side presses; hydraulic overload protection;

blow sequence control; net-shape forged product; an advanced computer aided

simulation technique.

Translate the sentences paying attention to the words “that”, “it” “one”.

1. The design experts are those that have acquired the knowledge and experience.

2. That the hummer is especially designed to perform a wide variety of open die

forging operations is well known to the specialists in metal forming industry.

3. This is a relatively more severe operation than that performed on the copper

cups.

4. A smith forging is the one that is produced on a free forging hammer without

the use of dies.

5. Its main advantage is that it makes possible manufacturing of large size

forgings from comparatively smaller stocks.

6. Today, one can find predominance of small very efficient companies engaged

in water fitting (установка) production.

7. The methods used in hummer forging differ but slightly from those used in

hand forging operations.

8. With cold forging, the accuracy of the product depends strongly upon the

accuracy of the die, especially upon, that of a gear toothed die.

9. One must know that the temperatures of 1150 ̊ to 1300 ̊ are required for hot

working of steel.

10.It is this problem that is addressed in the paper.

Translate the sentences paying attention to the Prepositions and Conjunctions.

1. Direct economy of hydraulic press is achieved due to much lower original and

operating costs.

2. Drawing rectangular, oval and odd shapes both deep and shallow involves

principles of round drawing plus plain bending and in some cases stretching.

3. In order to produce desired shapes rolling is usually done in two or more

rolling operations.

4. Cold forging has been widely spread because it serves to reduce production

costs owing to its high productivity.

5. For blanking operations a steel die is made as thin as possible, since a thick die

would produce an excess of scrap.

6. It is clear that large ingots are now always forged with hydraulic presses

instead of steam hammers, for the work done by a press goes deeper.

7. A 500 MN Hydraulic Press was built neither in Russia nor in China.

8. Selection of the proper metal for the given use is an important part of

metallurgical practice, for often success of the work is dependent on it.

9. Since metal or alloy does not harden during hot working, there is practically no

limit to the amount of reduction that can be attained as long as the temperature

remains high enough.

10. Experimental investigations of a new forming method for the production of

complex shapes have been carried out for many years.

Translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined word combinations.

1. Upsetting is accompanied by considerable stresses resulting from the strains

developed in metals.

2. Where a blank is very large compared to metal thickness, curvature in a sheet

may result in inaccuracy.

3. Along the boundary between Alpha and Beta the former changes to the latter as

the temperature rises.

4. On the other hand hot copper forgings are usually troublesome on account of a

hard black oxide.

5. The drawing group of sheet metal working operations has much in common

with the drawing of wire.

6. Screw presses can be used for such parts as turbine blades as well as solid parts

of heavy crankshafts.

7. Today there exists a production process for manufacturing components from

powder which meets the very high requirements on rotary parts in aircraft jet

turbine engine.

8. The new software provides accurate forging simulations, resulting in optimal

forging plan.

9. The direct electric drive of a reversible motor does meet this demand in the

ideal way, as it completely eliminates all inter-connections.

10.Blanking, punching, trimming, shearing, otherwise cutting metal to shape in

dies, form a distinct group of press operations the subdivision of which has

much in common.

11.However, in rubber forming one of the dies in a set can be made of flexible

material, such as a rubber or poly urethane membrane.

12.The material in the blank is distributed prior to being blocked.

A. Translate the following sentences and define their grammar

structures.

1. Friction screw presses are said to have a simple approach to energy transfer and

low maintenance cost.

2. Generally, electric upsetting is followed by finish forging in a die.

3. The piston or steam hammer is becoming popular both in England and in other

countries.

4. Double-ram models of cold forming machines are available to remove billets

from the furnace and place them in the die. India appears to have been actuated

with iron and steel from an early age.

5. The productivity of automatic forging and stamping machines is ten or even

hundred times as great as that of automatic machine tools.

6. The metal is deformed between the hammer dies, the bottom die supporting the

work and the various tools employed during the forging operations.

7. As regards the degree of utilization of energy, steam hammers are far from

being perfect.

8. To prevent any possibility of breaking the cylinder cap and the consequent

hammer breakdown the cylinder is equipped with special protective devices.

9. The temperature variations are directly effected by the design of the surface in

contact and the material of the tool.

10.Before forging, steel must be heated to the highest possible temperature, which

in all cases, must be lower than that at which burning sets in.

11.Hot-rolling causes the grain to be elongated in the same direction as the mass of

metal is worked.

12.The new piercing process has enabled seamless tubes to be made from most

types of steels and many non-ferrous alloys.

13.Since annealing requires heating to a very high temperature, usually in reducing

atmosphere, the fuel to be used must be considered carefully.

14.Metal flow is strongly influenced by the evolving microstructure.

15.Since rolling on disc rolling mills being partial, a forging operation takes place

only on a portion of the surface, much lower pressures are required than in

conventional forging.

16.We know heavy hammers to be employed for hammer forging but we don’t

know them also to be sometimes equipped with automatic control mechanisms.

17.To obtain detailed sufficient knowledge about the sheet metal flow and the

forming mechanisms fundamental investigations have been carried out.

18.In manufacture of complex parts by forging and in order to reduce the loading

requirements the process is carried out at the elevated temperature.

19.We can give people the information they are interested in and they can request

the literature we’ll mail to them.

20.India appears to have been actuated with iron and steel from an early age.

B. Analyze the following complex sentences and translate them into

Russian.

1. In sizing operations, where the metal is usually moved very little and without

restriction, the most general application and the one receiving the greatest

attention is the sizing of steel drop forgings.

2. If the goal is to provide as simple installation as possible, so that the press can

be installed in a shop without additional safety precautions, then, obviously, it

must be built in such a way that a sudden release of energy is impossible.

3. A great advantage of a forging press over a steam hammer is that for machines

of equal capacity, a press, being entirely self contained, requires a much lighter

foundation, while a hammer must have a very massive foundation under the

anvil block.

4. The preform design problems are considered for flashless forging, and three

dimensional simulations are performed for the analysis of shape plate (толстый

лист металла) rolling.

5. Where several die castings are assembled together to form a single unit it’s

obvious that extremely fine limits must be maintained across mating hole

centers, and freedom from distortion on flat joint faces ensured if subsequent

machining operations are to be avoided.

6. When forging in hammers, the stock will always be cooled by the bottom die

more rapidly than by the top one, as the top die contacts the metal only when it

strikes it, whereas the bottom die is in contact with the metal all the time it is

being forged.

7. In classifying the dies and methods belonging to the drawing group of press

operations, perhaps the most general distinction is whether the shell is pushed

through the die or returned to the surface of the die to be pushed off.

8. In blanking operations where the blank is very large compared to the metal

thickness warp (деформация) or curvature in the sheet may result in

measurable inaccuracy of shape even though the die is accurate and the punch

is flat.

9. Coining under this classification of a squeezing group of operations, including

stamping and embossing, involves a variety of work in which the metal is

required to flow comparatively little but is subjected to extremely high pressure

to bring out a sharp design and lines or to obtain a very accurate surface.

10.Pressurized isostatic presses contain large amounts of stored energy and

therefore, safety precautions have to be taken at installation.

11.When selected properly, rubber forming processes have the advantages of low

tooling cost, flexibility and ease of operation, low die wear, no damage to the

surface of the sheet, and capability to form complex shapes.

12.In hydro-form or fluid-forming process the pressure over the rubber membrane

is controlled throughout the forming cycle, with maximum pressures being up

to 15,000 psi.

13.The control of frictional conditions in rubber forming as well as other sheet-

forming operations can be a critical factor in making parts successfully.

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