marine current turbines coastal marine power tm ltd
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd20 January 2009 I Mech E Manchester
Coastal Marine Power and the Role of Marine Current Turbine’s technology
by Peter Fraenkel, BSc(Eng), CEng, FIMechE, FIETechnical Director
Marine Current Turbines LtdThe Court, The Green,
S k Giff d B i l BS34 8PD UK
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Stoke Gifford, Bristol BS34 8PD, UK.
www.marineturbines.com
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Climate change - CO2 last 1000 years
Start of industrial revolution
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Peak Oil - the Supply-Demand GapSource: Dick Lawrence, The Case for Modeling World Energy Flow, World Energy Modelling, Berlin 2004
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, g gy , gy g,
BB
?100
80 gap?World
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Conservation ?Renewables ?Lifestyle change ?Substitution ?
OPEC40
Substitution ?Deprivation ?Conflict ?
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3
0
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040
USA
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Most renewables are diffuse
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Source: Prof. David MacKay
Sustainable Energy Without the Hot air 2008
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Marine Energy - the options
Technology Status Loadfactor
(%)
InstalledCapital cost
(£/kW)
Unit costelectricity(p/kWh)
Size of UKresource(TWh/yr) ☯Offshore wind commercial 25 to 40% 1300 – 2000 5 to 7p over 100
Tidal barrage uneconomical 20 to 25% 1500 - 3000 >9p ~50Tidal & marine currentturbines
pilot projects 30 to 45% 1500 - 2500 3 to 9p * >20
☯☯
☯☯?
Wave – shoreline OWC experimental 20 to 30% 1500 - 3000 5 to 10p ~2Wave - nearshore OWC experimental 25 to 35% 1500 - 3000 5 to 12p ~50Wave - offshore – pointor line absorber or
pilot projects 20 to 50% 1500 - 2500 ? 4 to 12p * >100☯?
☯?OWCOTEC experimental 80% + ? ? ? n/a to UKSalt gradient laboratory 80% + ? ? ? ?
* Carbon Trust “Future Marine Energy: The Results of the Marine Energy Challenge” Jan 2006?
Carbon Trust Future Marine Energy: The Results of the Marine Energy Challenge , Jan 2006 figures apply for 1GW installed
Highlighted rows show technologies most likely to be cost-effective for use off the UK
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Wind - the big one for the UK?
23,000 offshore 5MW i d t bi ld d liwind turbines would deliver
on average more than the entire present UK domesticentire present UK domestic electricity demand
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
UK Offshore Wind
Gross usable Sea-Space = 76,000km2
Typical power capture = 3MW/km2
Gross energy capture = 3 200 TWh/yrGross energy capture 3,200 TWh/yrDTI projection (2002) = 100 TWh/yr
implies the government only expects top es t e go e e t o y e pects touse 3% of gross at approx 7GW
A total of approx 390TWh of l t i it t d i th UKelectricity was generated in the UK
in 2004.
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
La Rance Tidal Power Barragethe exception that proves the rule
Rance River estuary, Brittany (France) 24×10 MW bulb turbines (240 MW)
the only large tidal barrage in the world
( )Built 1966
http://www.stacey.peak-media.co.uk/Brittany2003/Rance/Rance.htm
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Severn Barrage - coming up for its 4th review
• Severn River estuary• 8,640 MW total capacity• 17 TWh average energy output• 17 TWh average energy output• Ebb generation with flow pumping• 16 km (9.6 mi) total barrage length• £14 billion estimated cost• 27% Capacity Factor (2 x 4hr in 24hr)
unlikely to be economically competitive
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Comparison: Severn tidal barrage v tidal stream
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Severn Barrage - coming up for its 4th review
siltProposed Cardiff Weston Barragesilt
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Excellent Reference
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
What could beWhat could be possible
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Where we seem to beseem to be heading?
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
State Sector Energy R&D spending 1974-2005
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Structural: the reaction to power generation
~100t per MW at 2.5m/s~170t per MW at 1.5m/s
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Decentralised Marine RE Systems*:What do we need for commercial success?What do we need for commercial success?
1. Scale – must be 1MW or more to be economic
2. Access – safe, affordable, reliable access for servicing
3. Reliability – need to minimise costly intervention
4. Life – several decades; otherwise not economic
f t h l d l h t… few technology developers are anywhere near to delivering technology to fit these criteria
17* i.e. wave and tidal stream energy systems
Marine Current Turbines TM LtdWave EnergyWave EnergyUK Resource
water depth(m)
mean power(GW)
annualenergy( ) ( ) gy(TWh)
40 10 8720 7 61
shoreline 0.2 1.75
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Shoreline Wave Energy Converters: Wavegen’s Limpet Oscillating Water ColumnWavegen s Limpet Oscillating Water Column
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Near-shore - Aquamarine “Oyster”
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Pelamis Wave Power
Pitching segments react against each other -ghydraulic rams drive hydraulic motor and hence an electrical generatoran electrical generator
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Ocean Power Technology - 40kW Powerbuoy
Heaving buoy with internal reaction
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Wave Dragon - overtopping wave collector
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Tidal Stream EnergyTidal Stream Energy
1. Large resource - too big to be neglected or ignored
2. Technical feasibility - rapid development is possible3. Predictability - driven by gravity - not weather4. Minimal environmental impact - and favourable ERoEI - <12mths
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San Bernardino Straits - The Philippinesshown running at 3.5m/s or 7 knots
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Marine currents = High energy intensityA tidal current turbine gainsover 4x as much energy perm2 of rotor as a wind turbine
Size Comparison 1MW wind turbine compared with 1MW tidal turbine1MW tidal turbine
1 x 55m dia
Outline of 1MW solar array 70m x 70m
2 x 16m dia
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
The Effect of Velocity Shear
Velocity Power / EnergySea Level
75% of the Energy is75% of the Energy is in the upper 50% of the water column
25% of the Energy is
Sea Bed
in the lower 50%
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Hammerfest Strøm 300kW - (2003 - ?)
Hammerfest Strøm 300kW axial flow (Norway)( y)
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Ponte di Archimede “Kobold” Turbine - (2004) - 20kW
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
North American experimental devices
UEK - 30kW?
Verdant Power (35kW) (6 units in East River NY)
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Recent experimental devices in 2007
Open Hydro - 50kW?
Clean Current - 50 to 100kW?
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Marine Current Turbines: SeaGenMarine Current Turbines: SeaGen
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
MCT responsible for 3 out of 5 tidal turbines tested so far in the UK
at least 300m2 rotor area needed for economic viabilitybecause of high fixed cost overheads of off-shore projects
MCT MCT MCTMCT MCT MCT
10m2 150m2
95m2
28m2
402m2
note that SeaGen is the first large enough for
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note that SeaGen is the first large enough for commercial viability - 4x the size of even Seaflow
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltdrotor areasq.m.
410400390
Square metres of
380370360350340330320310
qtidal turbines in the sea so far….
310300290280270260250240
300 sq.m. gives about 1000kW at 2.5m/s
nominal minimum size for commercial scale generation
240230220210200190180170170160150140130120110100100
908070605040302010
0Rotor Area 10 24 95 113 28 20 28 28 48 28 402 sq.m.Rotor Size 3.5 2 x 4 11 12 6 5 6 6 4 x 12 6 2 x 16 metres
oof o
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ept
UEK
aflo
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troem
him
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urre
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ereu
s
Solo
n
eaGen
MCT Pr
oCon
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mer
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Str
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rdan
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AR SMCT
Sea
Date 1994 2002 2003 2003 2004 2006 2006 2006 2007 2008 2008
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Background: 15kW Tidal Current Turbine (1994-5) PROOF OF CONCEPT PROJECTPROOF OF CONCEPT PROJECT(IT Power. Scottish Nuclear & NEL)
Loch Linnhe, ScotlandWorld’s first tidal current turbine
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Seaflow installed30 May 2003
operational rotor raised for access
30 May 2003rotor dia. 11m (= 95 sq.m.)rated power 300kW @ 2.5m/spile dia 2 1m mass 130tpile dia. 2.1m mass 130twater depth 24m ± 5m
Low cost accessfrom a RIB
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen Prototype Some key features:-
2 x 600kW rotors:16m diameter
rotors and nacelles raised abovesea level for maintenance and easy replacementeasy replacement
transformer and electrical connection to grid in accessibleand visible housing at top of pile
180 degree pitch control allows efficient rotor operation ith biefficient rotor operation with bi-directional flow
deployment in arrays or “farms”
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deployment in arrays or farms .of hundreds of turbines
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Seagen: Performance at Lynmouth & Strangford
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen - 600kW hub, gearbox and generator
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Speed-increasing gearbox
8 planet wheels to cope with torque
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Rotor assembly at H&W - 16m diameter - 2 x 600kW
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen 1.2MW Commercial
Demonstrator- installed in Strangfordinstalled in Strangford
Narrows, NI
- to be used as testbed for- to be used as testbed forSeaGen technology
will have continuous- will have continuous environmental monitoring
9k- mean max current 9kt water depth 25m ± 2m
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- but structural change frommonopile as shown to jacket
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Seacore Jackup-rig Excalibur visits Strangford 16-19 April 2005, to complete SeaGen geotechnical survey- original plan was to use Excalibur for monopile installation
but in the end no jack-up barge proved to be available
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Plan ‘B’ - Jacket FoundationUnable to obtain use of Jack-up pBarge within sensible time frame
Therefore MCT team worked fast toTherefore MCT team worked fast to convert monopile structure to new self-installing Quadrapod - from
t t i t ll ti i b l iconcept to installation in barely six months
This is designed to be drilled into place from temporary platform and can be positioned from a Cranecan be positioned from a Crane Barge
Pinned to seabed with 1m diameter steel piles, 9m embedment
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
I idInside SeaGen…
5 levels containing…
power conditioning 11kV transformerscontrol systemssafety systemshydraulic lift mechanismshydraulic lift mechanisms
cooling & climate-control
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen showing quadropod (4 feet)quadropod (4 feet)
jacket structure being collected by g y
crane barge “Rambiz” at
H l d & W lffHarland & Wolff, Belfast
ballasted to over 1000 tonnenote temp drill platform
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Positioning operation
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen is lowered to the seabed
04:35hrs 2 April 2008
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Construction Barge in Position alongside SeaGen
note drilling platform with two conductor tubes in place-note drilling platform with two conductor tubes in place
SeaGen structure ballasted to stay in place during drilling
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Drilling and Grouting Operations - carried out from temporary work platform
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen: installation completed
15 May 2008
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen commissioning in progressnote - this shows rotors raised at slack tide
Notes:
1. Safe access to these technologies is vital - nothing is 100% reliable
2 The UK Maritime &2. The UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency seems happier with a well-marked surface-piercing structuresurface piercing structure than something that is submerged and invisible
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen commissioning
Tide races are dangerous places but safe access is vital - no system is 100% reliable
Marine Current Turbines TM LtdSeaGen note - this shows rotors raised
at about 1 5 2m/s flowat about 1.5-2m/s flow
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen note - this shows typical
flow at over 3m/s
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGenSeaGen
Cross arm being raised with strongCross arm being raised with strong current flow as viewed from superstructure
Safety boat “running to stand still”Safety boat “running to stand still”
Without pitch controlled rotors this would not be possiblep
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen maintenance
Most maintenance and repair functions can be completed rapidly, using no more than p y, gsmall service vessels
Here: fitting a new rotor blade
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen delivers …. full power 14 Oct 08
620kWpower
generator speed
1000rpm
1300hr 1400hr 1500hr 1600hr
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
SeaGen delivers …. full power December 08
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Potential Tidal Current Energy Sites (Irish Sea)
ScotlandAnalysis of tidal flows was difficult but new techniques are making it easierare making it easier.
This is a computer t d d l f th
N.I.
Strangford
generated model of the entire Irish Sea tidal flow regime at Spring Tide, 3h ft HW B lf t
Belfast
g3hrs after HW Belfast
However only areas shown in magenta (and ringed in blue)
Wales
magenta (and ringed in blue) have enough energy to be useful
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Walesimage courtesy Kirk McClure Morton
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Next stage - 10 MW SeaGen Array - Anglesey Skerries - Walesproject planned for 2010-11 - MCT & RWE npower renewables
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Costs of projects (GB £) and main sources of financeProof of Joint project ~ £0.35M Proof of Concept 1992-1995
p j IT Power ~ £0.50M Scottish Nuclear ~ £0.25M NEL £0 50MNEL ~ £0.50M
Seaflow 1998-2006
Consortium project~ £3.4M European Commission ~ £0 8MEuropean Commission ~ £0.8MUK Government (DTI) ~ £1.3M MCT & partners ~ £1.3M
SeaGen MCT project ~ £20.5MSeaGen 2003-2009
MCT project £20.5M UK Government (DTI) ~ £5.2M EDF Energy ~ £1.0M
C £1 3Marine Current Turbines ~ £14.3MSeaGen Array 2008-2011
Consortium Project~ £52M MCT RWE npower renewables +MCT, RWE npower renewables + possible further investors
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Driving down costsNote 1p = £0 01 ≅ Euro 1 5cNote 1p £0.01 ≅ Euro 1.5c
Severn Barrage at 8% di t8% discount rate - if built to budget!
?
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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Environmental Issues
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Principal Environmental Issues - tidal stream
Pollution (water quality): lubricant (~1m3), anti-fouling (zero), electromagnetic fields (~1m from cable)
N t lNatural processes:possible disturbance of seabed, changes to sedimentation
Marine fauna &/or flora:Marine fauna &/or flora:possible effects on benthos, fish, marine mammals diving birds and marine flora
Human activities:marine traffic/navigation, fishing, drift diving, tourism, local trade
Cultural Heritage and landscape:i l i i i d ivisual impact - positive and negative
Climate Changerapid changes, sea level rise, possible ending of Gulf Stream, marine pH changing,rapid changes, sea level rise, possible ending of Gulf Stream, marine pH changing,extreme storms, etc
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Marine Mammals - Seals
Tagging12 animals
Antenna
12 animals Pre-installationPost installation
66Courtesy SMRU St Andrews
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Common Seal tracking telemetry by SMRU-4 °-4 °-5 °-5 °-5 °-5 °-6 °-6 °-6 °-6 °
5...
5...
5...
5... 5°30' W5°40' W6°00' W
5...
5...
5...
5...
4°10
' N
4°10
' N
5°30' W5°40' W
5...
5...
5...
5...
5454
54°3
0' N
54°3
0' N
Lines : gps.refgp4_GSM103_06gp4_GSM106_06gp4_GSM108_06gp4_GSM152_06gp4_GSM157_06gp4_GSM330_06gp4_GSM333_06gp4_GSM446_06gp4_GSM669_06gp4_GSM948_06gp4_GSM979_06gp4_GSM981_06
Points
5...
5...
5...
5...
54°0
0' N
54°0
0' N
Points
GSSHS_UKAreas0 100 km
-4 °-4 °-5 °-5 °-5 °-5 °-6 °-6 °-6 °-6 °
5...
5...
0
5°30' W5°40' W6°00' W
gp4_GSM157_06malestart 03 Aprlast tx 14 Jul 0
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last tx 14 Jul5°30' W5°40' W
gp4_GSM948_06femalestart 04 Maylast tx 17 JunCourtesy SMRU St Andrews
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Bird fatalities from wind turbines & other causes:getting things into perspectiveg g g p p
Prof. David MacKay
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Route towards Second Generation Technology1. develop a reliable power
it b d S2. Scale it up and down
ithi bl li itp p
unit based on Seagen p
within reasonable limits
8m (26ft) 12m (39ft) 16m (52ft) 20m (65ft) 24m (76ft)110kW 270kW 525kW 880kW 1,350kW
6 rotors of ---- 8m dia 12m dia 16m dia 20m dia 24m dia
3. Deploy suitably sized array of rotors across current
6 rotors of ---- 8m dia 12m dia 16m dia 20m dia 24m diagive rating of --- 0.66MW 1.6MW 3.1MW 5.3MW 8.1MW
…. but we need to develop a suitable structure to hold them
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
MCT 2nd Generation - patented horizontal array structure -operates wholly submerged but with self surfacing capability to facilitate safe accessfacilitate safe access
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Second Generation - horizontal array structure
Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Progress as planned by MCT - bigger and better
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Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd
Marine Current Turbines Ltdhttp://www.marineturbines.com
tel: (+44 or 0) 117 979 1888
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tel: (+44 or 0) 117 979 1888