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Marine Energy in the UK State of the Industry Report 2012 March 2012 www.RenewableUK.com

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Page 1: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

Marine Energy in the UKState of the Industry Report 2012March 2012

www.RenewableUK.com

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Contents

1. Introduction 2

2. A Year in Policy 3

3. Financing and Funding 73.1Privateandpublicfundingrequirements 73.2EnhancedRenewablesObligationBanding 83.3Infrastructureandinnovationinvestment 8

4. Project status 104.1Projectcasestudies 10

5. Device types 255.1Tidal 265.2Wave 33

6. UK and abroad 396.1UKposition 396.2Globaldevelopments 416.3Export 416.4Import 41

7. Industrial Partnerships 42

8. Future Challenges 44

9. Getting Involved 45

10. End Notes 46

Acknowledgements:

RenewableUKandBVGAssociatesaregratefultothefollowingcompaniesfortheirco-operationwiththisstudy:ABB,Alstom,AquamarinePower,

AtlantisResourcesCorporation,AW-Energy,AWSOceanEnergy,E.ONClimateandRenewables,FredOlsen,HammerfestStrom,KawasakiHeavy

Industries,MarineCurrentTurbines,Minesto,OceanPowerTechnologies,OpenHydro,PelamisWavePower,PulseTidal,Rolls-Royce,Scottish

PowerRenewables,ScotRenewables,Seatricity,Siemens,TidalEnergy,TidalGeneration,VoithHydro,WaveDragon,Wello.

Authors:

BVG Associates: SeanMatthews,JennyAdams&BruceValpy

RenewableUK: DavidKrohn

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1. Introduction

In2011itbecameclearthatthewaveandtidalenergyindustryintheUKhadreachedatippingpoint.Asitdecisivelymovedtowardscommercialviabilitytheindustryofferedvastimprovementsinitsvalueproposition,drivenbyasurgeindeploymentandademonstrabletrackrecord.Asaresultwenowhaveproposalsforthefirstwaveandtidalarraysandthefrontrunningdevelopersarelookingtodevelopmulti-megawattprojects.

Increasedvisibilityofprojectpipelinesandimprovedlevelsofknowledgewithinthesectorhavederiskedprojects,indicatingapathwaytoprofitability.Theflowofmanufacturingcapabilityintotheindustrythroughtheinvolvementofmajororiginalequipmentmanufacturers(OEMs)hasvastlyimprovedthecredibilityoftheindustryandwenowhaveseveralindustrialpartnershipsdevelopingtheforemostprojects.Theinvolvementofmajorenergyutilitiesisfurtherevidenceofprogressaswenowhaveendcustomersintimatelyinvolvedinthedevelopmentprocess.

Theincreasedattractivenessoftheindustrytoinvestorsislargelyduetogovernmentsupportandseveralhighprofiledemonstrationsofcommitment.Withtheprovisionofincreasedrevenuesupport,asheraldedinthe2011consultationonRenewableObligationCertificate(ROC)rebanding,andupfrontcapitalsupportoffered,DECCisworkinghardtounlockprivatesectorinvestment.TheScottishGovernmenthasbeenequallyengagedandhasprovidedtheScottishRenewableObligationregimetocomplimenttheupfrontcapitalsupportofitsown.Theharmonisationoftherevenuesupportregimesformarineenergyisverywelcomebutitisvitalthatthegovernmentcontinuestodiscusswaysofensuringthatthevariousfundingstreamsarebothcoordinatedandcomplementary.

Thenextgenerationofdevicesismakinganincreasinglymeaningfulcontributiontotheindustryintermsofknowledgeandexperienceacquisition,asnewconceptsarecontinuallybeingvalidated.Therearearangeofdeveloperswithsub-scaledevicesbeingtested,helpingtofuelcostreduction,driveinnovationandcontributetowardsthereliabilityofdevices.Notonlydotheselatestdevicesprovidenewwaysofutilizingtheimmenselyvariedconditionsofthemarineenvironment,theyprovidefurtherimpetustotheindustrybycreatingmarketpressureanddrivingtheleaderstoincorporatecostsavingmeasures.

InFebruary2012,theEnergyandClimateChangeselectcommittee,madeupofinfluentialMPs,releasedtheirreportentitled“TheFutureofMarineRenewables”whichurgestheUKGovernmenttoactdecisivelytoensurethattheUKreapsthefullbenefitsdeliveredbythewaveandtidalsector.Attheheartoftheirreportistherecognitionthattheglobalindustrycouldbeworth£3.7billiontotheUKby2020.ThechancetoproviderealvaluetotheUK,generateBritishjobsandcatalyzethelowcarbonindustrialrevolutionarethekeymotivationsbehindthepositivepoliciesthatwehaveseenfromgovernment.

ThepositivefindingsoftheMarineEnergyStrategicEnvironmentalAssessment,backedupbytherecentstudiesbyindustryandacademia,indicatethatthereisnosubstantiveenvironmentalimpedimenttothedevelopmentoftheindustry.However,werecognizetheimportanceoftacklingemergingissuesandwillcontinuetoengagewithenvironmentalandacademicgroupsbuildingknowledgeofenvironmentalissues.

Theplanningsystemiscomplexanditisvitalthatclarityisprovidedinatimelyandthoroughway.Marine

Scotland’sandMarineManagementOrganisation’smovetoanevidencebasedapproachiswelcome,butitshouldnotbeimplementedinawaywhichcouldlengthentheprocessingtimesforapplications.Thatsaid,thesignsfromtheMMOhavebeenpositiveandMarineScotlandhasmadeprogressinconsentingprojects,approvingthelargestTidalStreamprojectintheworldsoforin2011atIslay.

Notingthesedevelopments,itisclearthattheWaveandTidalenergyindustryispoisedtotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesprovidedbytheUK’smarinelegacy.TheUK’sscience,technologyandengineeringcapabilityareideallysuitedtoharnesstheenergyresourcesinourwatersandthegovernmenthasputtherequisitesupportivepoliciesinplace.Itisnowuptoallinvolvedtotakethenextstepsinitsdevelopmentandmovetowardsdeploymentatscale.Withdeploymentactivitysurgingin2011andsettocontinueitsmomentumin2012,thesectorisgoingfromstrengthtostrengthandisstartingtodeliveronitsimmensepotential.

Throughoutthisreportthediscussionofthetidalindustryislimitedtothatfortidalstreamdevicesandexcludesconsiderationoftidalrangeprojectsortechnology.

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2. A Year in Policy

Thelastyearhasseenaconsiderableamountofpolicyactivity,asthesectorlandscapewasfundamentallyreshapedbythereviewoftheRenewablesObligationregimeandtheprovisionofupfrontcapitalsupportfromgovernment.Thesurgeindeploymentandtheinfluxofhighprofilecompaniesintothesectorhasgeneratedwiderinterestinwaveandtidaltechnology,withthesectorenjoyingaheightenedprofileinthemediaasaresult.

Governmenthasprovidedaseriesofpositivesignalstoindustry,culminatinginthereleaseof“TheFutureofMarineRenewablesintheUK”reportbytheEnergyandClimateChangeCommitteeinFebruaryof2012.ThispanelofMPsbroughttogetherarangeofevidencefromacrosstheindustrytogiveasummaryoftheactivityintherecentpastandproposeafuturepathwayforthedevelopmentoftheindustry.TheyrightlyrecognizedthatthefundingofthefirstarraysisacrucialenablertocapturingtheindustrywithinBritainanddeliveringtheeconomicopportunitiesitholdsfortheUKeconomy.

AmongsttheirmosthelpfulconclusionsarerecommendationstoDECC(DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange)tourgentlyprovideclarityovertheElectricityMarketReformmechanism,improvetheallocationandmanagementofupfrontcapitalsupportfundsandheightentheambitionofthedeploymenttargetsoftheindustryasoutlinedinDECCRenewablesRoadmap.Thereportwaswidelyperceivedasbringinglogicalandbalancedargumentstobearontheissueofwaveandtidalenergydevelopment,urgingindustrytoimproveitscostreductiontargetsandworktogethertoincreaseinformationsharing.

Furthermore,theCommitteeidentifiedgridconstraints,environmentalconcernsandalackofclarityovertheplanningprocessastheprimarynon-financialbarrierstothedevelopmentoftheindustry.ThedesiretoeliminatethesebarriersisinlinewithRenewableUKobjectivesandiswelcomedasademonstrationofsupportfromahighlevelofficialpanel.

2.1 Financing the future

2.1.1 The Renewable Obligation Regime

Themovetoward5RenewableObligationCertificates(ROCs)foreachmegawatthourproducedbywaveandtidalenergyinstallations,proposedinDECC’sRenewablesObligationBandingReviewConsultationinOctober2011,waswelcomedbytheindustry.Thismeasuresignalsgovernmentcommitmentandsupportforthesector,whileenablingthenextstageofcommercialdevelopment.Alevelof5ROCsprovidesmediumtermcertaintytoinvestorsandanenhancedrevenuestreamforthefirstcommercialprojects.

Thepromiseof5ROCsisamajorelementcontributingtowardstheincreasingconfidenceinthesectorbutitcarriesaninherentrequirementforcostreduction.Theindustryneedstodemonstratethatthecostofenergywillfalltoasustainableleveltocatalyselargescaledeployment.

2.1.2 The Electricity Market Reform

TheElectricityMarketReform(EMR)waslaunchedin2010,withtheWhitePaperfollowingin2011.Theinitiativewaswelcomedbytheindustry.However,governmentintroducingclarityassoonaspossibleonthesupportiveEMRregimewasdeemedabsolutelyessential.Earlyvisibilityoverthelevelofsupportwillensurecontinuedinvestorconfidenceandengagement.

Indeed,theswitchtotheContractforDifferencewithaFeedinTariff(CfDFiT)mechanismhasthepotentialtoprovidelongtermstabilitytothemarketandincentivizedeveloperstoreducecosts.TheCfDFiTwouldseta“strikeprice”orasetpriceforelectricityfromwaveandtidalenergy,atasustainablelevellinkedtotheactualcostofproducingelectricityfromtheenergyoftheocean.

TheCfDFiTmechanismwouldthusrewardcostreductionsasthemarginbetweenthestrikepriceandthecosttothedeveloperwouldincrease.Whilethebandingapproachtakentosupportthedevelopmentofmarineenergyinthe

ROCregimewouldbecarriedoverintotheEMR,theemphasisoncostreductionisimportantasitdrivesthemarineenergyindustrytostriveforcostparitywithmoreestablishedenergygenerationtechniques.

TheEMRisakeypolicyforthegrowthoftheindustryasitholdsthepotentialtoprovidethelongtermcertaintytheindustryneedstodevelop.WhiletheROCregimeiscrucialforthemediumtermdevelopmentoftheindustry,theEMRwillbeinplaceduringacrucialperiod(post2017)fortheindustry.ItishopedthatthemechanismwillbuildonthemomentumgainedfromtheROCregimeandconsolidatetheUK’sgloballead.However,toogreatareductioninthesupportlevelwouldjeopardizeourfirstmoveradvantageandputtheBritishindustryatthreat.Whilewerecognizetheneedtoprovidevaluetotheconsumersofelectricityandatimelineforcostreduction,webelievethatanyreductioninthelevelofsupportshouldbelinkedtothelevelofdeploymentachievedandthusthecontinueddemonstrationofsuccessfulelectricitygeneration.

2.1.3 Marine Energy Array Demonstrator – Department of Energy and Climate Change

DECChasprovided£20millionpoundsfromitsLowCarbonInnovationFundtodevelopwaveandtidalenergyprojectsintheUnitedKingdom.TheMarineEnergyArrayDemonstrator(MEAD)fundaimstodevelopthefirstcommercialarraysbyenablingleadingdeveloperstomovefromsingledevicetestingtoarrayprojects.TheMEADfundiscrucialtothedevelopmentoftheindustryasitclosesthefundinggapforthecapitalintensivefirstarraysandprovidestheopportunitytodeveloptheknowledgeandcapabilityoftheindustry.Importantly,thefundislimitedto25%ofthetotalcapitalneededtodevelopaproject,inlinewithEuropeanUnionstateaidlaws.

2.1.4 Marine Renewables Commercialization Fund – Scottish Government

TheScottishGovernmenthasrecognizedtheopportunityinitscoastalenvironmentandhasputanarraysupportscheme

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inplace.The£18millionMarineArrayCommercialisationFund(MRCF)isgearedtowardsdevelopingthecommercialviabilityoftheindustryandissettoputtheindustryonthepathwaytoprofitability.Itsmainobjectiveistoprovideasteppingstonetounlockingthepotential1.6GWPentlandFirthandOrkneyWatersleasinground.TheMRCFrepresentsastepchangeinScottishfundingandisverymuchalignedtorequirementsofindustry.FurtherfundingforthedevelopmentofinfrastructurecriticaltothedevelopmentoftheindustryissettoconsolidateScotland’scurrentleadingpositionandremoveconstraintsaroundthecapacitytodeliverprojects.

2.1.5 Funding innovationResearchanddevelopmentplaysakeyroleindevelopingdevicessuitablefortheharshandincrediblyvariedmarineenvironment.Itreducescostsbydevelopingsolutionstothedifficultiesofoperatingundertheseaandbringingforwardconceptsthatenableheighteneddeployment.Improvedknowledgehelpstomitigatetheimpactsofmarineenergyinstallationsandeliminatetheremainingbarrierstothecommercialisationoftheindustry.

TheUKisaleaderintheareaofinnovationandthedevelopmentofthemarineenergyindustriesprovidesanopportunitytotakeadvantageofitsexcellentacademicandengineeringcapabilities.Traditionally,theUKhasfailedtocommercialisepromisingtechnologiesandallowedothercountriestobenefitfromadvancesithasmadeinthepre-commercialphase.ThegovernmentisdeterminedthatthisshouldnothappentomarineenergyandhasprovidedarangeofinitiativesaimedtowardretainingthebenefitoftheadvancestheUKhasmadeupuntilthispoint.

TheTechnologyStrategyBoardisakeyplayerinthisareaandit’smostrecentfundingcall,“MarineEnergy-SupportingArrayTechnologies,”targetscrucialareaswiththepotentialforsignificantcostreduction.Furthermore,itsOffshoreRenewablesCatapultishelpingtheindustryvaulttheinnovationgapbycoordinatingtheR&Dagenda,aligningtheoutputsofacademiawiththerequirementsofindustryandproviding

amechanismforconnectingthevariouspartsofthevaluechain.TheongoingcontributionoftheCarbonTrust,EnergyTechnologiesInstituteandtheenterprisebodies,amongstothers,shouldnotbeunderestimatedandprovidekeystrategicdirectiontotheinnovationagenda.

2.1.6 The Green Investment BankWhenthegovernmentinitiallylaidoutitsvisionfortheGreenInvestmentBank,itpointedtowardstherevolutionaryroleitwouldplayincatalyzingthelowcarbonindustrialrevolutionbysupportingearlystagetechnologies.AstheGIBhasdeveloped,ithasbecomeclearthatitwillbeginprovidingdebtfinancingonapurelycommercialbasis.Thischangeintheoriginalvisionforthebankhascompromisedtheabilityforittohavearealimpactonbringingmarineenergyprojectstomarketbefore2016.Thiswasconfirmedinthewrittenministerialstatement,wheremarineenergywasnotidentifiedasaprioritysector.ItisimportantthattheGIBprovidesastrongermessagetoinvestorsanddemonstratesthegovernment’scommitmenttosupportingthispromisingsector.RenewableUKplanstocontinueeducatingofficialsatBISandelsewhereoftheimportanceinrecognizingthehugepotentialofmarinetechnologyasadvocatedbytheindependentCommitteeonClimateChange.

2.2 Removing the barriers to deployment

2.2.1 Strategic Environmental Assessment

In2010,DECCextendedthescopeofitsStrategicEnvironmentalAssessment(SEA)toincludethewaveandtidalindustries.Aimedatenablingdevelopmentthroughtheeradicationofbarriers,theSEAprocessisavitalcomponentofthedrivetofullyunderstandthemarineenvironmentandthepotentialimpactsthatmarineenergyextractioncouldhave.TheSEAreportwasdevelopedbasedonextensiveanalysisanda12weekpublicconsultationonthefindings,whichclosedonthe12thofMay2011.Followingthepublicationofthepost

consultationreportinOctober2011,DECCconcludedthatthereare“nooverridingenvironmentalconsiderationstopreventtheachievementofourdraftplanofleasing…waveandtidalinstallations.ThustheSEApavesthewayforfutureleasingroundsofmarineenergyandlaysoutasuitableplanforinteractionwithotherusersofthemarineenvironment.Itreiteratestheneedtoimplement...appropriatemeasuresthatprevent,reduceandoffsetsignificantadverseimpacts…”Thisapproachtoachievingastreamlineddevelopmentprocessenablesmitigatingactionsproportionaltotheimpactsofsmallarraysandsingledevicesintheshorttomediumtermandaframeworkforidentifyinganddealingwithmoresignificantimpactsastheindustryexpands.Furthermore,theenvironmentalreporthighlightsthatsitingandconsentingprocessesforoffshorerenewableenergydevelopmentsmustremainflexibletoallowfortechnologicalinnovation,includinganymitigationmeasures.

2.2.2 Marine Planning

TheMarineManagementOrganisationandMarineScotlandaremakingconsistentprogresstowardsatransparentandequitableconsentingprocess.Crucially,theswitchtoanevidencebasedapproachwillhelptoensurethatconsentingfacilitatestherightkindsofdevelopmentsintherightareas.Itisimportantthattheybasetheirdecisionsonsoundscienceandneedtoremainmindfulofthepotentialdelaytoprojectsandplacingunnecessarybarriersinthepathofdevelopment.Itisvitalthatallactorsmaintainastakeintheprocessasthemarinespatialplanningframeworkgetsredesigned.

TheredefinitionofsustainabledevelopmentinBritishlaw,theHabitatsRegulationsAppraisalandtheimplementationofMarineConservationZonesandMarineProtectedAreascangoalongwaytoprotectingthewealthofthemarineenvironment.However,careneedstobetakentoensurethattheseimportantinitiativesdonotinhibitthegrowthoftheindustrybyaddingunnecessaryandexorbitantcostsontoprojectsthatwillcontributesignificantlytothecarbonreductionagenda.

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2.2.3 Grid and transmission charging

ThelocationoftheUK’smarineenergyresourcesposesachallengeasthetransmissionnetworkhashistoricallybeenbuiltouttowardsthermalpowerstationsratherthanareasofhighrenewableresource.Furthermore,thecurrenttransmissionchargingregimepenalisesenergyinstallationsfarfromthecentresofpopulation.Whilethemainlandhasawelldevelopedgrid,theislandsarepenalisedandcanfacetransmissionchargesupto7timesmoreexpensivethanthoseonmainlandBritain.Arebalancingofthechargingregimeisrequiredtofacilitatetheexpansionoftherenewablesindustry.

OfgemhasengagedtheentireenergyindustrythroughitsProjectTransmiT,whichisattemptingtomaketransmissionchargesfairerandlessskewedtowardstraditionalenergygenerationtechnology.ProjectTransmiTisexpectedtoissueproposalsinthespringandRenewableUKhasinputintothese.However,itremainstobeseenwhatchargingregimeProjectTransmiTwillrecommendfortheislands,andcertainlyRenewableUKbelievestherewillbefurtherworktobedoneregardingtheoffshorechargingregime.

Plansforseveraloffshoreinterconnectorcablesarewelcome,withimprovedcablingconnectingthedifferentcountriesandregionsoftheUnitedKingdom.ThesubseaWesternandEasternHVDCcablesor“bootstraps”aresettorevolutionizeoffshoreenergygenerationwithimprovedtransmissionoptionstoallpartsoftheUK.

Additionalinternationalinterconnectorswillbewelcomeastheyenableinternationaltradeinelectricity,therebyallowingenergytoflowfromwhereitismosteconomicallyproducedtowhereitismostneeded.TherecentlyconfirmedFrance–Alderney–Britainconnectionisplannedtoallowanadditional4GWofinterconnectorcapacityandholdsinterestingpossibilitiesforthesharingofenergyresources.

2.3 Facilitating framework

2.3.1 The Role of the Crown Estate

TheCrownEstateplaysacrucialroleinsupportingdevelopmentofwaveandtidalprojects,whichprimarilyconsistsofleasingprojectsitesinUKwaters.Todate,ithasleased33sitesforprojectsofarangeofsizesandpurposes,fromengineeringtestanddemonstrationfacilitiesforsingleprototypesthroughtocommercialprojectsiteswithseveralhundredmegawattspotentialcapacity.CurrentlyunderwayisatidalstreamenergyleasingroundintheRathlinIslandandTorrHeadstrategicareaoffNorthernIreland,whichhaspotentialfor200MWofprojects.

Aswellasprovidingleases,TheCrownEstateworkscloselywithdeveloperstoactivelysupporttheprojectdevelopmentprocess.Ithascommittedtoinvest£5.7min‘enablingactions’toaccelerateandde-riskdevelopmentoftheflagshipPentlandFirthandOrkneywatersschemes;isencouragingbestpracticeinhealthandsafety;andundertakinganinitiativetoimproveknowledgesharing.Laterin2012,TheCrownEstateisplanningtorunanindustryconsultationonfuturewaveandtidalleasing,informedbynewanalysisofthescaleanddistributionofwave,tidalstreamandtidalrangeresourcesacrosstheUK.

Significantly,TheCrownEstateistakingstepstomakeiteasierforsmallfirmstoenterthewaveandtidalindustrybyreducingtherequirementforparentcompanyfinancialguarantees.ForprojectsthathavealreadywonrightsinthePentlandFirthandOrkneywaters,theoptionisnowavailableforparentcompanyguaranteestobereducedfrom£25Millionto£5Million.

2.3.2 World leading testing facilities

Ourtestingfacilitiesareacrucialelementoftheindustryandprovideawayfordeveloperstobringforwardtheirdevelopmenttrajectories.TheEuropeanMarineEnergyCentre,theNationalRenewableEnergyCentreandtheWaveHubprovideanurseryfortheadvancementofdevicesandtheenvironmenttoidentifyanderadicate

problemspriortoarraydeployment.Theimplicationsforcostreductionandprovingofconceptsshouldnotbeunderestimatedasourtestingfacilitiesenableustoremainattheforefrontofthesecrucialareas. 2.3.3 Marine Energy Parks

TheMarineEnergyParkinitiativeprovidesafocusforindustryandinvestmentbycoordinatingtheactivitiesinagivenregion.Areaswithconcentrationsofcapabilityandsupplychaincompanieswillbenefitfromimprovedintegrationofthevariouslevelsofgovernment,andtheheightenedprofile,thattheMarineEnergyParksenable.TheSouthWestMarineEnergyParkwaslaunchedinBristolonthe23rdofJanuaryandanotherisplannedfortheOrkneyWaters.

2.3.4 Marine Energy Programme Board and Marine Energy Group

TheMarineEnergyProgrammeBoardisanimportantengagementmechanismwhichenablesDECCtoconsultindustryonthemostimportantissuesfacingtheindustry.RecentactivityhasincludedthestructuringoftheMEADfund,collationofindustrypositionsandthedevelopmentofthemarineenergyparks.

ThisScottishgovernmentMarineEnergyGroupprovidesasimilarforumforthosedevelopingprojectsinScottishWatersandhasdoneimportantworkinshapingtheMRCFandprovidingcoherencytothefundinglandscapeasawhole.

2.3.5 Deployment targets and the DECC Renewables Roadmap

DECC’sRenewableenergyroadmapindicatesthat300MWofmarineenergywillbeinstalledby2020.Developerappetitehasbeenatalevelofaround1.6GW,whichisasignificantlymoreambitioustarget.Thediscrepancybetweenthetargetslaidoutintheroadmapandindustrypositionstatementspromptedtheselectcommitteetocallfora“morevisionaryapproach”toboostconfidenceinthesector.

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2.4 Key policy requirements

Thepolicyframeworkunderpinningsustainablegrowthintheindustryhasbeenputinplacebutchallengesremain.Uncertaintyisthebiggesthindrancetothegrowthoftheindustryandconfidenceintheabilityoftheindustrytodeliverneedstobeenhanced.Whilegovernmenthasshowndedicationinsupportingtheindustry,thereareseveralareasthatrequireimmediateactiontosecurethelongtermviabilityoftheWaveandTidalEnergyindustry.

RenewableUKasksthegovernmentto:

• EnableinvestmentandcostreductionforasustainableindustrybyprovidingurgentclarityandanappropriatestrikepricelevelintheElectricityMarketReform.

• Supportthedevelopmentofthefirstarrayswithcorrectlytargeted,coordinatedandappropriatefundingstreams.

• Takepositiveandproactiveactiontominimisekeyprojectriskssuchasunderwritingcosts,gridinfrastructurelimitationsandenvironmentalconstraints.

• Supportinnovationtoensurecontinuedimprovementsinreliabilityandcosts.

WiththeseactionsthegovernmentcansecurethedevelopmentoftheindustrywithintheUK,deliveringrealeconomicbenefitandcatalyzingthelowcarbonindustrialrevolution.Byimplementingasupportive,coherentandlongtermstrategyitcanbuildconfidenceintheindustryandhelpunlocktheprivatefinancingthatwillberequiredtodrivecommercialdevelopment.

Withtheindustrialpartnersbuildingmomentumandeliminatingriskintheirprojects,itisvitalthatweseizeontheopportunitywearepresentedwithanddrivetheUnitedKingdomintoafuturepoweredbyourownresourcesandingenuity.Welookforwardtorepresentingtheindustrysettorevolutionisethewaytheworldgenerateselectricity.

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3. Finance and Funding

Significantcapitalsupportfundswereutilisedbythewaveandtidalindustryin2011fromsourcessuchastheEnergyTechnologiesInstitute(ETI),theCarbonTrust,theTechnologyStrategyBoard(TSB),theWATERSfundfromScottishEnterpriseandtheSouthWestRegionalDevelopmentAgency.TheMarineRenewablesDeploymentFundendedinMarch2011afterproviding£19.5millionoffunding,whichfocussedondevelopingdevicesandinfrastructureforseatesting.

In2011,SiemensincreaseditsownershipshareofBristol-basedMarineCurrentTurbinesfrom10to45percent,beforeannouncingitsintentiontotakea90percentshareinFebruary2012.Alstomalsomovedtotakea40percentequityshareinEdinburgh-basedAWSOceanEnergyandAndritzhasincreaseditsstakeinHammerfestStrømfrom33.3percentto55.4percent;thecompanywillnowoperateasAndritzHydroHammerfest.TheseinvestmentssitalongsidepreviousinvestmentbyABBinAquamarinePowerandRollsRoyceinTidalGeneration,forexample.

Therehavealsobeensuccessesinattractingfundingforprojectdevelopment.BarclaysCapitalinvestedover£3millioninAquamarineandMorganStanleytooka45percentshareintheMeygenprojectconsortiumtodeveloptheInnerSoundinthePentlandFirth.Utilitiescontinuetobroadentheirinvolvementplayingaprojectdevelopmentrole,partneringdevicemanufacturersthroughouttheproductdevelopmentphaseandofferingacollaborativeapproachwithothersintheindustry.AnexampleofthiscollaborationisthesharedmaintenanceagreementbetweenPelamisandbothScottishPowerRenewablesandE.ONClimateandRenewablesfortheirEuropeanMarineEnergyCentre(EMEC)testprojects.

Thekeychallengefortheindustrynowissuccessfullydeployingandoperatingsmallarraysofdevices.The

decisiontoawardfiveRenewablesObligationCertificates(ROCs)perMWhgeneratedfrombothwaveandtidalacrossUKprojectsenablessuchsmall-scaleprojects,akeysteptowardsacommerciallycompetitiveindustry.Thischallengeisalsoreflectedinmorerecentfundingprogrammes,suchastheMarineEnergyArrayDemonstratorprogrammefromDECC,andannouncedfundingfromETIandTSB.

PreviousresearchfromRenewableUKhasindicatedthat£1ofpublicmoneyinvestedinthesectorhasunlocked£6ofprivateinvestment.Publicsupportofthesectorremainscrucialatthisstagebut,astheindustrygrowsandcostsfall,alowerlevelofsupportwillberequiredtocapturetheeconomicbenefitsthesectorwillyield.Thesizeoftheopportunityisvastandthe“ChannelingtheEnergy”reportidentifiesanannualvaluetotheUKof£3.7billionby2020.ThepotentialtodevelopprojectsinUKwaterscouldproviderealeconomicbenefittooureconomy.Inaddition,thesectorhasthepotentialtocreateupto10,000UKjobsby2020.Ourexistingmarineenergysupplychainandmarineengineeringcapabilityissettoformthefoundationoffuturejobsascapitalinvestmentdrivesdemandforconstruction,installationandmaintenanceservices.

3.1 Private and public funding requirements

Thecapitalandoperatingcostsforwaveandtidalprojectsdeployedinhighenergyoffshoreareasaresignificant.Thereisasignificantchangeinfundingrequirementsbetweensmall-scale,laboratoryandtanktestingofdevicesandfullscale,gridconnectedseatrials.Figure3.1indicatesinvestmentrequirementsfrombothprivateandpublicsourcesofaround£5billiontoachievea500MWtotalinstalledcapacitywithinitialsmallprojectslikelytohavehighercostsperMW.ItalsoindicatespotentialcapitalcostprojectionsonaperMWbasis;thesearebasedonworkcompletedfortheChannelingtheEnergyreportbyRenewableUK.

Utilityandlargeindustrialorganisationinvolvementinthewaveandtidalsectorisjustifiedbythepotentialforlongtermreturnsfromcost-effectiveenergygenerationatcommercialscale,withsignificantpotentialforsectorgrowth.

Figure 3.1: Cumulative Project Funding Requirements. Source: BVG Associates.

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3.2 Enhanced Renewables Obligation banding

AsanindicatoroftheGovernment’slong-termcommitmenttothewaveandtidalindustry,followingaperiodofuncertainty,itwasproposedinOctober2011thatthenumberofROCsallocatedperMWhgeneratedfromwaveortidalenergydevicesinEnglandandWaleswillincreasetofivefrom1April2013.ThesamemultiplewillalsobeimplementedinNorthernIreland,movingtheofferingfromtwotofiveROCs.TheresultwillbeconsistencyacrossUKandincreasedmarketattractiveness,creatingsignificantlymorepotentialsitesthatareeconomicallyviable.OnlytheSROCmultipleforwavepower,alreadyatfive,hasnotincreased.

ItisrecognisedthatthislevelofsupportmakesUKthemostattractivemarketforwaveandtidalpowerintheworld.

TheindustryhascalledontheGovernmenttobuildoncurrentconfidencelevelsandclarifythesupportthatwillbeavailablethroughtheElectricityMarketReform(EMR)programme.Thismaximisethechanceofsustainableandefficientmovementtowardscompetitiveindustrialscaledeploymentthroughlongterminvestment.Theprinciplesandlevelsofsupportundertheproposedfeedintariffschemefrom2017onwardswillrequirediscussionandagreementlatestduring2013tomaintainconfidenceinthesector.

3.3 Infrastructure and innovation investment

Fundingisneededforbothprojectimplementationandresearchanddevelopment.Astheindustryfocusshiftstomultipledevicearrays,sowillthefundinglandscape.Table3.1liststhefundingprogrammesfordeviceandsmallscalearrayinstallationsthatarelikelytobeavailableinUKduring2012,whileTable3.2listscurrentresearchanddevelopmentactivitiesmorefocussedonnextgenerationtechnologyinnovations.

Theinfrastructurefundingprogrammeshavebeenformulatedthroughindustryconsultationtoreflectkeyareasoffocusforthenextstageofdevelopment.Commontopicsincludeprojectinfrastructurethatisnon-devicespecific,suchaselectricalcablingandsubseaequipment,foundationandmooringtechnology,deploymentandoperationalproceduresandportandvesselrequirements.

TheUKisoneoftheleadingglobalcentresforresearchanddevelopmentinmarineenergytechnology.Keytestingandresearchiscarriedoutatsuchfacilitiesas:

• EuropeanMarineEnergyCentre(EMEC)inScotland,providinggridconnectedtestberthsforfullscalewaveandtidaldevicesandscalesitesforpre-prototypedevices.

• TheNewandRenewableEnergyCentre(NaREC)inNorthEastEngland,providingfacilitiessuchastanktestingandadrivetraintestrig

• SouthWestMarineEnergyPark’swavearrayoffshoretestsiteWaveHub,andtheoff-gridscaletestfacilityFabTestinFalmouth.

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Fund Scope Funder

LowCarbonInnovationFund:Marine

EnergyArrayDemonstrator

£20millionfundfocusedonthe

developmentofarrays.Thefundwillbe

usedtosupporttwoprojectstesting

devicesinarrayformations.

DECC

Takingwaveenergyto10MW

Aninvestmenttoimprovethecost

competitivenessandlong-termviability

ofwavepower.

ETI

Lowcosttidalstreamarrays

Aninvestmenttosupportdesignand

demonstrationofacommercialscale

tidalstreamarray.

ETI

Marineenergy:Supportingarray

technologies

£10.5minvestmentininnovationsthat

canmeetthechallengesposedbyarray

deployment.

TSB,ScottishEnterprise

andNaturalEnvironment

ResearchCouncil(NERC)

SaltirePrize

£10millionfortheteamthatachievesthe

greatestvolumeofelectricaloutputin

Scottishwatersovertheminimumhurdle

of100GWhoveracontinuoustwoyear

period,usingonlythepowerofthesea.

ScottishDevelopment

International

WATERS2

£6milliontopromoteresearchand

developmentactivitiesinScotland,

focusingonbringingwaveand

tidalpowerdevicestocommercial

application.

ScottishEnterprise

MarineRenewables

Commercialisationfund

£18milliontosupportthedevelopmentof

prototypedevicesforuseincommercially

viablearrays.

TheScottishGovernment

EuropeanNewEntrants’Reserve(NER)

300Fund

€4.5bntotalNER300fundswillbe

providedtovariousenergytechnologies

includingwaveandtidalenergyprojects.

Upto50percentfundingisprovidedfor

projectsthatwillgenerategridconnected

powertocoverprojectimplementation

costs.

EuropeanCommission

Table 3.1: Infrastructure and Innovation Investment

Table 3.2: Current Publicly Funded Research & Development Activities

Programme Scope Organisations

SuperGenUKCentreforMarineEnergy

Research(UKCMER)

Alarge,collaborativeresearch

programme,itinvolvestheRobert

GordonUniversity,EdinburghUniversity,

Heriot-WattUniversity,Lancaster

UniversityandStrathclydeUniversity.

Academicsareworkingalongside20

nationalandinternationalmarineenergy

andelectricitysupplycompaniesto

tacklechallengesofsustainablepower

generationandsupply.

TheSustainablePower

GenerationandSupply

Initiative(SUPERGEN

Marine)

7thFrameworkproposalforEUResearch

(FP7)

AnEUwidecollaborativeresearch

programmefocussedonawiderange

ofactivities,includingwaveandtidal

energy.

EuropeanCommission

Variousresearchprogrammes

UKERChasdevelopedtoolstohelp

policymakersandresearchersreview

thecurrentstatusofUKenergy

researchanddevelopment,andidentify

thekeyresearchchallenges.

TheUKEnergyResearch

Centre(UKERC)

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4. Project Status

In2011,theUK’sgridconnectedcapacitygrewfrom2.9MWin2010to5.6MWin2011,anincreaseofover90percent.Initialphasesofdeploymentarealsounderwayforanotherfourdevices.Itisanticipatedthat2012willseethegridconnectionofsevennewdevicesatEMECandthefirstdeploymentinRamsaySound,givingananticipateddoublingofgridconnectedcapacitytoreachatotalcapacityofover11MW.

In2011wesawthefollowingdevicesconnectedtothegridatEMEC:

• HammerfestStrøm(nowAndritzHydroHammerfest)HS10001MWtidaldeviceattheFallofWarnessberth.

• AtlantisResourcesAR10001MWtidaldeviceattheFallofWarnessberth.

• PelamisP20.75MWwavedeviceattheBilliaCrooberth.

• Inadditiontothis,thefollowingdevicesmadesignificantprogresstowardsgridconnection.

• AquamarinePowercompletedtheoffshoreinstallationworkfortheir0.8MWOyster800wavedevice.

• ScotRenewablescarriedoutatestdeploymentontheir0.25MWSR250floatingtidaldevice.

• VoithHydrobeganfoundationinstallationfortheir1MWCleanCurrenttidalturbine.

• Asecond0.75MWPelamisP2wasdeliveredreadyfordeployment.

In2012,weexpecttosee(atleast)thefollowing:

• ThedevicescurrentlyprogressingconstructionworkatEMECtobegingeneratingpowertothegrid.

• AquamarinePowertocompletefabricationworkfortheirseconddeviceatEMEC,anOyster801unit.

• TidalGenerationwillreplacetheir500kWunitwiththeir1MWtidaldevice,aspartoftheETI-supportedREDAPTproject.

• SeatricityandWellowillinstalltheirwavedevicesattheBilliaCrootestsiteinEMEC.

• TidalEnergywillcompletethefirsttidaldeploymentinWelshwaterswiththeDeltastream1.2MWdeviceinRamseySoundoffPembrokeshire.

TheacceleratingprogressindevelopmentandimplementationofwaveandtidalprojectsisshowninFigure4.1Thereisnowahealthypipelineofprojectsleasedandinplanning.

4.1 Project Case Studies

Thefollowingpagesfeatureprojectsthatarecurrentlyoperationalorduetobecomeoperationalin2012.Allprojectsaregrid-connectedandfeaturefullscaledevicesthatarelikelytomakeupthesmallscalearraysofthecomingyears.Eachcasestudyexaminesthebackgroundoftheproject,itsdevelopmenttimescale,devicetobeused,keylearningobjectives,detailsofkeysuppliersandcontractsletandfundingsources.Ultimately,alloftheseprojectsaremovingtowardsrealisingreductionsincostofenergytoenabledeploymentandoperationonacommercialbasis;specificlearningobjectivesinclude:

• Refininganddevelopingdesignthroughdeployingsecondgenerationequipmentandcomponentsfortesting.

• Collectinglongtermperformanceandreliabilitydatatoinformtechno-economicmodelsandtechnologydevelopment.

• Developingandtriallingcost-effectiveandsafeinstallationmethodologies.

• Increasingunderstandingandmonitoringofenvironmentalimpactstoinformplanningprocessforfuturedeployments.

• Identifyingcost-effectivemethodsforoperatingandmaintainingoffshoreassetsthroughbothdesigndevelopmentandinnovationinworkingpractices.

Figure 4.1: Status of Known Projects by Year. Source: BVG Associates.

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Cum

ulat

ive

cap

ital

co

st (£

bn)

Total installed capacity (GW)

3.1 5.25.14.1

0

3

6

9

12

0

10

20

30

40

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Num

ber

of

pro

ject

s

Operational ContractingConsent granted Consent applied forAgreement for lease Cumulative installed

Cum

ulat

ive

inst

alle

d c

apac

ity

(MW

)

Concept

Tank tested

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Multi device array

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AWS-III

Bolt

Ocean CurrentTechnology

Oyster 800

PB150

Pelamis P2

Penguin

Wave Dragon

Wavegen LimpetConcept

Tank tested

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Multi device array

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AR1000

Deep Green

Deltastream

HS1000

Open-CentreTurbine

Pulse-Stream 100

Seagen

SR250

TGL

TISEC

0

3

6

9

12

15

0

4

8

12

16

20

0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0

Cap

ital c

ost

(£m

/MW

)

Cum

ulat

ive

cap

ital c

ost

(£b

n)

Cumulative cost rangeIndustry high capital costIndustry low capital cost

Total installed capacity (MW)Concept

Tank tested

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array deployment

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Tidal leader

Tidal trend

Wave leader

Wave trend

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Project Case Studies

Device description

Horizontalaxis,pitchregulated,threebladedturbine,installedinlinewiththeflowwithnoyawingsystem.Thedeviceisseabedmountedusingagravitybasedfoundation.

Background

TheHS300prototypeinNorwayhascompleted17,000hoursoftesting,accumulatedproductionof1.53GWhwith10,000hoursofordinaryproduction,operatingat98%availability.Thishasledtotheinstallationofafullscalepre-commercialdevice,incooperationwithScottishPowerRenewables,whichwillbefullyoperationalinearly2012andfacilitatetestingandproductcertification.

Learning

ExperiencegainedininstallationsusingabargeandconstructionvesselinsevereenvironmentalconditionswhichwillbevaluableexperiencewhentheSoundofIslayarrayisdeveloped.MaintenancerequirementsandtechniqueshavebeenlearntfromtheoperationoftheHS300whichwillbeappliedtothisproject.

Supply chain

Localcontenthasbeenusedonthisproject,includingusingArnishYard,nearStornoway,Lewis,fortheconstructionofthesubstructure.Converteamsupplierofkeyelectricalsystems.

Next steps

TheEMECinstallationwillleadtoproductcertificationofthedeviceandfurthertesting.AndritzHydroHammerfestwillworkalongsideScottishPowerRenewables,installingarraysatitsleased10MWIslaysite,startingin2013forcompletionin2014(consentgrantedbyMarineScotlandin2011)and95MWDuncansbyHeadsite.

Funding sources

AndritzHydrorecentlyincreaseditsshareholdingtoamajoritystakeat55.4percent.TheprojecthasbeenmainlyequityfinancedbuthasalsoreceivedfundingfrompublicsourcesincludingCarbonTrustMRPFfunding,minorR&DfundingfromScottishEnterpriseandfromInnovationNorway.

Andritz Hydro Hammerfest: HS1000 deploymentDevice manufacturer:AndritzHydroHammerfestDevelopment company:AndritzHydroHammerfestLocation:FallsofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating:1MWDevice:HS1000Installation date:December2011MWh to March 2012:Confidential

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Device description

Oysterisanearshorewave-poweredpumpwhichpusheshighpressurewatertodriveanonshorehydro-electricturbine.Thepumpisabuoyanthingedflapwhichisalmostentirelyunderwaterandpitchesbackandforthduetowavemotion.

Background

ThisprojectisdesignedtodemonstratethefeasibilityofinstallingmultipleOysterdevicesinarraysandtounderstandarrayconfigurations.Thearraywillconsistofthree800kWOysterdevicesconnectedtoasingleonshore2.4MWgenerator.ThefirstOyster800wasinstalledattheEMECin2011.InFebruary2012,AquamarinePowerwasgrantedconsenttoinstallafurthertwodevices-Oyster801and802atthesamelocation.

Learning

AquamarinePower’sOyster800maintainsthethreekeydesignprinciplesofitsfirstOysterdevice,simplicity,survivabilityandshore-basedelectricitygeneration.AquamarinePowerhasuseddataandlessonslearntfromOyster1,whichwasinstalledatseain2009,todeliverreductionsinthecostofenergythroughimprovedpowergeneration,simplifiedinstallationandreducedroutinemaintenancerequirements.

Supply chain

Todate,AquamarinePowerhasworkedwithover40companiesinOrkneyduringtheinstallationofOyster1andOyster800andhasspentover£3mdirectlyintheOrkneyeconomy.LocalpartnershaveincludedenvironmentalconsultantsXodusAurorabasedinKirkwallandHeddleConstructionwhocarriedoutonshoreconstruction.Inaddition,AquamarinePower’sOyster1andOyster800havebothbeenfabricatedinScotland,byIsleburnandBurntislandFabricationsrespectively.

Next steps

Theeffectsofdeployingthedevicesinarrayswillbemonitored.AquamarinePowerwillthenlooktoestablishfurthersmallarraysfollowedbylargercommercialprojects.Existinginterestsinclude:

• NorthwestLewis.10MWdemonstrationleaseand30MWcommercialleasesecuredMay2011.40MWdevelopmentsiteidentifiedandSection36andmarinelicenceapplicationsubmittedtoMarineScotland.

• Westcoast,Orkney.Exclusiveleaseoptionof200MWgrantedfortheBroughHeadsiteMarch2010inpartnershipwithSSERenewables(BroughHeadWaveFarmLimited,BHWFL).

• InvolvementinprojectdevelopmentforIreland(Westwave)andWestcoastUSA(OregonWaveEnergyTrust).

Funding sources

AquamarinePowerhassecuredover£70minequity,grantsanddebttodateincluding:

• Equityfunding–morerecentlyfromSSEVentureCapital,ABBTechnologyVenturesandScottishEnterprise.Thecompanyisalsoseekingonefurtherinvestortoco-investwiththeexistingequityproviders.

• Grants–£5millionfromUKGovernment’sMRPFadministeredbyCarbonTrust,£3.15millionfromWATERS.

Debt–AquamarinePowersecureda£3.4millionloanfromBarclaysCorporateinSeptember2011.TheloanwillberepaidusingrevenuefromoperatingOyster800.

Aquamarine Power: Oyster 800 demonstration arrayDevice manufacturer: AquamarinePowerProject developer:AquamarinePowerLocation: BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.8MWinstalled(further1.6MWplanned)Device:Oyster800Installation date:2011–2013/14MWh to March 2012: Confidential

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Device description

TheAR1000isa3-bladedfixedpitchhorizontalaxisturbinewithactiveyawmechanismanddirectdrivepermanentmagnetgenerator,variablespeeddriveandexportviamediumvoltage(3.8kV)cablestoanonshoresubstation.

Background

Thisfullscaledemonstratorwasinstalledin2011.ItwasretrievedfromEMECinNovember2011andwillbetransportedtoBlythintimeforthespringopeningoftheNarec3MWdrivetraintestingfacility.AtlantisholdsaberthatEMECuntil2015andwillreturntothetestsitefollowingtestingatNarec.

Learning

The2011deploymentatEMECidentifiedopportunitiesfordesignimprovementandassuchthedeviceisattheNarectestfacilitywheredesignupgradeswillbemadealongwithassessmentsintonacelleefficiency,controlsystemvalidation,thermalanalysisofinternalcomponentsanddevicereliability.

Supply chain

Thenacelleandmajorpowertraincomponentswerefabricated,assembledandcommissionedattheSMDfacilitiesinWallsend,Newcastle.FinalassemblytookplaceatInvergordon.DesignanalysisoftheARplatformwascontractedtoLockheedMartin.Around75percentofspendondevelopmentoftheAR1000devicehasbeenintheUK.

Next steps

AtlantisResourcesCorporationhasanexclusiveturbinesystemsupplyagreementwiththeconsortium,MeyGenLimited,ajointventurebetweenMorganStanley(45%),InternationalPower(45%)andAtlantisResourcesCorporation(10%)whichisdedicatedtodevelopingtheInnerSoundtidalsiteinthePentlandFirth,forwhichtheyhavealeasefromTheCrownEstate.Meygenwishtodelivera398MWtidalfarmby2020.Itisalsoseekingprojectdevelopmentopportunitiesonaglobalbasis.

Funding sources

RecentfundshavecomefromaMarineRenewablesProvingFund(MRPF)grantof£1.85millionfromtheCarbonTrustwhichwasawardedspecificallytosupportthedesignandmanufactureofa1MWnacelle,nextgenerationblades,controlsystemandgravitybasesubstructure.

Atlantis Resources Corporation: AR1000 deploymentDevice manufacturer: AtlantisResourcesCorporationDevelopment company: AtlantisResourcesCorporationLocation:FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating: 1MWDevice: AR1000Installation date: 2011MWh to March 2012: Confidential

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Device description

ThePelamisP2isasecondgenerationdevice;itisasemi-submergedfloatingdevicethatfacesintothedirectionofthewaves.Fivetubesectionsarejoinedbyuniversaljointswhichallowflexingintwodirectionswithidentical,independentlyoperatinghydraulicpowertake-offsystemsineachjoint.(Seedevicecasestudy)

Background

DesignedandbuiltbyPelamisandownedbyE.ON,theP2machineisthefirstofasecondgenerationofPelamiswaveenergyconvertersandthefirstwavemachinetobesoldtoautilityforoperationintheUK.ThemachinewillbeoperatingatEMECalongsideasimilarP2machineownedbyScottishPowerRenewables.Thetwoutilitieshaveaworkingagreementtomaximisethelearningfromoperatingandmaintainingthemachinesasawavefarm.

Learning

ThePelamismachinehascontinuouslyranallgeneratorsforsustainedperiodsanddemonstratedafull‘wave-to-wire’conversionefficiencyofwellover70%,whichwasthetargetfortheP2.ThePelamismachinehasbeenabsorbingburstsofpowerinexcessof3MW.Thesehighlyvariablepeakshavebeen

convertedintoasmooth30minuteaverageelectricaloutputof170kWwithpeaksupto300kW,inlinewithexpectationsforthisstageofthetests.

Thenewinstallationandremovalsystems,developedwiththesupportoftheCarbonTrust,havebeenimplemented,completingsmoothandsafeconnectionanddisconnectionofthemachinewhilstinconditionsupto2.25msignificantwaveheight.

Supply chain

ThetubularmoduleswerefabricatedinFordounnearStonehavenbyNeptuneDeeptech.FinalassemblyandtestingwascarriedoutatPelamisWavePower’sLeithfacility.TheP2wasdesignedtoutilisestandardhydraulicandelectricalequipmentthroughoutthemachinewhereverpossible.

Next steps

ThelearningandexperiencegainedfromtheprojectwillbeusedbyE.ONinthedevelopmentofa50MWwavefarmlocatedtothenorthofEMEC.Theprojectcouldseeupto66PelamismachinesconnectedtotheUKgridandwasawardedanagreementforleasefromTheCrownEstatein2010.

Funding sources

TheP2devicewaspurchasedbyE.ONwithadditionalprojectfundingcomingfromtheCarbonTrust’sMRPF,theTSB,andScottishGovernment’sWATERSfund.

E.ON Climate and Renewables: Pelamis P2 deploymentDevice manufacturer: PelamisWavePowerDevelopment company:E.ONClimateandRenewablesLocation:BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.75MWDevice: PelamisP2Installation date: 2010Q4MWh to March 2012: Confidential

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Device description

TheSeaGendeviceisahorizontalaxisturbinecomprisingtwinaxialflowrotorsof16mdiameter,eachdrivingagearboxandgenerator.Thestructureissurfacepiercingsothatthedrivetrainscanberaisedclearofthewaterforeasiermaintenanceaccess.

Background

TheSeaGen1.2MWdevicewasthefirstgridconnectedtidalenergyconverterinUKwaters.Thedeviceislocatedinawaterdepthof24mLAT.Thesitewasselectedasitexperiencestidalflowsinexcessof3m/s,hassufficientwaterdepthandprovidesgoodaccesstothedevice.

Learning

ContinuedlearningisoccurringaboutefficientaccessandmaintenanceofkeycomponentsduringtheoperationofSeaGen.Detailedfailuremodesandeffectsanalysesarebeingcarriedouttoidentifyreliabilityissuesandmitigations,implementingtheseonSeaGenand/orsubsequentdevices.

Improvementsindevicereliabilityhavebeenachieved,forexample,asecondgenerationdrivetraindesignedforimprovedmaintainabilityandreliabilitywasinstalledinMarch2011andsecondgenerationbladeswithimprovedrootcastinginterfaceswillbefittedonsubsequentdevices. Supply chain

TheStrangfordLoughdevicewasassembledandtestedatHarlandandWolffandbladesweresuppliedbyAviationEnterprises.O&Msupporthasbeenprovidedsinceinstallationthroughlocalvesseloperatorsandtechnicians.MojoMaritimehaveprovidedongoingadviceonoffshoreoperationsandmethodologies.

Next steps

MCThastwoarrayprojectsplannedforinstallationaround2014.TheKyleRheaproject,betweentheIsleofSkyeandtheScottishmainland,willfeaturefouruprated2MWSeaGendevices.AnagreementforLeasewassecuredwithTheCrownEstateinApril2011.TheAngleseySkerriesproject,offthe

northwesttipofAnglesey,NorthWales,isbeingdevelopedwithRWEnpowerrenewables.Itwillconsistoffivedeviceswithatotalcapacityof10MW.TheagreementforleasewassecuredwithTheCrownEstateinOctober2011.

MCTalsoholdsanagreementforleaseofthe100MWBroughNesssiteinthePentlandFirth.IntheBayofFundyMCTplanstoworkalongsideMinasBasinPulpandPowertoinstalltheSeaGen“U”systemwiththreerotors,ratedat3MW. Funding sources

Siemensrecentlyacquireda90percentshareofMCT.Itwillplayakeyroleinsecuringfundingforfutureprojects.MCTmetthequalifyingrequirementsfortheMarineRenewablesDeploymentFund(DECC)andaccessedfundingfromtheMarineRenewablesProvingFund(CarbonTrust)aswellashavingreceivedsupportfromDTI.

Marine Current Turbines: SeaGen deploymentDevice manufacturer: MarineCurrentTurbinesDevelopment company: MarineCurrentTurbinesLocation: StrangfordLough,NIRating: 1.2MWDevice: SeaGenInstallation date:2008MWh to March 2012: Over3,000

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Device description

TheOpen-Centretidalstreamturbineisaseabedmounteddevicethatconsistsofarotor,duct,statorandgenerator.Waterpassesthroughtheducttotheslowmovingrotorwithaholedesignedtoenablemarinelifetopassthrough.Thisistheonlymovingpart.Thepermanentmagnetgeneratorishousedintheductaroundtherotor.(Seedevicecasestudy)

Background

The0.25MWOpenHydrodevicecurrentlyinstalledatEMECisascaleprototypetofacilitateresearchoftheconcept.Thisistheseventhiterationofthe6mscaleturbine.

Learning

Thetwinpiletestrigenablesfuturegenerationsoftheturbinetobeinstalledatthesamelocation.Completingseveniterationsoftheprototypedevicehashelpedtoimprovereliabilityofthedeviceandhasenabledthecompanytopracticeandimproveinstallationprocesses.Thisisvaluableinhelpingtomakearrayscaledeploymentcost-effectiveandefficient.Giventhenatureofthedevice,itwasfoundthattheappropriateinstallationequipmentdidnotexistandsothevesselOpenHydroInstallerwasspeciallyconstructed.

Supply chain

LocalcompaniesthatwerecontractedfortheprojectincludeOrkneyTowageandIsleburn.OpenHydrohasstatedthattheUKwillbeabletomeetmostofitssupplychainrequirementswiththeexceptionofspecialistitemssuchasmagneticmaterials.

Next steps

Thefocusforthenextyearistoexpandthebusinesstothecommercialstageandtoimprovedevicereliabilityandcosteffectiveness.Theprojectpipelineconsistsoffour16mdiameterturbinesinanarrayataBrittanysiteforEDFwithfirstinstallationin2012,alicenseinthePentlandFirthfora200MWjointventurewithSSERenewablesandajointventureprojectwithBordGáisEnergytodevelopatidalenergyfarmoffNorthernIreland.ThecompanyalsohasaportfolioofindependentprojectsintheUSAandAlderney.

Funding sources

FundinghascomefromtheScottishEnterpriseWATERSbudget(firstround)at£1.85million,BordGáisEnergyacquiredasharefor£1.7millionandDCNSacquiredan8%holdinginOpenHydroforaninvestmentof£11.7millioninJanuary2011.

OpenHydro: Open-Centre Turbine testingDevice manufacturer: OpenHydroDevelopment company:OpenHydroLocation: FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.25MWDevice: Open-CentreTurbineInstallation date: 2006MWh to March 2012: Confidential

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Device description

Pulse-Streamisanoscillatinghydrofoiltidalstreamdevice.Itextractspowerfromtidalcurrentsusinghorizontalbladeswhichmoveupanddown.Thismovementdrivesagearboxandgeneratorthroughacrankshaft.(Seedevicecasestudy)

Background

ThescaleprototypeprojectinthemouthoftheRiverHumberwasundertakentoprovetheconceptintheoffshoreenvironment.Theshallowwatersite(9mdeep)andthenearshorelocationwerechosenforinstallationandgridconnectionreasons.ElectricitywasexportedtoMilleniumChemicals,alargeplantonthesouthbankoftheestuary.

Learning

PulseTidalhavelearntalotaboutmechanicallinkagesandhowtomanufactureandinstalladevice.Additionalworkhasbeencarriedoutonthepowertrainandthefocusofthenextdevicewillbeincreasingreliability,andreducingthecostofinstallationandmaintenanceaccess.

Theprojectidentifiedthattherewerenosignificantenvironmentalimpactsandtheenergycaptureefficiencywashigherthanmodelled.

Supply chain

ThisprojectwassuccessfullycompletedbyanumberofUK-basedcompaniesincluding:ITPower(engineering),SenergyEconnect(electrical),Corus(construction),HumberWorkBoats(constructionandinstallation)BriggsMarine(operations)andDesigncraft(blades).

Next steps

ThePulse-Stream100willbefullydecommissionedandthecompanywillcompletethedetaileddesignofthe1.2MWmachine.Financeneedstobesecuredtobuildthisdevice,whichisplannedtobedeployedatKyleRheainScotland,wheretheEIAscopingworkhasbeencompleted. Funding sources

SevenmillionpoundsofEUFP7grantfundinghasalreadybeensecuredfortheshallowwaterprojectatKyleRheawhichwillcost£20million.

Thecompanyissupportedbyanumberofangelinvestorsandsmallfunds,alongwithITPowerandMarubeni,andhasraised£3.2milliontodateinequity,grantsandloans.

Pulse Tidal: Pulse-Stream 100 testingDevice manufacturer: PulseTidalDevelopment company: PulseTidalLocation:RiverHumberEstuaryRating: 0.1MWDevice: PulseStream100Installation date: 2009MWh to March 2012: Confidential

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Device description

TheSR250isafloatingtidalstreamturbine.Themainstructurecomprisesacylindricaltubetowhichhorizontalaxisrotorsareattachedviahydraulicallyretractablelegs.Thesystem’scompliantmooringsystemallowsinstallationinwaterdepthsofaround100m.(Seedevicecasestudy)

Background

TheSR250ispart-waythrougha24monthtestingprogrammewhichstartedinApril2011attheEMECFallofWarnessTidalTestSiteinOrkney.Testingtodatehasallowedforextensivesystemsandcomponenttestingandhasverifiedtheconceptatfull-scale.Notablemilestonestodateincludegenerationoffullpowerduringaseriesoftowtrialsanddeployments.TheSR250istheprecursortothe2MWdevice.SR250testingwillculminateinaperiodofcontinuousgrid-connectedoperationin2012.

Learning

ScotrenewablesinstalledtheSR250mooringsystemandelectricalcableatEMEC,gainingexperienceapplicableforfutureprojectsoutsideofthetestingfacility.Thisinstallationwork,

transportingthedevice,towtestingandconnectingtheSR250hasenabledScotrenewablestolearnhowtohandleandoperatetheequipmentatsea.Alloperationstodatehaveavoidedtheuseofmoreexpensive,specialistvessels.

Learningaccumulatedduringthedesigning,building,outfittingandinstallingofthe250kWmachinehasbeenretainedwithinthedesignteam.

Supply chain

ScotrenewablesisbasedintheOrkneyIslandsandisamajoritylocallyownedcompany.TheSR250devicewasmanufacturedbyHarlandandWolffHeavyIndustriesinBelfast.

Next steps

Thecompanyhasa10MWcommercialdemonstratorplanned.ThefirstSR2000turbinewillbereadyforaninitialtrialdeploymentatEMECin2013.Consentapplicationswillbeprogressedforapipelineof10-30MW.Adetailedbaselinedesignhasbeencompletedforthe2MWnextgenerationmachineforwhichcontractsarelookingtobeplacedduring2012.

Funding sources

ThecompanypreviouslyreceivedfinancialbackingfromtheCarbonTrustandtheScottishGovernmentthroughtheWATERSschemefordesign,constructionandinstallationoftheSR250atEMEC.ScotrenewableshasalsoattractedsubstantialinvestmentfromFredOlsenRenewablesandglobalenergycompanyTOTAL.

Scotrenewables Tidal Power: SR250 testingDevice manufacturer:ScotrenewablesTidalPowerDevelopment company:ScotrenewablesTidalPowerLocation: FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating: 0.25MWDevice: SR250Installation date:2011MWh to March 2012:Notyetgridconnected

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ScottishPower Renewables: Pelamis P2 deploymentDevice manufacturer: PelamisWavePowerDevelopment company: ScottishPowerRenewablesLocation: BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating: 0.75MWDevice: PelamisP2Installation date: 2012MWh to March 2012:Notyetinstalled

Device description

ThePelamisP2isasecondgenerationdevice;itisasemi-submergedfloatingdevicethatfacesintothedirectionofthewaves.Fivetubesectionsarejoinedbyuniversaljointswhichallowflexingintwodirectionswithidentical,independentlyoperatinghydraulicpowertake-offsystemsineachjoint.

Background

ThemachinewillbeinstalledattheEuropeanMarineEnergyCentre(EMEC)inOrkney,alongsidetheE.ONmachineaspartofauniquecross-industrycollaborationproject.Thetwomachineswilloperateintandemasatwo-machinewavefarm,withinformationgatheredfromthetrialsusedtosupportthedevelopmentoflargercommercial-scaleprojectscurrentlyunderdevelopmentbybothScottishPowerRenewablesandE.ONoffthecoastofOrkney.

Learning

UnderaworkingagreementbetweenScottishPowerRenewablesandE.ON,bothmachineswillgeneratetothenationalgridfromtheiradjacentberthsattheEuropeanMarineEnergyCentreoffOrkney,withPWP’slocaloperationsbaseprovidingmonitoringandmaintenancesupport.

Inadditiontocarryingoutsimilarprovingactivitiesrelatingtogeneration,deploymentandretrievalthefocusofthisdeploymentwillbetounderstandtheinteractionofthetwodevices,despitenotsharingsubseainfrastructure.

Supply chain

ThetransportationandliftwerecarriedoutbyMammoet.FabricationandtestingwascarriedoutatPelamisWavePowersLeithfacility.TheP2wasdesignedtoutilisestandardhydraulicandelectricalequipmentthroughoutthemachinewhereverpossible.

Next steps

TheexperiencegainedfromthisprojectwillplayavitalroleinScottishPowerRenewables’planstoinstall66Pelamismachinesina50MWprojectoffMarwickHeadinOrkney,forwhichanagreementforleasehasbeenawardedbyTheCrownEstate

Funding sources

TheP2devicewaspurchasedbyScottishPowerRenewableswithadditionalprojectfundingcomingfromtheCarbonTrust’sMRPF,theTSBandScottishGovernment’sWATERSfund.

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Device description

Theprojectwillutilisethe1.2MWfullscaleDeltaStreamdevicethatconsistsofthreehorizontalaxisturbinespositionedonacommonframeandgravityfoundation.(Seedevicecasestudy)

Background

RamseySoundislocatedontheSouthWestcoastofWalesandisanareawithdynamicenvironmentalcharacteristics,includinghightidalcurrents,anditisaGreySealbreedingsite.ThemicrositewithinRamseySoundchosenfortheDeltaStreamdemonstrationlieswithin31.5mofwater(atLAT),1.2kmoffshorefromthePembrokeshiremainlandand300meastofRamseyIsland.FollowingcompletionoftheEIAandsubsequentcompletionoftheEnvironmentalStatementanapplicationforaMarineLicenseandSection36consentwassubmittedin2009.InMarch2011theseconsentsandlicensesweregrantedbytheWelshMinistersandSecretaryofStateandTELisintendingtodeploythefirstfullscaleDeltaStreamdevicelaterin2012.

Learning

TheDeltaStreamDemonstrationatRamseySoundisWales’firstfullscaletidalstreamprojectandislocatedinahighlysensitiveenvironment.Thishasledtoanumberofissuesregardingthe

environmentalknowledgewithintheindustryandparticularlythepotentialriskofcollisionswithsealife.Theresultsfromtheenvironmentalmonitoringprogrammewillbedisseminatedthroughouttheindustry.

DuringdetaileddesignTELobservedthatsignificantloadingeffectsareimposedonthedevicebyturbulenceandwaveaction.TELemployeddetailedloadcalculations,scalemodeltestingandcarriedoutanumberofturbulenceflowmeasurementsatthesitetoensurethatthisphenomenonisfullyunderstoodandcateredfor.

Supply chain

TidalEnergyLimitediscarryingoutacomprehensiveprocurementprocesstosourcethedesign,supplyofcomponentsandcontractorstofabricateandinstallthedemonstrationdevice.ContractshavebeenawardedtoAtkinsfordesignintegration,UKbasedDesignCraftforrotorsupply,GEEnergyforgeneratorandelectricalsystemsandSiemensforthegearsystem.Tendersforthefabricationcontracthavebeenreceivedandthepreferredcontractorwillbeidentifiedinthenearfuture.ThefirstphaseofonshorepreparatoryworkwascompletedinFebruary2012byRaymondBrown.

Next steps

OncethedeviceisinstalledinRamseySoundenvironmentalandperformancedatawillbecollectedforthelifeofthelicense.Thisdatawillbeusedtoinformfuturedeviceandprojectdevelopmentsforthemovetoacommercialdemonstrationarrayofupto10MW.TELisalsointerestedincarryingoutacceleratedlifetestingofthedrivetrainandisseekingfurtherfundingtosupportsuchtechnologydevelopment.

Funding sources

TidalEnergyLimitedisfundedbyitsmajorityshareholder,Eco2Ltd,togetherwithgrantfundingandsupportfromprivateandpublicorganisations.TheDeltaStreamDemonstrationprojectinRamseySoundwillcost£11millionandWEFOhasapproved£6.4millionofERDFfundingtowardsit.Additionally,CranfieldUniversityisprovidingover£1millionoffundingandtheCarbonTrustwillprovidejustunder£400,000towardsenvironmentalmonitoring.

Tidal Energy: DeltaStream testingDevice manufacturer: TidalEnergyLtdDevelopment company: TidalEnergyLtdLocation: RamseySound,Pembrokeshire,SouthWestWalesRating: 1.2MWDevice: DeltaStreamInstallation date: 2012MWh to March 2012: Notyetinstalled

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Device description

TheTGLDeepGenIIIdeviceisa500kWthree-bladedupstreamtidalturbinethatextractsenergyduringbothfloodandebbtideusinganactiveyawsystem.Thenacelleisattachedtoatripodfoundationwhichispinnedtotheseabed.(Seedevicecasestudy)

Background

TGLwasformedin2005todesign,developandmanufacturetidalstreamturbines.In2009itbecameawhollyownedsubsidiaryofRolls-Royce.Followingsignificantproductdevelopment,theEMECFallofWarnesstestsitewasselectedasthefirstseadeploymentoftheturbinetoenableprovingofdesignanddeploymentmethodologies.

Learning

Over200MWhhavebeengeneratedataratedpowerof500KWe.Asignificantamounthasbeenlearntabouttheoperationandcharacteristicsofthemachine,thenatureofthetidalflow,wavesandweatherimpactatEMEC,aswellascorrosionandbio-foulingissues.Thedeploymentandretrievalmethodhasbeenprovedtobeviableduringasingletidalslackperiodof30minutes,ashastheabilitytocarryoutoperationalactivitieswithlowcostvessels.

Supply chain

TheturbineissupportedfromHatstonQuayinOrkney.In2008and2009,thedevicewasassembledatRolls-RoycefacilitiesinDunfermline,drawingoninhouseengineeringexpertiseextensively.MojoMaritimeandRambollhavebeencommissionedtodevelopfoundationconcepts.

Next steps

The500kWdevicewillcontinuetogenerateuntilitisreplacedbythe1MWturbinetobedeployedinJune2012aspartoftheETIReDAPTproject.Thiswillundergoatwoyeartestingprogramme.

Itisplannedtodeployanumberof1MWunitsinasmallarrayduring2013/14andlargerarraysby2018.TGLisanticipatedtobeoneofthetechnologysuppliersforMeygen’s400MWInnerSoundproject,partofthePentlandFirthandOrkneywatersleaseaward.

Funding sources

Rolls-RoycehasprovidedR&DandcapitalsupporttodatethathasbeencomplementedbyETIfundingof£6milliontowardstheReDAPTproject.

Tidal Generation: DeepGen III testingDevice manufacturer:TidalGenerationDevelopment company:TidalGenerationLocation:FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.5MWDevice: DeepGenIIIInstallation date: September2010MWh to March 2012: 215

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Device description

TheVoithHyTidedeviceisaseabed-mountedhorizontalaxistidalstreamturbine.Thethreesymmetricalbladescaptureenergyfromthetidalstreamontheebbandthefloodflowwithoutpitchandyawrequirements.(Seedevicecasestudy)

Background

VoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesandRWEInnogycommencedpreparatoryworksattheFallofWarnesssiteatEMECinSummer2011byinstallingthemonopolefortheir1MWtidalturbinewhichwillbeinstalledin2012throughthejointventurecompanyVoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologies.HavingcompletedscaletrialsinSouthKoreatheturbinewillundergoathreeyearfullscaletrialoperation.

Learning

ThefocusoftestingfortheEMECinstallationistoprovetheperformancecharacteristicsofthe1MWturbineandimprovethedesign’sreliability.Itprovidesanopportunitytodevelopandrefinedeploymentandretrievalapproachesfortheturbineandfoundation.

Supply chain

CooperationpartnerBAUERRenewablesmanufacturedandinstalledthefoundation.Installationofthemonopolefoundationiscompleted,usingtheoffshoreconstructionvesselNorthSeaGiant.MojoMaritimeconductedanoperationalinstallationandO&MstudyforVoithHydrotooutlineoptionsandmethodsforuseatEMEC.

Next steps

Followingcompletionofthethreeyeartrialperiodandfeasibilitystudiesofsmallarraysites,thereareplanstodeployfarmsofapproximately100MWinSouthKoreanearJindoandinEuropeanWaters.Itislikelythiswillbeprecededinphases,startingwithsmallarraysaspartofthe100MWsite.Funding sources

Thetotalinvestmentisapproximately£11.8millionwith£1.7millionhavingbeenawardedthroughtheMarineRenewablesProvingFund.Aspartofitsventurecapitalactivities,RWEInnogyowns20percentofthejointventurecompanyVoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesbywayofanequityinterest.VoithHydroisthemajorityshareholderholding80percent.

Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies: Voith HyTide 1000-13 testingDevice manufacturer: VoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesDevelopment company:VoithHydroLocation: FallofWarness,EMEC,OrkneyRating: 1MWDevice:HyTide1000-13Installation date: 2012MWh to March 2012: Notyetgridconnected

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Device description

TheLimpetdeviceisashore-mountedoscillatingwatercolumnwhichhasbeentunedtocaptureenergyfromannualaveragewaveintensitiesofbetween15and25kW/m.Itcomprisesanairchamberwithanopeningbelowthewaterandtwocounter-rotatingWellsturbines.(Seedevicecasestudy)

Background

Theshore-mountedLimpet500wasinstalledin2000andisgrid-connected.Thisdeviceisalsousedasadevelopmentalfacility,todemonstratenewsystemsandimprovepoweroutput,suchastestingavariablepitchturbine.TheLimpetwasdevelopedincooperationwithQueen’sUniversityBelfast.

Learning

SuccessfullygeneratingelectricitywiththisLimpetdevicesince2000hasenabledVoithHydroWavegentogathersignificantvolumesofdataonthedeviceperformanceandoperationalcharacteristics.Anavailabilityofover90%wasachievedfrom2006to2010.Maintenanceandservicetechniqueshavebeendevelopedandimprovedduringthisperiodthatcanbeappliedtothisandfuturedeployments.

Supply chain

VoithHydroWavegenmadesuccessfulcontractswithmanyUK-basedcompaniesduringconstructionandoperationofthedevice.TheyhavealsosuccesfullyexportedtheirtechnologyfromtheUKto,forexample,theMutrikubreakwaterprojectinSpain.

PartnersandcontractorsincludedCharlesBrand,ScottishHydro-Contracting,Queen’sUniversityBelfast,ISTPortugalandKirkMcClureMorton.

Next steps

Thetechnologyisactivelyseekingcommercialprojectdevelopmentopportunitiesincludingdevelopingnearshoretechnology.ThenearshoreOWCwillsitdirectlyontheseabedinanominalmeanwaterdepthof15m.WavegenwasgrantedconsentfromtheScottishGovernmentin2009forthe4MWSiadarWaveEnergyProjectontheislandofLewis.

Funding sources

TheLimpet500wasdevelopedwithEUsupportandTheSiadarWaveEnergyProjectissupportedbytheScottishGovernment’sWATERSfundingscheme,havingreceived£6million.

Voith Hydro Wavegen: Limpet testingDevice manufacturer:VoithHydroWavegenDevelopment company:VoithHydroWavegenLocation:IslayRating:0.5MWDevice:LimpetInstallation date: 2000MWh to March 2012: Confidential

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Device description

ThePenguinisafloatingasymmetricvesselwhichhousesaneccentricrotatingmass.Thedeviceisshapedsothatwavespassingitcausethemasstorotateonaverticalshaftandthismotionisconvertedtoelectricity.(Seedevicecasestudy)

Background

ScalemodeltestshavebeencompletedattheShipLaboratoryofHelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,andattheGulfofFinland.The1:8scaleprototype,“BabyPenguin”anditsmooringarrangementsurvivedstormconditionsduringtesting.ThefullscalePenguinisatLynessWharf,Orkney,andisbeingpreparedforinstallationonanEMECtestberthin2012forayear-longtestprogramme.

Learning

InSeptember2011thePenguinunderwentaninstallationrehearsaltodevelopandrefinethemethodologyforthefinalinstallation.

Testingofthe“BabyPenguin”verifiedthetechnologysurvivalinstormconditions;however,thePenguinsustainedsomedamageinastorminDecember2011whilelyingalongLynessWharfquaywhichresultedinlearningaboutthetransportationandstorageofthedevice.

Supply chain

CooperationPartnersofthePenguinare:EMEC,VEO,TheSwitch,Hydac,J+S,RigaShipyard,INAFAGSchaefflerGroupandSeaproofSolutions.ThedevicehasbeenbuiltintheRigaShipyardinLatviaandtheentiredeploymentprogrammeoftheprojectatEMECismanagedbyOrkney-basedcompanies.TheteamisledbyStromness-basedconsultancyAquateraandnewmarineoperationsmanagementcompany,OrcadesMarine.

Next steps

ThePenguinwillbeinstalledandgridconnectedatEMECin2012andwillbetestedforayear.SubjecttofullscaletestingWellowillidentifyanddevelopprojectopportunitiesglobally.

Funding sources

Wellohasreceived€5.5millioninadditiontoinvestmentsfromVNTManagementandVeraventureandTekes(theFinnishfundingagencyfortechnologyandinnovation).

Wello: Penguin testingDevice manufacturer: Wello Development company:WelloLocation:BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating:0.6MWDevice:PenguinInstallation date:2012MWh to March 2012:Notyetgridconnected

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5. Device Types

Marineenergyoffersavastscopeforinnovationandnewdeviceconcepts,withover200conceptdesignsinthesector.1Bytheendof2011,however,onlytendeviceshadbeendeployedinUKatfullscaleandwithgridconnection.Thissectiondetailstherangeoftechnologytypesthatareavailableandpresentscasestudiesofthemostmaturetechnologiesfrom12tidaldevicemanufacturersandeightwavedevicemanufacturers.Theseorganisationsareallcurrentlytestingafull-scalegrid-connecteddeviceorareactivelydevelopingsuchaproject.

Figure5.1belowindicatesthestatusofbothwaveandtidalsectordevicedevelopmentintermsofthemarketleaderineachyearandtheaveragestatusofthedeviceconceptscoveredbythisreport.Forsomedevices,thishistorygoesbackover10years.Thejourneystartedearlierfortheaveragewavedeviceconsideredandhasingeneralbeenfasterfortidaldevices,asshownbythetrendlines.Earlystageinvestigationswerecarriedoutforwaveenergyfeasibilityinthe1970swhich,althoughmostwereabandoned,providedastartingpointwhenthesectorwasreinvigoratedinthe1990s.

Themorerapidmaturingoftidaldevicesisinpartduetogreaterconceptconvergence.Themajorityoftidaldevicesundergoingseatrialsarebasedonahorizontalaxisturbinedesignwithtwoorthreeblades,althoughsuccessfultrialshavebeencompletedwithotherdesigns.Onefactorinfluencingthegreaterconsolidationoftidaldevices

isthemorepredictablenatureoftheenergyresourcecomparedtowaveenergy.Anotherfactoristhehighlevelofunderstandingofthehorizontalaxisturbinedesignprinciplesthathasbeendevelopedthroughsuccessfulapplicationinthewindsector,althoughitisrecognisedthatthereareverysignificantdifferencesbetweenharnessingwindandtidalenergyflows.

Inthewavesector,wehaveseenseveralfactorsinfluencinggreaterdivergenceintechnology.Thedifferencebetweenshallowanddeepwaveresourcesissignificantininfluencingbothdesignandtechnologyselectionforspecificsites.Thehighlycomplexnatureoftheenergyresourceisalsorelevantaspowerisinfluencedbytheheight,periodanddirectionofthewaves.

Figure 5.1: Device development milestones for selected devices. Source: BVG

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5.1 Tidal device principles (device classification by EMEC)

Tidaldevicesexploitkineticenergyinthetidalflowofwatercausedbytheinteractionofthegravitationalfieldsoftheearth,moonandsun.Tidalcurrentsaremagnifiedbytopographicalfeatures,suchasheadlands,inletsandstraits,orseabedchannels.Manyofthedevicesthatusethesecurrentsarebroadlysimilartosubmergedwindturbines.Seawaterisaround800timesdenserthanairbutaverageflowspeedsforviable

projectsareoftheorderofonefifthofcorrespondingwindspeeds,givingapowerdensityofaround5-10times.Thismeansthatforatidaldeviceofthesameratingasawindturbine,therotorwillbesmaller.Individualtidaldevicesareunlikelytoreachthesameratedpowerasoffshorewindturbines;however,astohavesufficientspacetodeploysuchlargedevicesrequiresdevelopmentofdeeperwatersitesthatgenerallyhavelesssignificanttidalflows.EMEChasidentifiedfourmaintypesoftidalenergyconvertorsthatareoutlinebelow.

Theflowofwaterturnstherotorbygeneratingliftduetotheflowaroundtheblades.Thisrotationalmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.Thedevicecanbehousedwithinaducttoacceleratetheflowthroughtherotor,thusincreasingenergycapture.

Thisdeviceextractsenergyinasimilarwaytoahorizontalaxisturbine,buttheaxisofrotationoftherotorisverticalandperpendiculartotheflowofwater.Someverticalaxisturbineconceptsworkbytheprincipleofdragratherthanlift.

Ahydrofoilisattachedtoanarm.Theflowofwateraroundthehydrofoilcausesittooscillatebygeneratinglift.Thisoscillatingmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.

Aducthastheeffectofacceleratingtheflowthroughthenarrowestsection.Thisflowcausesapressuredifferentialthatdrivesanairturbine.Therotationalmovementoftheturbineisusedtogenerateelectricity.

Tidal energy device concepts (graphics courtesy of EMEC)

Tidal Devices

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BELUGA 9Manufacturer: AlstomHydro Type of device: EnclosedTips(Venturi)Status: FullscaleprototypeCurrent location:TanktestRating: 1MW

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Device description

TheBELUGA9isdesignedtooperatebi-directionallyintidalflow.Thedirectdrive,floodedpermanentmagnetgeneratorandfixedpitchbladesareshroudedbyadiffuserduct,intendedtocorrectdirectionalchangesinflow,controlturbulenceandincreasethevelocityofthewaterreachingtheblades.Thedevicehasbeendesignedwithasfewmovingpartsaspossibletoreducetheneedtoaccessthedeviceformaintenance.Thecentralholeisdesignedtoallowmarinewildlifetopassthroughandregulatetheflowtoenablereductionofturbinespacinginarrays. Thedeviceis20minheightand13mindiameter,sitsontheseabed(eitherwithagravitybasefoundationorpiled,dependingonsiteconditions)andisdesignedforwaterofdepth30mandapeakwatervelocityof3.5–4.0m/s.

Status

Thefullscaleconceptiscurrentlyundergoinguni-directionalperformancetestingintankconditionswithplansforinstallationintheBayofFundyin2012. Avariantdevice,theOrca7,willbedevelopedformediumflowsof3.5m/sin40mwaterdepths.TheOrca7isexpectedtobedevelopedtoenablefullscaletestinginBrittanyin2013.

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Concept developed

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Array

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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2002

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Concept developed

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TEL?

Wavegen

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

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2002

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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2002

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Wavedragon

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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kawasakibolt 2

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Scale sea trials

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Device description

TheAR1000isa3-bladedfixedpitchhorizontalaxisturbinewithactiveyawmechanismandadirectdrivepermanentmagnetgeneratorwithvariablespeeddrive.Powerisexportedviamediumvoltage(3.8kV)cablestoanonshoresubstation.Higherefficiencybladesthanonthepreviousdevicehavebeenintroducedalongwithmarinefoulingtreatmentandstructuralimprovements.TheAR1000hasaratedforflowvelocityof2.65m/s. TheAtlantisResourcesCorporationapproachistoreducethecomplexityoftheturbine,thusdecreasingthenumberofpotentialfailurepoints.Aproprietarymaleandfemale‘stab’connectionarrangementallowsforfastretrievalof

thenacellewithouthavingtorecoverthefoundationstructure.

Status

FollowingdeploymentofthetwinrotorAK-1000in2010theAR-1000wassuccessfullydeployedandunderwentseaoperationsduringsummer2011.ThedevicehasbeenretrievedandisundergoingtestingatNarecpriortodeploymenttoEMECagaintocontinuegeneratinglaterin2012.

AR1000Manufacturer: AtlantisResourcesCorporationType of device: HorizontalaxisturbineStatus: FullscaledeviceCurrent location: NarecRating: 1MW

Page 30: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

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Deep GreenManufacturer: MinestoType of device: EOtherStatus: ScaleprototypeCurrent location:TanktestRating: 0.5MW

Device description

Thewingisattachedtotheturbineandgearless-generatorarrangement,witharudderandservosystemattherearofthedevice.Thedeviceistetheredtotheseabedinanarrangementthataccommodatesthepowercablesandcommunicationsystemandisconnectedtoaconventionalmooringrig.Thewinggeneratesliftwhichmovesthedeviceatspeedsuptotentimesthatofthewaterflowandtherudderisusedtosteerthedeviceinafigure-of-eightpath.Asthishappens,therotoristurnedasthedevicepassesthroughthewater,generatingelectricity.Itisdesignedtobeeconomicalatsiteswithdeepwaterandlowvelocities.DeepGreenisrecoverableforservicingandmaintenanceandhasamassoflessthanseventonnesper0.5MWunit).

Status

Minestoiscontinuingtomodelthedeviceandtestscaleprototypestodevelopthetechnology,provereliabilitybygettinghoursinthewateranddevelopconfidenceandacceptanceintheconceptfromprojectdevelopers.A1/10thscaledevicewasinstalledinStrangfordLoughin2012asaprecursortoa1/3rdscaledeviceandthenfullscaledevicewhichisratedat0.5MW.Newcapitalwasrecentlyinjectedbythecompanyownersanda£0.5

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

TGL wello

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Concept developed

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Array

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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voith

seatricity

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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seagen MCT

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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TEL?

Wavegen

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Concept developed

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Wavedragon

2002

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Concept developed

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2002

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Concept developed

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kawasakibolt 2

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milliongrantwasawardedbytheSwedishEnergyAgencyforR&Doperations.FundshavealsobeenmadeavailablethroughtheCarbonTrustaspartoftheAppliedResearchprogramme.

Device description

TheTGLconceptisathree-bladedupstreamtidalturbinethatextractsenergyduringbothfloodandebbtideusinganactiveyawsystem.Thenacelleisabuoyantdesigntoenabletowingtositeanditisattachedtoalightweighttripodfoundationwhichispinnedtotheseabed.Amechanicalclampfacilitatesyawingpoweredbyarearmountedthruster.Oncelockedtofacetheflow,theturbinecutsinat1m/sandreachesratedpowerat2.7m/s.Forhigherflowspeedsthebladepitchandgeneratortorqueareregulatedtomaintaintheturbine’sratedpower.Agearboxisusedtodriveaninductiongenerator,andafrequencyconverter,stepuptransformerandwetmatelinkcompletethegenerating

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

TGL wello

2002

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Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

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Array

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Concept developed

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Array

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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voith

seatricity

Concept developed

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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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seagen MCT

2002

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Concept developed

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Array

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2002

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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2002

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Concept developed

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TEL?

Wavegen

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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2002

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Concept developed

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Wavedragon

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Concept developed

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2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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kawasakibolt 2

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Concept developed

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Deep Gen IVManufacturer: TidalGenerationLtdType of device: DeepGenIVStatus: FullScaleCurrent location: EMECRating: 1MW

system.Theturbinewilloutputgridcompatible6.6kV3-phasepower. Status

DEEP-GenIV(DG4)isafullscale1MWdevicewhichwillformthebasisoftheTGLcommercialproductoffering.ItiscurrentlyinfinalassemblyattheRolls-RoyceDunfermlinefacilityinEdinburgh,andwillbedeployedatEMECinJune2012.TGLiscollaboratingwithdevelopers,includingMeygen,withthe

intentiontosupplydevicestolargearrayprojectswithinthenextfiveyears,workingwithfurtherindustrialpartnerstoimprovethevaluepropositionanddeveloptheproductscustomersrequire.

Page 31: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

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HS1000Manufacturer: AndritzHydroHammerfestType of device: HorizontalaxisturbineStatus: FullscaleprototypeCurrent location:FallsofWarnessRating: 1MW

Device description

Horizontalaxis,pitchregulated,threebladedturbine,installedinlinewiththeflow.Anacellehousesthegearbox,asynchronousgeneratorandcontrolsystems,andsubseacablesexportenergybacktoshore.Thereisanonshorefrequencyconvertor.Thedeviceisseabedmountedusingagravitybasefoundation.Theturbineisheavilyinstrumentedtoserveasaplatformforfutureresearchanddevelopmentactivities.Thiswillhelpdriveimprovementsinreliabilityandefficiencyandenablereductionsinthecostofenergyovertime.

Status

TheHS1000isafull-scalepre-commercialdevicefollowingonfromtheHS300whichwassuccessfullyinstalled,testedandoperatedasascaleprototype.ItiscurrentlyinstalledatEMECwheremeasurementsforproductcertificationwilltakeplacein2012.Thisisinpreparationforthe10MWIslayarray(leasegrantedandEIAsubmitted)whichwillbeginconstructionactivitiesin2013withScottishPowerRenewablesandthe95MWDuncansbyHeadarray.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

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ScotRe

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Array

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TEL?

Wavegen

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Wavedragon

2002

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Concept developed

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Array

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2002

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Concept developed

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kawasakibolt 2

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Device description

TheDeltaStreamdeviceisa1.2MWunitwhichsitsontheseabedwithouttheneedforapositiveanchoringsystem.Itgenerateselectricityfromthreeseparatehorizontalaxisturbinesmountedonacommonframe.Thisavoidspilingorsignificantseabedpreparation. Theuseofthreeturbinesonasingle350tonneand36mwidetriangularframeproducesalowcentreofgravityenablingthedevicetosatisfyitsstructuralstabilityrequirements,includingtheavoidanceofoverturningandsliding.Eachturbineisanupflowthreebladedesignwithhydraulicyawingsystemtoturntofacetheoncomingtideandenablegenerationonboththeebbandfloodtides.

DeltaStreamManufacturer: TidalEnergyLtdType of device:HorizontalaxisturbineStatus:FullScaleDemonstration2012Current location:RamseySoundRating:1.2MW

Status

FollowingaperiodofdesigndevelopmentincludingmodellingandtanktestingatCranfielduniversityafullscaledeviceisplannedfordeploymentinRamsaySound,PembrokeshireinDecember2012.LicensesforthesiteweregrantedbyDECCandtheWelshGovernmentinMarch2011.Asignificantproportionofcontractshavebeenawardedforthemanufactureofthedeviceandprojectconstruction. Followingasuccessful12monthtechnicalandenvironmentaltestofthedevice,TELwilldevelopapre-commercialarrayatasiteyettobeconfirmed.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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voith

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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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TEL?

Wavegen20

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Concept developed

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Wavedragon

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kawasakibolt 2

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Page 32: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

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Device description

TheOpen-Centretidalstreamturbineisaseabedmounteddevicethatconsistsofarotor,duct,statorandgenerator.Waterpassesthroughtheduct,utilisingtheVenturieffect,totheslowmovingrotorwithaholetoenablemarinelifetopassthrough.Thisistheonlymovingpart.Thepermanentmagnetgeneratorishousedintheductaroundtherotor. Thedevicehasbeendesignedtobescalable.Thereisnogearboxandtherearenoseals,whichreducesthenumberoftotalcomponents.

Open-Centre TurbineManufacturer: OpenHydroType of device: EnclosedtipsStatus:FullscaleCurrent location:EMECRating: 0.3MW

Status

In2006anOpen-CentreTurbinewasinstalledonaseabedmountedtestrigatEMECandin2008theinstallationofasecondseabedmountedturbinetookplaceadjacenttothisusingtheOpenHydroInstallervessel.OpenHydrohavealsodeployeda1MW(10mdiameter)deviceinCanadaandplantoinstalla16mdeviceinBrittany2012.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

TGL wello

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Concept developed

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Array

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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voith

seatricity

Concept developed

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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

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Tank testing or modelling

2002

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seagen MCT

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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2002

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Scale sea trials

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TEL?

Wavegen

2002

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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2002

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Wavedragon

2002

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2002

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kawasakibolt 2

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Kawasaki 1MW tidal turbineManufacturer: KawasakiHeavyIndustriesType of device:HorizontalaxisturbineStatus:Fullscaleprototype,2013Current location:BilliaCroo,EMEC,OrkneyRating:1MW

Device description

The1MWdeviceisahorizontalaxisturbinemountedontheseabedwithpowertake-offthroughagearboxandpermanentmagnetgeneratorcombination.Theturbinehasactivepitchandyawcontroltoensuremaximumenergyextractionfrombothfloodandebbtides.FortheEMECdeploymentagravitybasewillbeused,howeveralternativesareunderconsiderationforfuturedeployments.KawasakiHeavyIndustriesaredevelopingthedesigntosimplifythedevicedeploymentandretrievalmethods.

Status

KHIplantotesta1MWprototypedeviceatEMECin2013.The1MWturbinedesignwillbeevolvedfollowingthistestingphasetobesuitableformultipledevicearraysbothintheUKandglobally

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

TGL wello

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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voith

seatricity

Concept developed

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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

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2002

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seagen MCT

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Concept developed

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TEL?

Wavegen

2002

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Concept developed

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Wavedragon

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Concept developed

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kawasakibolt 2

2002

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Page 33: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

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Device description

Pulse-Streamisanoscillatinghydrofoiltidalstreamdevice.Itextractspowerfromtidalcurrentsusinghorizontalbladeswhichmoveupanddown.Thismovementdrivesagearboxandgeneratorthroughacrankshaft.Thisapproachenablesthebladelength(andthereforepowergenerationcapacity)tobecomparativelylargeinagivenwaterdepth;Pulse-Streamcanproduce1.2MWin18mofwater,withpotentialtoscaleupto5MWin35mofwater.TwoPulse-Streammachinescanbeinstalledoneachfoundation,offeringupto10MWinstalledcapacityperfoundationinawaterdepthof35m. Theturbinerisesoutofthewatertofacilitateobservations,learningandmaintenance.

Pulse-Stream 100Manufacturer:PulseTidalLtd Type of device: OscillatinghydrofoilStatus: ScaleprototypeCurrent location:DecomissionedfromHumberRating:0.1MW

Status

ThePulse-Stream100deviceisascaleprototypewhichwasdeployedintheHumberin2009andoperatedthroughto2012.ThisprovedthetechnologyconceptandenabledPulseTidaltolearnfrominstallingtheirdeviceinthemarineenvironment.Thecommercialdevicewillhaveabuoyantbase,whichallowsittobecommissionedonshoreandthenfloatedtosite.Onsite,itwillbeconnectedtoapre-installedfoundationandflooded,leavingitfullysubmergedinoperation.Formaintenance,thehullcanbede-ballasted,

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

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Concept developed

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TEL?

Wavegen

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Wavedragon

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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kawasakibolt 2

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bringingthemachinebacktothesurface,whereitformsastablemaintenanceplatform.Thepreliminarydesignforthis1.2MWdevicehasbeencompleted,withdetaileddesignunderway.Thenextstepisconstructionandinstallation,aheadofperformancetestinganddeploymentintoarrays.

Device description

TheSeaGendevicecomprisestwinhorizontalaxisrotorsof16mdiameter,eachdrivingagearboxandgenerator.Thegeneratoroutputisrectified,invertedandexportedtothedistributiongrid(inthecaseoftheStrangfordLoughproject)viaastep-uptransformer.Twinturbinesareindependentlyoperable.Therotorshavefullspanpitchcontrolsuchthattheycangenerateonfloodandebbtides.Thereisnoyawsystem. Thestructureissurfacepiercingsothatthedrivetrainscanberaisedclearofthewaterforeasiermaintenanceaccess.

SeaGenManufacturer: MarineCurrentTurbinesType of device:HorizontalaxisturbineStatus:FullscaledevicewithsecondgenerationcomponentsCurrent location: StrangfordLoughRating:1.2MW

Status

TheSeaGendesignisbasedonexperiencegainedfromthefirstUKseatestedtidalenergyconverter,SeaFlow.SeaFlowwasasinglerotor300kWexperimentalturbinethatwasinstalled3kmnortheastofLynmouthontheNorthDevonCoastinMay2003anddecommissionedinOctober2009.Thedesignofa2MWversionsuitableforarraydeploymentisnowcomplete. Sinceinstallationin2008,theSeaGendevicehasundergonemodificationsthatmostrecentlyincludedreplacement

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

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TEL?

Wavegen20

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Wavedragon

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kawasakibolt 2

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ofoneofthedrivetrainswithasecondgenerationunit.TheSeaGendesignwillbeusedfortheproposedSkerriesandKyleRheadeployments.Anon-surfacepiecingvariantisunderdevelopmentthatcouldformthebasisoffuturearrays.

Page 34: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

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Device description

TheVoithHyTidedeviceisaseabed-mountedhorizontalaxistidalstreamturbine.Thethreesymmetricalbladescaptureenergyfromthetidalstreamontheebbandthefloodflowwithoutpitchandyawrequirements.Electricityisgeneratedusingadirectdrive,permanentmagnetassembly.Thedeviceislubricatedwithseawater. Idealsitecharacteristicsinwhichtoinstallthedeviceandmonopolefoundationareaminimumpeakcurrentspeedof3m/sandwaterdepthofatleast30m.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

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voith

seatricity

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TEL?

Wavegen

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Wavedragon

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kawasakibolt 2

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Voith Hy Tide 1000-16Manufacturer: VoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesType of device:HorizontalaxisturbineStatus:ScaleprototypeCurrent location:EMECRating:1MW

Status

Afirstturbineofthistype,a1:3scale110kWdeviceiscurrentlybeinginstalledbyVoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesintheSouthKoreanwaters.Thereareplanstodeployafarmofapproximately100MWoffshoreinSouthKoreanearJindo. VoithHydroandRWEInnogycompletedpreparatoryworksatEMECinsummer2011withtheturbineinstallationdueinautumn2012forathree-yeartrialoperation.

Device description

TheScotrenewablesTidalTurbine(SRTT)isafloatingtidalstreamturbine.ThemainstructureoftheSRTTisacylindricaltubetowhichdualhorizontalaxisrotorsareattachedviaretractablelegs.Twocounter-rotatingrotorsextractthekineticenergyofthetidalflowwhichisconvertedtoelectricitythoughthepowertake-offsystem.Thesystemhastwoconfigurations;operationalwiththerotorsdowntogeneratepowerandtransportorsurvivalmodewithrotorsretractedwherebyloadsarereducedinheavyseas.Thesystemisdesignedtobeinstalled,operatedandmaintainedusingamulti-catworkboat.Nospecialistvesselsarerequiredatanystageinthe

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

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Concept developed

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voith

seatricity

Concept developed

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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

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Concept developed

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TEL?

Wavegen

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Wavedragon

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kawasakibolt 2

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SR250Manufacturer: ScotrenewablesType of device:Horizontalaxisturbine(A)Status: ScaleprototypeCurrent location:EMECRating:0.25MW

productlifecycle.TheSRTTisalsosuitedtodeploymentinriverflow.

Status

TheSR250waslaunchedinOrkneyinMarch2011,andiscurrentlyundergoinga24monthtestingprogrammeattheEMECFallofWarnesstidaltestsite.LongertermgridconnecteddeploymentsareplannedforSpring/Summer2012.Abaselinedesignforthenextgeneration

2MWSRTThasbeencompletedandthecompanyislookingtoplacecontractsduring2012formanufacture.

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5.2 Wave device principles (device classification by EMEC)

Wavesarecreatedbytheinteractionofwindwiththesurfaceofthesea,sometimesoververylongdistances.Thesizeofthewavesisinfluencedbywind,thelocalseabedbathymetry(whichcanfocusordispersetheenergyofthewaves)andcurrents.Wavesofferalargesourceofenergywhichcanbeconvertedintoelectricitybyawaveenergyconverter(WEC).Somewaveenergyconvertershavebeendevelopedtoextractenergyfromtheshoreline,othersfromwatersoffshore,somewithahydraulicpowertake-offsystemandsomewithanelectricalpowertake-offsystem.EMEChasidentifiedsixmaintypesofwaveenergyconverterthatareoutlinedbelow.

Wave energy device concepts (graphics courtesy of EMEC)

Themotionofwavescausestheelementsofthedevicetomoverelativetoeachother.Thisoscillatingmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.

Themotionofwavescausesthefloatingelementtomoverelativetotheanchorpoint.Thislinearoscillatingmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.

Awatercolumnisformedusingapartiallysubmerged,hollowstructure.Themotionofthewavescausesthewaterleveltoriseandfallandthismovementisusedtocompressandforceairthroughaturbine.Therotationoftheturbineisusedtogenerateelectricity.

Bypositioningofguidesinteractingwithwaves,waterisforcedupwardsandintoareservoirbeforereturningbackdowntotheseaviaalowheadturbine.Therotationoftheturbineisusedtogenerateelectricity.

Themotionofwavesurgescausesthedevicetomovewithapendulum-likemotion.Thisoscillatingmovementisusedtogenerateelectricity.

Themotionofthewavescausesthesealeveltoriseandfallabovethedevice,inducingapressuredifferential.Thealternatingpressureisusedtopumpfluidtoturnahydraulicmotor.Therotationofthemotorisusedtogenerateelectricity.

Wave Devices

Page 36: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

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Device description

TheBOLT2deviceisanearshore,moored,floatingpointabsorber.Theunitismanufacturedincompositesandsteel.Eachunitmaybeautonomousorremotelyoperated.

Status

FredOlsenhastestedascaledeviceinNorwegianwaterssince2008.AprototypeisplannedtobelaunchedatFaBTestinCornwallduring2012.BOLT2receivedfundingthroughtheTSBtomanufactureanddeploytheprototype,workingwithprivatesectorandacademics. Thistestwillbeexpandedwitharraytestingandtrialgridconnectionatasuitablelocation,potentiallyatWaveHub.

BOLT 2Manufacturer: FredOlsenType of device: Pointabsorber Status: Fullscale Current location:SWEngland Rating: 0.25MW

AWS-IIIManufacturer: AWSOceanEnergyStatus: 1/9ScaleprototypeCurrent location: LochNessRating: 2.5MW(full-scaleproposal)

Device description

TheAWS-IIIconsistsofanumberofinter-connectedflexiblewaveenergyabsorbercellsmountedonacommonfloatingstructure.Theflexiblemembraneabsorbersconvertwaveenergytocompressairwithineachcellasawaveisincidentonthecell.Thecompressedairisusedtodriveaturbineconnectedtoagenerator. Thedeviceisslackmooredinwaterdepthsofaround100musingconventionalmooringspreadswhichreduceswaveloadingsonthedevice.Thesealedairsystemensuresthattherearenomovingparts,increasingsurvivabilityandtheancillarysystemsareprotectedwithinahullwhichcanbeaccessedforpracticalmaintenanceandinspection.

Status

AWSisbackedbyAlstomwhorecentlysignedajointventureagreementwithSSERenewablesforthedevelopmentofa200MWwaveenergyfarmatCostaHead,north-westoftheOrkneymainland.ItisintendedthatthisprojectusestheAWS-IIIwaveenergyconvertertechnology. AWSisconductingaprogrammetodeliverandqualifytheAWS-IIItechnology

forthefirstphaseofCostaHeadwhichisexpectedtobedeployedin2016.Accordingly,AWSexpecttodeployafull-scale2.5MWprototypeAWS-IIIatEMECin2014andarecurrentlyconstructingfullscalecomponentsincludingafullwaveabsorbercellfortestingduring2012.ThisworkissupportedbytheScottishEnterpriseWATERSgrantscheme.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

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seagen MCT

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Concept developed

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TEL?

Wavegen

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Wavedragon

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kawasakibolt 2

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Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

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AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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Concept developed

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voith

seatricity

Concept developed

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Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

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TEL?

Wavegen

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Concept developed

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Wavedragon

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kawasakibolt 2

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Page 37: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

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Device description

Oysterisanearshorewave-poweredpumpwhichpusheshighpressurewatertodriveanonshorehydro-electricturbine.Themechanicaloffshoredeviceisconnectedtotheseabedinaroundtenmetreswaterdepth,typicallywithinakilometrefromtheshorefacility.Thepumpisabuoyanthingedflapwhichisalmostentirelyunderwaterandpitchesbackandforthduetowavemotion.Thisdrivestwohydraulicpistonswhichpumphighpressurewaterthroughasubseapipelinetoshoretodrivethehydro-electricturbine. KeydesignfeaturesoftheOysterarethattherearenooffshoreelectronics,electricitygenerationequipmentis

locatedonshoreusinghydro-electricequipment(existingtechnology)andthesubmergednatureofthedevicereducesvisualimpactandwaveloadinginextremewaves.

Status

Thefirstfull-scale0.315MWOysterwasinstalledandgrid-connectedatEMECin2009.Thedevicewithstoodtwowintersanddeliveredover6,000offshoreoperating

Oyster 800Manufacturer: AquamarinePowerType of device:OscillatingwavesurgeconverterStatus:FullscaleprototypeCurrent location:EMECRating:0.8MW

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

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Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

voith

seatricity

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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seagen MCT

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

TEL?

Wavegen

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Wavedragon

2002

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2004

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2008

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

kawasakibolt 2

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

hours.Thefull-scalenext-generationOyster800devicewasinstalledin2011.

Device description

TheLimpetdeviceisashore-mountedoscillatingwatercolumnwhichhasbeentunedtocaptureenergyfromannualaveragewaveintensitiesofbetween15and25kW/m.Itcomprisesanairchamberwithanopeningbelowthewater.Thewaveactionmovesthewaterlevelupanddowntheairchamber,compressingtheair..Theairflowiscapturedbytwocounter-rotatingWellsturbines,whicheachhavea250kWgenerator,oneachsurgeandebbofthewave. Itsshorelinelocationavoidsoffshoreconstruction,installationandservicerequirements.

LimpetManufacturer: VoithHydroWavegenType of device:OscillatingwatercolumnStatus:FullscaleCurrent location:IslayRating:0.5MW

Status

TheLimpet500wasinstalledin2000andisgrid-connected.Thisdeviceisalsousedasadevelopmentalfacility,todemonstratenewsystemsandimprovepoweroutput,suchastestingavariablepitchturbine.Anearshoreapplicationofthetechnologyisunderdevelopment.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

TGL wello

2002

2003

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2002

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Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

voith

seatricity

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

2003

2004

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2012

2002

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seagen MCT

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

TEL?

Wavegen

2002

2003

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2005

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2007

2008

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

2003

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Wavedragon

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

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Array

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kawasakibolt 2

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Page 38: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

36

Device description

ThePenguinisafloatingasymmetricvesselwhichhousesaneccentricrotatingmass.Thedeviceisshapedsothatwavespassingitcausethemasstorotateonaverticalshaftandthismotionisconvertedtoelectricity.The1600tonnevessel,approximately30metersinlength,isheldinplacebythreewiresanchoredtotheseabedbelow.Onlyabouttwometersofeachunitisvisibleabovethesurface.Alloperationalpartsarehousedinsideofitsprotectivecover.

PenguinManufacturer:WelloOyType of device:Other(G)Status:FullscaleCurrent location:BilliaCroo,Orkney,EMECRating:0.6MW

Status

The1:8scaleprototype“BabyPenguin”The1:8scaleprototype,“BabyPenguin”,wastestedinFinlandandthefullscalePenguinisatLynessWharf,Orkney.ItisbeingpreparedforinstallationonanEMECtestberthin2012forayear-longtestprogramme.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

TGL wello

2002

2003

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2002

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Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

voith

seatricity

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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2002

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seagen MCT

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

2003

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2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

TEL?

Wavegen

2002

2003

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2005

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2007

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling20

02

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Wavedragon

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

kawasakibolt 2

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

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Device description

ThePelamisisasemi-submerged,floatingdevicethatfacesintothedirectionofthewaves.Fivetubesectionsarejoinedbyuniversaljointswhichallowflexingintwodirectionswithidentical,independentlyoperatinghydraulicpowertake-offsystemsineachjoint.Aswavespassdownthelengthofthemachine,thetubesectionsmoverelativetoeachotherandhydrauliccylindersinthejointsresistthewave-inducedmotion,pumpingfluidintohighpressureaccumulators.Thisallowsgenerationtobesmoothandcontinuous.Theresistancecanbecontrolledtooptimisethedeviceforuseinvaryingwaveclimates.Astandardsubseacableandequipmentisusedtoconnectthedevice/arrayofdevicestoshore.APelamisisanchoredtothe

Pelamis P2Manufacturer: PelamisWavePowerType of device:Attenuator(A)Status: 2ndgenerationfullscaleCurrent location:NorthBerth,EMECRating:0.75MW

seabedbyaslack,chaincatenarysystemwithayawrestraintline.

Status

ThefirstPelamismachine(P1)wasinstalledin2004and2011sawthemanufactureofthesixthfullscalemachineandsecondutilitycustomer(E.ONandScottishPowerRenewables).Vattenfallhasalsocommittedasathird.TheE.ONP2PelamisisoperatingatEMECwiththeScottishPowerRenewablesP2Pelamissoontobeinstalledalongside.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

TGL wello

2002

2003

2004

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2002

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Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

voith

seatricity

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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seagen MCT

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

TEL?

Wavegen

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Wavedragon20

02

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

kawasakibolt 2

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Page 39: Marine Energy in the UK SOI 2012

37

Device description

TheWaveDragonisafloatingovertoppingwaveenergyconverterwithwave-reflectingwings.Wavesarechanneledupanadjustableramptoareservoir,creatingaheaddifferential.Wateristhenpassedthroughanumberoflowheadpropellerhydroturbinestogenerateelectricity.Thismeansthattherearefewmovingparts,aimedatreducingmaintenancerequirements.Thedeviceisslack-mooredtotheseabed.

Wave Dragon Manufacturer:WaveDragonType of device:OvertoppingStatus:Sea-installedscaleprototypeCurrent location:DenmarkRating:1.5MW

Status

A1:3scale1.5MWdevicewasinstalledoffshoreatNissumBredninginDenmarkfrom2003-2010tomodelhowthedevicebehavesintheNorthSeaclimate.WaveDragonintendstoinstallapre-commercialdemonstratoroffthecoastofMilfordHaven,WalesandhassubmittedanEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentandapplicationforconsent.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

ScotRe

TGL wello

2002

2003

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Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

voith

seatricity

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modellingConcept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

GWh production

Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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seagen MCT

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

Full scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

2002

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Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed

Scale sea trials

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Array

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Device description

ThePowerBuoyisconstructedastwomainhullelements,thesparandthefloat.Thesparisdesignedtoremainasstationaryaspossiblewhilstthefloatrespondsactivelyanddynamicallytowaveforces.Thedifferenceinmotionbetweenthetwohullsiscapturedasmechanicalenergyandconvertedviaonboardgenerators.TheintentofthePowerBuoycontrolsystemistotunetheresponseofthesystemtomaximisepowercapturefromeachwave.ConventionalmooringsystemsareusedtotethereachPowerBuoy.

Status

OceanPowerTechnologieshasbeen

PowerBuoy – PB150Manufacturer: OceanPowerTechnologiesType of device:Pointabsorber(B)Status:ScaleprototypeCurrent location: Invergordon,ScotlandRating:0.15MW

activeintheUSAandSpainandhasprojectsforbothEnglandandScotland.ItiscommittedtoWaveHub,Hayle,withaproposedarrayandsuccessfullydeployedthePB150PowerBuoyoffInvergordoninApril2011.Duringthisprojecttestsfocusedonissuessuchasexaminingtheresponseofthestructureandmooringsystemintheoffshoreenvironmentandthepowerproduction,usingreal-timedataandwavedatafromanearbyresourcebuoy.

Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

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AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

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Alsthom AWARCAquamarine

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Device description

TheWaveRollerdeviceisaflapanchoredtotheseabedatitsbase.Thebackandforthmovementofthewavesurgemovestheflap,transferringthekineticenergytopistonpumps,whichfeedintoanonshoregeneratorsystem.Thenominalcapacityofasinglecommercial-scaleflaprangesbetween0.5MWto1MW,dependingonthewaveresourcesavailableonthesite.Theplantconstructionismodular;therefore,itoffersahighlevelofscalability. TheWaveRollerisdesignedsuchthatlargewavespassabovethedevice,thusreducingextremeloading.Otherdesignconsiderationsareaccessibilityformaintenance,simpleinstallationthroughusingafloatandsubmergemethodandminimalvisualimpactonthedeploymentsite.

Status

Thefirstprototypesweredesignedasearlyas1999.Openseatrailsstartedin2004andincludeddeploymentintheGulfofFinland,atEMECandatAW-Energy’sowntestingsitePeniche,Portugal.Thelatestdemonstrationfarmconsistingofthree100kWWaveRollerunitsistobedeployedalsoinPeniche,Portugal,duringthesecondquarterof2012.Thecompanyhasalreadysecuredallthenecessarypermitsandholdsalicencefor1MWgridconnection.

WaveRollerManufacturer: AWEnergyType of device: OscillatingwavesurgeconvertorStatus: ScaleprototypeCurrent location: PortugalRating: 0.8MW(perplate)

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6. UK and Abroad

Thewaveandtidalsectorextractsenergyfromnaturallyoccurring,abundantandcleanresources.Globally,itisestimatedthatthereis180TWh2ofeconomicallyaccessibletidalenergyandover500TWhofeconomicallyaccessiblewaveenergyavailableannually.Thetidalresourceisheavilydependentonlocalseabedgeometry,andwaveenergyreliesonareasofseawherethewindcaninteractwiththeseasurfaceoverlongdistances(alongfetch).

Asanisland,theUKhassubstantialnaturalwaveandtidalenergyresources.Despitehavinglessthanonepercentoftheworld’spopulation,ithasbeenestimatedthatUKwaterscontainaround15percent3oftheworld’seconomicallyaccessibletidalresourceandover10percentoftheworld’seconomicallyaccessiblewaveresource.4Thistidalresourceisestimatedat29TWh,andwaveis50TWh.5

6.1 UK position

TheUKisregardedastheworld’sleadingmarketforbothwaveandtidalprojectdevelopment.Ithas:• Asignificantshareoftheglobal

economicallyaccessiblewaveandtidalresource.

• IndustryleadingtestinginfrastructureinplaceatEMEC,Narec,WaveHubandFabTest.

• Amarketsupportmechanismithatisregardedasthemostattractivetariffcurrentlyavailable.

• Frameworksforprojectleasingandconsentingthatarebeingproactivelydevelopedinconsultationwithprojectdevelopers,TheCrownEstateandstatutoryplanningbodies.

InMarch2010,TheCrownEstateannouncedthatithadenteredintoagreementsfortheleaseofprojectswithapotentialcapacityofupto1.2GW,splitequallybetweenwaveandtidalprojects.InOctober2010,afurther0.4GWoftidalenergywasadded.Thisleasingactivityfarexceedscurrentplannedcapacityinanyothersinglecountry.TheCrownEstatereportPentland Firth and Orkney waters: How the projects could be builtprovidesanoverviewoftheactivityrequiredtodeliverthistargetalongwithdetailsofindividualleases.

Thesuccessfuldeploymentofthisplanned1.6GWofwaveandtidalenergyis,however,dependentonsuccessfullyprovingindividualdevicesandthesubsequentdeploymentofsmalldemonstrationarrays.TheCrownEstatehasundertakenseparateindividualleasingactivitiestoenablethesesingleandmultipledevicedeployments.Figure6.1indicatescurrentareasofactivityaroundtheUK.Itisexpectedthatthefirstsmallarrays(5-10MW)willbegininstallationin2013withseveraloperationalby2016.ThemovetoequaliseROCawardsbetweenScotlandandtherestoftheUKwillinfluencethedevelopmentratesofprojectsinbothEnglishandWelshwaters.

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FullscaletidaltestsiteProposeddevicearrays

Fullscalewavetestsite

Gridconnectedtidalproject(independentoftestsites)

EMEC: Fall of WarnessAR-1000–1MW

DeepGenIV–1MWHS1000–1MW

HyTide1000-16–1MWOpenCentreTurbine–0.3MW

SR250–0.25MW

EMEC: Billia CrooOyster800–0.8MWPelamisP2–0.75MWPelamisP2–0.75MWPengiun–0.6MWSeatricity–0.3MW

SeaGen – 1.2MW

Pulse Stream – 0.1MW

Delta Stream – 1.2MW

Figure 6.1 The Crown Estate current wave and tidal activity

Wave Hub test centreno project installed

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6.2 Global developments

TheEUmemberstateshaveatargettodeployaround2GWofmarineenergyby2020,whiletheUSAandCanadaarecoordinatingapproachestodevelopmarketsandcommercialisation.AcrossEuropethereisasignificantambitiontodevelopmarineenergy,notablyinthecountriesontheAtlanticarc(UK,Ireland,France,SpainandPortugal).Between2002and2006,supporttotalling€17.3millionwasprovidedtoninewavepowerdemonstrationprojects,ranginginsizefrom€0.8millionto€2.4millionperproject.IntheSeventhFrameworkProgramme(FP7),theEuropeanCommissionhasinvestednoverthepastfouryears€20millioninfourdemonstrationprojects(threewaveprojectsandonetidalproject),and€21millionon“softactions”includingenvironmentalmonitoring.Table6.1listsanycountriesthathavepublicallyannouncedplansforwaveandtidaldeploymentsorthathavediscloseddetailsofdevicescurrentlyundertest.

6.3 Export

TheUKisquicklybuildingatrackrecordinthedesignandmanufactureofwaveandtidaldevicesandconstructionandoperationofprojectsthatputitinastrongpositiontoexportthiscapabilitytoothermarkets.Thepotentialforthisexportcouldbehinderedbyrequirementsforlocalcontentinsomemarketstechnologyknowledgeislikelytobehighlyvalued. MarineCurrentTurbinesandOpenHydrohavebothsecuredleasesintheBayofFundyinCanada.OceanPowerTechnologiesandAquamarinePowerwilldeploydevicestotheUSmarketandPelamis,alongwithotherdevelopers,isinnegotiationstosupplydevicesinotherpartsofEurope.EMEChasalsobeenapproachedbyNewZealandandAustraliatocollaboratewithplansfortheirrespectivemarineenergytestprogrammes. TheEnergyandClimatechangeselectcommitteehasidentifiedalargeexportopportunityfortheUK.Based

onresearchbytheCarbonTrust,ithasstatedthatthevalueoftheglobalindustrywouldbeoftheorderof£340Billionby2050.TheUK’sShareofthismarketcouldbeashighas£76Billionifactionistakentofosterthemarineenergycapabilitywithinourborders.Thecorrectpolicymeasures,includinganenablinglevelofsupportprovidedthroughtheElectricityMarketReformmechanism,couldcatalysealowcarbonindustrialrevolutionandproviderealvaluetotheUKonthelongerterm.

6.4 Import

Theindustry-leadingmarketconditionsintheUKhavealreadyattracteddeviceandprojectdeveloperstotheUKtotestdevicesanddevelopprojects.HammerfestStromnowhasitsdevelopmentanddesignteamheadquarteredintheUKfollowingrelocationfromNorwayandorganisationssuchasKawasaki,Siemens,ABBandAlstomhavetakeninterestsinUK-basedmanufacturersandprojects.

Country Wave Tidal Description

Australia Installed OceanlinxandCarnegiehavedeployedunitswithplansforfurtherdevicedeploymentinarrays.

Canada Installed

FORCE(FundyOceanResearchCentreforEnergy)intheBayofFundy,NovaScotiaisthecentrefortestingof

tidaldevicewith:

• Initialdeploymentsofa1MWOpenHydrodevicebyNovaScotiaPowercomplete

• Negotiationsongoingwithanothertwodevelopers;usingMCTandAlstomHydrotechnology.

China Installed 1MWwavedeviceinstalledinGuanzhouprovincewithsignificantplansforadditionalcapacity.

Denmark Installed TestingofascaleWaveDragondevicehasbeenongoingattheNissumBredningtestfacilitysince2003.

France Planned In2012EDFplantoinstallthefirstoffourOpenHydro2MWturbinesinBrittany.

India Planned ThestateofGujuratisplanninginstallationof50MWoftidalstreamcapacity.Withthenextfiveyears

Korea InstalledTidalstreamcapacityinstalledatJindoUldolmokin2009withplansfor100MWoncedevicetechnologyhas

beentestedandproven.

NewZealand Planned PlanstoharnesstidalenergyintheCookStraitinplacesince2008wheninitialconsentwasawarded.

Norway Installed Testingcompletein2010foratidalsailtechnologyatLukksundet.

Portugal InstalledThreePelamisP1deviceswereinstalledoffthecoastforashortperiodoftime.Significantlongtermplansfor

waveenergystillactive.TheWaveRollerdeviceiscurrentlybeingdeployed.

Spain InstalledDevelopmentsalongNorthernSpainatCantabriaincludetestingofanOPTPB40dVevicewithplansforsmall

arrays.

Sweden InstalledUppsalaUniversityhasconductedwaveenergytestsattheLysekiltestsitesince2005withlongtermplansto

deploylargearrays.

USA Installed Installed

WestcoastUShasactivedevelopmentprogrammefortheinstallationofwaveenergydevicesfocussedin

initiallyaroundOregon.ThiscomplementstheexistingtestdeploymentofOPTinHawaii.NewYork’sEastriver

hashousedasingleVerdant1MWturbinewithplansforlargearraysinthecomingyears.

Table 6.1 Global Project Development

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7. Industrial Partnerships

Theentryoflarge-scaleindustrialorganisationsintothewaveandtidalsectorisseenbothasapositivesignforthecommercialstatusoftheindustryandanecessarysteptoensuretimelyrampupofsupplychaincapabilitytodeliverthiswhatwillbeneededinthisgrowingmarket.Devicemanufacturersbynecessitymustgrowfromsmalltechnologyincubatororganisationstolargescalesuppliersofcommercialpowergenerationequipment.Todothissuccessfully,thepracticesandapproachesofotherindustrialsectorsmustbeapplied.

Itisanaturaldevelopmentforexistingdevicemanufacturerseithertopartnerwithorganisationswiththenecessaryexperienceorgrowtheirowninternalcapability.ThemoveofABB,Alstom,Andritz,Siemens,VoithHydroandotherstoinvestintheindustryshowthatthispartneringistakingplace.Thedevice-specifictechnicalknowledgeandexperienceofdeployingandoperatingwaveandtidaldevicesisretainedbythedevicemanufacturerbuttheindustrialpartnertypicallybrings:

• Financialsecurityandassurancesthatwillsupporttheattractionoffurtherprivateandpublicsectorfunding.

• Accesstoaexperiencedresourcestocovertechnicalissuesandtomanagethehighervolumeproductionactivities.

• Supportfromanestablishedsupplychaintoincreasecompetitionforsupply.

• Experienceengagingwithgovernments,stakeholdersandsupplierstofacilitateprojectdevelopment,manufactureandconstructionactivities.

Profile

Alstomisagloballeaderintheworldofpowergeneration,powertransmissionandrailinfrastructure.Alstomprovidesturnkeyintegratedpowerplantsolutionsandassociatedservicesforawidevarietyofenergysources,includinghydro,nuclear,gas,coalandwind,anditoffersawiderangeofsolutionsforpowertransmission,withafocusonsmartgrids.

Involvement

AlstomhasadedicatedOceanEnergybaseinNantes,fromwhichthedevelopmentoftheirOceanCurrentturbineisbeingled.Theyhavealsoacquireda40percentstakeinAWSOceanEnergyandenteredajointventurewithSSEfortheCostaHeadWaveProjectinthePentlandFirth.Alstomaimstodevelopaleadingpositioninbothwaveandtidalenergytocomplementitspositioninthehydroandwindsectors.

AlstomRelevant market: PowergenerationandtransmissionBase location:FranceUK presence:Manufacturingsince1889Global turnover:£18billion(2011)

7.1 Industy Case Studies

Profile

ABBisagloballeaderinpowerandautomationtechnologiesthatenableutilityandindustrycustomerstoimprovetheirperformancewhileloweringenvironmentalimpact.ABB’scapabilityincludeslow,mediumandhighvoltageproductsincludingDCtransmissionandhighvoltageswitchgear.Theyarealsoactiveinoffshorepowertechnologyandprocessautomation.

Involvement

ABBTechnologyVenturesinvested£7minAquamarinein2011.AnewofficehasbeenestablishedinEastKilbridethatwillacttoservetheexpandingrenewableenergymarketsincludingwaveandtidal.ABBhascapabilityinpowertransmissionandautomationbothonshoreandoffshorethatplacestheminastrongpositiontosupplythisgrowingindustry.ABBhasalsosuppliedPelamisWavePowerwithspeciallydesignedgenerators.

ABBRelevant market: PowerandautomationBase location: SwitzerlandUK presence:Manufacturingsince1988Global turnover:£27billion(2011)

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Rolls-RoyceRelevant market:Powersystems&marinepropulsionBase location:UKUK presence:Manufacturingsince1884Global turnover:£11.3billion(2011)

Profile

Rolls-Royce,aworld-leadingproviderofpowersystemsandservicesforuseonland,atseaandintheair,hasestablishedastrongpositioninglobalmarkets-civilaerospace,defenceaerospace,marineandenergyandnuclear.

Involvement

Rolls-RoyceacquiredTidalGenerationLtdin2009andareactivelyinvolvedinthedevelopmentofbothdeviceandprojectportfolios.Itislookingtosupporttheshifttoindustrialscaleoutputoftidalenergyandtogainanearlyentryadvantageinthisemergingarea.Tidalenergyiscomplementarytoitpowergenerationandmarinesectoractivitiescurrently.

AndritzRelevant market:Relevantmarket: HydropowerandprocesstechnologyBase location:AustriaUK presence:VariousGlobal turnover:£4billion(2011)

Profile

InternationaltechnologyGroupAndritzisagloballyleadingsupplierofplants,equipment,andservicesforhydropowerstations,thepulpandpaperindustry,solid/liquidseparationinthemunicipalandindustrialsectors,thesteelindustry,andtheproductionofanimalfeedandbiomasspellets.

Involvement

AndritzHydroincreaseditsownershipofHammerfestStrømtoamajorityinMarch2012.Tidalenergysitsasacomplementarysectortoitshydropoweroperations,whichincludesthesupplyofturbinestotheworld’slargesttidalbarrageatSihwa,India.AndritzHydrowillbeinvolvedinbothprojectanddevicedevelopmentalongsideotherkeyshareholders.

SiemensRelevant market:PowergenerationandtransmissionBase location:GermanyUK presence:ManufacturingandsalesGlobal turnover:£60billion(2011)

Profile

Siemenshasaheritageinpowergenerationandtransmissionincludingamarketleadingpositionintheoffshorewindasawindturbinemanufacturer.Generalskillsandexperiencelieindesigndevelopment,manufacturingandindustrialscaleprocurement.

Involvement

Siemensownsa90percentshareofMarineCurrentTurbines,includingbothdeviceandprojectpipelines.Itislookingtosupporttheshifttoindustrialscaleoutputoftidalenergydevicesandtogainearlymoveradvantageinthisemergingarea.Tidalenergysitsasacomplementarysectortoitswindpowerdivisionandgeneralenergyactivities.

VoithRelevant market:PowergenerationandtransmissionBase location: GermanyUK presence:ManufacturingandsalesGlobal turnover: £5billion(2011)

Profile

Voithoperatesinenergy,oilandgas,paper,rawmaterials,andtransportationandautomotivemarketsworldwide.Itmanufacturespapermachinery,hydroelectricequipmentforpowergenerationanddriveandbrakingsystemsforindustry,rail,road,andmarinemarkets.

Involvement

VoithHydroownamajoritystakeinbothawaveandtidaltechnology.TheVoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologiesjointventureislookingtodeploya1MWtidalturbineatEMECanddevelopprojectopportunitiesglobally.VoithHydroWavegenownstookoverthedevicedevelopmentofWavegenin2005,includingUKandoverseasportfolio.Marineenergyiscomplementarytotheircorehydrobusiness.

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8. Future Challenges

Throughengagementwithindustry,weidentifiedthefollowingkeychallengesforthesector:

• BringingthelifetimecostofenergydownthroughreductionofbothdeviceCAPEXperMWhandOPEXperMWh,basedonaclearunderstandingofthefactorsthatinfluencethesecosts.Improvingreliability,maximisinggeneratingperformanceandminimisingthecostofinstallationandoperationarekeycomponentsofthis.

• Furtherdevelopingtheadditionalinfrastructure(balanceofplant,installationandmaintenanceequipment)requiredtoimplementsmallandlargescalearrays.

• DevelopingaUKsupplychainwiththenecessaryskillsandcapacitytodeliverrapidgrowthinthesectorandtocapturethesocioeconomicbenefitsoftheindustryinthelongterm.

Thesewillbeachievedthroughacombinationofimprovementsintechnologyandsupplychain,includingthroughtheinvolvementoflargerindustrialplayersanddrawingonexperiencefromparallelsectorsincludingwind,oilandgas,aerospaceandcommercialfishing.

Therearewiderissuesthatwillaffectthelongtermviabilityofthesector,alongwithotherrenewableenergytechnologies,thatthesectorisverymuchawareneedtoberesolvedassoonaspossible,namely:

• ElectricityMarketReform–Alongsidecompetingtechnologies,themarinesectormustputforwardclearmessagesonthestatusoftheindustryandrequirementsforongoingsupporttocontinueitsgrowth.Themovement

ofindustrialpartnersintothesectorwillsupportthejustificationofenhancedfundingbutaclearpathwayforcostofenergyreductionmustbedeveloped.

• Workingwithstakeholderstoimproveprocessesrelatingtoassessmentandmitigationofenvironmentalimpactaspartoftheconsentingprocess.

• Longtermgridinfrastructureplanning,includinginterconnectorsbetweenScottishIslandsandagreementontransmissionaccesscharges.

Admin
Highlight
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ThewaveandtidalsectorgrowthrequiredtodeliverUKandglobaltargetsissignificantandawiderangeofskillsandserviceswillberequiredtodevelopasustainableandsuccessfulindustry.IfyouareinterestedinbecominginvolvedinthesectororlearningmoreinthefirstinstancepleasecontactRenewableUK:

David KrohnWaveandTidalEnergyDevelopmentManagerTel:+44(0)2079013020Fax:+44(0)[email protected]

9. Getting Involved

Private organisation Contact

AlstomHydro KenStreet–[email protected]

AquamarinePower NeilDavidson–[email protected]

AtlantisResourcesCorporation OliverWragg–[email protected]

AWEnergy TomaszMucha–[email protected]

AWSOceanEnergy SimonGrey–[email protected]

Fred.OlsenRenewables ToreGulli–[email protected]

AndritzHydroHammerfest SteinAndersen–[email protected]

MarineCurrentTurbines DavidAinsworth–[email protected]

Minesto AndersJansson–[email protected]

OceanPowerTechnologies TimStiven–[email protected]

OpenHydro SueBarr–[email protected]

PelamisWavePower RichardYemm–[email protected]

PulseTidal BobSmith,CEO–[email protected]

ScotrenewablesTidalPower JohnMcGlynn–[email protected]

TidalEnergy ChrisWilliams–[email protected]

TidalGeneration RobStevenson–[email protected]

VoithHydroOceanCurrentTechnologies WolfgangMaier–[email protected]

VoithHydroWavegen MatthewSeed–[email protected]

WaveDragon HansChristianSorensen–[email protected]

Wello HeikkiPaakkinen–[email protected]

9.1 Industry directoryDevicemanufacturersinvolvedintheindustryandfeaturedinthispublicationare:

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10. End Notes

1.EMEC,WaveDevelopers,www.emec.org.uk/wave_energy_developers.asp;EMEC,TidalDevelopers,www.emec.org.uk/tidal_developers.asp

2. TheCarbonTrust,FutureMarineEnergy,2006.

3. TheCarbonTrust,Acceleratingmarineenergy,2011.

4.EnergyTechnologySystemsAnalysisProgramme,MarineEnergy(TechnicalBriefE13),EnergyTechnologyNetwork,May2010.

5.TheCarbonTrust,Acceleratingmarineenergy,2011.

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