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Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

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Page 1: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Marine EnvironmentsThe environment itself Major groups of organisms in oceanBasics of ecosystems

Page 2: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

EnvironmentsPelagic……the waterBenthic…..the bottom

Page 3: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Neritic NearshoreShallower than 200mOmit many details here

Page 4: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

200 m

Neritic

Page 5: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

OceanicAway from continental shelfDepth zones

Page 6: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Oceanic provincesEpipelagic

Surface down to 200m

Mesopelagic200-1000m

Bathypelagic1000-4000m

Page 7: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

1000 m

4000 m

200 m

Oceanic

Epipelagic

Mesopelagic

Bathypelagic

Page 8: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Light zones in oceanEuphotic

Light for photosynthesisUsually 0-100 m

AphoticWithout lightDeeper than 1000 m

Page 9: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Benthic EnvironmentSimilar zones as pelagicOmit details and new names

Page 10: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Organisms (in general)

Plankton: floatersMany varieties

Nekton: swimmersWon’t deal with these in this course

Benthos: bottom dwellersA few varieties

Page 11: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

PlanktonPhytoplankton

Carry on photosynthesisDiatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates

Page 12: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

PHYTOPLANKTON

Page 13: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Plankton (2)Zooplankton

ConsumersRadiolarians, forams, others

Page 14: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

ZOOPLANKTON

Page 15: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Plankton (3)Meroplankton

Part of life as a planktonPart of life as nekton or benthosExamples (oysters, barnacles, crabs, fish egg)

Page 16: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Plankton (4)Holoplankton

Whole life in planktonic formExamples (diatoms, for instance)

Page 17: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Benthic organismsEpifuana

Lives on top of sedimentsExamples (barnacles, starfish, crabs)

InfaunaLives within sedimentsExamples (clams, worms)

Page 18: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Epifauna

Page 19: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Infauna (a, b, c, e)

Page 20: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Distribution of lifeLand vs. seaBenthic vs. Pelagic

Page 21: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Land 86%Sea 14%

Benthic 98%Pelagic 2%

Why these patterns?

Page 22: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Making a living in the ocean

Food chains and food websPrimary productivity, respiration, decompositionDepth zone differencesRelationship between resources and numbers of organismsDifferences between “climate” zones

Page 23: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Food webs and chains

Page 24: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Primary productivityPhotosynthesiscarbon dioxide + water

sugar + oxygen

Chemosynthesishydrogen sulfide + water + oxygen +

carbon dioxide sugar + sulfuric acid

Page 25: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Respiration and decayBasically the opposite of photosynthesisReleases nutrients back into the oceanUses oxygen (consider other sources of oxygen to the ocean)

Page 26: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Oxygen with depth (red)Nutrients with depth ( green)

Page 27: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Example of primary producers

AlgaeDiatomsCoccolithophoresDinoflagellates

Basis of food webs and ecosystems

Page 28: Marine Environments The environment itself Major groups of organisms in ocean Basics of ecosystems

Variations in productivity verses latitude

Photic zone important for photosynthesisSome areas of ocean are light limited, some are nutrient limited, some are bothPictures can tell the story of relationships ……….


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