marine finfish aquaculture in asia
TRANSCRIPT
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Marine FinfishMarine FinfishAquaculture in AsiaAquaculture in Asia
Sih Yang SIMCoordinator – Marine Finfish Aquaculture Program
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-PacificBangkok, Thailand
Email: [email protected]
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Marine Finfish AquacultureDevelopment
• Past five years developing at a rapid pace• Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam• Included in development plans of most
Governments program• Improvements in hatchery production of more
species, such as groupers, cobia, snappers,pompano, threadfin, etc.
• Mostly high value species aiming for exportmarkets
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89%
68%
38%48%
39%
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Asia Rest of the world %
Marine Finfish Production(FAO 2006)
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Brackishwater FinfishProduction (FAO 2006)
63%
88%
78%94%
88%
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Marine & BrackishwaterCarnivorous Finfish Production
in Asia (FAO 2006)
659
486590
693
461
780
862
961
976
1024
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1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
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Hatchery Practices -Indonesia
• small-scale low investment &low cost backyard hatcheries
• fast return• increasingly capital intensive:
medium- & large-scalehatcheries established
• groupers (humpback, tiger,orange-spotted, coral & coraltrout), milkfish, trevally,snappers, etc.
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Hatchery Practices - Malaysia
• capital intensive• medium- & large-scale• mix of tank & pond systems• limited species produced• majority of marine finfish
species farmed rely onimported fingerlings
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Hatchery Practices - Thailand
• commercial productionlimited to seabass
• grouper species fromgovernment stations
• many marine finfishspecies farmed inThailand still rely onimports or wild seeds
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Farming Practices –Indonesia
• mainly floatingcages
• medium- to large-scale
• concrete tankculture - limited
• capital intensive &high investment
• mix of trash fish &artificial diets
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Farming Practices – Malaysia
• floating cages &ponds
• medium- to large-scale
• relatively capitalintensive
• mix of trash fish,artificial diets,bakery products,etc
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Farming Practices – Thailand
• mix of floatingcages & ponds
• small- to medium-scale
• low investmentcapital
• mainly trash fish
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Farming Practices – Vietnam
• mainly floatingcages
• small- to medium-scale
• relatively capitalintensive
• increasing foreigninvestors
• mostly trash fish
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New Practices
• Sophisticated systems• Very expensive to set up• Are they suitable for Asia??
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Constraints for MarineFinfish Aquaculture
• Seed supply• Feeds• Farming methods• Broodstock• Price & Markets
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Constraints – Seed Supply
• Seed supply– survival of many farming
species still low (e.g. grouper5-10%, seabass >30%)
– deformities– inconsistency in supply
quantity & quality– still reliance on wild caught
juveniles for many species– stocking issues – seasonality,
size variation
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Constraints - Feeds
• “Trash fish”– cheap, easily accessible, better
grow rate– disease transmission,
seasonality, resourcessustainability, pollution
• Artificial feed– reliable supply, less polluting,
storage– expensive, limited distribution,
underperforms, generic feeds
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Constraints - Feeds
• Economic analysis shows that‘trash fish’ is still cheaper
• Equilibrium feed cost level for‘trash fish’ vs artificial feed is atFCR 13:2.6 - US$0.20/kg vsUS$1.00/kg
• For small scale farmers trashfish still more attractive evensaving is minimum
• Traditional and culturalpractices
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Constraints – FarmingMethods
• Methods - low cost &simplicity– Positive and Negative
• easy entry level• cheap operation• not mechanically
complicated• switch• easy termination• make quick cash• sustainability?
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Constraints - Broodstock
• Changing sex• Expensive & limited
supply• Broodfish recruited
from same sources• Genetic issues
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Constraints – Price & Markets
• Excess supply• Price fluctuation• Niche markets• Seasonality
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Issues Related to Farming forExport
• Demand fluctuation– economic condition of the importing countries– events that affect economic conditions and travel:
e.g. SARS– currency fluctuations– crude oil price
• Supply fluctuation– quantity produced– Stocking & consistency– typhoon, tsunami, etc?
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• Price oriented vs focus on costreduction & regularity of supply– groupers price drop to US$5-6/kg– lobsters price US$40/kg– switch to lobster farming due
to higher profit margin
• Less competitive compared to Vietnam– transportation cost issue – high oil price– currency strengthen
Example – Grouper Farmingin Thailand
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Example – Grouper Farmingin Indonesia
• Excessive production of groupers --fingerlings & table fish
• Drop in hatchery & farm gate prices– Tiger grouper -- US$12/kg to US$6-8/kg– Coral grouper -- US$0.23/tail to
US$0.08/tail (3 cm)• Many small scale farmers stop
farming• Typhoon in Vietnam – led to
shortage of tiger grouper supply soprice back to US$11-12/kg
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Example – Grouper Farmingin Malaysia
• Mixed of various marinefinfish species
• Grouper only around 30%• Markets – mixed of locals &
overseas• SARS period – not affect too
much
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FAO Grouper Statistics 2000-2004
6,552**(1,518)
57,955
2004
Indonesia
World 77,138??52,80822,54212,9059,574
1,000+8,6657,0573,8181,159
2007*2003200220012000
* Estimate** 1,518 tonnes – 7.6 million hatchery fingerlings (40% SR & 500 g)
in tonnes
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Potential Market Impact
• 2006 Situbondo (Indonesia) hatcheriesproduced– 3,500,000 tiger grouper– 1,500,000 humpback grouper
• Estimate grouper production for 2007 fromhatchery produced fingerlings based onSitubondo fingerlings statistic (40% survivalrate at 500 gram)– Tiger grouper - 700 tonnes– Humpback grouper - 300 tonnes
• What markets capacity to absorb increaseproduction?
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Positive of Marine FinfishFarming
• less depends on wildcaught – both ornamental &food fish (fingerlings andtable fish, e.g. groupers,snappers, trevally, “Nemo”,seahorse, etc)
• less damage to the naturalresources (e.g. coral reef)
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Thank You