marine management –‘is an...(sac/spa) habitat & species protection biodiversity &...

Marine Management – ‘Is an

Integrated Approach to achieve

SDG14 Targets possible?

Michael Elliott and Suzanne Boyes

Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies

(IECS),

University of Hull, Hull, UK

Challenges for marine science & management:

There is only one big idea in marine

management: how to maintain and protect

ecological structure and functioning while at

the same time allowing the system to

produce ecosystem services from which we

derive societal benefits.

• Recovery/coping with historical legacy

• Endangered coastal and marine ecosystem

functions

• Legal & administrative framework

• Economic prosperity and delivery of societal

benefits

• Coping with climate change & moving baselines

Risk Assessment & Risk Management (RA&RM):Hazard Identification:Risk Assessment:Risk Management:Risk Communication:

Challenge – to merge environmental quality

management (e.g. MSFD) with maritime spatial

planning and Blue Growth initiatives (e.g. MSPD)

Drivers (societal basic needs)

Activities (of society)

Pressures (resulting from activities)

State change (on the natural system)

Impacts (on human Welfare) (changes affecting wealth

creation, quality of life)

Responses (economic, legal, etc) (Measures)

DAPSI(W)R(M) framework

(for each EnMP cf. ExUP)

Drivers

Pressures

State

Change

Impacts (on

Welfare)

What?

Management

Objectives

KRIResponse

(using

Measures)Activities

How?

Operational

Outcomes

KCI

Why?

Strategic Goals

KPI

KPI - Key Performance

Indicators,

KRI - Key Risk Indicators

KCI - Key Control Indicators

To be successful, management measures or responses to changes resulting from human activities should be:• Ecologically sustainable• Technologically feasible• Economically viable• Socially desirable/tolerable• Legally permissible• Administratively achievable• Politically expedient• Ethically defensible (morally

correct)• Culturally inclusive• Effectively communicable

The 10 tenets:

(cf. PESTLE)

Governance as the tool in management:

defined as globally-agreed underlying policies, politics,

laws and administrations for adopting internationally

recognised principles which together comprise The

Ecosystem Approach:

• ecologically sustainable development

• inter-generational equity

• the precautionary principle

• conservation of biological diversity and ecological

integrity

• ecological valuation

• economic valuation of environmental factors

• the ‘damager debt’ / ‘polluter pays’ principle

• waste minimisation, and

• public participation - the role of individuals and ethics.

Holistic & adaptive marine environmental management

(red arrows denote linkages between topics; black arrows denote direction of influence)

Extractors (D, P) (econ., technol.)

Inputters (D, P) (econ., technol.)

Regulators (R) (leg., admin.)

Affectees (I) (soc., ethic., cult.)

Influencers (I) (polit.)

Beneficiaries (I) (soc., ethic, cult.)

Horizontal Integration across stakeholders (refer to DAPSI(W)R(M) and 10 tenets)

.... Ecosystem Services & deliver .....(I(W))

who raise awareness of ...... (comm.)

....Societal Benefits for the ...

uses/users providing .../affecting ........ who control the ...

…. fundamental processes (S) (ecol.) to create… (D+A+P) + R(M) ≠ S + I(W)

e.g. Conflict Res., 10 tenets, PPP, PP, EIA, CBA, MCA, LPI

Indicators + monitoring, e.g. EII

Maintaining, protecting and enhancing nature & .... (S) (ecol.)

The Ecosystem Approach

(b) localised human demands (endogenic managed pressures)

(a) wider pressures, e.g. climate change (exogenic unmanaged pressures)

Vertical Integration of governance across geopolitical levels

global

ecoregion

regional

national

local

Source of problems (activity-pressure-impact chain) which require ....

..... Risk assessment methods & response

to ensure no impact on .....

Treatment of urban waste water

Quality of bathing waters

Nitrates & fertiliser control

Marine spatial planning (MSP) & coastal zone management (CZM)

Renewable energytargets

U.N. CONVENTION on

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

UNCLOS

MARPOL

Regulations to control shipping & pollution from ships to give safer shipping,

navigation and pollution control and operation

Integrated maritime policy

RAMSAR CONVENTION

BERN CONVENTION

BONNCONVENTION

Integrated pollution control

Control of waste

LONDON CONVENTION

& PROTOCOLOSPAR,

HELCOM,

UNEP-MAP, BUCHAREST

(Regional Seas

Conventions)

BALLAST WATER

CONVENTION

Management of fisheries from 6nm to 200nm for sustainable fisheries

ICES

Strategy and regulations on invasive alien species control

Safe consumption of shellfish and fish

Transitional and coastal waters status

Environmental liability to prevent and remedy environmental damage

Flood and coastal erosion protection

Coastal and marine waters status

CITES fauna & flora for endangered species protection

CITES

Protection of habitats & species in transitional, coastal and marine waters

U.N. FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE

CHANGE (UNFCCC)

KYOTO PROTOCOL

ESPOO CONVENTION

Strategic assessment of public plans or projects in a transboundary effect

IMO

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON

SALVAGE

Impact assessment of a plan or project

Protection of wild birds in transitional, coastal and marine waters

Biodiversity strategy

Inshore fisheries management 0-6nm

Protection of marine archaeology

UNESCO PROTECTION OF

UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE

Marine environmental protection

KEY

International Law /

Commitments

International Bodies &

Conventions

(Boyes &

Elliott MPB

2014)

Site designations (e.g. SSSI)

UWWTD

Bathing Waters

Nitrates

MSP Dir

Urban Waste Water

Treatment Regs

Sensitive area

Bathing beaches

Bathing Water Regs

Nitrate Vulnerable

Zones

Nitrate Pollution Prevention Regs

Good Chemical Status & Good

Ecological Status

Marine spatial planning &

coastal zone management

Pollution Prevention & Control Regs

Water Environmental (WFD) Regs

Licences, Consents &

Authorisations

Flood Risk & Hazard

Maps

Multimetric Indices

Programme of measures, qualitative descriptors,

ecosystem-based management approach, MPAs

(2)

Sea Fish Regulation

Act Sea Fisheries (Shellfish) Act

Salmon & Freshwater

Fisheries Act

Implementation method / Protection afforded

Enabling / Primary Legislation

Target / Status to be met

EC Directiv e or Strategy

(1) In 2013 the WFD replaced the Dangerous Sub. Dir.; Freshwater Fish Dir.; Shellfish Waters Dir. & Groundwater Dir.

Marine Strategy

Regs

Energy Act

?

International Law or Commitments

International Bodies &

Conv entions

Byelaws, Orders, gear and catch

restrictions

Sea Fish (Conservation) Act as amended

by the Sea

Fisheries (Wildlife Conserv ation) Act

Sustainable fisheries & safeguarding the marine environment

Renewable Energy

Renewables targets for

2020

Policy & Targets

UN CONV. on BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

UNCLOS

MARPOLSafer shipping

navigation, pollution control and operation

Various EU Regs to control

shipping & pollution from

ships

BERN CONV.

BONNCONV.

Endangered species

protection

Control of Trade in Endangered

Species (COTES) Regs

Enforcement

IPPC

Strategic Environmental Assessments to include transboundary effects

Environmental Assessment Regs


Authorisations

Marine projects are subject to Environmental Impact

Assessment

Town & Country Planning (EIA)

Regs

Marine Works (EIA) Regs

Harbour Works (EIA) Regs

Waste Hierarchy &

Good Practice

Waste Regs

Environmental Standards

Waste FD

LONDON CONV. &

PROTOCOL

KEY

OSPAR, HELCOM,

UNEP-MAP, BUCHAREST

Reg. Seas Conv

Marine Notices -shipping, guidance

& information

BALLAST WATER CONV.

Prevention, management &

control of harmful aquatic organisms

& alien species

Basic Fish Regs

CFP

ICES

Favourable Conservation

Status

EU Strategy on

Invasive Alien Sp.

ProposedIAS Reg

Sets maximum acceptable

levels

Contaminants in Food Regs

Safe consumption

of fish & shellfish

Contaminants in Food Reg

WFD (1)

Env Liability

Prevention & remedy of

env. damage

Env. Damage (P&R) Regs

Polluter pays principle & remedial measures

FRMD

Flood Risk Assessment

Flood Risk Regs

Flood & Water Management Act

Flood & Coastal Erosion Risk Management

River Basin Management Plans,

Heavily Modified Water Bodies & Artificial

Water Bodies

MSFD

Various Regs to control

CITES fauna & flora

CITESHabitats &

Species

Natura 2000 sites

(SAC/SPA)Habitat & Species

Protection

Biodiversity & Species

Action Plans

Conservation of Habitats

and Species Regs

Offshore Marine

Conservation Regs

Reg 35 advice, Article 17 condition monitoring, Appropriate

Assessments (AA), Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA) &

Likely Significant Effect (LSE)


Authorisations

Marine planning (4)

Conservation / Biodiversity

protection (MCZ)

Coastal Recreation

Licences


Authorisations


Authorisations

H1 Method

UN FRAMEWORK CONV. ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)

KYOTO PROTOCOL

Harbours Act

Revision and Empowerment

Orders. Conservation duties on ports

Local Harbour Acts

Harbour & Works Licences

Merchant Shipping Regs

ESPOO CONV.

SEA

Applications for Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects

(NSIPs) / Marine Licences

Planning Act (as amended)

Infrastructure Planning (EIA)

Regs

IMO

Protection of marine archaeology

National Heritage Act

Protection of Wrecks Act

Merchant Shipping Regs

Electricity Act

Climate Change Act

Conserv ing wider biodiversity

Ancient Monuments & Archaeological Areas

EIA


Authorisations

Wild Birds

EU Biodiversity

Strategy

Wildlife & Countryside Act

(as amended)

NERC Act

EU Integrated Maritime Policy

Good Environmental

Status

Site designations - European Marine Sites (EMS) include SAC & SPA.

(RAMSAR sites designated under the RAMSAR Conv. should also be given same

management considerations as EMS)

RAMSAR CONV.

Management Plans &

Schemes(2) The network of MPAs in England will consist of EMS/Natura 2000 (SACs & SPAs), SSSIs, Ramsar sites and MCZs

UNESCO Protection of Underwater

Cultural

Heritage (3)

INT. CONV. ON SALVAGE

Protection of Military Remains

Act

Marine archaeology

Council of Europe

Conventions on archaeology &

landscape

(3) The UK is not a signatory to this Convention however a number of public statements have been produced that confirm its endorsement of the rules in its Annex

All regulated activities in the English marine environment consider UK marine policy drivers such as the UK High Level Marine Objectives 2009, the UK Marine Policy Statement (4) and various National Policy Statements


Authorisations

(5) In England, the newly adopted MSP Directive will most likely be implemented through the existing Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009

? (5)

Marine & Coastal

Access Act

(Boyes & Elliott, Mar

Poll Bull 2014)

Vert. int.

Horiz. int.

Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)

(ACRE reports through Defra)

KEY

Ministerial Depts

Inte

rnational

Oblig

ations

Euro

pean

Unio

n

Planning Inspectorate

- Health & safety w ith respect to working at sea- Ships surveys & inspections

- Emergency response including search & rescue, counter pollution & response, receiver of w reck, maritime incident response group (MIRG) & resilience.

NI

Executive

Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC)

Department for Transport (DfT)

Cabinet Office

Home Office

Maritime and Coastguard Agency

Trinity House Lighthouse Service

Inte

rnatio

nal

Maritim

e

Org

anis

atio

n

(IM

O)

Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)

Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)

Wels

h

Gove

rnm

ent

Scott

ish

Gove

rnm

ent

UK

Ship

pin

g

Crown Estate

- Ow ns 55% of the foreshore (between mean high and mean low water) and approximately

half of the beds of estuarial areas and tidal rivers in the United Kingdom. - Ow ns the seabed out to the 12 mile territorial limit, including the rights to explore and exploit

the natural resources of the UK continental shelf, excluding oil, gas and coal.- Leases of easement for pipelines and cables, offshore renewable energy developments.

- Royalties from the extraction of minerals, principally marine aggregates.

Parliament

House of Commons

House of Lords

National Maritime Museum

Harbour Authorities

Local Authorities

Executive Agencies

National Infrastructure Directorate

Executive Non-Departmental Public Bodies

- Independent body examining applications for nationally signif icant infrastructure projects

(NSIPs) e.g. large w ind farms >100MW, pow er stations etc. Issue development consents under the Planning Act 2008 (Localism Act 2011)

- National Planning Policy Framew ork- Planning Policy Guidance (PPGs)

- Marine Minerals Guidance Notes (MMGs)- Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs)

Local Government Bodies

Ministry of Defence (MOD)

UK Hydrographic Office

- Waterborne security of HM dockyards and HM naval bases

- Jurisdiction w ithin territorial w aters- Enforce legislation e.g. Port Orders and Merchant Shipping Act

Defence Science & Technology Lab

Oil and Pipelines Agency

MOD Police Marine Unit

- Provide hydrographic services for UK w aters as required under (SOLAS)

Trading Fund Agency

- Maritime technology e.g. ships & submarines

- Operation of the Government Pipeline and Storage System (GPSS)

Committee on Climate Change - Advises government on emissions targets and reports greenhouse gases

- Oil & gas licensing under Petroleum Act 1998- Renew able energy – w ave, tidal and w ind &

Safety Zones for >100MW w indfarms- Energy Act 2008 & 2010; and Climate Change Act 2008- National Policy Statements (NPS) on energy Secretary of States

Representative for Maritime

Salvage & Intervention(SOREP)

- Represent the DECC (in relation to offshore installations) & the DfT(in relation to ships) by

removing or reducing the risk to safety, property and the UK environment arising from accidents involving ships, f ixed or f loating platforms or sub-sea infrastructure.

HM Coastguard

- Shipping, marine safety & security, inland w aterways, navigation, ships registers,

transport national planning guidance (NPG)

Advisory Committees

Marine Energy Programme Board

Please refer to Defra diagram

UK

GO

VE

RN

ME

NT

- Partnership of the main Government Departments, the Devolved Administrations of

Scotland, Northern Ireland & Wales, the Environment Agencies & research bodies involved in funding and carrying out marine science in the UK. Co-ordination of marine

research & delivering the UK Marine Monitoring & Assessment Strategy (UKMMSS).

Marine Science Co-ordination Committee (MSCC)

Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment (ACRE)

- Advice to UK Governments on the release & marketing of genetically modif ied organisms.

Department for Business Innovation & Skills (BIS)

UK Met Off ice

Food Standards Agency - Food safety and hygiene (e.g. chemical levels in shellf ish and fish)

Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)

English Heritage

- Protected w recks, protection of marine historic environment, map historic seascapes,

fund coastal & marine heritage research. (Although the UK has not ratif ied the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underw ater Heritage, English Heritage follow

the Rules annexed to the Convention as representing best practice in marine underw ater archaeology projects).

Tenet: Administratively

achievable

Springs or M ean High

Water

Regulatory Authorities (England)

Local Authority - Planning, Coast protection work

English Heritage (EH) - Protected wrecks; protection of marine historic environment out to 12nm

Natural England - Notifying SSSIs & Ramsar to LW; Advising on Marine Protected Areas (MPA) (including SACs & SPAs) out to 12nm and their conservation objectives

JNCC - Licenses & MPAs (MCZs & EMS) from 12nm to 200nm

Environment Agency (EA) - Flood risk; WFD to 1nm; Bathing waters; pollution; Licensing & water discharges to 3nm; salmon & trout fisheries to 6nm; Environmental permits to 12nm

Inshore Fisheries & Conservation Authority (IFCA) - Inshore fisheries & provision of byelaws out to 6nm

Marine Management Organisation (MMO) - Marine Conservation Zones; Marine planning; Marine licensing out to 12nm in England & offshore for UK (except Scotland) to 200nm; Fisheries to 200nm

Crown Estate - owns 55% of the foreshore and all seabed out to 12nm (and has sovereign rights of the UK seabed and its resources of the Continental Shelf)

Ministry of Defence (MoD) - Enforcement and hydrographic services

Department for Communities & Local Government (DCLG) (includes the Planning Inspectorate & Major Infrastructure Planning Unit) - EIA; SEA; nationally significant infrastructure projects (NSIPs) e.g. large wind farms >100MW etc

Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) - Oil & gas licensing; renewable energy

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) - Policy for coast and erosion risk; Fisheries; implementation of the MSFD

Department for Transport (DfT) - Shipping; navigation; Safety at sea; Maritime and Coastguard Agency

Legislation (English Law)

Town and Country Planning Act 1990

Localism Act 2011

National Heritage Act 2002

Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (as amended)

Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (subsequently amended) - SACs & SPAs

Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats,, &c.) Regs 2010

Water Environment (WFD) (England & Wales) Regs 2003

Bathing Water Regulations 2008

Urban Waste Water Treatment (Eng & Wales) (Amendment) Regs 2003 (coastal waters)

Land Drainage Act 1991 (Environment Agency and Local Authorities)

Water Resources Act 1991

The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010

Sea Fish (Conservation) Act 1967

Sea Fisheries (Shellfish) Act 1967

Sea Fisheries Act 1968 & Sea Fisheries Regulation Act 1966

Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 - MCZs, Marine licensing, IFCA byelaws, offshore fisheries (replaces existing controls under Part II of the Coast Protection Act 1949 and Part II of the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985)

Merchant Shipping Act 1995

Planning Act 2008 - transport, water, waste & waste water projects out to 12nm; energy (within Renewable Energy Zone) out to 200nm (except Scotland); NSIPs

Electricity Act 1989 or Energy Act 2008 & 2010 & Climate Change Act 2008 - renewable energy

Petroleum Act 1998 - oil and gas licensing

Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regs 2001

Offshore Petroleum Production & Pipelines (Ass. of Env. Effects) Regs 1999

The Marine Strategy Regulations 2010 - Defra to ensure Good Environmental Status

Transport and Works Act 1992 - large scale projects & navigation

Coast Protection Act 1949 (as amended by Flood & Water Management Act 2010) - Coast Protection Authorities & Environment Agency to carry out works to protect land from erosion or encroachment by the sea

1 n

auti

cal

mile

3 n

auti

cal

mile

s

6 n

auti

cal

mile

s

12

nau

tica

l m

iles

(Ter

rito

rial

w

ater

s)

Mea

n L

ow

Wat

er (

inte

rnal

w

ater

s)

20

0 n

auti

cal

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ater

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nti

nen

tal

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f lim

it)

Abbreviations:BWD= Bathing Water Directive; BWM= Ballast Water Management Convention; CAP= Common Agricultural Policy; CFP= Common Fisheries Policy; EIA= Environmental Impact Assessment Directive; FRMD= Flood Risk Management Directive; FRMD (FRMP)= Flood Risk Management Directive (Flood Risk Management Plan); HD= Habitats Directive; MPS= Maritime Spatial Planning Directive; MSFD= Marine Strategy Framework Directive; Natura 2000= Habitats and Wild Birds directives; Nitrates Dir= Nitrates Directive;SAC= Special Area of Conservation; SEA Dir= Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive; SPA= Special Protection Area; UWWTD= Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive; WBD= Birds Directive; WFD= Water Framework Directive (with extension out to 12nm for chemical status); WFD (RBMP)= Water Framework Directive (River Basin Management Plan)

Geographical scope and

competencies of EU legislation

SDG14 Target – Policy Integration Required

Target #1 Policy integration needed

By 2025, prevent and

significantly reduce

marine pollution of all

kinds, in particular from

land-based activities,

including marine debris

and nutrient pollution

Point-source pollution controls – discharge standards

Diffuse pollution source controls – land-use

standards, controls on nutrient and pesticide use

Catchment controls on run-off, land-use

IPPC – land, air and water discharge standards

Controls on aerial deposition

Societal controls on litter – increased education,

economic incentives

Controls on noise pollution

Manufacturer controls, recycling and reuse targets

Sewage treatment plant controls for microplastics

Disposal at sea controls – dredging, vessels

emissions (GHG, litter, ballast water)



By 2020, sustainably

manage and protect

marine and coastal

ecosystems to avoid

significant adverse

impacts, including by

strengthening their

resilience, and take action

for their restoration in

order to achieve healthy

and productive oceans

Determine and assign protection levels and

areas (MPA, PSSA)

Define and protect priority habitats and

species

Increase coastal resistance and resilience

from climate change effects

Control resource removal (biological and

physical resources)

Coastal flood and erosion protection schemes

Proactive coastal (in)habitation schemes (set-

back, building regulations)

Legislation to restore habitats



Minimize and address the

impacts of ocean

acidification, including

through enhanced scientific

cooperation at all levels

Exogenic unmanaged pressure (not

addressing impacts)

Create source controls on GHG

Encourage science to detect effects

But society to control causes

Increase global cooperation

Acknowledge geopolitical differences

in aerial discharge levels



By 2020, effectively regulate

harvesting and end

overfishing, illegal,

unreported and unregulated

fishing and destructive

fishing practices and

implement science-based

management plans, in order

to restore fish stocks in the

shortest time feasible, at

least to levels that can

produce maximum

sustainable yield as

determined by their

biological characteristics

Fisheries controls – derive and implement

Increased regulations - closed areas, seasons,

species, sizes

Increase reporting and monitoring at quayside

Increase vessel-tracking (VMS on all vessels)

Increase aerial surveillance

Type-A and Type-B ecoengineering (protect habitats

and re-stocking)

Accommodate the paradox – if it is IUU then not

known

Increased cooperation on straddling stocks and

transboundary/high seas controls

Increased national funding, equipment and support

for fish stock monitoring especially in small and

under-developed states



By 2020, conserve at least 10

per cent of coastal and

marine areas, consistent with

national and international law

and based on the best

available scientific information

Increase MPA area legislation and

implementation within a state

Conservation area designation and

monitoring

Check and implement risk-based

management

Implement internal regulations and laws

Implement regional laws

Implement international agreements and

protection of transboundary sites

Trade-offs between countries/regions



By 2020, prohibit certain forms of

fisheries subsidies which contribute to

overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate

subsidies that contribute to illegal,

unreported and unregulated fishing and

refrain from introducing new such

subsidies, recognizing that appropriate

and effective special and differential

treatment for developing and least

developed countries should be an

integral part of the World Trade

Organization fisheries subsidies

negotiation

Determine which fisheries subsidies

occur and where

Reform of national fisheries policies

Identify IUU fishing and whether there

are subsidies

Overcome paradoxes (if IUU then how

given subsidies)

Reform of WTO rules

Include developing and least-developed

countries in WTO

Consider how to challenge internal

state economies using international

controls



By 2030, increase the

economic benefits to

Small Island developing

States and least

developed countries

from the sustainable use

of marine resources,

including through

sustainable

management of

fisheries, aquaculture

and tourism

Reform economic incentives

Ensure economic benefits stay inside a country

Increase policy for sustainable management

Greater pollution and EIA controls on aquaculture effects

and consequences

Integrate land-management and planning for areas for

differing marine resources

Implement legislation on Maritime Spatial Planning

Increase management controls on fisheries

Overcome the conflict between environmental and

economic effects of tourism

Overcome the paradox of tourism (‘more tourists required

by a state which then degrades the reason for tourists to

visit’)

Increase MSP legislation on transboundary basis



Increase scientific knowledge,

develop research capacity and

transfer marine technology, taking

into account the Intergovernmental

Oceanographic Commission

Criteria and Guidelines on the

Transfer of Marine Technology, in

order to improve ocean health and

to enhance the contribution of

marine biodiversity to the

development of developing

countries, in particular small island

developing States and least

developed countries

Increase profile and funding for science (cf. Borja and

Elliott, 2017)

Knowledge transfer from scientifically-developed

nations

Increase transparency and knowledge dissemination

Increase data availability and open-access especially

from industrial sources

Ensure marine technology available for poorer states

Change marine management in states to be more

receptive to new knowledge

Implement science-policy strategy committees (or learn

from developed, maritime states)

Less-developed states to adopt the marine

management legislation (e.g. for MSP and Good

Environmental Status) from developed states (reduce

‘wheel re-inventing’)



Provide access for

small-scale artisanal

fishers to marine

resources and markets

Derive and implement local agreements for

fisheries

Increase local control on fishing resources to

prohibit industrial fishing

Legislate for changes to economic incentives

Increase legislative and administrative

controls on fishing areas in less-developed

states

Increase stakeholder cooperation to achieve

economies of scale



Enhance the conservation

and sustainable use of

oceans and their resources

by implementing

international law as reflected

in UNCLOS, which provides

the legal framework for the

conservation and

sustainable use of oceans

and their resources, as

recalled in paragraph 158 of

The Future We Want

Coordinate national and international conservation

controls

Adhere to international agreements by local and

national action

Coordinate fisheries and conservation legislation

Coordinate fisheries and conservation administrations

Conflict of allowing fisheries and protecting areas

Increase national enabling legislation towards holistic

and transboundary marine management

Less-developed states to adopt the marine

management legislation (e.g. for MSP and Good

Environmental Status) from developed states (reduce

‘wheel re-inventing’)

Recipe Leading to Integrated Marine Management

• Need to understand how our activities lead to which pressures

• Need to understand which pressures are within and outside our control

• Need to understand ecological structure and functioning

• Need to understand what state changes on the natural system occur

from those pressures

• Lead to describing the impact on human welfare as effects on Ecosystem

services and Societal benefits

• Lead to defining the appropriate responses as management measures

• Require implementation of governance (policies, politics, administration

and legislation)

• Within a multiuser system requiring resolution of conflicts amongst users

• Communicate by working with stakeholders

• The targets are aspirational not SMART;

• They still give the ‘what’ and ‘why’ but not ‘how’;

• Very few, if any, countries:

• have integrated marine legislation systems

which allow cross-silo action;

• have administrative systems which

allow/encourage managers to operate

across sectors;

• know what marine management they have;

But:

There are some good models from which to

learn (e.g. MSFD, MSPD, MMO)

So is SDG14 attainable or ‘just a load of bollocks*’?

(* term allowed in English Law!)

Challenges – management outcomes

• Achieving balance/trade-offs between desirable services and benefits – ‘lowest common denominator’ vs. ‘healthy dictatorship’ (or ‘he who shouts loudest’)

• Accommodating stakeholders and conflict acknowledgement and/or resolution

• Knowing when management measures have worked

• Encompassing national to global frameworks (e.g. SDG)

• Achieving an ability to cope with hazards and their risks – hierarchy of risks and scale

• Determining the cycle of degradation and recovery – panarchy –matching natural and social systems

• Measuring the success of many r’s – restoration, recovery etc

Require:• Independent science advisory bodies

• Managers clear about want they to and can achieve

• Decision Support Systems to guide managers, developers and consultees

• Defendable science and scientists – openness, transparency, peer review – accommodate any challenge to the science

• Ensuring adequately-trained scientists and managers (breadth of view)

• Effectively communicable?

But depressing reading:

Thank youFor more information visit www.hull.ac.uk

[email protected]

http://www.hull.ac.uk/Faculties/staf

f-profiles/Professor-Mike-

Elliott.aspx

(Open Access book)

marine management –‘is an...(sac/spa) habitat & species protection biodiversity &...

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