Marine Science Unit 5: Part 1 – Biology Review and Ocean MicrobesBy Mrs. Shaw

Opening Assignment

1. List the levels of classification from domain to species

2. Create a graphic organizer to categorize these terms –

All Life, Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi

Day 1 Agenda

Classification of Phylum Game

Get into Groups of 3-4 We are playing a game to try to figure out the unique characteristics and common names of the main marine phyla.

Unit 5: Part 1Ocean Microbes

Day 2: Opening Assignment

Let’s review some basics of biology

1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

2. Most bacteria’s are under Domain __________________ but Protists are under Domain __________________ , Kingdom Protista.

3. What are the 4 main macromolecules of living things?

Unit 6: Ocean Microbes

Day 1: Opening AssignmentANSWERS

Copy and answer the following questions in your notebook

1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles like mitochondria.

2. Most types of bacteria’s are under Domain ___Bacteria____ but Protists are under Domain _____Eukarya_, Kingdom Protista.

3. What are the 4 main macromolecules of living things? Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Learning Goals for Unit 5: Part 1 Biology review and Ocean Microbes

Students will be able to:

1. Explain the requirements for life to be sustained

2. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

3. Explain the various types of reproductive strategies in marine organisms

4. Differentiate between bacterial cells and protists

Part 1: Review of Basic Biology

The Ingredients of Life

The process of life involves an intricate series of interactions among an immense variety of chemicals

The most important of these chemical compounds is water (H2O) .

Water is the universal solvent, which means MOST substances dissolve in water which breaks them down into smaller subunits to be digested and used.

All living things need chemical energy to live.

The 4 main macromolecules of living things are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

4 main macro-molecules

All living things need chemical elements and compounds to function.

The 4 main macromolecules (molecules found in larger quantities in living things) of living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Structure: Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Function: Carbohydrates serve as the main source of energy for most living things and also for structural support. The simplest carbohydrate is glucose.

Examples: table sugar (sucrose), bread, pasta, fruits (fructose)

LipidsStructure: made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Function: Lipids are used to store energy, support the structure of the cell, and provide waterproof properties.

Examples: fats and oils

Nucleic Acids

Structure: macromolecules that contain H, N, C , and phosphorus. Made of nucleotides, monomers, that combine to form the polymers. Nucleotides include a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a 5 carbon sugar.

Function: Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.

Examples: DNA, RNA

Proteins

Structure: Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.

Function: Proteins are responsible for MOST important cellular functions including, controlling rates of reactions, regulating cell processes, cellular structures, transporting substances into or out of cells, and to fight disease.

Examples: Amino Acids, all meats, beans, eggs, most animal products

Check for Understanding

1. Which type of macromolecule is used as the primary energy source in all living things?

2. Which type of macromolecule holds and transfers genetic information?

3. Which type of macromolecule helps to waterproof our cells?

4. Which type of macromolecule is responsible for regulating chemical reaction rates in your body?

3 main processes involved in life functions

Making the Fuel

Photosynthesis: autotrophic organisms use light to MAKE their own food. (glucose a carbohydrate)

3 main processes involved in life functions

Making the Fuel

Chemosynthesis: autotrophic organisms use chemicals to MAKE their own food. (glucose a carbohydrate)

CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 CO2 + 4H2S + O2 -> CH20 + 4S + 3H2O

Video short on Chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbpmJiI66wc

Cellular Respiration: ALL organisms take the glucose and create energy (ATP) for all the functions of a cell.

It happens in the Mitochondria of ALL eukaryotic cells and in the plasma (cell) membrane of prokaryotic cells

Some organisms require Oxygen for cellular respiration (aerobic) and some do not require Oxygen (anaerobic)

3 main processes involved in life functions

Burning the Fuel to make energy

Hydrothermal vents and chemosynthesis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69hGvCsWgA

Check for Understanding

1. What is the purpose of Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis?

2. What is the purpose of Cellular Respiration?

3. Which process happens in the mitochondria of all plant and animal cells?

1. Jimmy brought a ham sandwich for lunch. Which type of macromolecules are in the sandwich?

Ham: ________________________Bread:________________________Mayo:________________________

2. The process where organisms use chemicals to make their own food is known as _____________________________.

3. Cellular respiration happens in the _________________________ of eukaryotic cells and in the _______________________________ of prokaryotic cells.

Check for Understanding #2

1. Jimmy brought a ham sandwich for lunch. Which type of macromolecules are in the sandwich?

Ham: _protein_________________Bread:____carbohydrates________Mayo:_____lipids_______________

2. The process where organisms use chemicals to make their own food is known as ___chemosynthesis__________________________.

3. Cellular respiration happens in the _mitochondria_____________ of eukaryotic cells and in the ___cell membrane________ of prokaryotic cells.

Check for Understanding #2ANSWERS

Structurally Simple Cells

Prokaryotes are simple, very small, lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, and are able to carry out all of life’s functions within a single cell.

Most common example is bacteria.

Structurally ComplexCells

Eukaryotes are complex, larger, cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Most eukaryotic organisms require many cells to carry out all of life’s functions.

Some examples include protozoans, algae, all plants, and all animals.

SimpleComplex

Modes of Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction: reproduction where one parent cell divides to create two identical daughter cells. (process of Mitosis in eukaryotic cells)

Parent cell has a full set of chromosomes (diploid) for that specific type of organism.

Types of Asexual Reproduction:Binary Fission: means “division in half” and refers to the method where cells divide into two nearly identical daughter cells. Most common in prokaryotes (bacteria)

Budding: new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on another one due to cell division at one particular site. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature.

Modes of Reproduction

Budding

Binary Fission

More types of Asexual Reproduction:

Vegetative Reproduction: A form of asexual reproduction in plants, in which multicellular structures become detached from the parent plant and develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent plant.

Modes of Reproduction

Vegetative Reproduction

Budding

Binary fission

Vegetative Reproduction

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5oHMjGqjyo

http://video.about.com/biology/What-Is-Binary-Fission-.htm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdiibRXXJ6g

Modes of Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction: The reproduction of cells caused by the union of two separate special parent cells called gametes. Two different haploid gametes combine (fertilization) to form a unique cell (zygote).

Sexual reproduction is the reason we have biodiversity!

Sea Sponge Reproduction

Sea Sponge

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laJgUrSsO_k

1. The type of cell that does not have a nucleus is called a ______________________.

2. __________________ is the type of asexual reproduction where a parent bacterial cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

3. The type of asexual reproduction where a bud forms on the side of an organism and then matures and falls off creating a new organism is called ______________________.

4. What is the MAIN benefit of sexual reproduction?

Final Check for Understanding

1. The type of cell that does not have a nucleus is called a _____prokaryote________.

2. _Binary fission____ is the type of asexual reproduction where a parent bacterial cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

3. The type of asexual reproduction where a bud forms on the side of an organism and then matures and falls off creating a new organism is called __Budding________.

4. What is the MAIN benefit of sexual reproduction?

Genetic Diversity = Biodiversity

Final Check for UnderstandingANSWERS

Day 3 Opening Assignment

1. In the video short we watch yesterday the man cut the bamboo shoot and planted it (like 30 times! ). The cutting then developed into a new plant. What type of asexual reproduction is this?

2. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction using a venn diagram.

Day 3 Opening Assignment

1. In the video short we watch yesterday the man cut the bamboo shoot and planted it. The cutting then developed into a new plant. What type of asexual reproduction is this? Vegetative Reproduction (propagation)

2. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction using a venn diagram.

Asexual ReproductionRequires only one parent

Is fasterRequires less energy

Sexual ReproductionRequires two parent

cellsResults in genetic

diversity

Unit 5: Part 1 Ocean Microbes

Day 3 Assignment

Read Chapter 5 – The microbial world in your Marine Biology textbook pages 87-99 and answer the questions given.

This is a 1-2 day assignment so make good use of your time and be ready to turn the assignment in at the end of class on Monday 26th.

1. What are the four shapes of bacterial

cells?

2. How do bacteria play a role in the bioluminescence of some deep sea animals and what type of symbiotic relationship is this?

3. How do microorganisms help to cycle nutrients like carbon and nitrogen ?

Unit 5: Part 1 Ocean Microbes

Day 4 Opening Assignment

1. What are the four shapes of bacterial cells?

Spheres, spirals, rods, and rings2. How do bacteria play a role in the

bioluminescence of some deep sea animals? The bacteria use the host organism to help produce the light involved in bioluminescence in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship.

3. How do microorganisms help to cycle nutrients like carbon and nitrogen ?Microorganisms like decomposers break down dead organic matter and put the elements back into the soil or water where other microorganisms and larger species take in the nutrients.

Day 4Opening AssignmentANSWERS

Finish reading Chapter 5 and answering questions they are due at the end of class today

If everyone finishes early we will start our review of the material.

Day 4 Assignment

Review Chapter 5 Questions

Your Chapter 5 questions have been passed back. Use them today to review with me the material that you read about.

You will also use them to check your answers.

Life in a drop of Water

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cpBK2t0Yeo

The Microbial World

All life as we know it evolved from microorganisms and they support all other forms of life now. (1)

Microorganisms directly or indirectly feed most marine animals, they make essential nutrients available to other producers, and they play critical roles in marine food webs. (2)

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are the oldest forms of life on Earth. (3)

Prokaryotes in Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are different from each other in the chemistry of their cell walls and plasma membranes, and in the cellular machinery that manufactures proteins. (4)

BacteriaBacteria come in different shapes. The four shapes mentioned are spheres, spirals, rods, and rings.

Bacteria are found EVERYWHERE!!!

Staphyococcus

Decay bacteria break down waste products and dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the environment to be used again.

What are these organisms called in a food web? ___________________

Bacteria

Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are thought to have had an important role in the accumulation of oxygen in our atmosphere that enabled more complex life forms to evolve.

Bacteria

ArchaeaArchaea are prokaryotic microorganisms once thought to be bacteria, but are more closely related to eukaryotes.

They were known from extreme environments, but they are now known to be common in the marine environment.

Sulfolobus is an extremophile that is found in hot springs and thrives in acidic and sulphur-rich environments.

Symbiotic Bacteria

Some bacteria are harmful to a host organism (parasitic relationship) and some are helpful (mutualistic relationship) by helping the organisms survive.

.

Symbiotic bacteria are also responsible for the light, or bioluminescence, that is produced by some fishes, squids, octupuses, and other animals of the deep.

Symbiotic Bacteria

The squid's bioluminescent bacteria glow light blue, which the squid fine-tunes by adjusting the lobes of its light organ depending on how much moonlight or starlight there is. By balancing the luminescence of its V. fisheri with the celestial glow, the squid eliminates its shadow, allowing it to become invisible, at least from the point of view of its dinner.

Chemosynthetic bacteria are symbiotic with mussels, clams, and tubeworms that live around deep-sea hydrothermal vents have a very particular role manufacturing organic matter from CO2 , and the abundant hydrogen sulfide from the vents.

Symbiotic Bacteria

Eukaryotic Microbes The microbes we have just been

talking about are all prokaryotic and therefore are simple cells that lack a nucleus.

The ocean also has eukaryotic microbes (made of cells with a nucleus) that are both unicellular, single celled, and multicellular.

Nitrogen Fixation

Bacteria are the organisms responsible for converting nitrogen in the atmosphere into a usable form for plants and animals in the ocean to use. They also take the nitrogen wastes and convert it back into a gas to be re-released into the atmosphere.

Unicellular Algae (Protists)

Algae are a very diverse group of simple, mostly aquatic, mostly photosynthetic eukaryotes.

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts, green, brown, or red organelles with layers of internal membranes that contain photosynthetic pigment. The color of the algae is a result of the pigment and it’s concentration.

Seaweed, though multicellular, are algae that are generally placed in the Kingdom Protista mostly because they lack the specialized tissues of plants.

Multicellular Algae (Protists)

Diatoms

Diatom cells are enclosed by cell walls made largely of silica, a glasslike material. This glassy shell, or frustule, consists of two tightly fitting halves often resembling flat, round, or elongated box.

Around half of the estimated 12,000 living species of diatoms are marine.

Most are planktonic (moving with the current), but may produce a stalk-like structure for attachment to rocks and other surface in shallow water where they significantly contribute to primary production.

Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates are unicellular organisms that have two unequal flagella. Some are noted for their production of light, or bioluminescence .

Zooxanthellae, a type of dinoflagellate, have a symbiotic relationship with reef building corals. They fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, release organic matter used by the coral, and help in the formation of the coral skeleton.

Protozoans

Protozoans are structurally simple and very diverse organisms that are traditionally considered to be animal like.

Like animals, protozoans ingest food, are heterotrophs, and are eukaryotic.

Foraminiferans

Forams, foraminiferans, are protozoans characterized by their shell usually made of calcium carbonate.

The shells of bottom living forams can be important contributors of the calcaneous material on coral reefs and sandy beaches.

Radiolarians

Radiolarians are planktonic marine protozoans that secrete elaborate and delicate shells made of glass (silica) and other materials

Ciliates

Ciliates are protozoans that have many hair like cilia that are used in locomotion and feeding.

Fungi

Fungi are eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, heterotrophs that lack chloroplasts and chlorophyll and cannot perform photosynthesis.

 

Mysterious Microbes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNn3vVF2Dgs